Rock Garden Plants

250 VERONICA PETRAEA Georgia. Its dark green foliage turns bronze in fall. Flowers in March and April and at intervals all summer, cobalt blue. Grows 6 inches (15 cm) high, 18 inches (45 cm) wide. Zones 6-9. The species is from Turkey and Caucasia. Veronica petraea A perennial for sun or part shade in any good, well-drained soil. Flowers in late spring, blue or pink. Grows 4 inches (10 cm) high, 10 inches (25 cm) wide. Zones 5-8. Caucasus Mountains. Veronica prostrata A veronica that has passed the test of time as a reliable and easy-to-grow carpeter, with a burst of brilliant flowers. A perennial for sun or part shade in any good, well-drained soil. Flowers in spring and early summer, rich blue, pink, to white. Grows 3-4 inches (7.5- 10 cm) high, 18 inches (45 cm) wide. Zones 4-8. Europe Cultivars. Many named clones are available. Veronica prostrata Alba'has white flowers. Veronica prostrata 'Rosea has pink flowers. Veronica spicata A perennial for sun or part shade in any good, well-drained soil. The cultivar 'Nana' flowers in summer, deep blue. Grows 4 inches (10 cm) high, 18 inches (45 cm) wide. Zones 4-9. See under Orostachys spinosa for another photograph. The species is from Europe. Viola violet Violaceae Viola aetolica A perennial for part shade in any good, well-drained, moist soil. Flowers in summer, yellow. Grows 4-6 inches (10-15 cm) high, 12 inches (30 cm) wide. Zones 6-8. Southwestern Balkan Peninsula. Viola alpina A perennial for part shade in any good, well-drained, moist soil. Flowers in early summer, blue-purple with a white eye Veronica petraea, courtesy of Fritz Kummert Veronica prostrata 'Alba' Viola aetolica Veronica prostrata Veronica prostrata 'Rosea Veronica spicata 'Nana'

VIOLA DELPHINANTHA 251 and darker veining. Grows 4 inches (10 cm) high, 8 inches (20 cm) wide. Zones 6-8. Northeastern Alps and Carpathians. Viola beckwithii Great Basin violet A challenging perennial that benefits from a dry summer-fall dormancy period. Depending on rainfall and garden conditions, grow these plants either in sandy scree that receives only enough summer moisture to prevent parching, or in a fairly humus-rich, well-drained soil that receives little or no summer or fall water. Cultivate in sun. Flowers in spring, deep purple and pale violet. Grows 3 inches (7.5 cm) high, 6 inches (15 cm) wide. Zones 5-8. Eastern and northern California to Utah and north to Oregon and Idaho. Viola biflora A perennial for sun or part shade in any good, well-drained, moist soil. Flowers in spring, yellow with purple-black lines. Grows 2-4 inches (5-10 cm) high, 6 inches (15 cm) wide. Zones 4-8. Europe to northern Asia, Alaska, and the Rocky Mountains. Viola calcarata A prolific, self-sowing colony maker that only stops flowering when frosty fall weather begins. A perennial for sun or part shade in any good, well-drained, moist soil. Flowers in spring and summer in shades of violet, blue, or yellow. Grows 4 inches (10 cm) high, 12 inches (30 cm) wide. Zones 5-9. Alps and the western Balkan Peninsula. Viola cazorlensis One of the trinity of shrubby violas that are sought after and difficult in cultivation; the other two are V. delphinantha from Bulgaria and Greece, and V.kosaninii from Albania. Woody-based perennials for sun or part shade in a limestone-scree-filled crevice, in tufa, and in the alpine house. Viola cazorlensis flowers in summer, pink to purplish pink. Grows 4-6 inches (10-15 cm) high, 6 inches (15 cm) wide. Zones 6-8. Sierra Cazorla in southeastern Spain. Viola cuneata wedge-leaved violet Like V. beckwithii, a western U.S. dryland species, requiring the same cultivation techniques, V. cuneata is a perennial for sun or part shade in any good, welldrained gritty, moist soil, kept dryish in summer. Flowers in spring, white with purple spots and veining, purple backed. Grows 4-8 inches (10-20 cm) high, 8 inches (20 cm) wide. Zones 5-9. California and Oregon. Viola delphinantha A woody-based perennial for sun or part shade in a limestone-scree-filled crevice, Viola cazorlensis, courtesy of Fritz Kummert Viola alpina, courtesy of Fritz Kummert Viola cuneata Viola biflora, courtesy of Fritz Kummert Viola beckwithii Viola calcarata, courtesy of Fritz Kummert Viola delphinantha, courtesy of Fritz Kummert

252 VIOLA FLETTII in tufa, and in the alpine house. Flowers in summer, rose pink. Grows 4 inches (10 cm) high, 6 inches (15 cm) wide. Zones 6-8. Bulgaria and northern Greece. Violaflettii Olympic violet, rock violet A perennial for part shade in fertile scree. Flowers in summer, purplish violet with a yellow eye. Grows 4-6 inches (10-15 cm) high, 8 inches (20 cm) wide. Zones 5-8. Olympic Mountains of Washington. Viola gracilis A perennial for sun or part shade in any good, well-drained soil. Flowers in summer, violet or yellow. Grows 8 inches (20 cm) high, 12 inches (30 cm) wide. Zones 6-9. Balkan Peninsula. Viola odorata English, garden, or sweet violet A perennial, spreading by stolons, for sun or part shade in any good, welldrained, moist soil. Flowers in winter and spring, blue-purple, deep violet, bluish rose, or white. Grows 4-6 inches (10-15 cm) high, 12 inches (30 cm) wide. Zones 5-10. Europe except the north, and Turkey, Caucasia, Syria, and northern Africa. Cultivar. Viola odorata 'Rosina has dusty rose flowers. Viola pedata bird's-foot, crow's-foot, or pansy violet A violet with unusual cultivation requirements, it is a perennial that thrives Viola odorata, courtesy of Fritz Kummert Viola pedata 'Bicolor' (of gardens) Viola odorata 'Rosina', courtesy of Fritz Kummert Viola gracilis, courtesy of Fritz Kummert Viola sorona 'Immaculata', courtesy of Fritz Kummert Viola flettii Viola pedata 'Concolor'

WALDSTEINIA GEOIDES 253 in more sun than most, or very light shade, and the soil needs to be sandy or rocky or both, fertile, and acid. Flowers in spring and summer in shades of lavender or lilac purple, often with the upper two petals dark violet, also occasionally all white or pinkish. Grows 4-6 inches (10-15 cm) high, 6 inches (15 cm) wide. Zones 4-8. Widespread in the eastern United States and occurring west to Wisconsin. Cultivars. Viola pedata 'Bicolor' (of gardens) has two-toned flowers with the upper two petals always darker. Viola pedata 'Concolor'has petals all the same color, usually lavender or lilac purple. Viola sororia woolly blue violet A perennial for shade or part shade in any good, well-drained, moist soil. The cultivar'Immaculata'flowers in spring and summer, white. Grows 4 inches (10 cm) high, 12 inches (30 cm) wide. Zones 4-9. The species is from eastern North America. Viola variegata var. nipponica synonym, V. koreana A perennial for shade or part shade in any good, well-drained, moist soil. Flowers in spring, pinkish to pale purple. Grows 2-4 inches (5-10 cm) high, 6 inches (15 cm) wide. Zones 6-9. Japan. Vitaliana primuliflora Primulaceae synonyms, Androsace vitaliana, Douglasia vitaliana A choice little alpine but easy to grow in the trough or rock garden. A cushion- to Waldsteinia fragarioides, courtesy of Fritz Kummert mat-forming perennial for sun in fertile, well-drained, gritty soil. Flowers in summer, yellow. Grows 2 inches (5 cm) high, 6-10 inches (15-25 cm) wide. Zones 4-8. Mountains of Europe. * w * Waldsteinia Rosaceae Waldsteinia fragarioides barren strawberry An evergreen perennial for sun or shade or part shade in humus-rich, moist soil, but it is tolerant of dry conditions. Flowers in spring and early summer, yellow. Grows 8 inches (20 cm) high, 12 inches (30 cm) wide. Zones 3-9. Mountain woods of the eastern United States. Waldsteinia geoides golden strawberry A perennial for sun or shade or part shade in humus-rich, moist soil, but it is tolerant of dry conditions. Flowers in spring and early summer, yellow. Grows 10 inches (25 cm) high, 12-18 inches (30-45 cm) wide. Zones 5-9. Mountain woods of central Europe to southern Russia. Viola variegata var. nipponica, courtesy of Fritz Kummert Vitaliana primuliflora, courtesy of Fritz Kummert Waldsteinia geoides, courtesy of Fritz Kummert

254 WELDENIA CANDIDA Weldenia Candida Commelinaceae A perennial with a tuberous root for sun in moderately fertile, gritty soil, keeping it on the dry side during winter dormancy. Flowers in spring to fall, brilliant white. Grows 4 inches (10 cm) high, 12 inches (30 cm) wide. Zones 7-8. Guatemala and Mexico. Woodsia oregana Oregon woodsia Woodsiaceae A perennial fern for part shade in humus-rich, well-drained, gritty soil. Grows 12 inches (30 cm) high and wide. Zones 4-9. Quebec to British Columbia south to New Mexico and California. Wulfenia orientalis Scrophulariaceae An evergreen perennial for sun or part shade in fertile, well-drained, moist soil. Protect from winter moisture, thus doing well in the alpine house. Flowers in early summer, violet-blue. Grows 6-12 inches (15-30 cm) high, 12 inches (30 cm) wide. Zones 5-8. Turkey and Lebanon. Xerophyllum tenax bear grass, elk grass, Indian basket grass Liliaceae (Melanthiaceae) A spectacular lily relative from high forests and meadows, needing humusrich soil that is rocky and quickly draining, it is not necessarily difficult to grow but is reluctant to flower in cultivation. Wulfenia orientalis, courtesy of Fritz Kummert Weldenia Candida, courtesy of Fritz Kummert A perennial with a woody rootstock for sun or part shade. Flowers in summer, creamy white. Grows 24-36 inches (60- 90 cm) high, 24 inches (60 cm) wide, and to 48 inches (120 cm) high when in flower. Zones 3-8. Rocky Mountains westward, British Columbia to central California. ft Z Zaluzianskya ovata Scrophulariaceae An introduction by Panayoti Kelaidis of the Denver Botanic Gardens, who brought this fine plant into wide cultivation after finding it during the 1994 South African expedition sponsored by the North American Rock Garden Society. A perennial for sun or part shade in humus-rich, well-drained soil. Flowers in spring, white backed with red, from red buds. Grows 6 inches (15 cm) high, 12 inches (30 cm) wide. Zones 7-9. South Africa. Zaluzianskya ovata Woodsia oregana Xerophyllum tenax Zauschneria californica, courtesy of Fritz Kummert

ZINNIA GRANDIFLORA 255 Zauschneria californica California fuchsia, hummingbird flower Onagraceae synonym, Epilobium canum Zauschnerias are heat- and droughttolerant plants that put on a spectacular floral display for many months. Spreading is accomplished by underground stems so placement should be among equally aggressive, spreading plants. Waiting till spring to remove the former year's spent growth seems to improve winter hardiness. Zauschneria californica is a woody-based and rhizomatous perennial for sun in any well-drained soil. Flowers in summer and fall, scarlet to white. Grows 8-18 inches (20-45 cm) high, 30 inches (75 cm) wide. Zones 7-10. California and southern Oregon. Cultivars.Zauschneria californica 'Alba. Flowers white. Zauschneria californica 'Etteri'has a low, spreading habit, growing less than 8 inches (20 cm) high, 30 inches (75 cm) wide, and eventually twice that. Flowers extra large, scarlet. Zauschneria californica 'Solidarity Pink' has pastel, shell pink flowers. Grows 12 inches (30 cm) high, 24 inches (60 cm) wide. Zinnia grandiflora Compositae An unusual, hardy species that will slowly colonize by runners and needs little or no water once established. If some moisture is given, blooming will occur from spring through fall. A woody-based perennial for sun in any good, well-drained soil. Flowers in summer, yellow with an orange eye. Grows 4-10 inches (10-25 cm) high, 12 inches (30 cm) wide. Zones 4-10. Northern Mexico and the southwestern United States to Colorado and Kansas. Zauschneria californica 'Solidarity Pink Zauschneria californica 'Alba' with typical Z. californica Zauschneria californica 'Etteri' Zinnia grandiflora

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FAMILIES OF ROCK GARDEN PLANTS Related plant genera are grouped into families, and families included in this book are listed alphabetically below. In addition to flowering plants, families for ferns (Adiantaceae, Aspleniaceae, Blechnaceae, Dryopteridaceae, Polypodiaceae, Pteridaceae, Woodsiaceae), spike mosses (Selaginellaceae), and gymnosperms (Cupressaceae,Ephedraceae,Pinaceae) are listed. Some families such as Liliaceae may be divided into smaller ones, and cross-references for the different family names are given. Acanthaceae Ruellia Acoraceae (Araceae) Acorus Adiantaceae Adiantum Cheilanthes Pellaea Agavaceae Agave Aizoaceae Delosperma Alliaceae (Liliaceae) Allium Bloomeria Ipheion Nectaroscordum Alstroemeriaceae Alstroemeria Amaryllidaceae Galanthus Leucojum Narcissus Nerine Pancratium Sternbergia Aphyllanthaceae (Liliaceae) Aphyllanthes Apiaceae, see Umbelliferae Araceae, including Acoraceae Acorus Arisaema Arum Biarum Lysichiton Pinellia Araliaceae Hedera Aristolochiaceae Asarum Asphodelaceae (Liliaceae) Asphodelus Aspleniaceae Asplenium Asteraceae, see Compositae Begoniaceae Begonia Berberidaceae Berberis Epimedium Gymnospermium Jeffersonia Vancouveria Betulaceae Betula Bignoniaceae Incarvillea Blechnaceae Blechnum Boraginaceae Alkanna Anchusa Arnebia Brunnera Buglossoides Eritrichium Lithodora Lithospermum Mertensia Moltkia Myosotis Omphalodes Onosma Pulmonaria Brassicaceae, see Cruciferae Buxaceae Buxus Pachysandra Cactaceae Echinocereus Escobaria Maihuenia Opuntia Pediocactus Calochortaceae (Liliaceae) Calochortus Campanulaceae, including Lobeliaceae Campanula Codonopsis Cyananthus Edraianthus Jasione Lobelia Physoplexis Phyteuma Platycodon Symphyandra Trachelium Caprifoliaceae Linnaea Caryophyllaceae Arenaria Cerastium Dianthus Gypsophila Lychnis Minuartia Paronychia Petrorhagia Sagina Saponaria Scleranthus Silene Celastraceae Euonymus Paxistima Cistaceae Cistus xHalimiocistus Halimium Helianthemum Colchicaceae (Liliaceae) Bulbocodium Cokhicum Disporum Commelinaceae Commelina Tradescantia Weldenia Compositae Achillea 257

258 FAMILIES OF ROCK GARDEN PLANTS Compositae, continued Anacydus Anaphalis Andryala Antennaria Anthemis Arnica Artemisia Aster Balsamorhiza Bellis Bellium Berardia Brachycome Carduncellus Carlina Catananche Celmisia Centaurea Chamaemelum Chrysanthemum Chrysogonum Cirsium Coreopsis Cotula Craspedia Crepis Doronicum Erigeron Eriophyllum Euryops Haplocarpha Haplopappus Helichrysum Hymenoxys Inula Leontopodium Leucogenes Liatris Perezia Raoulia Santolina Saussurea Senecio Serratula Solidago Tanacetum Townsendia Zinnia Convallariaceae (Liliaceae) Clintonia Maianthemum Ophiopogon Polygonatum Convolvulaceae Convolvulus Cornaceae Cornus Crassulaceae Chiastophyllum Jovibarba Orostachys Rhodiola Rosularia Sedum Sempervivum Cruciferae Aethionema Alyssum Arabis Aubrieta Aurinia Biscutella Cardamine Degenia Draba Erysimum Hutchinsia Iberis Matthiola Morisia Petrocallis Physaria Ptilotrichum Thlaspi Vella Cupressaceae, including Taxodiaceae Chamaecyparis Cryptomeria Juniperus Microbiota Sequoia Thuja Cyperaceae Carex Eriophorum Cryptogrammataceae (Pteridaceae) Cryptogramma Diapensiaceae Shortia Dipsacaceae Pterocephalus Scabiosa Dryopteridaceae Dryopteris Polystichum Ephedraceae Ephedra Ericaceae Andromeda Arctostaphylos Bruckenthalia Calluna Cassiope Daboeda Erica Gaultheria Kalmia Kalmiopsis Leiophyllum Loiseleuria Pernettya xPhylliopsis Phyllodoce Pieris Rhododendron Rhodothamnus Vaccinium Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia Fabaceae, see Leguminosae Fagaceae Lithocarpus Quercus Frankeniaceae Frankenia Fumariaceae Dicentra Rupicapnos Gentianaceae Gentiana Geraniaceae Erodium Geranium Pelargonium Gesneriaceae Conandron Haberlea Jankaea Opithandra Ramonda Rehmania Globulariaceae Globularia Gramineae Alopecurus Deschampsia Festuca Hakonechloa Imperata Milium Pennisetum Hyacinthaceae (Liliaceae) Albuca Chionodoxa Muscari Ornithogalum Puschkinia Scilla Hydrangeaceae Deutzia Hydrangea Hydrophyllaceae Hesperochiron Phacelia Romanzoffia Hypericaceae Hypericum Hypoxidaceae Hypoxis Rhodohypoxis Iridaceae Anomatheca Crocus Diplarrhena Gladiolus Hermodactylus Iris Romulea Schizostylis Sisyrinchium Juncaceae Luzula Labiatae Acinos Ajuga Calamintha Dracocephalum Horminum Lamium Lavandula Marrubium Meehania Mentha Nepeta Origanum Prostanthera Prunella Rosmarinus Salvia Satureja Scutellaria Stachys Teucrium Thymus

FAMILIES OF ROCK GARDEN PLANTS 259 Lamiaceae, see Labiatae Leguminosae Anthyllis Astragalus Carmichaelia Chamaecytisus Coronilla Cytisus Dorycnium Erinacea Genista Hippocrepis Indigofera Lathyrus Lotus Lupinus Oxytropis Trifolium Lentibulariaceae Pinguicula Liliaceae, including Alliaceae, Aphyllanthaceae, Asphodelaceae, Calochortaceae, Colchicaceae, Convallariaceae, Hyacinthaceae, Melanthiaceae, Tricyrtidaceae, Trilliaceae, and Uvulariaceae Albuca Allium Anthericum Aphyllanthes Asphodelus Bloomeria Bulbocodium Calochortus Chionodoxa Clintonia Colchicum Disporum Erythronium Fritillaria Hosta Ipheion Lilium Lloydia Maianthemum Muscari Nectaroscordum Ophiopogon Ornithogalum Polygonatum Puschkinia Scilla Scoliopus Tricyrtis Trillium Tulipa Uvularia Xerophyllum Linaceae Linum Lobeliaceae (Campanulaceae) Lobelia Loganiaceae Spigelia Malvaceae Callirhoe Melanthiaceae (Liliaceae) Xerophyllum Myrtaceae Leptospermum Oleaceae Jasminum Onagraceae Calylophus Epilobium Gaura Oenothera Zauschneria Orchidaceae Amitostigma Bletilla Calanthe Cypripedium Dactylorhiza Epipactus Goodyera Orchis Pleione Oxalidaceae Oxalis Paeoniaceae Paeonia Papaveraceae Corydalis Hylomecon Papaver Sanguinaria Stylophorum Pinaceae Abies Cedrus Larix Picea Pinus Pseudotsuga Tsuga Plantaginaceae Plantago Plumbaginaceae Acantholimon Armeria Limonium Poaceae,see Gramineae Polemoniaceae Collomia Ipomopsis Phlox Polemonium Polygalaceae Polygala Polygonaceae Eriogonum Muehlenbeckia Oxyria Polygonum Rumex Polypodiaceae Polypodium Portulacaceae Calandrinia Calyptridium Claytonia Lewisia Talinum Primulaceae Anagallis Androsace Cortusa Cyclamen Dionysia Dodecatheon Douglasia Lysimachia Primula Soldanella Trientalis Vitaliana Pteridaceae, including Cryptogrammataceae Cryptogramma Ranunculaceae Adonis Anemone Anemonella Aquilegia Callianthemum Caltha Clematis Coptis Delphinium Eranthis Glaucidium Helleborus Hepatica Isopyrum Paraquilegia Pulsatilla Ranunculus Semiaquilegia Thalictrum Trollius Rhamnaceae Ceanothus Rosaceae Acaena Akhemilla Aruncus Cotoneaster Dryas Geum Kelseya Petrophytum Potentilla Prunus Rubus Sibbaldia Sorbus Spiraea Waldsteinia Rubiaceae Asperula Houstonia Mitchella Putoria Rutaceae Ruta Salicaceae Salix Saxifragaceae Astilbe Bergenia Heuchera Lithophragma Mukdenia Parnassia Saxifraga Tanakea Telesonix Tellima Tiarella Scrophulariaceae Antirrhinum Asarina Calceolaria Chaenorrhinum Chionohebe Cymbalaria Diascia Erinus Hebe

260 FAMILIES OF ROCK GARDEN PLANTS Scrophulariaceae, continued Solanaceae Tropaeolaceae Valerianaceae Lagotis Mandragora Tropaeolum Patrinia Linaria Nierembergia Ulmaceae Valeriana Mazus Scopolia Ulmus Verbenaceae Mimulus Taxodiaceae (Cupressaceae) Umbelliferae Verbena Ourisia Cryptomeria Adphylla Violaceae Parahebe Sequoia Anisotome Viola Penstemon Thymelaeaceae Athamanta Woodsiaceae Synthyris Daphne Bolax Athyrium Verbascum Pimelea Bupleurum Gymnocarpium Veronica Tricyrtidaceae (Liliaceae) Eryngium Woodsia Wulfenia Tricyrtis Hacquetia Zingiberaceae Zaluzianskya Trilliaceae (Liliaceae) Meum Roscoea Selaginellaceae Scoliopus Uvulariaceae (Liliaceae) Selaginella Trillium Uvularia

ROCK CARDEN PLANTS FOR SPECIFIC PURPOSES AND LOCATIONS Here are lists of rock garden plants to help choose plants for your wants, needs, and special growing conditions. The entries in each list are limited to those plants that I believe are most appropriate to each category. By doing this I may have failed to include plants that many would have deemed appropriate, and indeed, I hope the reader will use these lists only as general guides and expand upon the suggestions. Choosing from plants in a list will depend on concerns such as size, exposure, hardiness, and so on; see the individual plant descriptions. Additional information on choosing plants appears in the introductory chapters. When only the genus is given in a list below, all species and cultivars of that genus are appropriate even if not described in this book. Alpine Houses and Frames Alpine houses, cold frames, and bulb frames are structures that are used by the dedicated gardener to successfully grow the more demanding and difficult rock garden plants in adverse climates by creating artificial conditions. Alpine houses are well-ventilated, cool greenhouses needing supplementary heat only when the temperatures drop below 10°F (about -12°C). Frames are structures built on the ground that are just tall enough to grow plants in pots and allow some air space between the pots and the glass or plastic cover. In such structures one can better grow plants that require protection from extreme winter conditions such as cold, wind, rain, and snow. Plants can flower earlier and longer without being Acantholimon Adiantum aleuticum Adiantum venustum Adonis Aethionema Albuca humilis Alkanna Allium Amitostigma kieskii Anacyclus pyrethrum var. depressus Anagallis monellii Anchusa caespitosa Andromeda polifolia Androsace Andryala aghardii Anemonella thalictroides Anomatheca laxa Anthemis punctata subsp. cupaniana Antirrhinum Aphyllanthes monspeliensis Aquilegia Ambis, smaller types Arenaria, smaller types Arisaema Arum Asarum, smaller types Asperula Asphodelus acaulis Asplenium Astilbe Athamanta cretensis Begonia sutherlandii battered by poor weather. The structures are particularly useful for keeping plants dry during wet weather. The alpine house allows the gardener to work with the plants inside. Cold frames and bulb frames serve the same purpose though the gardener must work outside. Many books are available that discuss the building and use of such structures. Tiny alpine species and plants with intricate flower details are best enjoyed from the tabletop-high bench in an alpine house. Other plants are chosen for alpine houses because they blossom or have rich foliage during the fall, winter, and early spring when much of the outdoor garden is dormant. The plants range from tiny bulbs to dwarf coniferous trees. Bettium bellidioides Berardia subacaulis Berberis xstenophylla Biarum Blechnum Bletilla Bloomeria crocea Bolax gummifera Brachycome nivalis Bulbocodium vernum Calandrinia umbellata Calanthe Calceolaria uniflora Calochortus Calyptridium umbellatum Campanula cenisia Campanula formanekiana Campanula hawkinsiana Campanula 'Joe Elliott' Campanula mirabilis Campanula morettiana Campanula piperi Campanula raineri Campanula zoysii Carduncellus Carexfirma Carmichaelia enysii Catananche caespitosa Cedrus deodara 'Pygmaea' Chamaecyparis, dwarf cultivars Cheilanthes Chionohebe pulvinaris Chrysanthemum hosmariense Claytonia megarhiza 261

262 ROCK GARDEN PLANTS FOR SPECIFIC PURPOSES AND LOCATIONS Clematis xcartmanii 'Joe' Codonopsis Colchicum hungaricum Colchicum kesselringii Colchicum luteum Collomia debilis Conandron ramondioides Convolvulus Coronilla Corydalis popovii Corydalis wilsonii Craspedia minor Crocus reticulatus subsp. reticulatus Cryptogramma crispa Cryptomeriajaponica, dwarf cultivars Cyclamen Daphne, smaller types Degenia velebitica Delosperma Dianthus Dicentra peregrina Dionysia Diplarrhena moraea Douglasia Draba Dryopteris affinis, dwarf cultivars Dryopteris erythrosora Echinocereusfendleri var.fendleri Epilobium rigidum Eranthis hyemalis Erigeron, dwarf types Erinacea anthyllis Eriogonum Eritrichium Erodium reichardii Escobaria Euryops acraeus Frankenia thymifolia Fritillaria, smaller species Gladiolus, smaller species Goodyera oblongifolia Gymnospermium albertii Gypsophila aretioides Haberleaferdinandi-coburgii Hakonechloa macra Hebe Helichrysum Hepatica Hesperochiron Ipheion uniflorum Ipomopsis congesta Iris acutiloba subsp. lineolata Iris kolpakowskyana Iris nicolai Jankaea heldreichii Jeffersonia Jovibarba funiperus, dwarf cultivars Kalmia Kalmiopsis leachiana Kelseya uniflora Lamium armenum Leptospermum scoparium Leucogenes grandiceps Lewisia Lilium, dwarf types Linnaea borealis Linum Lithodora Lobelia linnaeoides Loiseleuria procumbens Lupinus Maihuenia poeppigii Mazus reptans Minuartia Moltkia Morisia monanthos Muscari Myosotis colensoi Narcissus, smaller types Nerine bowdenii Omphalodes luciliae Onosma alborosea Ophiopogonjaponicus Opithandra primuloides Origanum Ornithogalum oligophyllum Orostachys Ourisia Oxalis Pancratium illyricum Parahebe Paraquilegia anemonoides Paronychia Pelargonium endlicherianum Perezia recur vata Pernettya tasmanica Petrophytum caespitosum Phacelia sericea Phlox adsurgens Phlox mesoleuca Phlox nana Physoplexis comosa Pimelea prostrata Pinellia ternata Pinguicula grandiflora Pinus, dwarf cultivars Pleione Polemonium carneum Polemonium viscosum Polygala Polypodium, smaller types Polystichum, smaller types Primula, many Prostanthera cuneata Ptilotrichum spinosum Pulsatilla Puschkinia scilloides var. libanotica Ramonda Ranunculus calandrinioides Ranunculus glacialis Ranunculus rupestris Raoulia Rehmania glutinosa Rhodohypoxis baurii Rhodothamnus chamaecistus Romanzoffia sitchensis Romulea bulbocodium Rosularia Rupicapnos africana Sagina boydii Salvia caespitosa Saponaria, smaller types Saussurea Saxifraga, species and cultivars of sections Porphyrion and Ligulatae Scilla bifolia Scoliopus bigelovii Scutellaria, smaller types Selaginella Semiaquilegia ecalcarata Sempervivum Senecio incanus Silene hookeri Silene ingramii Soldanella Stachys Candida Sternbergia clusiana Sternbergiafischeriana Talinum Tanacetum Telesonixjamesii Teucrium Thlaspi rotundifolium Thuja, dwarf cultivars Thymus broussonetii Thymus membranaceus Townsendia Trachelium asperuloides Tracheliumjaquinii subsp. rumelianum Tradescantia longipes Trillium Tropaeolum polyphyllum Tsuga canadensis, dwarf cultivars Tulipa, smaller types Vaccinium nummularifolium Vella spinosa Verbascum, smaller types Verbena Veronica caespitosa Viola cazorlensis Viola delphinantha Weldenia Candida Woodsia Wulfenia orientalis Zaluzianskya ovata Troughs and Containers Plants are usually called trough plants if they are traditionally planted in troughs, sizable trays or box-like containers in which a miniature rock garden landscape can be created. These miniature plants can be effectively grown individually in containers such as clay pots as well. They grow and mature slowly and are content in a container for a long time. Because containers are movable, one can adjust the exposure for different seasons and even display plants at tabletop level. The carved stone troughs of yesteryear, originally used as animal feed receptacles, made perfect planters for alpines. Today we fabricate troughs from a lightweight mix-

STONE WALLS 263 ture of cement, perlite, and peat moss, usually making them into shallow rectangular or free-form planters. The largest trough is rarely more than 3x2 feet (90 x 60 cm) and can accommodate a couple dozen small plants. The following miniature plants are recommended for troughs and containers. Abies balsamea 'Nana Acantholimon Acorus gramineus 'Pusillus Aureus Minimus' and'Pusillus Variegatus' Aethionema, smaller types Alyssum, smaller types Amitostigma kieskii Anacydus pyrethrum var. depressus Androsace, smaller types Andryala aghardii Antennaria, smaller types Aquilegia, smaller types Arabis, smaller types Arenaria balearica Arenaria tetraquetra Armeria caespitosa Artemisia pedemontana Asperula, smaller types Asplenium ceterach Asplenium trichomanes Astilbe, smaller types Aubrieta gradlis Bellium bellidioides Bolax gummifera Buxus microphylla 'Kingsville' Calluna vulgaris, smaller types Campanula, smaller types Carexfirma Cedrus deodara 'Pygmaea' Chamaecyparis, smallest cultivars Claytonia megarhiza Clematis xcartmanii 'Joe' Convolvulus boissieri Daphne, smaller types Delosperma cf. congestum Dianthus, smaller types Dionysia Douglasia Draba Edraianthus pumilio Erica cinerea, smaller types Erigeron, smaller types Erinus alpinus Eriogonum Eritrichium Erodium reichardii Genista, smaller types Gentiana, smaller types Globularia repens Gypsophila aretioides Gypsophila briquetiana Haberleaferdinandi-coburgii Hebe buchananii 'Minor' Helichrysum milfordiae Helichrysum selago Hesperochiron Juniperus, smaller cultivars Kelseya uniflora Lewisia Linum, smaller types Lysimachiajaponica 'Minutissima' Maihuenia poeppigii Minuartia Morisia monanthos Omphalodes ludliae Ophiopogonjaponicus 'Kyoto Dwarf Orostachys Penstemon, smaller types Perezia recurvata Petrocallis pyrenaica Petrophytum Phlox, smaller types Physoplexis comosa Picea, smaller cultivars Plantago nivalis Platycodon grandiflorus 'Apoyama' Pleione Polygala cakarea 'Linnet' Primula, smaller types Raoulia species Rhododendron keleticum Sagina boydii Salix, smaller types Saponaria Saxifraga, smaller types Scleranthus uniflorus Sedum, smaller types Selaginella Sempervivum Silene acaulis Stachys Candida Talinum okanoganense Talinum spinescens Teucrium, smaller types Thalictrum kiusianum Thymus cilicicus Townsendia Trachelium asperuloides Tsuga canadensis, smaller cultivars Ulmus parvifolia 'Hokkaido' Veronica caespitosa Viola, smallest types Vitaliana primuliflora Stone Walls A stone wall is essentially an unmortared retaining wall with fertile soil between the layers of rock. The alpine and other saxatile plants recommended below are at home in these narrow crevices with their roots growing deeply into the well-drained soil behind the wall. Their crowns rest on the rock surface and the foliage and Acantholimon Achillea Adiantum venustum Aethionema Alyssum Androsace sarmentosa Arabis Arenaria montana Arenaria tetraquetra Artemisia Asarina procumbens Asplenium Aster alpinus Astragalus Aubrieta Bergenia Campanula betulifolia Campanula carpatica Campanula cochlearifolia Campanula formanekiana Campanula garganica Campanula portenschlagiana Campanula tommasiniana Cerastium Cheilanthes Chiastophyllum oppositifolium flowers are able to splay out to best advantage, close to the eye of the viewer. Plants suggested for walls are frequently vigorous plants that often root as they spread behind the rock, and many have pendulous flowers best displayed against walls. Many rock garden reference books give advice on building and planting a stone wall. Chrysanthemum weyrichii Chrysogonum virginianum Clematis Corydalis lutea Corydalis ochroleuca Cotoneaster Cymbalaria Cytisus Daphne arbuscula Daphne cneorum Daphne jasminea, Delphi form Daphne petraea Delosperma Dianthus, many Draba bruniifolia Draba ussuriensis Dryas Edraianthus Erinus alpinus Erodium Erysimum Euphorbia myrsinites Euryops acraeus Geranium dalmaticum Geranium sessiliflorum and hybrids

264 ROCK GARDEN PLANTS FOR SPECIFIC PURPOSES AND LOCATIONS Globularia Gypsophila repens 'Rosea' Haberleaferdinandi-coburgii Hedera Helianthemum Hypericum Iberis Jasione laevis Jovibarba Lavandula, smaller types Lewisia Marmbium rotundifolium Minuartia Moltkia suffruticosa Nepeta phyllochlamys Oenothera Onosma Pelargonium endlicherianum Petrophytum Petrorhagia saxifraga Phlox, most Physoplexis comosa Phyteuma Polypodium Polystichum imbricans Primula auricula Primula marginata Pterocephalus Ramonda Santolina chamaecyparissus Saxifraga, many Scabiosa graminifolia Sedum Sempervivum Spiraea japonica 'Nyewoods' Stachys Tanacetum densum subsp. amanum Tracheliumjaquinii subsp. rumelianum Tropaeolum polyphyllum Verbascum acaule Veronica orientalis subsp. orientalis Veronica peduncularis 'Georgia Blue' Veronica petraea Zauschneria Zinnia grandiflora Moist Soil and Bogs The following plants tolerate or grow best in soil that is constantly moist. By reading the individual descriptions, one will see that many are recommended for humus-rich, moist (or moisture-retentive) soil. Often the same plants recommended for moist soil also require well-drained soil; these plants do not suffer dry conditions but they will not survive stagnant, wet conditions either. The moisture in the soil must continually drain away from their roots. Only the plants indicated with an asterisk will grow in constantly wet, bog-like, or poorly drained soil. *Acorus gramineus Adiantum Ajuga Andromeda Anemonella thalictroides Arenaria balearica Arnica Astilbe Athyrium Bergenia Betula nana Brunnera Calluna vulgaris Caltha introloba * Caltha leptosepala * Caltha palustris Carexfraseri Carex oshimensis Chamaecyparis thyoides Clematis alpina Clematis xcartmanii 'Joe' Clematis douglasiivar. scottii Coreopsis rosea Cornus canadensis Cortusa matthioli Cryptomeria japonica Daboecia Dicentra canadensis Dicentra cucullaria Dodecatheon alpinum Dodecatheon meadia Dracocephalum austriacum Dryopteris *Epipactusgigantea Epipactus palustris *Eriophorum Fritillaria meleagris Galanthus reginae-olgae Gaultheria Gentiana calycosa Gentiana newberryi Gentiana sino-ornata Gentiana verna Geranium himalayense Glaucidium palmatum Gymnocarpium Hakonechloa macra Hosta Houstonia Hylomeconjaponicum Iris cristata Iris lacustris Isopyrum thalictroides Kalmia Lagotis stolonifera Larix laricina The soil in a bog usually consists simply of peat; sometimes a small amount of sand is added. An ideal location for a bog in the rock garden is at the base of the moraine garden, described under Scree in the section on Soil and Drainage in the chapter, About the Descriptions. Another appropriate spot for a bog is in the lowest point in a garden where water would naturally settle, though it may be necessary to irrigate the bog to keep it constantly wet during dry periods. Leucojum aestivum Leucojum vernum Linnaea borealis Lithophragma parviflorum Lloydia serotina Lobelia linnaeoides Luzula nivea *Lysichiton Lysimach ia jap on ica Maianthemum bifolium Mazus Mentha requienii Mertensia alpina Mimulus Mukdenia rossii Narcissus Nierembergia repens Omphalodes verna Orchis Ourisia Oxyria digyna *Parnassia palustris Pernettya tasmanica Phlox divaricata XPhylliopsis hillieri Phyllodoce Picea Pieris Pimelea Pinellia Pinguicula Polygonum Polystichum Primula, most *Primula denticulata *Primula rosea Ranunculus, most Romanzoffia sitchensis Roscoea Rubus Sagina boydii Salix Sanguinaria canadensis Saxifraga aizoides Saxifraga exarata subsp. moschata Saxifraga, Mossy Hybrids, e.g., Saxifraga 'Hardes Zwerg' and 'Sir Douglas Haig' Saxifraga stolonifera Saxifraga xurbium Schizostylis coccinea Selaginella Sisyrinchium Spigelia Synthyris

THE WOODLAND ROCK GARDEN 265 Tanakea radicans Tellima grandiflora Thalictrum Tricyrtis Trillium Trollius Uvularia Vaccinium Viola aetolica Viola alpina Viola biflora Viola cakarata Viola odorata Viola sororia Viola variegata var. nipponica Waldsteinia Sandy Soil Sand is defined in the dictionary as fine debris of rocks, consisting of small, loose grains, often of quartz. Because sand is often quite devoid of nutrients it supports little vegetation, which in turn produces little in the way of organic matter to die, decompose, and enrich the sandy conditions. Loose and porous, sand lets organic matter leach out rather than retaining it. Sandy soil is not to be confused with scree soil. Scree is less homogeneous, containing a variety of sizes of rock pieces from sand to gravel as well as some degree of trapped organic matter. The following list of plants includes those native to areas with sandy soil and those that are not, though the latter grow well in sandy soil once they are brought into cultivation. A select group of plants are native to areas with sand. These are plants that have adapted to grow in fast-draining soil low in organic matter and nutrients. Acantholimon Achillea Aciphylla, most species Agave Andryala aghardii Arenaria, all that require scree Callirhoe involucrata Calyptridium umbellatwn Campanula punctata Daphne cneorum Dianthus, all that require scree Ephedra minima Epilobium rigidum Erica, with compost added Erigeron, all that require scree Eriogonum Eryngium maritimum Festuca Frankenia thymifolia Fritillaria gentneri Fritillaria pudica Fritillaria recurva Genista Globularia Gymnospermium albertii There are many rock garden plants not native to areas with sandy soils that grow better in this medium under some garden conditions. These conditions often include increased humidity, irrigation, and high temperatures, which combine to increase the growth of harmful organisms in the soil such as molds, fungi, and bacteria. The growth of these organisms is reduced in sterile, low-nutrient, quick-drying sand. During prolonged periods without rainfall, some irrigation maybe necessary. For the gardener who possesses land of a sandy nature or who wishes to garden in artificially created sand beds, the following plants may be used provided the sand is not from the seaside, thus containing salts. Build a dry sand bed with pure builder's sand, the kind used to make concrete. The bed should consist of 8 to 12 inches (20-30 cm) of sand over ordinary garden soil. Gypsophila aretioides Lewisia Maihuenia poeppigii Matthiolafruticulosa subsp. valesiaca Mertensia maritima Morisia monanthos Nepeta Paronychia Penstemon, many species Petrophytum Physaria Primula palinuri Ptilotrichum spinosum Salvia caespitosa Santolina Sderanthus uniflorus Talinum Teucrium Townsendia Viola beckwithii Viola cuneata Viola pedata Zauschneria The Woodland Rock Garden Many rock garden plants are native to shady habitats. In this book many plants are recommended for part shade and full shade, where they will not lose their compact character. They are useful candidates to fill that dimly lighted portion of the rock garden Adiantum Ajuga Alchemilla Anemone apennina Anemone blanda Anemone nemorosa Anemone ranunculoides Anemone xseemannii Anemone sylvestris Anemonella thalictroides Arenaria balearica Arisaema Asarina procumbens Asarum Asplenium Astilbe Athyrium Bergenia that falls under the shadows of trees or structures. The individual plant descriptions reveal which plants require partial shade and which will tolerate still shadier conditions. Blechnum Bletilla Brunnera macrophylla Buglossoides purpureocaeruleum Carexfraseri Chamaecyparis Clintonia Conandron ramondioides Coptis Cornus canadensis Corydalis, most Cryptogramma crispa Dryopteris Epimedium Erythronium Gentiana, many Glaucidium palmatum Goodyera oblongifolia

266 ROCK GARDEN PLANTS FOR SPECIFIC PURPOSES AND LOCATIONS Gymnocarpium Haberlea Hakonechloa macra Helleborus Hepatica Hosta Hylomecon japonicum Isopyrum Lamium maculatum Leucogenes Leucojum vernum Linnaea borealis Lysimachia japonica 'Minutissima' Mitchella repens Muehlenbeckia axillaris Nectaroscordum Omphalodes cappadocica Oxalis, some Phlox adsurgens Phlox divaricata Pierisjaponica Pleione Polygda paudfolia Polystichum Primula, most Pulmonaria Romanzoffia Sanguinaria canadensis Saxifraga stolonifera Saxifraga xurbium Selaginella Shortia Synthyris Tanakea radicans Tellima Thalictrum Tiarella Tricyrtis Trientalis Trillium Tsuga canadensis Tulipa sprengeri Uvularia Vaccinium Vancouveria hexandra Viola, many Waldsteinia The Peat Garden All lime-hating, humus-loving plants will grow well in a garden peat bed, with its acidic conditions. Best situated to avoid the direct midday sun, the peat bed should be filled with peat, acid humus, and a little lime-free loam and never be allowed to dry Adiantum Andromeda Androsace pyrenaica Androsace wulfeniana Aquilegia Arctostaphylos Astilbe Betula Blechnum Bruckenthalia spiculifolia Calluna vulgaris Carexfraseri Cassiope Celmisia Codonopsis Coptis Cornus canadensis Corydalis ambigua Corydalis cashmeriana Cyananthus Cypripedium, most Daboecia Dicentra canadensis Dicentra cucullaria Dicentra eximia Dicentra formosa Diplarrhena moraea Epimedium Erica Fritillaria meleagris Fritillaria pallidiflora Gaultheria Gentiana sino-ornata Glaucidium palmatum Goodyera Haberlea Houstonia caerulea Iris gracilipes Jeffersonia Kalmia angustifolia Kalmiapolifolia Kalmiopsis leachiana Leiophyllum buxifolium Lilium Linnaea borealis out entirely. Avoid planting near trees whose roots can penetrate the peat bed and constantly drink up all the moisture; one can create a vertical underground barrier with material such as strong plastic to prevent this from happening. Lloydia serotina Loiseleuria procumbens Mazus reptans Mitchella repens Mukdenia rossii Narcissus cyclamineus Parnassia palustris Paxistima canbyi Pernettya Phlox adsurgens Phlox stolonifera xPhylliopsis hillieri Phyllodoce Pieris Pimelea prostrata Pinellia Pinguicula Polygala chamaebuxus Polygala paudfolia Polypodium Polystichum setiferum Primula Prostanthera cuneata Ramonda Ranunculus amplexicaulis Ranunculus crenatus Rhododendron Rhodothamnus chamaecistus Roscoea Rubus acaulis Salix Sanguinaria canadensis Saxifraga cotyledon Saxifraga xurbium Scoliopus bigelovii Senecio incanus Shortia Soldanella montana Tanakea radicans Thalictrum Tiarella Tsuga Vaccinium Vancouveria For Limy Soil Most of the following plants will grow best in nonacidic soil, one with a pH value greater than or equal to 7.0. Gardeners who live in lime-rich areas will do best by selecting from those plants that tolerate or require soil that is neutral to alkaline. An increased pH Acantholimon Achillea Acinos alpinus Adonis vernalis value indicates an increase in the lime content of the soil. Those plants that require limy soil, indicated with an asterisk, need a soil that has a pH value greater than 7.5. If soil is poor in lime, it is not difficult to supplement the soil with lime and increase its pH value. Aethionema Ajuga Alopecurus lanatus Alyssum

FOR HEAT AND HIGH HUMIDITY 267 Androsace chamaejasme Androsace hausmannii Anemone sylvestris Anthemis Asarum europaeum Asperula Asplenium Aster alpinus Aubrieta Aurinia saxatilis Calamintha Callianthemum anemonoides Campanula carpatica Campanula cochlearifolia Campanula garganica Campanula glomerata ^Campanula morettiana Campanula persicifolia Campanula portenschlagiana * Campanula raineri * Campanula zoysii Carduncellus Carexfirma Carlina Catananche caespitosa Cerastium Chaenorrhinum origanifolium Cheilanthes Chiastophyllum oppositifolium Cistus * Clematis tenuiloba Convolvulus Corydalis lutea Corydalis ochroleuca Cyclamen Cypripedium calceolus Dactylorhiza maculata Daphne Dianthus, most Dorycnium hirsutum Draba Dryas Epipactus palustris Erica carnea Erica erigena Erinacea anthyllis Erysimum Euphorbia myrsinites *Fritillaria crassifolia subsp. crassifolia *Fritillariagraeca Geranium cinereum Geranium dalmaticum Geranium sanguineum Globularia Gypsophila Haberleaferdinandi-coburgii Hacquetia epipactus Helianthemum Helleborus Hepatica Hermodactylus tuberosus Hippocrepis comosa Horminum pyrenaicum Hutchinsia alpina Hypericum olympicum Iberis Inula *]ankaea heldreichii *Kelseya uniflora Leontopodium Limonium Linaria Linum Lithodora oleifolia *Lithospermum canescens Marrubium rotundifolium Matthiola Origanum Pancratium illyricum Pellaea breweri Petrocallis pyrenaica Phlox subulata Physoplexis comosa Polygala calcarea Polygonatum Primula auricula Primula clusiana Primula marginata Primula veris Ptilotrichum spinosum Pulsatilla species, except P. vernalis Putoria calabrica Santolina Saxifraga, especially those of sections Porphyrion and Ligulatae, with some exceptions Scabiosa graminifolia Scabiosa lucida Silene acaulis Silene alpestris Silene caroliniana Silene dinarica Silene elisabethae Silene uniflora Silene zawadzkii Soldanella alpina Teucrium Trachelium Vella spinosa * Viola cazorlensis *Viola delphinantha For Heat and Drought There are rock garden plants that thrive in full sun and dryish conditions. The following list of plants will live through dry spells with little or no irrigation once they are established in the garden. Achillea Aethionema Agave Antennaria Arctostaphylos Artemisia Calylophus Ceanothus Cistus Cytisus Delosperma Ephedra Eriogonum Euphorbia, most Euryops acraeus Festuca Gaura lindheimeri Genista xHalimiocistus Halimium Helianthemum Irispumila Most of these plants will not survive in soils that stay moist or do not drain well. Juniperus Lavandula Limonium Linum perenne Lithocarpus densiflorus var. echinoides Oenothera Penstemon, many Quercus sadleriana Quercus vaccinifolia Rosmarinus officinalis Salvia caespitosa Sedum, many Tanacetum densum subsp. amanum Teucrium Thymus Verbascum Verbena Zauschneria Zinnia grandiflora For Heat and High Humidity Growing plants native to regions with short growing seasons, constant breezes, low humidity, and fast-draining soil can be difficult in some lowland climates. Rock gardeners in areas with lots of heat, rain, and humidity in the summer must choose their rock garden plants carefully. In just such gardens around the United States the plants in the list below have proven mostly successful,

268 ROCK GARDEN PLANTS FOR SPECIFIC PURPOSES AND LOCATIONS but not always. Hundreds of more plants deserve to be tested. Positioning the rock garden away from the hottest sun in an open location with the maximum air circulation and providing exceptionally well drained soil and rocky mulch are the suggested steps to success. Growing in a sand bed is recommended; see the list, Plants for Sandy Soil. Mulching is vital around the crown of many plants, which helps keep the basal foliage dry and assists in reducAethionema Ajuga pyramidalis Allium Anemone nemorosa Anemone ranunculoides Anemone Xseemannii Anemonella thalictroides Anthemis Arenaria montana Armeria Arum Asplenium platyneuron Aster novi-belgii Astilbe Aubrieta Begonia grandis Begonia sutherlandii Bergenia Bletilla Bolax gummifera Buxus microphylla 'Kingsville' Calanthe Calluna vulgaris Caltha palustris Campanula portenschlagiana Campanula punctata Carex Celmisia Chamaecyparis Cheilanthes lanosa Chrysogonum virginianum Coreopsis rosea Cryptomeriajaponica Cyclamen Cymbalaria Daphne xmantensiana Delosperma Dianthus, some Dryas Epimedium Eranthus hyemalis Erica carnea Erigeron aureus Erigeron compositus Erinus alpinus Genista Gentiana acaulis Gentiana paradoxa Gentiana scabra Gentiana septemfida Gentiana sino-ornata Geranium, many Gypsophila Hedera helix Helleborus Hepatica Heuchera Hosta Hydrangea macrophylla Hylomeconjaponicum Hypoxis hirsuta Iberis ing the danger of rotting foliage brought on by mildew and other fungal diseases. Dusting with sulfur and other fungicides may help, but proper siting and choice of soil are most important. Some of the plants listed here require climates with sufficient winter cold to induce dormancy. For gardeners who live in areas with a mild winter climate it is recommended that this list be used in conjunction with the one, Plants for Rock Gardens in Mild Climates. Imperata cylindrica 'Red Baron' Ipheion uniflorum Iris cristata Iris douglasiana Iris gracilipes Iris lacustris Jeffersonia Juniperus Lamium maculatum Leucojum autumnale Lysimachiajaponica 'Minutissima' Mazus reptans Muehlenbeckia axillaris Muscari Narcissus Oenothera Ophiopogonjaponicus Origanum xhybridum Origanum 'Kent Beauty' Origanum scabrum Ornithogalum oligophyllum Orostachys Oxalis Paxistima canbyi Penstemon hirsutus 'Pygmaeus' Phlox bifida Phlox divaricata Phlox douglasii Phlox subulata Pierisjaponica Platycodon grandiflorus Pleione Primula kisoana Primula sieboldii Primula veris Pulmonaria Pulsatilla Rhododendron, evergreen azaleas Sanguinaria canadensis Scabiosa lucida Scilla Sedum Selaginella Sempervivum Solidago virgaurea var. minutissima Thalictrum Thuja Thymus Tiarella wherryi Tricyrtis Trillium Tulipa batalinii Tulipa saxatilis Ulmus parvifolia 'Hokkaido' Uvularia grandiflora Verbena Veronica Viola cakarata Viola pedata For Dry Winters The following plants would be difficult to grow outdoors without protection from winter wetness unless one gardens in a climate with low winter rainfall and humidity. Many alpine and rock garden plants that require minimum winter moisture or that do not thrive with wet foliage at that time of year are also some of the most beautiful and sought after by collectors. The enthusiast who Anchusa caespitosa Androsace, many Andryala aghardii Anthemis Antirrhinum Aphyllanthes monspeliensis Asperula Calceolaria Calyptridium umbellatum Campanula cenisia wants the challenge of growing these somewhat demanding plants may protect them in a well-ventilated alpine house, a covered frame, or a covered garden area such as under a house overhang, or by covering individual plants under panes of glass or Plexiglas supported above the plant. Campanula formanekiana Campanula hawkinsiana Campanula 'Joe Elliott' Campanula mirabilis Campanula morettiana Campanula raineri Cheilanthes Cistus Claytonia megarhiza Conandron ramondioides

FOR MILD CLIMATES 269 Crocus serotinus subsp. dusii Cyclamen libanoticum Cyclamen pseudibericum Delosperma Dianthus, cushion formers Dionysia Draba Gaura lindheimeri Gypsophila aretioides xHalimiocistus wintonensis Halimium ocymoides Helianthemum Helichrysum Incarvillea, acaulescent group, e.g., /. mairei Inula rhizocephala Iris attica Jankaea heldreichii Jasione laevis Kelseya uniflora Lewisia tweedyi Maihuenia poeppigii Onosma alborosea Origanum Oxalis obtusa Pancratium illyricum Pelargonium endlicherianum Physoplexis comosa Pleione Primula allionii Ranunculus calandrinioides Raoulia Rehmania glutinosa Rhodohypoxis baurii Salvia caespitosa Stachys Candida Talinum Tanacetum Thymus broussonetii Thymus membranaceus Townsendia Verbascum Verbena Weldenia Candida Wulfenia orientalis For Dry Summers The plants listed below are native to regions that have little or no summer rainfall. Most of these enter a period of dormancy during the summer, and rain or irrigation would seriously harm their root systems or the foliage. In the garden it is necessary to re-create this season of dryness to keep the plants healthy. In cliAllium siskiyouense Bloomeria crocea Ceanothus Claytonia megarhiza Corydalis popovii Cyclamen graecum Dodecatheon Fritillaria Gymnospermium albertii Hermodactylus tuberosus Hesperochiron Iris chrysophylla Iris innominata mates that receive little or no summer rainfall this can be accomplished in a nonirrigated part of the garden. In summer-rainfall regions keep the plants dry in an alpine house, a covered frame, or under protective panes of glass or Plexiglas. Lewisia Oxalis obtusa Ranunculus calandrinioides Ranunculus rupestris Romulea bulbocodium Sisyrinchium douglasii Sternbergia clusiana Sternbergiafischeriana Townsendia Tulipa Viola beckwithii Viola cuneata For Mild Climates The following plants are recommended for the rock gardener planting in a climate that receives little or no freezing weather during winter. Most of these plants are not true alpines but come from regions of lower elevation such as the Mediterranean. Many are plants Achillea chrysocoma Acorus gramineus Aethionema grandiflorum Aethionema 'Warley Rose' Agave Ajuga Alyssum Amitostigma kieskii Anacyclus pyrethrum var. depressus Anagallis monellii Anomatheca laxa Anthemis Anthyllis hermanniae Antirrhinum Aphyllanthes monspeliensis Arabis sturii Arenaria balearica Arisaema ringens Asarina procumbens Asarum caudatum Asphodelus acaulis Aurinia saxatilis Begonia grandis Begonia sutherlandii Bellis perennis Berberis xstenophylla Betulapendula 'Trost's Dwarf Biscutella laevigata Bletilla striata Bloomeria crocea Brunnera macrophylla Buxus microphylla 'Kingsville' Calamintha that can survive in warm, dry climates. It is often the case in such climates that the seasons of hot weather are extended and include higher temperatures. For some of these plants it maybe necessary to provide some shade and irrigation during the hottest periods. Callirhoe involucrata Calthapalustris Carexflagellifera Carmichaelia enysii Cedrus deodara 'Pygmaea' Cerastium tomentosum var. columnae Chrysanthemum hosmariense Cistus Convolvulus Coreopsis rosea Coronilla valentina Cotoneaster apiculatus 'Tom Thumb' Cot ula pyrethrifolia Craspedia minor Cymbalaria Daboecia Delosperma Diascia Dicentra eximia Dicentraformosa Dorycnium hirsutum Ephedra Erica carnea Erigeron glaucus Erinus alpinus Erodium reichardii Eryngium Euphorbia Festuca ovina Frankenia thymifolia Gaura lindheimeri Genista tinctoria

2/0 ROCK GARDEN PLANTS FOR SPECIFIC PURPOSES AND LOCATIONS Geranium cinereum Geranium sessiliflorum Globularia repens Globularia trichosantha Goodyera oblongifolia xHalimiocistus wintonensis Halimium ocymoides Haplocarpha rueppellii Hebe Hedera helix Helianthemum Helichrysum, most Imperata cylindrica 'Red Baron' Ipheion uniflorum Iris douglasiana Iris innominata Jasminum parkeri Jovibarba hirta Juniperus Lamium maculatum Lavandula Leptospermum Leucojum Liatris spicata f. montana Linaria Linum campanulatum Linumperenne subsp. alpinum Lithodora zahnii Maihuenia poeppigii Marrubium rotundifolium Milium effusum Mimulus Muehlenbeckia axillaris Nerine bowdenii Nierembergia repens Oenothera Ophiopogonjaponicus Origanum Oxalis depressa Oxalis hirta Oxalis obtusa Oxalis oregana Pancratium illyricum Parahebe catarractae Penstemon pinifolius Platycodon grandiflorus Pleione Prostanthera cuneata Putoria calabrica Raoulia Rehmania glutinosa Rhodohypoxis baurii Romulea bulbocodium Rosmarinus officinalis Rumexflexuosus Ruta graveolens Saxifraga stolonifera Schizostylis coccinea Sedum acre Sedum sieboldii Sempervivum Sequoia sempervirens 'Prostrata' Sisyrinchium macrocarpon Stachys Thymus Verbascum Verbena Viola odorata Zauschneria Zinnia grandiflora Easy-to-Grow Plants The following list includes plants that are easy to grow given any good, well-drained soil and sun. They are moderately spreading plants that when properly spaced will not outgrow their welcome. The individual descriptions show that some will also grow in part Achillea, dwarf types Aethionema grandiflorum Aethionema 'Warley Rose' Ajugapyramidalis, dwarfest types Alchemilla alpina Androsace lanuginosa Anemone sylvestris Aquilegia discolor Aquilegiaflabellata Arabis caucasica Arenaria montana Armeria maritima Aster alpinus Aster novi-belgii, dwarf types Aubrieta xcultorum Aurinia saxatilis Campanula carpatica Campanula cochlearifolia Campanula elatinesvar.fenestrellata Campanula garganica Campanula glomerata Campanula portenschlagiana Cerastium alpinum subsp. lanatum Cerastium tomentosum var. columnae Chamaecyparis, dwarf cultivars Chrysanthemum weyrichii Cotoneaster apiculatus 'Tom Thumb' Crocus Cymbalaria muralis 'Nana Alba' Delosperma cf. nubigenum 'Lesotho' Delphinium grandiflorum Dianthus deltoides Dianthus petraeus subsp. noeanus Dianthus 'Pike's Pink' Dianthus 'Tiny Rubies' Dicentra eximia Dicentraformosa 'Sweetheart' Doronicum columnae Draba ussuriensis shade. The plants listed here will thrive in most hardiness zones. Larger rocks arranged to create a naturalistic rock garden setting are not necessary for the health of these plants but will enhance the aesthetic effect. Dryas octopetala Erigeron glaucus Erysimum helveticum Euphorbia myrsinites Euphorbia polychroma Galanthus Gentiana septemfida Geranium Globularia Gypsophila repens Heuchera Hypericum olympicum Iberis Irispumila Juniperus, dwarf cultivars Leucojum Lychnis Muscari Narcissus Papaver nudicaule Penstemon hirsutus 'Pygmaeus' Petrorhagia saxifraga Phlox douglasii Phlox subulata Picea abies, dwarf cultivars Piceaglauca, dwarf cultivars Potentilla alba Potentillafruticosa Potentilla tabernaemontani Primula xpruhoniciana Ranunculus gramineus Saponaria Saxifraga, Mossy Hybrids, e.g., Saxifraga 'Hardes Zwerg' and 'Sir Douglas Haig' Scabiosa lucida Sedum Sempervivum Silene alpestris Sisyrinchium 'E. K. Balls' Sternbergia lutea Thymus xcitriodorus Thymus polytrichus Thymus pulegioides Veronica, most Viola calcarata

LATE-FLOWERING PLANTS 271 Cushion Plants Cushion plants come in a wide variety of foliage and flower; some are easy to grow, others challenge the expert grower. All cushion plants have in common a mound shape composed of densely packed foliage. The flowers of some species rest directly on the cushion; others extend on taller stems. Whether due to rocky soil and drought or harsh exposure to wind, sun, ice, or snow, cushion plants have evolved to survive adverse conditions. Viewing a Acantholimon Aethionema oppositifolium Androsace, many Arabis, some Arenaria tetraquetra Armeria caespitosa Bolax gummifera Chamaecyparis, smallest cultivars, e.g., C. obtusa 'Golden Sprite' Chionohebe pulvinaris Dianthus, many Dionysia Draba, most Edraianthus pumilio Eriogonum, most Eritrichium Gypsophila aretioides Gypsophila briquetiana Helichrysumfrigidum Juniperus communis 'Echiniformis' collection of cushion plants immediately brings to mind the harsh native environments from which they hail. Cushion plants are found from sea level to alpine peak, and from desert to tundra. Their charm is irresistible to many collectors of miniature plants and alpines. When selecting plants from this list, read the individual descriptions carefully as some genera include both cushion- and non-cushion-forming species and cultivars. Kelseya uniflora Minuartia Myosotis colensoi Perezia recurvata Pernettya tasmanica Petrocallis pyrenaica Phlox caespitosa Phlox douglasii Phlox 'Sileneflora' Primula allionii Raoulia xloganii Raoulia mammillaris Sagina boydii Saxifraga, many Sedum dasyphyllum Selaginella sanguinolenta var. compressa Silene acaulis Teucrium cossonii Trachelium asperuloides Veronica caespitosa Vitaliana primuliflora Late-Flowering Plants The majority of plants found in temperate gardens flower in spring and early summer. Without giving it much thought, the average gardener will find he or she has abundant flowers in springtime. It takes a bit of effort to have an equally abundant show of flowers later in the year, midsummer into fall. Fortunately for Achillea chrysocoma Allium cyaneum Alopecurus lanatus Alyssum propinquum Anagallis monellii Anaphalis triplinervis Androsace lanuginosa Andryala aghardii Anemone narcissi/lorn Anomatheca laxa Anthemis Anthyllis hermanniae Anthyllis montana Antirrhinum Armeria caespitosa Armeria maritima Asarina procumbens Asperula Aster novi-belgii Astilbe chinensis Astilbe simplicifolia Astragalus angustifolius Astragalus exscapus Begonia grandis Begonia sutherlandii Bellium bellidioides Berardia subacaulis Bletilla striata Brachycome nivalis Buglossoides purpureocaeruleum Calamintha Calceolaria falklandica Calceolaria uniflora Callirhoe involucrata Calluna vulgaris Calylophus Calyptridium umbellatum Campanula, most species Carduncellus Carlina acaulis Catananche caespitosa Celmisia Centaurea uniflora Cerastium alpinum Chaenorrhinum origanifolium Chamaemelum nobile rock gardeners there are many appropriate plants that put on their best flower display in the later, warm-weather seasons. Carefully choosing plants from the following list will help extend the flowering season in your rock garden. Chrysanthemum Cirsium acaule Cistus ladanifer Cistus xpurpureus Clematis integrifolia Codonopsis Colchicum autumnale Colchicum speciosum Colchicum 'Waterlily' Collomia debilis Commelina dianthifolia Conandron ramondioides Convolvulus Coreopsis rosea Cornus canadensis Corydalis lutea Corydalis ochroleuca Cotula pyrethrifolia Craspedia minor Crepis aurea Crocus medius Crocus serotinus subsp. clusii Cyananthus Cyclamen cilicium Cyclamen graecum Cyclamen hederifolium Cyclamen mirabile Cyclamen purpurascens Cymbalaria Cypripedium calceolus Daboecia Daphne caucasica Daphne collina Daphne jasminea, Delphi form Daphne xmantensiana Daphne xnapolitana Delosperma cf. congestum Delosperma cooperi Delphinium oxysepalum Delphinium uliginosum Deschampsiaflexuosa Dianthus, most Diascia Dicentra eximia Dicentraformosa Dorycnium hirsutum

272 ROCK GARDEN PLANTS FOR SPECIFIC PURPOSES AND LOCATIONS Dracocephalum Epilobium Epipactus gigantea Erica cinerea Erica tetralix Erica vagans Erigeron aureus Erigeron chrysopsidis 'Grand Ridge' Erigeron compositus Erigeron glaucus Erinacea anthyllis Eriogonum Eriophorum vaginatum Eriophyllum lanatum Erodium Eryngium Euphorbia seguieriana subsp. niciciana Festuca ovina Frankenia thymifolia Galanthus reginae-olgae Gaultheria nummularioides Gaultheria procumbens Gaura lindheimeri Genista tinctoria Gentiana, many Geranium, most Gladiolus Gypsophila, most xHalimiocistus wintonensis Haplopappus glutinosus Hebe, flowering types Helianthemum Helichrysum, most Horminum pyrenaicum Hosta Hydrangea macrophylla Hymenoxys grandiflora Hypericum, most Hypoxis hirsuta Iberis sempervirens 'Autumn Snow' Indigofera decora Inula Iris sintenisii Jasione laevis Jasminum parkeri Jovibarba hirta Lamium Lavandula Leucogenes grandiceps Leucojum autumnale Lewisia columbiana subsp. rupicola Lewisia leana Lewisia rediviva Liatris spicata f. montana Lilium bolanderi Lilium bulbiferum var. croceum Lilium pumilum Limonium Linaria Linum campanulatum Linumperenne subsp. alpinum Lithodora diffusa Lithodora oleifolia Lloydia serotina Lobelia linnaeoides Lotus corniculatus Lychnis, most Lysimachiajaponica 'Minutissima' Mazus reptans Mertensia maritima Mertensia pterocarpa Mimulus Minuartia, most Moltkia suffruticosa Nerine bowdenii Nierembergia repens Oenothera Onosma taurica Ourisia caespitosa var.gracilis Ourisia coccinea Oxalis, many Oxyria digyna Oxytropis Papaver Parahebe catarractae Parnassia palustris Paronychia argentea Pelargonium endlicherianum Penstemon, most Petrophytum caespitosum Petrorhagia saxifraga Phacelia sericea Phlox mesoleuca Phlox nana Phyteuma globulariaefolium Phyteuma hemisphaericum Pimelea prostrata Platycodon grandiflorus Polemonium viscosum Polygonum affine Potentillafruticosa Primula sinopurpurea Primula vialii Prunella grandiflora Putoria calabrica Rehmania glutinosa Rhododendron 'Alexander' Rhodohypoxis baurii Roscoea Rubus acaulis Ruellia humilis Rupicapnos africana Salviajurisicii Santolina chamaecyparissus Satureja montana subsp. illyrica Saussurea Scabiosa Schizostylis coccinea Sedum Sempervivum Senecio incanus Sibbaldia procumbens Silene, most Sisyrinchium 'E. K. Balls' Sisyrinchium macrocarpon Solidago virgaurea var. minutissima Spigelia marilandica Spiraea japonica 'Nyewoods' Stachys Sternbergia clusiana Sternbergia lutea Talinum Tanacetum Teucrium Thalictrum Thlaspi rotundifolium Thymus, most Townsendia Tracheliumjaquinii subsp. rumelianum Tricyrtis Trientalis latifolia Trifolium Tropaeolum polyphyllum Valeriana Vella spinosa Verbascum Verbena Veronica armena Veronica caespitosa Veronica peduncularis Veronica spicata Viola aetolica Viola calcarata Viola cazorlensis Viola delphinantha Violaflettii Viola gracilis Vitaliana primuliflora Weldenia Candida Zauschneria californica Zinnia grandiflora

HARDINESS ZONE MAPS Please see the discussion of zone guidelines for rock garden plants under Hardiness Zones in the chapter, About the Descriptions. 273

2/4 HARDINESS ZONE MAPS Reykjavik AVERAGE ANNUAL MINIMUM TEMPERATURE Temperature (°C) Zone Temperature (°F) -45.6 and Below -45.5 to -40.0 -40.0 to -34.5 -34.4 to -28.9 -28.8 to -23.4 -23.3 to -17.8 -17.7 to -12.3 -12.2 to -6.7 -6.6 to -1.2 -1.1 to 4.4 4.5 and Above 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Below -50 -50 to -40 -40 to -30 -30 to -20 -20 to -10 -10 to 0 0 to 10 10 to 20 20 to 30 30 to 40 40 and Above 200 400km design: D. Schreiber courtesy of Verlag Eugen Ulmer Lisbon 10

INDEX OF COMMON NAMES AND SYNONYMS Plant entries in the encyclopedia are organized alphabetically and are thus self-indexed. This index includes cross-references from common names and synonyms to the accepted names in the encyclopedia. Some additional cross-references are also included so that no information in the encyclopedia is overlooked. For suggestions on choosing plants for gardens, see the appendix, Rock Garden Plants for Specific Purposes and Locations. Acantholimon androsaceum, see A. ulicinum Aceriphyllum rossii, see Mukdenia rossii aconite, winter, see Eranthis hyemalis Actinella scaposa, see Hymenoxys scaposa adder's tongue, fetid, see Scoliopus bigelovii Adiantum pedatum, see A. aleuticum Adonis, Amur, see A. amurensis Aethionema armenum 'Warley Rose', see Aethionema 'Warley Rose' African violet, see Saintpaulia under Ramonda Ajuga, spinach, see A. pyramidalis alleluia, see Oxalis acetosella Allium faldfolium, see under A. siskiyouense insubricum, see under A. nardssiflorum siculum, see Nectaroscordum siculum alumroot, see Heuchera Alyssum, see also under Matthiolafruticulosa subsp. valesiaca saxatile, seeAurinia saxatilis spinosum, see Ptilotrichum spinosum Anacydus depressus, see A. pyrethrum var. depressus andromeda, see Pieris japonica Androsace, see also under Douglasia carnea var. halleri, see A. carnea subsp. rosea imbricata, see A. vandellii primuloides, see A. sarmentosa pyrenaica, see also under A. vandellii vitaliana, see Vitalianaprimuliflora Anemone, see also rue anemone albana, see Pulsatilla albana European wood, see A. nemorosa,A. ranunculoides hepatica, see Hepatica nobilis xlipsiensis, see A. xseemannii nemorosa, see also under Buglossoides purpureocaeruleum pulsatitta, see Pulsatilla vulgaris ranunculoides, see also under Buglossoides purpureocaeruleum sylvestris, see also under Pinellia ternata angel's tears, see Nardssus triandrus Anomatheca cruenta, see A. laxa Anthemis biebersteiniana, see A. marschalliana cretica subsp. carpatica, see A. carpatica Antirrhinum asarina, seeAsarinaprocumbens Aquilegia ecalcarata, see Semiaquilegia ecalcarata jonesii, see also under A. scopulorum Arabis androsacea, see under Arabis bryoides, see under Arabis caucasica 'Monte Rosa', see A. xarendsii 'Monte Rosa' arborvitae American, see Thuja ocddentalis Rheingold, see Thuja ocddentalis 'Rheingold' Arctanthemum arcticum, see Chrysanthemum arcticum Arctous alpina, see Arctostaphylos alpina Arenaria, see also under Minuartia pinifolius, see Minuartia drcassica Arisaema serratum, seeA.japonicum Armeriajuniperifolia, see A. caespitosa Arnebia echioides, seeA.pulchra Artemisia assoana, seeA.pedemontana caucasica, seeA.pedemontana Arum italicum 'Pictum', see under Daphne mezereum asarabacca, see Asarum,A. europaeum ash, mountain, see Sorbus asphodel, see Asphodelus aster, beach, see Erigeron glaucus Astilbe japonica var. terrestris, seeA.glaberrima 'Saxatilis' aubretia, seeAubrieta variegated, see Aubrieta xcultorum 'Variegata' Aubrieta deltoidea, see under A. xcultorum auricula, see Primula auricula Australian mint bush, see Prostanthera avens, see Geum alpine, see Geum montanum creeping, see Geum reptans mountain, see Dryas azalea alpine, see Loiseleuria procumbens mountain, see Loiseleuria procumbens bachelor's buttons, see Craspedia; see also under Pterocephalus perennis baldmoney, seeMeum athamanticum balloon flower, see Platycodon balsam, alpine, see Erinus alpinus balsam root, see Balsamorhiza barberry, coral, see Berberis xstenophylla 'Corallina Compacta' 2/5

276 INDEX OF COMMON NAMES AND SYNONYMS basket-of-gold, seeAurinia saxatilis variegated, see Aurinia saxatilis 'Dudley Neville Variegated' bayonet plant, seeAciphylla squarrosa bearberry alpine, see Arctostaphylos alpina black, see Arctostaphylos alpina common, see Arctostaphylos uva-ursi beard tongue, see Penstemon bear grass, seeXerophyllum tenax Begonia evansiana, see B. grandis hardy, see B. grandis strawberry, see Saxifraga stolonifera bell, see bellflower; bellwort; bluebell; Canterbury bell; coral bells; fairy bells; grassy bells; heather, bell; merrybells; mission bell; Nippon bells; Oconee bells; red bell(s); yellow bell bellflower, see Campanula Adriatic, see Campanula elatines bearded, see Campanula barbata bonnet, see Codonopsis clustered, see Campanula glomerata dwarf clustered, see Campanula glomerata 'Acaulis' and'Alba Nana' ring, see Symphyandra tussock, see Campanula carpatica Bellium minutum, see under B. bellidioides bellwort, see Uvularia great, see Uvularia grandiflora Benjamin, stinking, see Trillium erectum betony, see Stachys bill, see bird bill, crane's bill, heron's bill, stork's bill billy buttons, see Craspedia bindweed, see Convolvulus birch, see Betula arctic, see Betula nana dwarf, see Betula nana dwarf lace-leaved European white, see Betula pendula "frost's Dwarf European white, see Betula pendula bird bill, see Dodecatheon bird-on-the-wing, see Polygala paucifolia bird's eye, see Veronica bird's-foot trefoil, see Lotus corniculatus bishop's hat, see Epimedium bishop's mitre, see Epimedium bittercress, see Cardamine bitter root, see Lewisia rediviva bladderpod, see Physaria bleeding heart, see Dicentra wild, see Dicentra eximia, D.formosa Bletilla ochracea, see under B. striata bloodroot, see Sanguinaria double-flowered, see Sanguinaria canadensis 'Multiplex' bluebell peach-leaved, see Campanula persicifolia white dwarf peach-leaved, see Campanula persicifolia 'Planiflora Alba' blue-eyed grass, California, see Sisyrinchium bellum blue-eyed Mary, see Omphalodes verna bluets, see Houstonia caerulea bog rosemary, white dwarf, see Andromeda polifolia 'Nana Alba' bog star, see Parnassia Bolax glebaria, see B. gummifera boxwood, dwarf, see Buxus microphylla Boykinia heucheriformis, see Telesonix jamesii var. heucheriformis jamesii, see Telesonixjamesii bramble, arctic, see Rubus acaulis branch thorn, see Erinacea anthyllis brass buttons, see Cotulapyrethrifolia bridal wreath, see Spiraea broom, see Cytisus, Genista blue, see Erinacea anthyllis hedgehog, see Erinacea anthyllis buckwheat, wild, see Eriogonum bugle, pyramid, see Ajuga pyramidalis bugloss, seeAnchusa caespitosa variegated Siberian, see Brunnera macrophylla 'Dawson's White' bunchberry, see Cornus canadensis burr, New Zealand, see Acaena microphylla buttercup, see Ranunculus butterwort, see Pinguicula cabbage, skunk, see Lysichiton cactus hedgehog, see Echinocereus snowball, see Pediocactus simpsonii calamint, see Calamintha alpine, see Acinos alpinus variegated large-flowered, see Calamintha grandiflora 'Variegata Calanthe discolor f. sieboldii, see C. striata sieboldii, see C. striata Calceolaria darwinii, see C. uniflora Calochortus coeruleus, see under C. tolmiei maweanus, see under C. tolmiei Campanula allionii, see C. alpestris bellardii, see C. cochlearifolia betulaefolia, see C. betulifolia cochlearifolia, see also under C. caespitosa dasyantha, see C. chamissonis elatines, see also under C.garganica finitima, see C. betulifolia garganica, see also under C. elatines var. fenestrellata leutweinii, see C. incurva medium, see under C. incurva pilosa var. dasyantha, see C. chamissonis pumila, see C. cochlearifolia pusilla, see C. cochlearifolia campion, see Lychnis, Silene moss, see Silene acaulis Camptosorus rhizophyllus, seeAsplenium rhizophyllum candytuft, see Aethionema, Iberis Persian, see Aethionema grandiflorum, Aethionema 'Warley Rose' Canterbury bell, see Campanula medium under C. incurva Cardamine hirsutus, see under Cardamine Carex morrowii, see under C. oshimensis carpet, squaw, see Ceanothus prostratus carrot, candy, seeAthamanta cretensis catchfly, see Lychnis, Silene double-flowered German, see Lychnis viscaria 'Splendens Plena' catmint, see Nepeta cat's ears, see Calochortus monophyllus, C. tolmiei cedar Alaskan, see Chamaecyparis nootkatensis Atlantic white, see Chamaecyparis thyoides dwarf Alaskan, see Chamaecyparis nootkatensis 'Compacta Glauca' dwarf golden Port Orford, see Chamaecyparis lawsoniana 'Minima Aurea' Himalayan, see Cedrus deodara miniature Himalayan, see Cedrus deodara 'Pygmaea' Port Orford, see Chamaecyparis lawsoniana celandine, lesser, see Ranunculusficaria Celmisia coriacea, see C. semicordata Celsia acaulis, see Verbascum acaule xCelsioverbascum 'Golden Wings', see Verbascum 'Golden Wings' century plant, see Agave Ceterach officinarum, seeAsplenium ceterach Chamaecytisus absinthoides, see C. eriocarpus Chamaeperidymenum canadense, see Cornus canadensis chamomile, double-flowered, see Chamaemelum nobile 'Plenum'

INDEX OF COMMON NAMES AND SYNONYMS 277 checkerberry, see Gaultheriaprocumbens cherry, see Prunus sand, see Prunuspumila chickweed, see Paronychia, Trientalis chives, see Allium schoenoprasum Chrysanthemopsis hosmariensis, see Chrysanthemum hosmariense Chrysanthemum dnerariifolium, see Tanacetum cinerariifolium haradjanii, see Tanacetum densum subsp. amanum sibiricum, see Chrysanthemum arcticum cinquefoil, see Potentilla shrubby, see Potentilla fruticosa spring, see Potentilla tabernaemontani Cistus, common gum, see C. ladanifer claret cup, see Echinocereus triglochidiatus Clematis, scarlet, see C. texensis cliff brake, Brewer's, see Pellaea breweri cliff green, see Paxistima canbyi clover, see Trifolium alpine, see Trifolium alpinum club moss, see Selaginella little, see Selaginella involvens, S. sanguinolenta van compressa coat flower, see Petrorhagia saxifraga Codonopsis dematidea, see under C. ovata Cokhicum crociflorum, see C. kesselringii regelii, see C. kesselringii Collomia, alpine, see C. debilis columbine, see Aquilegia coral bells, see Heuchera corn squirrel, see Dicentra canadensis turkey, see Dicentra eximia corn flag, see Gladiolus Corydalis fumariifolia, see C. ambigua malkensis, see C. caucasica var. alba ochroleuca, see also under C. lutea Coryphantha vivipara, see Escobaria vivipara cotton, see lavender cotton cotton grass, see Eriophorum vaginatum cowberry, see Vaccinium vitis-idaea cowslip, see Primula veris American, see Dodecatheon meadia cowslip lungwort, see Pulmonaria angustifolia cranberry, American, see Vaccinium macrocarpon crane's bill, see Erodium, Geranium bloody, see Geranium sanguineum dwarf bloody, see Geranium sanguineum 'Nanum' crazy weed, see Oxytropis cress bitter, see Cardamine chamois, see Hutchinsia alpina Indian, see Tropaeolum rock, see rock cress stone, see stone cress Crocus autumn, see Cokhicum autumnale double white autumn, see Cokhicum autumnale 'Album Plenum' Indian, see Pleione variegatus, see Crocus reticulatus subsp. reticulatus white autumn, see Cokhicum speciosum 'Album' crowfoot, see Ranunculus; see also violet, crow's-foot Cryptogramma acrostichoides, see under C. crispa Cryptomeria, Japanese, see C.japonica cuckoo bread, see Oxalis acetosella cuckoo-pint, see Arum maculatum cup, see buttercup, claret cup, fringe cups, whitecup, wine cups Cupid's dart, see Catananche curry plant, see Helichrysum italicum subsp. serotinum Cyananthus integer, see C. microphyllus Cyclamen cilicium, see also under C. mirabile europaeum, see C. purpurascens "fatrense,"see C. purpurascens hederifolium, see also under C. graecum, Sternbergia lutea neapolitanum, see C. hederifolium Cymophyllusfraseri, see Carexfraseri cypress dwarf Hinoki, see Chamaecyparis obtusa 'Golden Sprite','Kosteri','Nana','Reis Dwarf dwarf Sawara, see Chamaecyparis pisifera 'Filifera Nana','Plumosa Compressa', 'Tsukumo' dwarf thread, see Chamaecyparis pisifera 'Filifera Nana' dwarf variegated Sawara, see Chamaecyparis pisifera 'Gold Dust' golden dwarf Hinoki, see Chamaecyparis obtusa 'Nana Lutea Hinoki, see Chamaecyparis obtusa Sawara, see Chamaecyparis pisifera Cypripedium macranthos, see C. macranthum parviflorum, see under C. cakeolus spectabile, see C. reginae daffodil, see Narcissus autumn, see Sternbergia hoop petticoat, see Narcissus bulbocodium daisy Atlas, see Anacyclus pyrethrum Easter, see Townsendia exscapa, T. hookeri English, see Bellis perennis globe, see Globularia Michaelmas, see Aster novi-belgii seaside, see Erigeron glaucus Swan River, see Brachycome Daphne February, see D. mezereum championii, see under D. genkwa 'Cheriton', see under Daphne 'Lawrence Crocker' cneorum, see also under Putoria calabrica collina var. neapolitana, see D. xnapolitana lilac, see D. genkwa 'Rosettii', see D. Xrosettii sericea, see under D. collina dayflower, see Commelina dead nettle, see Lamium Pyrenean, see Horminum pyrenaicum Delosperma 'Lesotho', see under D. cf. nubigenum Dendranthema arcticum, see Chrysanthemum arcticum Dentaria digitata, see Cardaminepentaphyllos pentaphyllos, see Cardamine pentaphyllos Deutzia gracilis 'Nakaiana, see D. crenata 'Nakaiana' devil's apples, see Mandragora officinarum Dianthus gratianopolitanus, see under Dianthus 'Tiny Rubies' 'La Bourbille', see Dianthus 'La Bourboule' neglectus, see D.pavonius noeanus, see D.petraeus subsp. noeanus Dicentra formosa, see also under D. eximia occidentalis, see D. cucullaria oregana, see D. formosa subsp. oregana Oregon, see D. formosa subsp. oregana Diosphaera asperuloides, see Trachelium asperuloides rumelianum, see Trachelium jaquinii subsp. rumelianum dittany of Crete, see Origanum dictamnus dock, see Rumex dogwood, creeping, see Cornus canadensis

278 INDEX OF COMMON NAMES AND SYNONYMS Doronicum cordatum, see D. columnae Douglasia vitaliana, see Vitaliana primuliflora Draba bryoides, see D. rigida var. bryoides olympica, see D. bruniifolia subsp. olympica polytricha, see also under D. mollissima pyrenaica, see Petrocallis pyrenaica dragon head, see Dracocephalum dragon mouth, see Horminum pyrenaicum drumsticks, see Craspedia Dutchman's breeches, see Dicentra cucullaria dyer's greenweed, see Genista tinctoria edelweiss, see Leontopodium alpinum New Zealand, see Leucogenes grandiceps Edraianthus, see also under Sderanthus uniflorus elm Chinese, see Ulmus parvifolia miniature Chinese, see Ulmus parvifolia 'Hokkaido' Epilobium canum, see Zauschneria californica Epimedium macranthum, see E. grandiflorum Erinacea pungens, see E. anthyllis Erodium chamaedryoides, see E. reichardii macradenum, see E. glandulosum petraeum subsp. crispum, see E. cheilanthifolium Eryngium, sea, see E. maritimum eryngo, see Eryngium Eunomia oppositifolia, see Aethionema oppositifolium Euphorbia, see also under Buglossoides purpureocaeruleum amygdaloides var. robbiae, see under Anemone apennina epithymoides, see E. polychroma robbiae, see E. amygdaloides var. robbiae under Anemone apennina evening primrose, see Oenothera fragrant, see Oenothera caespitosa Mexican, see Oenothera spedosa tufted, see Oenothera caespitosa white, see Oenothera caespitosa everlasting, pearly, seeAnaphalis triplinervis everlasting flower, see Helichrysum fairy bells, see Disporumflavens, D. sessile fairy lantern, see Disporum smithii fairy thimbles, see Campanula cochkarifolia fameflower, see Talinum fennel, dog, see Anthemis fern American parsley, see Cryptogramma acrostichoides under C. crispa American rock brake, see Cryptogramma acrostichoides under C. crispa copper shield, proliferous, see Dryopteris erythrosora var. prolifica crested tatting, see Athyrium filix-femina 'Frizelliae Cristatum' deer, see Blechnum spicant divided soft shield, see Polystichum setiferum 'Divisilobum' dwarf five-finger, see Adiantum aleuticum subsp. subpumilum ebony spleenwort, see Asplenium platyneuron European parsley, see Cryptogramma crispa five-finger, see Adiantum aleuticum hard, see Blechnum, B. spicant hart's tongue, see hart's tongue fern Himalayan maidenhair, see Adiantum venustum holly, see Polystichum holly, mountain, see Polystichum lonchitis holly, northern, see Polystichum lonchitis imbricated sword, see Polystichum imbricans Japanese painted, see Athyrium nipponicum 'Pictum' Japanese tassel, see Polystichum polyblepharum lady, see Athyrium filix-femina lip, see Cheilanthes maidenhair, Himalayan, see Adiantum venustum maidenhair spleenwort, see Asplenium trichomanes male, see male fern mountain holly, see Polystichum lonchitis mountain parsley, see Cryptogramma crispa northern holly, see Polystichum lonchitis oak, see oak fern painted, Japanese, see Athyrium nipponicum 'Pictum' parsley, American, see Cryptogramma acrostichoides under C. crispa parsley, European, see Cryptogramma crispa parsley, mountain, see Cryptogramma crispa polypody, western, see Polypodium hesperium proliferous autumn, see Dryopteris erythrasora var. prolifica proliferous copper shield, see Dryopteris erythrosora var. prolifica rock brake, American, see Cryptogramma acrostichoides under C. crispa rusty back, see Asplenium ceterach shield, see Dryopteris soft shield, see Polystichum setiferum spleenwort, ebony, see Asplenium platyneuron spleenwort, maidenhair, see Asplenium trichomanes tassel, Japanese, see Polystichum polyblepharum walking, see Asplenium rhizophyllum western polypody, see Polypodium hesperium fescue, sheep's, see Festuca ovina figwort, see Ourisia fir Colorado Douglas, see Pseudotsuga menziesii subsp. glauca Douglas, see Pseudotsuga menziesii dwarf balsam, see Abies balsamea 'Nana joint, see Ephedra firecracker, Eaton's, see Penstemon eatonii flag, see Iris; see also sweet flag crimson, see Schizostylis coccinea flax, see Linum alpine perennial, see Linum perenne subsp. alpinum fleabane, see Erigeron fleece flower, see Polygonum fleur-de-lis, see Iris flower of Jove, see Lychnis flos-jovis foam flower, Wherry's, see Tiarella wherryi forget-me-not, see Myosotis alpine, see Eritrichium creeping, see Omphalodes verna foxglove, fairy, see Erinus alpinus fringe cups, see Lithophragmaparviflorum, Tellima grandiflora Fritillaria affinis, see also under E acmopetala gentneri, see also under E acmopetala guicciardii, seeF.graeca lanceolata, see F. affinis ophioglossifolia, see F. crassifolia subsp. crassifolia recurva, see also under F. acmopetala, F. gentneri fritillary, see Fritillaria narrow-leaved, see Fritillaria affinis

INDEX OF COMMON NAMES AND SYNONYMS 279 rice-grain, see Fritillaria affinis scarlet, see Fritillaria recurva snake's head, see Fritillaria meleagris yellow, see Fritillaria pudica fuchsia, California, see Zauschneria californica fumewort, see Corydalis solida Galanthus, see also under Leucojum garland flower, see Daphne cneorum miniature white, see Daphne cneorum 'Pygmaea Alba' garlic golden, see Allium moly keeled, see Allium carinatum Sicilian honey, see Nectaroscordum siculum Gaultheria tasmanica, see Pernettya tasmanica gaywings, see Poly gala paucifolia Genista pulchella, see G. villarsii sagittalis, see under G. delphinensis gentian, see Gentiana alpine, see Gentiana newberryi crested, see Gentiana septemfida explorer's, see Gentiana calycosa spring, see Gentiana verna stemless, see Gentiana acaulis willow, see Gentiana asdepiadea Gentiana angulosa, see G. verna subsp. tergestina lagodechiana, see G. septemfida van lagodechiana verna, see also under Veronica gentianaides 'Nana' Geranium, see also Pelargonium forrestii, see G. stapfianum grandiflorum, see G. himalayense napuligerum, see G.farreri sessiliflorum subsp. novaezelandiae 'Nigricans', see also under Pimelea prostrata strawberry, see Saxifraga stolonifera traversii, see G. sessiliflorum subsp. novaezelandiae 'Nigricans' x G. traversii germander, see Teucrium Gilia congesta, see Ipomopsis congesta gillyflower, see Matthiola ginger; see also wild ginger cyclamen-leaved, see Asarum hartwegii European, see Asarum europaeum panda-face, see Asarum maximum globe flower, see Trollius Globularia cordifolia 'Nana', see G. repens nana, see G. repens glory of the snow, see Chionodoxa goat's beard, dwarf, see Aruncus aethusifolius golden drop, see Onosma taurica golden knee, see Chrysogonum virginianum goldenrod, see Solidago gold thread, see Coptis golf ball, golden, see Chamaecyparis obtusa 'Golden Sprite' grass bear, see Xerophyllum tenax blood, Japanese, see Imperata cylindrica 'Red Baron' California blue-eyed, see Sisyrinchium helium cotton, see Eriophorum vaginatum elk, see Xerophyllum tenax fountain, see Pennisetum alopecuroides foxtail, see Alopecurus golden hair, see Deschampsiaflexuosa 'Aura' hair, see Deschampsiaflexuosa Indian basket, see Xerophyllum tenax Japanese blood, see Imperata cylindrica 'Red Baron' Japanese forest, variegated, see Hakonechloa macra 'Aureola' miniature fountain, see Pennisetum alopecuroides 'Little Bunny' Parnassus, see Parnassia purple-eyed, see Sisyrinchium douglasii scurvy, see Oxalis enneaphylla spear, see Aciphylla squarrosa variegated Japanese forest, see Hakonechloa macra Aureola' worm, see Spigelia marilandica grass of Parnassus, see Parnassia grass widow, see Sisyrinchium douglasii grassy bells, see Edraianthus green and gold, see Chrysogonum virginianum greenweed double dyer's, see Genista tinctoria 'Plena' dyer's, see Genistcrtinctoria guinea hen flower, see Fritillaria meleagris Gypsophila paniculata, see under Petrorhagia saxifraga Haberlea rhodopensis var.ferdinandicoburgii, see H.ferdinandi-coburgii Haplopappus coronopifolius, see H. glutinosus hardback, golden, see Potentillafruticosa hare's tail, see Eriophorum vaginatum hart's tongue fern, see Asplenium scolopendrium Kaye's, see Asplenium scolopendrium 'Kaye's Variety' margined, see Asplenium scolopendrium 'Marginatum' hawk's beard, see Crepis heal-all, see Prunella heath; see also heather Connemara, see Daboecia cantabrica cross-leaved, see Erica tetralix fine-leaved, see Erica cinerea Irish, see Daboecia cantabrica St. Daboec's, see Daboecia cantabrica sea, see Frankenia spike, see Bruckenthalia spiculifolia heather, see Erica; see also heath alpine, see Erica carnea bell, see Erica cinerea Brewer's mountain, see Phyllodoce breweri Cornish, see Erica vagans golden Irish, see Erica erigena 'Golden Lady' Irish, see Erica erigena mountain, Brewer's, see Phyllodoce breweri pink mountain, see Phyllodoce empetriformis purple, see Phyllodoce breweri Scots, see Calluna vulgaris winter, see Erica carnea Hebe 'Pagei', see H. pinguifolia 'Pagei' Hedyotis caerulea, see Houstonia caerulea Helianthemum canum, see also under Aphyllanthes monspeliensis hellebore, see Helleborus helleborine, marsh, see Epipactus palustris Helleborus corsicus, see H. argutifolius lividus subsp. corsicus, see H. argutifolius helmet flower, see Scutellaria hemlock, see Tsuga Hepatica triloba, see H. nobilis herb of grace, see Ruta graveolens heron's bill, see Erodium Heuchera 'Can Can', see also under Heuchera reddish, see H. rubescens holly, sea, see Eryngium holly fern, see Polystichum mountain, see Polystichum lonchitis northern, see Polystichum lonchitis holm, sea, see Eryngium maritimum hop marjoram, see Origanum dictamnus horehound, see Marrubium

280 INDEX OF COMMON NAMES AND SYNONYMS houseleek, see Sempervivum cobweb, see Sempervivum arachnoideum spiderweb, see Sempervivum arachnoideum hummingbird flower, see Zauschneria californica hyacinth grape, see Muscari tassel, see Muscari comosum Hydrangea, miniature bigleaf, see H. macrophylla 'Pia' Hylotelephium anacampseros, see Sedum anacampseros cauticolum, see Sedum cauticolum pilosum, see Sedum pilosum sieboldii, see Sedum sieboldii Hypoxis, see also under Rhodohypoxis ice plant, see Delosperma gold nugget, see Delosperma cf. congesturn Indian paint, see Lithospermum canescens Indian's dream, see Cheilanthes siliquosa indigo, see Indigofera Indigofera incarnata, see I. decora innocence, see Houstonia caerulea inside-out flower, see Vancouveria Iris Algerian, see /. unguicularis arenaria, see 7. humilis crested, dwarf, see 7. cristata cristata, see also under 7. lacustris dwarf crested, see 7. cristata flavissima, see 7. humilis mellita, see 7. suaveolens plum tart, see 7. graminea pumila, see also under 7. suaveolens pumila subsp. attica, see 7. attica snake's head, see Hermodactylus tuberosus widow, see Hermodactylus tuberosus winter, see 7. unguicularis ivy cathedral, see Hedera helix 'Erecta' English, see Hedera helix Kenilworth, see Cymbalaria muralis iwa-renge, see Orostachys iwarenge Jack-in-the-pulpit, see Arisaema, Arum maculatum Jacob's ladder, see Polemonium alpine, see Polemonium viscosum Jasione perennis, see J, laevis pyrenaica, see/, laevis jasmine, see jasminum rock, see Androsace jessamine, see Jasminum joint fir, see Ephedra jonquil, see Narcissus jonquilla juniper, see Juniperus dwarf Irish, see Juniperus communis 'Compressa' hedgehog, see Juniperus communis 'Echiniformis' shore, see Juniperus conferta Kalmia, bog, see K. polifolia Kalmiopsisfragrans, see K. leachiana 'Umpqua Valley' kinnikinnick, see Arctostaphylos uva-ursi knapweed, see Centaurea Knifophia, see under Primula vialii knotweed, see Polygonum Kohlrauschia saxifraga, see Petrorhagia saxifraga lady fern, see Athyriumfilix-femina lady's mantle, mountain, see Alchemilla alpina lady's slipper, showy, see Cypripedium reginae lamb's ears, see Stachys byzantina under S. Candida Lapeirousia laxa, see Anomatheca laxa larch American, see Larix laricina dwarf American, see Larix laricina 'Newport Beauty' larkspur, see Delphinium laurel bog, see Kalmia polifolia dwarf sheep, see Kalmia angustifolia 'Nana sheep, see Kalmia angustifolia swamp, see Kalmia polifolia Lavandula officinalis, see L. angustifolia spica, see L. angustifolia verna, see L. angustifolia lavender, see Lavandula English, see Lavandula angustifolia French, see Lavandula stoechas sea, see Limonium Spanish, see Lavandula stoechas lavender cotton, see Santolina chamaecyparissus dwarf, see Santolina chamaecyparissus 'Nana' leek house, see Sempervivum lady's, see Allium cernuumi\y,seeAlliummoly leopard's bane, see Doronicum Leptinellapyrethrifolia, see Cotula pyrethrifolia Leucanthemopsis alpina, see Chrysanthemum alpinum hosmariensis, see Chrysanthemum hosmariense Leucanthemum atratum, see Chrysanthemum atratum weyrichii, see Chrysanthemum weyrichii Lewisia leeana, see L. leana lilac daphne, see Daphne genkwa Lilium tenuifolium, see L.pumilum lily, see Lilium alp, see Lloydia serotina checker, see Fritillaria affinis checkered, see Fritillaria meleagris cobra, see Arisaema coral, see Lilium pumilum fawn, see Erythronium fire, see Lilium bulbiferum Kamchatka, see Fritillaria camschatcensis Mariposa, see Calochortus luteus orange, see Lilium bulbiferum Peruvian, see Alstroemeria plantain, see Hosta purple, see Trillium erectum St. Bernard's, see Anthericum liliago Scarlet River, see Schizostylis coccinea Snowdon, see Lloydia serotina spider, see Tradescantia sword, see Gladiolus toad, see Tricyrtisformosana trout, see Erythronium wood, see Trillium lily of the valley, false, see Maianthemum bifolium lily of the valley bush, see Pieris japonica Linaria aequitriloba, see Cymbalaria aequitriloba dull-colored, see L. tristis sad-colored, see L. tristis ling, see Calluna vulgaris liverleaf, see Hepatica locoweed,see Oxytropis London pride, see Saxifraga xurbium loosestrife, see Lysimachia lords-and-ladies, see Arum maculatum love restorer, see Sedum anacampseros lungwort, see Pulmonaria cowslip, see Pulmonaria angustifolia lupine, see Lupinus Leopoldia comosa, see Muscari comosum tenuiflora, see Muscari comosum Machaeranthera coloradoensis, see Aster coloradoensis madwort, see Alyssum

INDEX OF COMMON NAMES AND SYNONYMS 281 Mahala mat, see Ceanothus prostratus maidenhair, Himalayan, see Adiantum venustum male fern, see Dryopteris crisped dwarf golden-scaled, see Dryopteris affinis subsp. affinis 'Crispa Gracilis' golden-scaled, see Dryopteris affinis mallow, purple poppy, see Callirhoe involucrata mandrake, see Mandragora offidnarum manzanita, pine-mat, see Arctostaphylos nevadensis marigold double marsh, see Caltha palustris 'Plena' marsh, see Caltha marjoram, see Origanum hop, see Origanum dictamnus marsh marigold, see marigold mat, see Mahala mat, pine-mat manzanita, Siskiyou mat meadow rue, see Thalictrum Melandrium elisabethae, see Silene elisabethae merrybells, great, see Uvularia grandiflora Mertensia sibirica, see under M. pterocarpa yezoensis, see M. pterocarpa mezereon, see Daphne mezereum milkvetch, see Astragalus milkwort, see Polygala millet golden wood, see Milium effusum Aureum' wood, see Milium effusum mint, see Mentha Corsican, see Mentha requienii Meehan's, seeMeehania mint bush, Australian, see Prostanthera mission bell, see Fritillaria affinis mist maiden, see Romanzoffia sitchensis Mondo grass, miniature, see Ophiopogon japonicus 'Kyoto Dwarf monkeyflower, see Mimulus scarlet, see Mimulus cardinalis moss, club, see club moss moss campion, see Silene acaulis mother of thousands, see Saxifraga stolonifera mountain ash, see Sorbus mountain lover, see Paxistima canbyi mountain pride, see Penstemon newberryi mouse ear, alpine, see Cerastium alpinum mouse plant, see Arisarum proboscideum mugwort, see Artemisia mullein, see Verbascum Muscari armeniacum 'Blue Spike', see also under Epimedium xversicolor 'Sulphureum' mustard, buckler, see Biscutella laevigata Myosotis decora, see M. colensoi myrtle, sand, see Leiophyllum buxifolium nailwort, see Paronychia nasturtium, see Tropaeolum navelseed, see Omphalodes navelwort, see Omphalodes Neobesseya missouriensis, see Escobaria missouriensis nettle dead, see Lamium hedge, see Stachys Pyrenean dead, see Horminum pyrenaicum Nierembergia rivularis, see N. repens Nippon bells, see Shortia uniflora under 5. galacifolia oak, see Quercus deer, see Quercus sadleriana dwarf tanbark, see Lithocarpus densiflorus var. echinoides huckleberry, see Quercus vaccinifolia oak fern, see Gymnocarpium dryopteris limestone, see Gymnocarpium robertianum northern, see Gymnocarpium robertianum oats, wild, see Uvularia Oconee bells, see Shortia galacifolia Oenothera acaulis, see under 0. caespitosa berlandieri, see 0. speciosa macrocarpa, see 0. missouriensis old maid's bonnet, see Clematis douglasii Olsynium douglasii, see Sisyrinchium douglasii onion, see Allium nodding, see Allium cernuum small yellow, see Allium flavum wild, see Allium cernuum yellow, see Allium moly yellow, small, see Allium flavum Onychium densum, see Cheilanthes siliquosa orchid chatterbox, see Epipactus gigantea early purple, see Orchis mascula lady's slipper, see Cypripedium calceolus showy, see Orchis spectabilis stream, see Epipactus gigantea oregano, see Origanum Oregon sunshine, see Eriophyllum lanatum Origanum calcaratum, see 0. tournefortii dictamnus, see also under 0. tournefortii scabrum subsp. pulchellum, see O.pulchellum Ornithogalum balansae, see 0. oligophyllum Orobus vernus, see Lathyrus vernus Oxalis exigua, see 0. microphylla inops, see 0. depressa oxlip, see Primula elatior Oxycoccus macrocarpus, see Vaccinium macrocarpon Oxytropis purple, see 0. halleri yellow, see 0. campestris oyster plant, see Mertensia maritima Ozothamnus selago, see Helichrysum selago Pachistima, see Paxistima Pachystima, see Paxistima painted lady, see Trillium undulatum Paraquilegia grandiflora, see P. anemonoides parsley fern, American, see Cryptogramma acrostichoides under C. crispa partridge berry, see Mitchella repens pasque flower, see Pulsatilla vulgaris alpine, see Pulsatilla alpina eastern, see Pulsatilla patens pearlwort, see Sagina Pellaea densa, see Cheilanthes siliquosa Penstemon rock, see P. rupicola scouleri, see P.fruticosus subsp. scouleri peony, see Paeonia pepper, wall, see Sedum acre Persicaria affine, see Polygonum affine Petrophytum cinerascens, see under P. caespitosum hendersonii, see under P. caespitosum pheasant's eye, see Adonis vernalis Phlox 'Chattahoochee', see under P.pilosa subsp. fulgida 'Moody Blue' cleft, see P. bifida 'Crackerjack', see under P. douglasii creeping, see P. stolonifera divaricata, see also under P. adsurgens douglasii var. caespitosa, see P. caespitosa lutea, see P. mesoleuca var. lutea 'May Snow', see under P. douglasii mesoleuca, see also under P. nana mexicana, see under P. mesoleuca moss, see P.subulata mountain, see P. subulata nana, see also under P. mesoleuca, Delphinium uliginosum osarkana, see P.pilosa subsp. osarkana prairie, see P.pilosa purpurea, see P. mesoleuca var. purpurea 'Red Admiral', see under P. douglasii 'Rose Cushion', see under P. douglasii

282 INDEX OF COMMON NAMES AND SYNONYMS Phlox, continued sand, see P. bifida stolonifera, see also under P. adsurgens subulata, see also under Phlox 'Sileneflora' triovulata, see under P. mesoleuca Phyteuma pauciflorum, see P. globulariaefolium pilewort, see Ranunculusficaria Pimelea coarctata, seeP.prostrata pimpernel, blue, see Anagallis monellii pincushion flower, see Scabiosa pine, see Pinus Bosnian, see Pinus leucodermis mountain, see Pinus mugo Scotch, see Pinus sylvestris Scots, see Pinus sylvestris pine-mat manzanita, see Arctostaphylos nevadensis pink, see Dianthus alpine, see Dianthus alpinus Indian, see Spigelia marilandica maiden, see Dianthus deltoides moss, see Phlox subulata sea, see Armeria pink root, see Spigelia marilandica Pinus leucodermis, see P. heldreichii Plagiorhegma dubium, see Jeffersonia dubia plantain, see Plantago giant rattlesnake, see Goodyera oblongifolia plantain lily, see Hosta Pleione bulbocodioides 'Limprichtii', see P. limprichtii plum, see Prunus pocketbook flower, see Calceolaria Polemonium confertum, see P. viscosum polyanthus, see Primula xpruhonidana Poly gala, fringed, see P.paucifolia Polypodium vulgare var. columbianum, see P. hesperium polypody, western, see Polypodium hesperium Polystichum munitum var. imbricans, see P. imbricans poppy, see Papaver arctic, see Papaver nudicaule celandine, see Stylophorum diphyllum Iceland, see Papaver nudicaule Potentilla neumanniana, see P. tabernaemontani sibbaldii, see Sibbaldia procumbens verna, see P. tabernaemontani pouch flower, see Calceolaria prickly pear, see Opuntia primrose, see Primula, P. vulgaris; see also evening primrose Texas, see Calylophus drummondii Primula allionii, see also under P. tyrolensis decipiens, see P. magellanica drumstick, see P. denticulata hirsuta, see also underP.pedemontana xjuliana, see P. xpruhonidana megasaefolia, see P. megaseifolia nivalis, see under P. macrophylla oenensis, see P. daonensis rubra, see P. hirsuta viscosa, see P. latifolia Pritzelago alpina, see Hutchinsia alpina prophet flower, see Arnebiapulchra Pterocephalus parnassii, see P.perennis puccoon, see Lithospermum canescens Pulmonaria azurea, see P. angustifolia rubra, see P. montana Pulsatilla flavescens, see P. patens snbsp.flavescens nuttalliana, see under P. patens sulphurea, see P. alpina subsp. apiifolia vulgaris, see also under P. halleri vulgaris subsp. grandis, see P. halleri subsp. grandis purple-eyed grass, see Sisyrinchium douglasii purslane, rock, see Calandrinia umbellata pussy ears, see Calochortus tolmiei pussy paws, see Calyptridium pussy toes, see Antennaria Pygmaea pulvinaris, see Chionohebe pulvinaris Pyrethrum cinerariifolium, see Tanacetum cinerariifolium Dalmatia, see Tanacetum cinerariifolium Quaker ladies, see Houstonia caerulea Quercus, see also under Lithocarpus densiflorus var. echinoides Ramonda pyrenaica, see R. myconi rampion, horned, see Phyteuma, Physoplexis comosa Raoulia lutescens, see R. australis red bell, Centner's, see Fritillaria gentneri red bells, see Fritillaria recurva red-hot poker, see Knifophia under Primula vialii red star, see Rhodohypoxis baurii redwood, coast, see Sequoia sempervirens Rhododendron calostrotum subsp. keleticum, see R. keleticum degronianum svfosp.yakushimanum, see R.yakushimanum rice flower, see Pimelea robin, wake, see wake robin rock brake, American, see Cryptogramma acrostichoides under C. crispa rock cress, see Arabis, Aubrieta variegated, see Aubrieta xcultorum 'Variegata' rockfoil, great alpine, see Saxifraga cotyledon rock jasmine, see Androsace rock purslane, see Calandrinia umbellata rock rose, see Cistus, Helianthemum crimson-spot, see Cistus ladanifer orchid, see Cistus xpurpureus white-leaved, see Cistus albidus rock spirea, see Petrophytum caespitosum Romanzoffia suksdorfii, see R. sitchensis Roscoea alpina, see also under R. scillifolia rose Christmas, see Helleborus niger Lenten, see Helleborus orientalis rock, see rock rose sun, see Cistus, Helianthemum rosemary, see Rosmarinus officinalis bog, see Andromeda polifolia marsh, see Limonium white dwarf bog, see Andromeda polifolia 'Nana Alba roseroot, see Rhodiola rosea Rosularia aizoon, see under R. chrysantha pallida, see R. chrysantha Rubus arcticus var.grandiflorus, see R. acaulis rue, see Ruta graveolens meadow, see Thalictrum rue anemone, see Anemonella thalictroides false, see Isopyrum running box, see Mitchella repens rush, snow, see Luzula nivea Rydbergia grandiflora, see Hymenoxys grandiflora saffron, spring meadow, see Bulbocodium vernum sage, see Salvia Jerusalem, see Pulmonaria saccharata wood, see Teucrium sage brush, see Artemisia St. Catherine's lace, see Eriogonum Saintpaulia, see under Ramonda Salix fruticulosa, see under S. hylematica lindleyana, see under S. hylematica nakamurana var.yezoalpina, see S.yezoalpina serpyllum, see under S. hylematica

INDEX OF COMMON NAMES AND SYNONYMS 283 sandwort, see Arenaria, Minuartia double-flowered, see Minuartia verna subsp. gerardii 'Plenum' Saponaria pulvinaris, see S.pumilio pumila, see S.pumilio sauer klee, see Oxalis adenophylla Saussurea alpina, see under Saussurea gossypiphora, see under Saussurea obvallata, see under Saussurea tridactyla, see under Saussurea savory, winter, see Satureja montana Saxifraga aizoon, see S.paniculata burserana, see 5. burseriana cespitosa, see under S. exarata granulata, see under S. exarata grisebachii, see S.federici-augusti subsp. grisebachii hypnoides, see under S. exarata luteoviridis, see S. corymbosa xmegasaeflora, see S. xmegaseiflora moschata, see S. exarata subsp. moschata porophylla var. sibthorpiana, see S. sempervivum rosacea, see under S. exarata saxifrage, see Saxifraga Burser's, see Saxifraga burseriana furrowed, see Saxifraga exarata greater evergreen, see Saxifraga cotyledon lifelong, see Saxifraga paniculata mossy, see Saxifraga 'Hardes ZwergYSir Douglas Haig' purple, see Saxifraga oppositifolia Scabiosa, see also under Pterocephalus perennis scabious, shepherd's, see jasione laevis Schickendantzia pygmaea, see Alstroemeria pygmaea scorpion weed, see Phacelia sea pink, see Armeria sedge, see Carex bird s-foot, see Carex ornithopoda bronze hair, see Carex flagellifera dwarf pillow, see Carex firma Fraser's, see Carex fraseri Japanese variegated, see Carex oshimensis 'Evergold' Sedum goldmoss, see S. acre 'Aureurn iwarenge, see Orostachys iwarenge roseum, see Rhodiola rosea spinosum, see Orostachys spinosa Selaginella caulescens, see 5. involvens self-heal, see Prunella Serratula shawii, see S. seoanei shamrock, see Oxalis sheep's bit, seejasione laevis shooting star, see Dodecatheon hendersonii, D. meadia alpine, see Dodecatheon alpinum dwarf, see Dodecatheon hendersonii 'Sooke' Shortia uniflora, see under 5. galacifolia Sieversia montana, see Geum montanum Silene, see also under Lychnis acaulis, see also under Phlox 'Sileneflora' ingramii, see also under Silene hookeri maritima, see Silene uniflora pumilio, see Saponaria pumilio Siskiyou mat, see Ceanothus pumilus skullcap, see Scutellaria skunk cabbage, see Lysichiton Asian, see Lysichiton camtschatcensis sky pilot, see Polemonium viscosum slipper flower, see Calceolaria slipper orchid, lady's, see Cypripedium calceolus slipperwort, see Calceolaria smartweed, see Polygonum snakeroot, dwarf button, see Liatris spicata f. montana snapdragon dwarf, see Chaenorrhinum perennial, see Antirrhinum molle, A. sempervirens spurred, see Linaria twining, see Asarina snowdrop, see Galanthus snowflake, see Leucojum autumn, see Leucojum autumnale spring, see Leucojum vernum summer, see Leucojum aestivum snow-in-summer, see Cerastium tomentosum soapwort, see Saponaria Solomon's seal, see Polygonatum sorrel, see Oxalis, Rumex European wood, see Oxalis acetosella mountain, see Oxyria digyna redwood, see Oxalis oregana sowbread, see Cyclamen speargrass, see Aciphylla squarrosa speedwell, see Veronica silver, see Veronica incana spiderwort,see Tradescantia Spiraea xbumalda, see S.japonica perennial, see Astilbe rock, see Petrophytum caespitosum spirea, see Spiraea spleenwort ebony, see Asplenium platyneuron maidenhair, see Asplenium trichomanes Spraguea umbellata, see Calyptridium umbellatum spring beauty, see Claytonia spruce, see Picea black, see Picea mariana dwarf Alberta, see Picea glauca 'Conica' Norway, see Picea abies white, see Picea glauca spurge, see Euphorbia Allegheny, see Pachysandra procumbens squaw carpet, see Ceanothusprostratus squaw root, see Trillium erectum squill, see Scilla squirrel corn, see Dicentra canadensis Stachys byzantina, see under S. Candida nivea, see S. discolor staggerweed, see Dicentra eximia star, see also bog star, red star, shooting star, woodland star starflower, see Trientalis spring, see Ipheion uniflorum stargrass, see Hypoxis star of Bethlehem, see Ornithogalum oligophyllum statice, see Limonium stinking Benjamin, see Trillium erectum stink pod, see Scoliopus bigelovii stock, see Matthiola stone cress, see Aethionema Persian, see Aethionema grandiflorum stonecrop, see Sedum stork's bill, see Erodium, Pelargonium strawberry barren, see Waldsteiniafragarioides golden, see Waldsteinia geoides sulfur flower, see Eriogonum umbellatum sundrops,0zark,see Oenothera missourien5/5 sunflower, woolly, see Eriophyllum lanatum sun rose, see Cistus, Helianthemum sweet flag golden grassy-leaved, see Acorus gramineus 'Ogon golden miniature grassy-leaved, see Acorus gramineus 'Pusillus Aureus Minimus' variegated grassy-leaved, see Acorus gramineus 'Pusillus Variegatus' sweet William, wild, see Phlox divaricata Synthyris, Columbia, see S. stellata

284 INDEX OF COMMON NAMES AND SYNONYMS teaberry, see Gaultheria procumbens tea tree, New Zealand, see Leptospermum scoparium 'Kiwi' Telesonix heucheriformis, see T.jamesiivar. heucheriformis Tetraneuris grandiflora, see Hymenoxys grandiflora scaposa, see Hymenoxys scaposa Teucrium aureum, see T.polium subsp. aureum Thalictrum coreanum, see T. ichangense thistle plume, see Cirsium stemless carline, see Carlina acaulis thoroughwax, see Bupleurum thorow-wax, see Bupleurum thrift, see Armeria thyme, see Thymus Tiarella cordifolia var. collina, see T. wherryi tickseed, see Coreopsis toadflax, see Linaria ivy-leaved, see Cymbalaria muralis toad shade, see Trillium, T. sessile yellow, see Trillium luteum Trachelium rumelianum, see T.jaquinii subsp. rumelianum trefoil, bird's-foot, see Lotus corniculatus Tricyrtis macrantha var. macranthopsis, see T. macranthopsis Trientalis europaea var. latifolia, see T. latifolia Trillium coast, see T. ovatum cuneatum, see under T. sessile decumbent, see T. decumbens dwarf white, see T. nivale giant, see T. chloropetalum great white, see T. grandiflorum painted, see T. undulatum purple, see T. erectum red, see T. erectum sessile, see T. sessile snow, see T. nivale toad, see T. sessile wax, see T. luteum western white, see T. ovatum white, great, see T. grandiflorum white, dwarf, see T. nivale white, western, see T. ovatum yellow, see T. luteum tulip, see Tulipa Candia, see Tulipa saxatilis guinea hen, see Fritillaria meleagris star, see Calochortus uniflorus Tulipa dasystemon, see T. tarda Tunica saxifraga, see Petrorhagia saxifraga turkey corn, see Dicentra eximia twin flower, see Linnaea borealis twin leaf, see Jeffersonia diphylla two-eyed berry, see Mitchella repens Umbilicus chrysanthus, see Rosularia chrysantha umbrella plant, see Eriogonum valerian, see Valeriana vegetable sheep, see Raoulia mammillaris Veronica spicata subsp. incana, see V. incana spicata 'Nana', see also under Orostachys spinosa vetch horseshoe, see Hippocrepis kidney, see Anthyllis vulneraria meadow milk, see Oxytropis campestris milk, see Astragalus point, see Oxytropis spring, see Lathyrus vernus Viola beckwithii, see also under V.cuneata delphinantha, see also under V. cazorlensis koreana, see V. variegata var. nipponica kosaninii, see under V. cazorlensis violet, see Viola African, see Saintpaulia under Ramonda alpine, see Cyclamen bird's-foot, see Viola pedata blue, woolly, see Viola sororia crow's-foot, see Viola pedata dog-tooth, see Erythronium dens-canis English, see Viola odorata garden, see Viola odorata Great Basin, see Viola beckwithii Olympic, see Viola flettii pansy, see Viola pedata Persian, see Cyclamen rock, see Viola flettii sweet, see Viola odorata wedge-leaved, see Viola cuneata woolly blue, see Viola sororia Viscaria alpina, see Lychnis alpina wake robin, see Trillium, T. erectum brook, see Trillium rivale striped, see Trillium undulatum white, see Trillium grandiflorum wallflower, see Erysimum wall pepper, see Sedum acre whitecup, see Nierembergia repens Whitlowwort, see Paronychia widdy, see Potentillafruticosa wild ginger, see Asarum; see also ginger Callaway's, see Asarum shuttleworthii 'Callaway' western, see Asarum caudatum wild oats, see Uvularia great, see Uvularia grandiflora willow, see Salix Swiss, see Salix helvetica willowherb, see Epilobium rigidum windflower, see Anemone snowdrop, see Anemone sylvestris wine cups, see Callirhoe involucrata wintergreen, see Gaultheria procumbens, Trientalis flowering, see Polygalapaucifolia wire vine, creeping, see Muehlenbeckia axillaris woodland star, see Lithophragma wood lily, see Trillium woodruff, see Asperula Woodsia, Oregon, see W. oregana wormwood, see Artemisia yarrow, Greek, see Achillea ageratifolia yellow bell, see Fritillaria pudica