Abstract
Informations on root flavonoids have been extensively reviewed and their functional diversity critically appraised. Root flavonoids play significant roles in protecting the plants against pests and diseases, regulating root growth and functions, influencing different aspects of nitrogen cycle and exerting allelopathic growth effects. They also constitute an essential source of Pharmaceuticals. An exhaustive list of flavonoids which are of significance in relation to these properties has been compiled. A thorough understanding of the flavonoid composition, level, metabolism and regulation in the roots of various plants may help us in developing several applied topics. Safe and specific chemicals against root pests; chemicals regulating root growth and mineral nutrition; plant varieties resistant to root pests and adverse allelopathic effects; an improved nitrogen economy in agroecosystems; desirable varieties of medicinal plants, in whose roots flavonoids are the active principles; in vitro systems for flavonoid production obtained from root cultures, at a commercial scale.
Résumé
Un certain nombre d’informations concernant les flavonoïdes des racines ont été systematiquement révisées et leurs diverses fonctions revues d’une façon critique. Ces composés jouent un rôle essential dans la protection des plantes, à l’egard des pesticides notamment et face à certaines maladies, au niveau de la croissance des racines et du cycle de l’azote, en particulier. Leur importance pharmaceutique n’est plus à demontrer. A ces propos et dans cette perspective, une liste complète des flavonoïdes a été établie.
La connaissance de la nature des flavonoïdes, de leurs réactions métabolique et des diverses régulations dont ils sont responsables, ne peut que faciliter l’analyse d’un certain nombre de problèmes biologiques. Nous en citerons quelques-uns. Mettre en évidence un pharmaceutique spécifique ou une quelconque substance ne présentant aucun danger, qui agisse contre les maladies racinaires. Trouver de nouveaux composés dérivés qui soient capables de régler la croissance des racines et leur nutrition minérale. Etudier la possibilité de sélectionner des variétés de végétaux aptes à resister à certaines des maladies de leur racines. Enfin, tenter d’obtenir des variétés de médicinales-riches en flavonoïdes racinaires-susceptible d’être obtenus en cultures in vitro à un échelon commercial.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Literature Cited
Abawi, G. S., D. H. Van Etten &W. F. Mai. 1971. Phaseollin production induced byPratylenchus penetrans inPhaseolus vulgaris. J. Nematol.3: 301.
Adinarayana, D. &P. Ramchandraiah. 1987. Prenylated flavonols and their distribution in flowering plants. Biochem. Syst. Ecol.15: 167–169.
Afchar, D., A. Cave &J. Vaquette. 1984. Study on licorice from Iran. II. Flavonoids fromGlycyrrhiza glabra L. var.glandulifera Waldst. et Kit. andGlycyrrhiza glabra L. var.violacea Boiss. Pl. Med. Phytother.18: 55–61.
Agarwal, S. C., A. Bhaskar &T. R. Seshadri. 1973. Chemical components of the roots ofDidymocarpus pedicellata. Isolation and structure of Pashone, a new chalcone. Indian. J. Chem.11: 9–12.
Aladesnami, A. J., A. Sofowra &J. D. Leary. 1986. Preliminary biological and phytochemical investigation of two Nigerian medicinal plants. Int. J. Crude Drug Res.24: 147–153.
Alexander, M. 1971. Biochemical ecology of microorganisms. Annual Rev. Microbiol.25: 361–392.
Amrhein, N. &E. Diederich. 1980. Turnover of isoflavones inCicer arietinum L. Naturwissenschaften67: 40–41.
— &H. Hollander. 1979. Inhibition of anthocyanin formation by the enantiomers of a α-aminooxy-phenylpropionic acid and their N-benzoxy-carbonyl derivatives. Planta144: 385–389.
Arisawa, M., Y. Kyozuka, T. Hayashi, M. Shimizu &N. Morita. 1980. Isoflavonoids in the roots ofThermopsis fabacea D.C. (Leguminosae). Chem. Pharm. Bull.28: 3686–3688.
Atkinson, D., L. K. S. Bhat.,M. P. Courts, P. A. Mason &D. J. Read (eds.). 1983. The root system and their mycorrhizas. Martinus Nijhoff/Dr. W. Junk Publ., The Hague.
Audus, L. J. 1983. Abscisic acid in root growth and geotropism. Pages 421–477in F. T. Addicott (ed.), Abscisic acid. Praeger, New York.
Ayabe, S. &T. Furuya. 1982. Studies on plant tissue cultures. Part 36. Biosynthesis of a retrochalcone, echinatin, and other flavonoids in the cultured cells ofGlycyrrhiza echinata. A new route to a chalcone with transposed A- and B-rings. J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans.1(11): 2725–2734.
—,M. Kobayashi, M. Hikichi, K. Matsumoto &T. Furuya. 1980a. Studies on plant tissue cultures. Part 33. Flavonoids from the cultured cells ofGlycyrrhiza echinata. Phytochemistry19: 2179–2183.
—,T. Yoshikawa, M. Yoshikawa, M. Kobayashi &T. Furuya. 1980b. Biosynthesis of retrochalcone, echinatin: Involvement of o-methyltransferase to licodione. Phytochemistry19: 2331–2336.
—,I. Kumiko &T. Furuya. 1986. Stress induced formation of echinatin and metabolite 5,-prenyl-licodione, in culturedGlycyrrhiza echinata cells. Phytochemistry25: 2803–2806.
Baba, K., K. Takeuchi, F. Hamasaki &M. Kozawa. 1985. Three new flavans from the root ofDaphne odora Thunb. Chem. Pharm. Bull.33: 416–419.
Babchenko, I. V., A. R. Umralina, A. V. Belyaeva, T. A. Moldosanova, M. A. Davydova, K. V. Vasi’eva, &L. V. Metlitskii. 1982. Phytoalexin production in roots of sugar beets infected withRhizoctonia aderholdii (Ruhl) Kolosh. Prikl. Biokhim. Mikrobiol.18: 159–164. (Chem. Abstr. 1982.96: 21449s).
Bailey, J. A. 1970. Pisatin production by tissue cultures ofPisum sativum L. J. Gen. Microbiol.61: 409–415.
— &J. W. Mansfield (eds.). 1982. Phytoalexins. Blackie, Glasgow.
Bakhtavar, F. 1979. Comparison ofGlycyrrhiza glabra collected in Azerbaijan (Iran). Pazhoohandeh (Tehran). (Chem. Abstr. 1980.92: 143254w).
Balbaa, S. I., G. H. Mahran, G. A. El-Hossary &M. A. Selim. 1975. A phytochemical study ofGlycyrrhiza glabra L. growing in Egypt. Bull. Fac. Pharm., Cairo Univ.14: 213–229. (Chem. Abstr. 1977.87: 20641p).
Barber, D. A. &K. B. Gunn. 1974. The effect of mechanical forces on the exudation of organic substances by the roots of cereal plants grown under sterile conditions. New Phytol.73: 39–45.
— &J. K. Martin. 1976. The release of organic substances by cereal roots into soil. New Phytol.76: 69–80.
Barton, G. M. 1967a. Differences in the phenolic extracts from healthy Douglas fir roots and those infected withPoria weirii. Canad. J. Bot.45: 1545–1552.
—. 1967b. A new C-methyl flavanone from diseased (Poria weirii) Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) roots. Canad. J. Chem.45: 1020–1022.
—. 1969. 7-O-β-D-glucosyl-3,4-5-trihydroxy-6-methyl flavanone—A new C-methyl flavanone glycoside from Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) roots. Canad. J. Chem.47: 869- 871.
—. 1972. New C-methyl flavanones from Douglas fir. Phytochemistry11: 426–427.
Barz, W. 1969. Stoffwechsel aromatischer pflanzeninhaltstoffe I—Über den Umsatz von isoflavonen und cumostennen inCicer arietinum L. undPhaseolus aureus Roxb. Z. Naturfor. Teil B.24: 234–239.
—. 1970. Bacterial degradation of plant products. I. Isolation of rhizosphere bacterium capable of degrading flavonoids. Phytochemistry9: 1745–1749.
—. 1977. Degradation of polyphenols in plants and plant cell suspension cultures. Physiol. Veg.15: 261–267.
—,Ch. Adamek &J. Berlin. 1970. The degradation of formononetin and daidzein inCicer arietinum andPhaseolus vulgaris. Phytochemistry9: 1735–1744.
—,W. Hoesel &Ch. Adamek. 1971. Über den einfluss von licht auf den umsatz von flavonolen und isoflavonen inCicer arietinum. Phytochemistry10: 343–349.
—, &J. Koester. 1980. Turnover and degradation of secondary (natural) products. Pages 35–84in E. E. Conn (ed.), Secondary plant products. Academic Press, New York.
—,J. Koester, K. M. Weltring &D. Strack. 1985. Advances in the metabolism and degradation of phenolic compounds. Pages 307–348in C. F. Van Sumere & P. J. Lea (eds.), The biochemistry of plant phenolics. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
—,E. Reinhard &M. H. Zenk. 1977. Plant tissue culture and its biotechnological applications. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
Baslas, R. K. &N. C. Gupta. 1983. Chemical investigation of the root ofEuphorbia tirucalli L. Herb. Hung.22: 35–38. (Chem. Abstr. 1984.100: 64928z).
Batirov, E. Kh., S. S. Yusupova, Sh. V. Abdullaev, A. D. Vdovjin, V. M. Malikov & M. R. Yagudev. 1985. Stucture of two new flavanones fromVexibia alopecuroides Khim. Prir. Soedin. (1) 35–41. (Chem. Abstr. 1085.103: 101990z).
Beal, J. L. &E. Reinhard. 1981. Natural products as medicinal agents. Hippokrates Verlag, Stuttgart.
Beck, S. D. &J. C. Reese. 1976. Insect-plant interaction: Nutrition and metabolism. Rec. Adv. Phytochem.10: 41–92.
Bell, E. A. &B. V. Charlwood (eds.). 1980. Secondary plant products. Encylopedia of Plant Physiology. New. Ser., Vol. 8. Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg.
Bentley, M. D., A. Hassanali, N. Lwande, P. E. W. Njorge, E. N. Olesityayo &M. Yatagai. 1987. Insect antifeedants fromTephrosia elata Deflers. Insect Sci. Appl.8: 85–88.
Berger, H. &H. Holler. 1957. Flavonoids I. Spasmolytic material inGlycyrrhiza glabra. Sci. Pharm.25: 172–175. (Chem. Abstr. 1958.52: 3267c).
Berlin, J. &W. Barz. 1971. Stoffwechsel von isoflavonen und coumestanen in zell und callussuspensionkulturen vonPhaseolus aureus Roxb. Planta98: 300–314.
Beshko, N. P., E. V. Gella, V. I. Litvinenko, I. P. Kovalev &V. G. Gordienko. 1975. Flavonoids ofScutellaria altissima roots. Khim, Prir. Soedin.11: 514. (Chem. Abstr. 1976.84: 27991v).
Bhagat, S. &G. S. Misra. 1974. Chemical constituents ofGrewia rothii. Ind. J. Chem.12: 1018–1019.
Bharadwaj, D. K., T. R. Seshadri &R. Singh. 1977. Glyzarin, a new isoflavone fromGlycyrrhiza glabra. Phytochemistry16: 402–403.
Bhatt, S. 1975. Chalcones and some other constituents ofFlamingia strobilifera. Indian. J. Chem.13: 1105–1108.
Bhutani, S. P., S. S. Chibber &T. R. Seshadri. 1969. Components of the roots ofPueraria tuberosa: Isolation of a new isoflavone C-Glycoside (di-O-acetylpuerarin). Indian. J. Chem.7: 210–212.
Bickoff, E. M. 1968a. Flavonoid estrogens in plants. Amer. Perfum. Cosmet.83: 59–64.
—. 1968b. Estrogenic constituents of forage plants. Commonwealth Bur. Past. Field Crops (U.K.), Rev. Ser.I: 1–39. Hurley, Berks.
—,R. L. Lyman, E. R. Thompson &G. D. Kohler. 1958. Isolation of a new estrogen from ladino clover. J. Agric. Food. Chem.6: 536–539.
Biggs, D. R., G. J. Shaw &M. K. Yates. 1983. Identification of 4′, 7-dihydroxy-2′, 3′-dimethoxy isoflavan in bean roots. **J. Nat. Prod.46: 742–744.
Bilyk, A. &G. M. Sapers. 1985. Distribution of quercetin and kaempferol in lettuce, kala, chiva, garlic, leek, horseradish, red radish and red cabbage tissues. J. Agric. Food. Chem.33: 226–228.
Blome, J. &W. Weisser. 1965. Chemical evaluation ofGlycyrrhiza glabra and its galenic preparation. Deut. Apotheker. Ztg.105: 644–646. (Chem. Abstr. 1965.63: 6786b).
Bohlmann, F. &L. N. Misra. 1984. New prenyl flavones and chalcones fromHelichrysum rugulosum. Pl. Med.50: 271–272.
Bohm, B. A. 1987. Intraspecific flavonoid variation. Bot. Rev.53: 198–279.
Bonde, M. R., R. L. Millar &J. L. Ingham. 1973. Induction of sativan and vestitol as two phytoalexins fromLotus corniculatus. Phytochemistry12: 2957–2959.
Bonhoff, A., R. Loyal, J. Ebel &H. Grisebach. 1986. Race: cultivar specific induction of enzymes related to phytoalexin biosynthesis in soybean roots following infection withPhytophthora megasperma f. sp.glycinea. Arch. Biochem. Biophys.246: 149–154.
Borner, H. 1959. The apple replant problem I. The excretion of phlorizin from apple root residues. Contrib. Boyce. Thompson. Inst.20: 39–56.
—. 1960. Liberation of organic substances from higher plants and their role in the soil sickness problem. Bot. Rev.26: 393–424.
Boulos, L. 1983. Medicinal plants of North Africa. Reference Publications Inc., Michigan, USA.
Bounds, D. G. & G. S. Pope. 1960. Light absorption and chemical properties of miroestrol, the estrogenic substance ofPueraria mirifica. J. Chem. Soc.: 3696–3705.
Bowen, G. D. 1961. The toxicity of legume seed diffusates toward Rhizobia and other bacteria. Plant Soil15: 155–165.
Braz, F. R., O. R. Gottlieb, A. P. Mourão, A. I. Da Rocha &F. S. Oliveira. 1975. Chemistry of Brazilian Leguminosae. 51. Flavonoids fromDerris species. Phytochemistry14: 1454- 1456.
Burden, R. S., P. M. Rogers &R. L. Wain. 1974. Investigations on fungicides XVI. Natural resistance of plant roots to fungal pathogens. Ann. Appl. Biol.78: 59–63.
Butcher, D. N. 1977. Secondary products in tissue cultures. Pages 668–693in J. Reinert & Y. P. S. Bajaj (eds.), Applied and fundamental aspects of plant cell, tissue and organ culture. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
Cabo, J., J. Jimenez, M. Miro &P. Utrilla. 1983. Micromorphological and phytochemical studies of the root ofAsphodelus albus Miller subsp.albus. Pl. Med. Phytother.17: 40–46.
Cain, J. C. 1960. Miroestrol—Estrogen from the plantPueraria mirifica. Nature188: 774- 777.
Callow, J. A. (ed.). 1983. Biochemical plant pathology. Wiley, New York.
Canbas, A. 1985. Study on the pigment of black carrot. Doga Bilim Derg., Ser. D2,9: 394- 398. (Chem. Abstr. 1986.104: 17688u).
Carbelleira, A. 1980. Phenolic inhibitors inErica australis L. and the associated soil. J. Chem. Ecol.6: 593–596.
Chang, C. F., A. Suzuki, S. Kumari &S. Tamura. 1969. Chemical studies on clover sickness. II. Biological functions of isoflavonoids and related compounds. Agric. Biol. Chem.33: 398–408.
Chauhan, J. S., S. Kumar &R. Chaturvedi. 1984. A new flavanonol glycoside fromAdansonia digitata roots. PL Med.50: 113.
—,G. Kumari, S. Kumar &R. Chaturvedi. 1982. Chemical examination of the root bark ofArtocarpus lakoocha. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. India, Sect. A,52: 217–218.
—,M. Saraswat &G. Kumar. 1979. Structure of a new dihydroflavonol glycoside fromDiospyros peregrina roots. Pl. Med.35: 373–375.
Chauhan, P. &V. K. Saxena. 1986. A new prenylated flavanone fromErythrina suberosa roots. Pl. Med.51: 221–222.
Chen, C. C., Y. P. Chen, H. Y. Hsu &Y. L. Chen. 1984. New flavones fromBauhinia championii Benth. Chem. Pharm. Bull.32: 166–169.
Chen, Y. L. &H. Y. Hsu. 1958. Constituents ofTephrosia species in Taiwan. I. On the active principles ofTephrosia obovata Merr. (1). *Yakugaku Za.78: 198–200.
Chou, C. J. 1978. Rivularin, a new flavone fromScutellaria rivularis. J. Taiwan Pharm. Assoc.30: 36–44. (Chem. Abstr. 1978.90: 16432z).
Chumbalov, T. K. &T. A. Kil. 1962a. Study of the chemical composition of tan root ofLimonium gmelinii Izv. Vysshikh. uchlbn. Zavedenii. Khim. i.Khim. Tekhnol.5: 150- 154. (Chem. Abstr. 1962.57: 5024f).
-& -. 1962b. The chemical composition of the root ofLimonium gmelinii by a Chromatographic method. Sb. Rabat. Kafedry Syria, Kazkhsk Univ. 6–20. (Chem. Abstr. 1964.61: 110012d).
Classen, D. &C. Nozzolillo. 1980. Developmental aspects of flavonoid patterns inBrassica campestris var.oleifera: A preliminary study. Canad. J. Bot.59: 1382–1385.
Cody, V., E. Middleton, Jr. &J. B. Harborne (eds.). 1986. Plant flavonoids, in biology and medicine—Biochemical, pharmacological, and structure activity relationships. Alan R. Liss, Inc., New York.
Constabel, F., O. L. Gamborg, W. G. W. Kurz &W. Steck. 1974. Production of secondary metabolites in plant cell cultures. PL Med.25: 158–165.
Craker, L. E. 1974. Effect of ethylene and metabolic inhibitors on anthocyanin biosynthesis. Phytochemistry13: 151–153.
Crawford, D. J. 1978. Flavonoid chemistry and angiosperm evolution. Bot. Rev.44: 431- 456.
Daandal, G., L. Toth, V. Papay &I. Novak. 1973. Chemical composition ofSedum purpureum. Herba. Hung.12: 109–113.
D’Arcy-Lameta, A. 1986. Study of soybean and lentil root exudates. II. Identification of some polyphenolic compounds, relation with plantlet physiology. Plant Soil92: 113–123.
Darmanyan, E. B. & M. S. Dudkin. 1976. Phenolic compounds of industrial carrot varieties. Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Pishch. Teknol. (5): 33–37. (Chem. Abstr. 1977. 86: 54065u).
Da Rocha, A. I. &M. G. B. Zoghbi. 1982. Isoflavone in roots ofDerris species (Leguminosae). Acta Amazonica12: 615–618. (Chem. Abstr. 1982.99: 3038y).
Darvill, A. G. &P. Albersheim. 1984. Phytoalexins and their elicitors. A defence against microbial infection in plants. Annual Rev. Pl. Physiol.35: 243–275.
Datta, S. C. &A. K. Chatterjee. 1980. Allelopathy inPolygonum orientale. Inhibition of seed germination and seedling growth of mustard. Comp. Physiol. Ecol.5: 54–59.
Delle Monache, F., L. Labbiento, M. Marta &W. Lwande. 1986. 4 beta-substituted flavans fromTephrosia hildebrandtii. Phytochemistry25: 1711–1713.
—,J. F. Mello, M. F. Delle, G. B. Marino-Beltolo, O. Goncalves de Lima &J. S. Coelho. 1974. New prenylated flavonoids ofCordia piaca (Lonchocarpus species). Gazz. Chim. Ital.104: 861–865.
Desai, H. K., D. H. Gawad, T. R. Govindachari, B. S. Joshi, P. C. Parthasaratby, K. S. Ramachandran, K. R. Ravindranath, A. R. Sidhaye &N. Viswanathan. 1976. Chemical investigation of some Indian plants. Part IX. Indian. J. Chem.14B: 473–475.
Deshpande, V. H., P. C. Parthasarathy &K. Venkataraman. 1968. Four analogues of artocarpin and cycloartocarpin fromMorus alba. Tetrahedron Lett.14: 1717–1719.
Dewick, P. M. 1982. Isoflavonoids. Pages 535–640in J. B. Harborne & T. J. Mabry (eds.), The flavonoids—Advances in research. Chapman and Hall, London.
Dhar, D. N., R. K. Singh &R. C. Munjal. 1971. Chemische Untersuchung vonFlamingia chappar Ham.: Bestandteile der wurzel. Monatsh. Chem.102: 1777–1781.
Dicosmo, F. &M. Misawa. 1985. Eliciting secondary metabolism in plant cell cultures. Trends Biotech.3: 318–322.
Dixon, R. A. &D. S. Bendall. 1978a. Changes in phenolic compound associated with phaseollin production in cell suspension cultures ofPhaseolus vulgaris. Physiol. Pl. Pathol.13: 283–294.
——. 1978b. Changes in the levels of enzymes of phenylpropanoid and flavonoid synthesis during phaseollin production in cell suspension cultures ofPhaseolus vulgaris. Physiol. Pl. Pathol.13: 283–294.
—,P. M. Dey &D. L. Murphy. 1981. Dose responses forColletotrichum lindemuthianum elicitor mediated enzyme induction in french bean cell suspension cultures. Planta151: 272–280.
— &K. W. Fuller. 1976. Effects of synthetic auxin levels on phaseollin induction and phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) activity in tissue culture ofPhaseolus vulgaris L. Physiol. Pl. Pathol.9: 299–312.
——. 1977. Characterisation of components from culture filtrates ofBotrytis cinerea which stimulate phaseollin biosynthesis inPhaseolus vulgaris. Physiol. Pl. Pathol.11: 287–296.
Dostanova, R. Kh., L. K. Llyshev, &K. A. Toibaeva. 1979. Phenol compounds of pea roots with salting of the medium. Fiziol. Biokhim. Kult. Rast.11: 40–47. (Chem. Abstr. 1979.90: 135118y).
Dougall, D. K. 1986. Accumulation of natural products in plant tissue cultures revisited. New Zeal and J. Tech.2:71–76.
—,S. LaBrake &J. S. Whitten. 1983a. The effects of limiting nutrients, dilution rate, culture pH, and temperature on the yield constant and anthocyanin accumulation of carrot cells grown in semicontinuous chemostat cultures. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 25: 569–579.
———. 1983b. Growth and anthocyanin accumulation rates of carrot suspension cultures grown with excess nutrients after semicontinuous culture with different limiting nutrients at several dilution rates, pHs, and temperatures. Biotechnol. Bioeng.25: 581–594.
— &D. L. Vogelien. 1987. The stability of accumulated anthocyanin in suspension cultures of the parental line and high and low accumulating subclones of wild carrot. Pl. Cell Tiss. Org. Cult.8: 113–123.
-& G. H. Whitten. 1980. The ability of wild carrot cell cultures to retain their capacity for anthocyanin synthesis after storage at 140 C. Pl. Med. Suppl.: 129–135.
Duke, J. A. 1985. Handbook of medicinal herbs. CRC Press Inc., Boca Raton, Florida.
Duke, S. O., B. Fox &A. W. Naylor. 1976. Photosythetic independence of light induced anthocyanin formation ofZea seedlings. Pl. Physiol. (USA)57: 192–196.
— &A. W. Naylor. 1974. Effect of light on phenyl ammonia lyase activity in dark grownZea mays (L.) seedlings. Pl. Sci. Lett.2: 289–293.
——. 1976. Light control of anthocyanin biosynthesis inZea seedlings. Physiol. Pl.37: 62–68.
Dyke, S. F., W. D. Ollis & M. Sainsbury. 1966. Synthesis of isoflavones. Part IV. Munetone. J. Chem. Soc. C: 749–753.
——— &J. S. P. Schwarz. 1964. The extractives ofPiscidia erythrina L. II. Synthetical evidence concerning the structure of icthyone. Tetrahedron20: 1331–1338.
---. 1966. Synthesis of isoflavones. Part IV. Munetone. J. Chem. Soc. C: 749–753.
East, A. J., W. D. Ollis & R. E. Wheeler. 1969. Natural occurrence of 3-aryl hydroxycou- marins. Part. I. Phytochemical examination ofDerris robusta (Roxb). Benth. J. Chem. Soc. C: 365–374.
Elkan, G. H. 1961. A nodulation inhibiting root excretion from a non nodulating soybean strain. Canad. J. Microbiol.7: 851–856.
Elliger, C. A., B. C. Chan &A. C. Weiss. 1980. Flavonoids as larval growth inhibitors. Structural factors governing toxicity. Naturwissenschaften67: 358–360.
Ellis, B. B. 1986. Production of plant secondary metabolites without plants: A perspective. Biotech. Adv.4: 279–288.
Elstner, E. F. 1983. Hormones and metabolic regulation in disease. Pages 415–431in J. A. Callow (ed.), Biochemical plant pathology. Wiley, New York.
Falshaw, C. P., R. A. Harmer, W. D. Ollis, R. E. Wheeler, V. R. Lalitha & N. V. S. Rao. 1969. Natural occurrence of 3-aryl-4-hydroxy coumarins. II. Phytochemical examination ofDerns scandens. J. Chem. Soc. C: 374–382.
Farkas, L., M. Gabor &F. Kallay (eds.). 1986. Flavonoids and bioflavonoids, 1985. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
Feldman, L. J. 1984. Regulation of root development. Annual Rev. Pl. Physiol.35: 223–242.
— &W. R. Briggs. 1987. Light regulated gravi-tropism in seedlings roots of maize. Pl. Physiol. (USA)83: 241–243.
Fett, W. F. &R. M. Zacharius. 1982. Bacterially induced glyceollin production in cell suspension cultures. Pl. Sci. Lett.24: 303–309.
——. 1983. Bacterial growth and phytoalexin elicitation in soybean cell suspension cultures inoculated withPseudomonas syringae pathovars. Physol Pl. Pathol.22: 151–172.
Firmin, J. L., K. E. Wilson, L. Rossen &A. W. B. Johnston. 1986. Flavonoid activation of nodulation genes inRhizobium reversed by other compounds present in plants. Nature324: 90–92.
Flores, H. E., M. W. Hoy &J. J. Pickard. 1987. Secondary metabolites from root cultures. Present aspects and prospects. Trends Biotech.5: 64–69
Flores, S. E. & J. Herran. 1960. Atanasin. A new isoflavone isolated fromBrickellia squarrosa Robinson. Chem. Ind. 291.
Fontanel, A. &M. Tabata. 1987. Production of secondary metabolites by plant tissue and cell cultures. Present aspects and prospects. Nestlé Res. News, Nestec, CW, Vevey, Switzerland. pp. 93–103.
Fottrell, P. F., S. O’Connor &C. L. Masterson. 1964. Identification of the flavonoid myricetin in legume seeds and its toxicity to nodule bacteria. Irish J. Agric. Res.3: 246–249.
Fourie, T. G. &F. O. Snyckers. 1984. A flavone with antiinflammatory activity from the roots ofRhus undulata. J. Nat. Prod.47: 1057–1058.
Fraenkel, G. S. 1959. The raison d’être of secondary plant substances. Science129: 1466- 1470.
Friend, J. &D. R. Threfall (eds.). 1976. Biochemical aspects of plant parasite relationships. Academic Press, London.
Fujimoto, T., Y. Hano, T. Nomura &J. Uzawa. 1984. Components of root bark ofCudrania tricuspidata 2. Structure of two new isoprenylated flavones A and B. Pl. Med.50: 161- 163.
Fukai, T., Y. Hano, K. Hirakawa, T. Nomura &J. Uzawa. 1985. Structures of a novel 2-aryl benzofuran derivative and two flavone derivatives from the cultivated mulberry tree (Moms lhou Koidz). Chem. Pharm. Bull.33: 4288–4295.
——,H. Ikuta, T. Fujimoto, K. Hirakura, T. Nomura, J. Uzawa, K. Komatsu &K. Fukushima. 1983. Structures of two new phenolic constituents ofMoms root barks. Tennen Yuki Kagobutsu Toronkai Koen Yoshihu26: 150–157. (Chem. Abstr. 1984.100: 13577n).
Fuleki, T. 1969. Anthocyanins of strawberry, rhubarb, radish and onion. J. Food. Sci.34: 365–369.
Furuya, M., A. W. Galston &B. B. Stowe. 1962. Isolation from peas of cofactors and inhibitors of indolyl-3-acetic acid oxidase. Nature193: 456–457.
Furuya, T. 1986. Plant tissue culture in biotechnology. Yakugaku Za.106: 856–866.
—,K. Matsumoto &M. Hikchi. 1971. Echinatin, a new chalcone from tissue culture ofGlycyrrhiza echinata. Tetrahedron Lett.27: 2567–2569.
Galston A. W. 1969. Flavonoids and photomorphogenesis in peas. Pages 193–203in J. B. Harborne & T. Swain (eds.), Perspectives in phytochemistry. Academic Press, New York.
Garcia, M., C. M. H. Kano, D. M. Viera, M. C. Do Nascimento &W. M. Mors. 1986. Isoflavonoids fromDerris spruceana. Phytochemistry25: 2425–2427.
Gardner, R. C. 1986. Engineering plant genes for biochemical production. New Zealand J. Tech.2: 107–109.
Gaymor, D. L., G. A. Lane, D. R. Briggs &O. R. W. Sutherland. 1986. Measurement of grass grub resistance of bean in a controlled environment. New Zealand Exp. Agric.14: 77–82.
Gianinazzi-Pearson, V. &S. Gianinazzi. 1983. The physiology of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza roots. Plant Soil71: 197–209.
Geissman, T. A. (ed.). 1962. The chemistry of flavonoid compounds. Pergamon Press, Oxford.
Glyzin, V. I., A. I. Bankovskii &D. A. Pakaln. 1975. Flavonoids ofScutellaria orientalis andScutellaria karjagini. Khim. Prir. Soedin.11: 98. (Chem. Abstr. 1976.84: 2198d).
Gomes, C. M. R., O. R. Gottlieb, G. B. Marino Beltolo, F. Delle Monache &R. M. Polhill. 1981. Systematic significance of flavonoids inDerris andLonchocarpus. Biochem. Syst. Ecol.9: 129–147.
Goncalves, de Lima, O., G. B. Marino Beltolo, J. F. Mello, F. D. A. Lyra &M. M. Albuquerque. 1973. C-and-O-prenylated chalcones fromCordia piaca. Gazz. Chim Ital.103: 771–777.
Govindachari, T. R., B. R. Pai, M. Srinivasan &P. S. Kalyanaraman. 1969. Investigations onAndrographis paniculata. Indian. J. Chem.7: 306.
— &P. C. Parthasarathy. 1972. Cryptocaryone, a novel 5′,6′-dihydrochalcone fromCryptocarya bourdilloni Gamb. Tetrahedron Lett.33: 3419.
——,B. R. Pai &P. S. Kalyanaraman. 1968. Chemical investigation ofAndrographis serpyllifolia Wt. Tetrahedron24: 7027–7031.
——— &P. S. Subramanyam. 1965. Chemical investigation ofAndrographis wightiana. Isolation and structure of wightin, a new flavone. Tetrahedron21: 3237–3245.
Grisebach, H. 1979. Selected topics in flavonoid biosynthesis. Pages 221–248in T. Swain, J. B. Harborne & C. F. Van Sumere (eds.), Biochemistry of plant phenolics—Recent advances in phytochemistry, Vol. 12. Plenum Press, New York.
— &K. Hahlbrock. 1974. Enzymology and regulation of flavonoid and lignin biosynthesis in plant and plant cell suspension cultures. Pages 21–52in V. C. Runeckles & E. E. Conn (eds.), Metabolism and regulation of secondary plant products. Recent advances in phytochemistry, Vol. 8. Plenum Press, New York.
— &H. Zilg. 1968. Uber die bedeutung der isoflavanone bei der isoflavonbiosynthese. Z. Naturfor.23b: 494–504.
Hahlbrock, K. 1972. Isolation of apigenin from illuminated cell suspension cultures of soybeanGlycine max. Phytochemistry11: 165–166.
—. 1980. Flavonoids. Pages 425–456in E. E. Conn (ed.), Secondary plant products. Academic Press, New York.
— &H. Grisebach. 1975. Biosynthesis of flavonoids. Pages 866–915in J. B. Harborne, T. J. Mabry & H. Mabry (eds.), The flavonoids. Chapman and Hall, London.
Hahn, M. G., H. Bohnff &H. Grisebach. 1985. Quantitative localisation of the phytoalexin glyceollin I in relation of fungal hyphae in soybean roots infected withPhytophthora megasperma f. sp.glycinea. Pl. Physiol. (USA)77: 591–601.
Haller, H. L., L. D. Goodhue &H. A. Jones. 1942. The constituents of derris and other rotenone bearing plants. Chem. Revs.30: 33–48.
Haller, Th. &H. Stolp. 1985. Quantitative estimation of root exudation of maize plants. Plant Soil86: 207–216.
Hamamura, Y., K. Hayashiya, K. Naito, K. Matsuura &J. Nishida. 1962. Food selection by silkworm larvae. Nature194: 754–755.
Hano, Y., K. Hirakura, T. Nomura, S. Terado &K. Fukushima. 1984. Constituents of the cultivated mulberry tree. Structures of two new natural Diels-Alder adducts, Kuwanons N and O. Pl. Med.50: 127–130.
—,H. Kohno, S. Suzuki &T. Nomura. 1986. Constituents of the cultivated mulberry tree. XXXVII. Constituents of the Chinese drug Sang-Bai-Pi (Moms root bark). VIII. Structures of sanggenons E and P, two new Diels-Alder type adducts from the Chinese crude drug Sang-Bai-Pi (Morus root bark). Heterocycles24: 2285–2291.
— &T. Nomura. 1983. Constituents of the Chinese drug Sang-Bai-Pi (Morus root bark). IV structures of four new flavonoids, Sanggenon H, I, J and K. Heterocycles20: 1071- 1076.
—,S. Takizawa, E. Mizuno &T. Nomura. 1983. Structure of kuwanon P a new Diels-Alder type adduct from the root bark of the cultivated mulberry tree (Morus lhou (ser.) Koidz). Chem. Pharm. Bull.31: 2936–2939.
Harada, M. &K. Ueno. 1975. Physiological studies onPueraria root. I. Fractional extraction ofPueraria root and identification of its physiological effects. Chem. Pharm. Bull.23: 1798- 1805.
Harborne, J. B. (ed.). 1964. Biochemistry of phenolic compounds. Academic Press, New York.
—. 1967. Comparative biochemistry of the flavonoids. Academic Press, New York.
—,D. Boulter &B. L. Turner (eds.). 1971. Chemotaxonomy of the Leguminosae. Academic Press, New York.
—. 1973. Flavonoids. Pages 344–380in L. P. Miller (ed.), Phytochemistry. Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York.
—. 1976. A unique pattern of anthocyanins inDaucus carota and other Umbelliferae. Biochem. Syst. Ecol.4: 31–35.
—. 1977. Flavonoid sulphates: A new class of natural product of ecological significance in plants. Progr. Phytochem.4: 189–208.
— (ed). 1978. Biochemical aspects of plant and animal coevolution. Academic Press, London.
—. 1980. Plant phenolics. Pages 329–402in E. A. Bell & B. V. Charlwood (eds.), Secondary plant products. Encyclopedia of Plant Physiology. New Ser., Vol 8. Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg.
—. 1982. An introduction to ecological biochemistry. Academic Press, London.
— &T. J. Mabry (eds.). 1982. The flavonoids—Advances in research. Chapman and Hall, London.
—— &H. Mabry (eds.). 1975. The flavonoids. Academic Press, New York.
—,A. M. Mayer &N. Bar-Nun. 1983. Identification of the major anthocyanin of carrot cells in tissue culture as cyanidin 3-(sinapoylxylosylglucosyl galactoside). Z. Naturfor.38C: 1055–1056.
Harper, S. H. & W. G. E. Underwood. 1965. The active principles of leguminous fish-poison plants. Part X. Toxicarol isoflavone. J. Chem. Soc.: 4203–4204.
Hashidoko, Y., S. Tahara &J. Mizutani. 1986. New complex isoflavones in the roots of yellow lupine (Lupinus luteus L. cv. Barpine). Agric. Biol. Chem.50: 1797–1807.
Haslam, E. 1975. Natural proanthocyanidins. Pages 505–509in J. B. Harborne, T. J. Mabry & H. Mabry (eds.), The flavonoids. Academic Press, New York.
—. 1986. Secondary metabolism. Fact and fiction. (Review). Nat. Prod. Rep.3: 217- 249.
Hatayama, K. &M. Komatsu. 1971. Studies on the constituents ofSophora species. V. Constituents of the root ofSophora angustifolia Sieb. et Zucc. Chem. Pharm. Bull.19: 2126–2131.
Hedin, P. A. (ed.). 1985. Bioregulators for pest control. Amer. Chem. Soc., Washington, D.C.
Heinstein, P. F. 1985. Future approaches to the formation of secondary natural products in plant cell suspension cultures. J. Nat. Prod.48: 1–9.
Heinzmann, U., U. Seitz &H. U. Seitz. 1977. Purification and substrate specificities of hydroxycinnamate: CoA ligase from anthocyanin free carrot cells. Planta135: 313–318.
Heitefuss, R. &P. H. Williams (eds.). 1976. Physiological plant pathology. Encycopedia of Plant Physiology, New Ser., Vol. 4. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
Heller, W. 1986. Flavonoid biosynthesis, an overview. Pages 25–42in V. Cody, E. Middleton, Jr. & J. B. Harborne (eds.), Plant flavonoids, in biology and medicine-biochemical, pharmacological, and structure activity relationships. Alan R. Liss, Inc., New York.
Hemingson, J. C. &R. P. Collins. 1982. Anthocyanins present in cell cultures ofDaucus carota. J. Nat. Prod.45: 385–389.
Herrmann, K. 1976. Flavonols and flavones in food plants: A review. J. Food Technol.11: 433–438.
Hillis, W. E. &N. Ishikura. 1969a. Flavanone glucoside poriolin from Douglas fir roots. Austral. J. Chem.22: 483–486.
——. 1969b. Extractives of the mycorrhizhas and roots ofPinus radiata andPseudotsuga menziesii. Austral. J. Biol. Sci22: 1425–1436.
Hinderer, W., J. Koester &W. Barz. 1986. Purification and properties of a specific 7-Oglucoside 6-malonate malonyl esterase from roots of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Arch. Biochem. Biophys.248: 570–578.
—,M. Peterson &H. U. Seitz. 1984. Inhibition of flavonoid biosynthesis by gibberellic acid in cell suspension cultures ofDaucus carota L. Planta160: 544–549.
— &H. U. Seitz. 1985. Chalcone synthase from cell suspension cultures ofDaucus carota L. Arch. Biochem. Biophys.240: 265–272.
——. 1986. In vitro inhibition of carrot chalcone synthase by 3′-phosphate group of malonyl coenzyme A in flavonoid biosynthesis. Arch. Biochem. Biophys.246: 217–224.
Hirose, Y., S. Hayashi, T. Hayashida, Y. Tanaka, E. Kawagishi, T. Hori, Y. Nomura &C. Matsuoka. 1962. The utilisation of plant products IV. Components occurring in the roots ofSolidago altissima. Kumamoto Pharm. Bull.5: 44–47. (Chem. Abstr. 1964.61: 11009).
Hirakura, K., T. Fukai, Y. Hano &T. Nomura. 1985. Constituents of the cultivated mulberry tree. Part 20. Constituents of the root bark ofMoms lhou. Part 2. Kuwanon W, a natural Diels-Alder type adduct from the root bark ofMorus lhou. Phytochemistry24: 159–161.
Hoesel, W. 1976. Ausbildung und Verteilung von iosflavon 7-O-β-glycosid spezifischen β-glycosidasen inCicer arietinum. Pl. Med.30: 97–103.
— &W. Barz. 1975. β-glucosidases fromCicer arietinum L. Purification and properties of isoflavone 7-O-glucoside specific β-glucosidases. Eur. J. Biochem.57: 607–616.
Holliday, P. 1981. Fungal disease of tropical plants. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Hopp, W., W. Hinderer, M. Peterson &H. U. Seitz. 1985. Anthocyanin containing vacuoles iolated from protoplasts ofDaucus carota cell cultures. Pages 122–132in P. E. Pilet (ed.), The physiological properties of plant protoplasts. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
Hoton-Dorge, M. 1974. Identification of some flavonoid aglycone extracts ofGlycyrrhiza glabra roots. J. Pharm. Belg.29: 560–572.
Hrazdina, G. 1982. Anthocyanins. Pages 135–188in J. B. Harborne & T. J. Mabry (eds.), The flavonoids—Advances in research. Chapman and Hall, London.
— &G. J. Wagner. 1985. Compartmentation of plant phenolic compounds: Site of synthesis and accumulation. Pages 119–134in C. F. Van Sumere & P. J. Lea (eds.), The biochemistry of plants phenolics. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
Huettel, R. N. 1986. Chemical communicators in nematodes. J. Nematol.18: 3–8.
Ibrahim, R. K., M. L. Thakur &B. Permanand. 1971. Formation of anthocyanins in callus tissue cultures. J. Nat. Prod.34: 175–182.
Iinuma, M., T. Tanaka, M. Mizuno &Z. Min. 1985. Flavonoids synthesis III. Synthesis of flavones isolated fromScutellaria rehderiana. Chem. Pharm. Bull.33: 3982–3985.
Ikuta, J., T. Fukai, T. Nomura &S. Ueda. 1986. Constituents of the cultivated mulberry tree. Part IIIV. Constituents ofMorus alba L. cell cultures. (1). Structures of four new natural Diels-Alder type adducts, kuwanons J, Q, R, and V. Chem. Pharm. Bull.34: 2471–2478.
Ingham, J. L. 1973. Disease resistance in higher plants. The concept of pre-infectional and post infectional resistance. Phytopathol. Z.78: 314–335.
—. 1976. Induced isoflavonoids from fungus infected stems of Pigeon pea (Cajunus cajan). Z. Naturfor.31C: 504–508.
—. 1981. Isolation and identification ofCicer isoflavonoids. Biochem. Syst. Ecol.9: 125- 128.
—. 1982. Phytoalexins from the Leguminosae. Pages 21–80in J. A. Bailey & J. W. Mansfield (eds.), Phytoalexins. Blackie, Glasgow.
—,K. R. Markham, S. Z. Dziedzic &G. S. Pope. 1986a. Puerarin 6″-O-β-apiofuranoside: A C-glycosyl isoflavone O-glycoside fromPueraria mirifica. Phytochemistry25: 1772- 1775.
—,S. Tahara &J. B. Harborne. 1983. Fungitoxic isoflavones fromLupinus albus and otherLupinus species. Z. Naturfor.38C: 194–200.
—— &S. Z. Dziedzic. 1986b. A chemical investigation ofPueraria mirifica roots. Z. Naturf.41C: 403–408.
Innes, R. W. P., P. L. Kuempel, J. Plazinski, H. Canter-Cramers, B. G. Rolfe &M. A. Djordjevic. 1985. Plant factors induce expression of nodulation host range genes inRhizobium trifolii. Mol. Gen. Genet.201: 426–432.
Inoue, T. &M. Fujita. 1974. Biosynthesis of isoflavone C-glycoside inPueraria root. Chem. Pharm. Bull.22: 1422–1423.
——. 1977. Biosynthesis of puerarin inPueraria root. Chem. Pharm. Bull.25: 3226–3231.
Ishikura, N. &K. Hayashi. 1962. Anthocyanins XXXVI. Anthocyanins in red roots of a radish. Bot. Mag. (Tokyo)75: 28–36.
——. 1963. Studies on anthocyanins XXXVIII. Chromatographic separation and characterisation of the component anthocyanins in radish roots. Bot. Mag. (Tokyo)76: 6- 13.
——. 1965a. Anthocyanins XLVI. Separation and identification of the complex anthocyanins in purple radish. Bot. Mag. (Tokyo)78: 91–96.
——. 1965b. Biogenetic interrelation between anthocyanin and some of the concomitant structures in radish and turnip. Bot. Mag. (Tokyo).78: 481–495.
—,T. Hoshi &K. Hayashi. 1965. Anthocyanins XLV. Crystallisation and characterisation of the basic triglucoside common to all components in purple pigment of hybrid radish. Bot. Mag. (Tokyo)78: 8–13.
Iversen, T. H. &K. Siegel. 1976. The geotropic curvature in roots of Norway spruce (Picea abies) containing anthocyanins. Physiol. Pl.37: 283–287.
Jackson, M. B. &P. W. Barlow. 1981. Root geotropism and the role of growth regulators from the cap: A reexamination. Pl. Cell. Environ.4: 107–123.
-& A. D. Stead (eds.). 1983. Growth regulation in root development. Brit. Plant Gr. Reg. Group. 10.
Jain, A. C., R. C. Gupta &P. D. Sarpal. 1978. Synthesis of lupinofolin, dimethyl xanthohumol, and isoxanthohumol, and related compounds. Tetrahedron34: 3563–3567.
Jain, S. A. &S. K. Srivastava. 1985. 8-C-methyl quercetin 3-O-beta-D-xylopyranoside, a new flavone glycoside from the roots ofAmoora rohituka. J. Nat. Prod.48: 299–301.
Jaques, U., J. Koester &W. Barz. 1985. Differential turnover of isoflavone-7-O-glucoside-6″-O-malonates inCicer arietinum L. in roots. Phytochemistry24: 949–951.
Johnson, G., D. D. Maag, D. K. Johnson &R. D. Thomas. 1976. The possible role of phytoalexins in the resistance of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) toCercospora beticola. Physiol. Pl. Pathol8: 225–230.
Joshi, B. S. &V. N. Kamat. 1973. Tuberosin, a new pterocarpan fromPueraria tuberosa DC. J. Chem. Soc. Perkin. Trans.I: 907–911.
Kamal, R. &S. C. Jain. 1978.Tephrosia falciformis—A new source of rotenoids. Pl. Med.33: 418–4119.
Kameya, T. &H. Uchimiya. 1972. Embryoids derived from protoplasts of carrot. Planta103: 356–360.
Kaneda, N., H. Nakanishi, T. Kuraishi &T. Katroi. 1983. Studies on the components ofOphiopogon roots (China). I. Yakugaku Za.103: 1133–1139.
Kaouadji, M., A. Agban &A. M. Mariotte. 1986. Lonchocarpene, a stilbene and lonchocarpusone, an isoflavone—2 new pyranopolyphenols fromLonchocarpus nicou roots J. Nat. Prod.49: 281–285.
Kaplan, D. T., N. T. Keen &I. J. Thomason. 1980a. Association of glyceollin with the incompatible response of soybean roots toMeloidogyne incognita. Physiol. Pl. Pathol.16: 309–318.
———. 1980b. Studies on the mode of action of glyceollin in soybean. Incompatibility to the root knot nematodeMeloidogyne incognita. Physiol. Plant. Pathol.16: 319–327.
Kapoor, L. D., S. L. Kapoor, S. N. Srivastava, A. Singh &P. C. Sharma. 1971. Survey of Indian plants for saponins, alkaloids, and flavonoids. J. Nat. Prod.34: 94–102.
—,A. Singh, S. L. Kapoor &S. N. Srivastava. 1969. Survey of Indian plants for saponins, alkaloids and flavonoids. J. Nat. Prod.32: 297–304.
————. 1975. Survey of Indian plants for saponins, alkaloids, and flavonoids. VI. J. Nat. Prod.38: 221–224.
—,S. N. Srivastava, A. Singh, S. L. Kapoor &N. C. Shah. 1972. Survey of Indian plants for saponins, alkaloids and flavonoids. J. Nat. Prod.35: 288–295.
Katznelson, J. 1972. Studies in clover soil sickness. I. The phenomenon of soil sickness in berseem and persian clover. Plant Soil36: 379–393.
Keen, N. T. &R. Horsh. 1972. Hydroxyphaseollin production by various soybean tisues: A warning aganist use of “unnatural host-parasite systems.” Phytopathology62: 439–442.
Kessmann, H. &W. Barz. 1987. Accumulation of isoflavones and pterocarpan phytoalexins in cell suspension cultures of different cultivars of chickpea (Cicer arietinum). Plant Cell Rep.6: 55–59.
-,K. Y. Sim & J. Goh. 1965. Constituents ofMikania cordata. Isolation of mikanin, epifriedelinol and fumaric acid and the structure of mikanin. J. Chem. Soc.: 6371–6374.
Kimura, Y., M. Knbo, K. Kusaka, T. Tani, M. Higashino, S. Arichi & H. Okuda. Studies onScutellaria radix. Chem. Pharm. Bull.30: 219–222.
—,H. Okuda, T. Tani &S. Arichi. 1982b. Studies onScutellaria radix. VI. Effects of flavonone compounds on lipid peroxidation in rat liver. Chem. Pharm. Bull.30: 1792- 1795.
———. 1985. Studies onScutellaria radix XIII. Effects of various flavonoids on arachidonate metabolism in leukocytes. Pl. Med.51: 132–136.
—,M. Kubo, T. Tani, S. Arichi &H. Okuda. 1981. Studies onScutellaria radix. IV. Effects on lipid peroxidation in rat liver. Chem. Pharm. Bull.29: 2610–2617.
Kinoshita, T. 1982. Chemistry of pueraria root. Gendai Toyo Igaku3: 58–62. (Chem. Abstr. 1983.98: 31380b).
—,T. Saitoh &S. Shibata. 1976. The occurrence of an isoflavone and the corresponding isoflavone in licorice root. Chem. Pharm. Bull.24: 991–994.
———. 1978. A new isoflavone from licorice root. Chem. Pharm. Bull.26: 141–143.
Kirtikar, K. R. & B. D. Basu. 1935. Indian medicinal plants. Vols. 1–4. M/S Periodical experts, New Delhi, Vols. 1–4.
Knyzev, V. A., M. L. Pelkts, I. R. Sapozhnikova &N. Yu. Kovaleva. 1984. Phytoalexins in sugar beets. Sakh. Prom-st.2: 49–52. (Chem. Abstr. 1984.100: 137641n).
Kobayashi, M., H. Noguchi &U. Sankawa. 1985. Formation of chalcones and isoflavones ofGlycyrrhiza uralensis with different production patterns. Chem. Pharm. Bull.33: 3811- 3816.
Koester, J. &W. Barz. 1981. UDP-glucose: Isoflavone 7-O-glucosyl transferase from roots of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Arch. Biochem. Biophys.212: 98–104.
—,R. Bussmann &W. Barz. 1984. Malonyl coenzyme A: isoflavone-7-0-glucoside-6″-O-malonyl transferase from roots of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Arch. Biochem. Biophys.234: 513–521.
—,D. Strack &W. Barz. 1983. High performance liquid Chromatographic separation of isoflavones and structural elucidation of isoflavone 7-O-glucoside 6″-malonates fromCicer arietinum. Pl. Med.48: 131–135.
Komatsu, M., T. Tomomori, K. Hatayama, Y. Makiguchi &N. Mikuraya. 1969a. Structures of new flavonoids sophoradin and sophoranone fromSophora subprostrata. Chem. Pharm. Bull.17: 1299–1301.
—————. 1969b. Structures of new flavonoids sophoradin and sophorano-chromene fromSophora subprostrata. Chem. Pharm. Bull.17: 1302–1304.
—————. 1970. Studies on the constituents ofSophora species. I. Constituents ofSophora subprostrata. Chem. Pharm. Bull.18: 602–607.
— &N. Mikuraya. 1970. Studies on the constituents ofSophora species. II. Constituents ofSophora subprostrata Chun et T. Chen Isolation and stucture of new flavonoid, sopharadochromene and sopharanochromene. Chem. Pharm. Bull.18: 741–745.
Konno, C., Y. Oshima &H. Hikino. 1977. Morusinol, isoprenoid flavonone fromMorus root barks. Pl. Med.32: 118–124.
Krishnan, V. &S. Rangaswami. 1965. Occurrence of leucopelargonidin, in the root ofCasearia esculenta. Curr. Sci. (India)34: 634–635.
Krukoff, B. A. &A. C. Smith. 1937. Rotenone yielding plants of South America. Amer. J. Bot.24: 573–587.
Kubo, I. &F. Hanke. 1986. A possible new role for the flavan-3-ol(-)epicatechin in plants. Pages 101–112in V. Cody, E. Middleton, Jr. & J. B. Harborne (eds.), Plant flavonoids, in biology and medicine-biochemical, pharmacological, and structure activity relationships. Alan R. Liss, Inc., New York.
—,T. Matsumoto &J. A. Klocke. 1984. Multi chemical resistance of the coniferPodocarpus gracilior (Podocarpaceae) to insect attack. J. Chem. Ecol.10: 547–550.
Kukla, A. S. &T. R. Seshadri. 1962. Constitution and synthesis of maxima isoflavones A and B. Tetrahedron18: 1443–1448.
Kyogoku, K., K. Hatayama &M. Komatsu. 1973a. Constituents of the Chinese drug “kushen” (the root ofSophora flavescens Ait.). Isolation of five new flavonoids and formononetin. Chem. Pharm. Bull.21: 2733–2738.
——,K. Suzuki, S. Yokomoli, K. Maejima &M. Komatin. 1973b. Studies on the constituents of Guang-Don-Gen (the root ofSophora subprostrata Chun et T. Chen. (5). Isolation of two new flavonones and daidzein. Chem. Pharm. Bull.21: 1436–1439.
——,S. Yokomoli, R. Saziki, S. Nakana, M. Sasajima, J. Sawada, M. Ohzeki &I. Tanaka. 1979. Antiulcer effect of isoprenyl flavonoids. II. Synthesis and antiulcer activity of new chalcones related to sophoradin. Chem. Pharm. Bull.27: 2943–2953.
———M. Shio &M. Komatsu. 1973c. Studies on the constituents of the root ofSophora subprostrata Chun et T. Chen. Chen. Pharm. Bull.21: 1192–1197.
Laman, N. A., A. P. Volynets &S. M. Mashtakov. 1969. Effects of herbicides on isoflavone level in lupine roots. Vestsi Akad. Navuk Belarus. SSR, Ser. Biyal. Navuk6: 30–34. (Chem. Abstr. 1970.73: 1340v).
Lane, G. A., D. R. Biggs, G. B. Russell, O. R. W. Sutherland, E. M. William, J. M. Maindonald &D. J. Donnell. 1985. Isoflavonoid, feeding deterrents forCosteolytica zealandica. Structure activity relationships. J. Chem. Ecol.11: 1713–1715.
— &R. H. Newman. 1987. Isoflavones fromLupinus angustifolius root. Phytochemistry26: 295–300.
—,O. R. W. Sutherland &R. A. Skipp. 1987. Isoflavonoids as insect feeding deterrents and anti-fungal components from root ofLupinus angustifolius. J. Chem. Ecol.13: 771- 783.
Lapetina, E. G. &P. Cuatrecasas. 1979. Rapid inactivation of cyclooxygenase activity after stimulation of intact platelets. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.76: 121–125.
Lee, K. J. &M. H. Gaskins. 1982. Increased root exudation of l-14C compounds by sorghum seedlings inoculated with nitrogen fixing bacteria. Plant Soil.69: 391–399.
Lee, M. H. & C. H. Tan. 1965. Synthesis of flavones fromLindera lucida. J. Chem. Soc.: 2743–2749.
Litvinenko, V. I. 1963. Flavonoid compounds ofGlycyrrhizha uralensis Farmatsevt, Zh. (Kiev)18: 20–25. (Chem Abstr. 1964.60: 6700h).
— &M. F. Denikeeva. 1971. Flavonoids ofScutellaria przewalskii roots. Khim. Prir. Soedin.7: 375–376. (Chem. Abstr. 1971.75: 115877g).
-& V. P. Grankina. 1970. Dynamics of the accumulation of some flavonoids inGlycyrrhiza uralensis. Rast. Resur. (Chem. Abstr. 1971. 74: 72983y).
—,N. P. Maksyutina &I. G. Kolesnikova. 1966. Flavonoid compounds ofGlycyrrhizha glabra. Zh. Obshch. Khim.33: 296–299. (Chem. Abstr. 1963.59: 1744b).
-,N. P. Maksyutina & I. G. Kolesnikova. 1966. Chemical study of commercial varieties ofGlycyrrhiza. Ispolz. Solodki. SSSR: 145–153. (Chem. Abstr. 1967. 67: 88335e).
— &G. V. Obolentseva. 1964. Chemical and pharmacological investigation of flavonoids from licorice. Med. Prom SSSr.18: 20–23. (Chem. Abstr. 1965. 62: 8286c).
Liu, G. Q., H. Tatematsu, M. Kurokawa, M. Niwa &Y. Hirata. 1984a. Novel C-3/C-3″- biflavones fromSteilem chamaejasme. L. Chem. Pharm. Bull.32: 362–365.
Liu, M., M. Li, F. Wang, C. Yang &X. Liang. 1984b. Studies on the flavonoids of medicinal Scutellaria. I.Scutellaria rehderiana. Zhongyao. Tongabo.9: 76–77. (Chem. Abstr. 1984.104: 43441r).
Lu, X. 1985. Preliminary identification of anthocyanins in dark red radish. Shipin Yu Fajiao Gongye6: 19–25. (Chem. Abstr. 1986.104: 106243n).
Luckner, M. 1980. Expression and control of secondary metabolism. Pages 23–63in E. A. Bell & B. V. Charlwood (eds.), Secondary plant products. Encyclopedia of Plant Physiology. New Ser., Vol. 8. Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg.
Lundegårdh, H. &G. Stenlid. 1944. On the exudation of nucleotides and flavonone from living roots. Ark. Bot.31A: 1–27.
Lwande, W., C. S. Greene &M. D. Bentley. 1985a. Flavonoids from roots ofTephrosia elata. J. Nat. Prod.48: 1004–1005.
—,M. D. Bentley, C. Macfoy, F. N. Lugemwa, A. Hassanali &E. Nyandat. 1987. A new pterocarpan from the roots ofTephrosia hildebrandtii. Phytochemistry26: 2425–2426.
—,A. Hassanali, P. W. Njorge, M. D. Bentley, F. Delle Monache &J. I. Jondiko. 1985b. A new 6a-hydroxy-pterocarpan with insect antifeedant and antifungal properties from the roots ofTephrosia hildebrandtii Vatke. Insect. Sci. Appl.6: 537–541.
—,M. D. Bentley, C. Macfoy, F. M. Legemwa, A. Hassanali &E. Nyandat. 1987. A new pterocapan from the roots ofTephrosia hildebrandtii. Phytochemistry8: 2425–2426.
Lyon, F. M. &R. K. Wood. 1975. Production of phaseollin, coumestrol and related compounds in bean leaves inoculated withPseudomonas species. Physiol. Pl. Pathol.6: 117–124.
Lyra, D. A., J. F. Mello, M. G. Della, M. F. Delia &G. B. Marini-Bettolo. 1979. Flavonoids fromDerris mollis. Gazz. Chim. Ital.109: 93–94.
Mabry, T. J., K. R. Markham &H. B. Thomas. 1970. The systematic identification of flavonoids. Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg.
McClure, J. W. 1975. Physiology and functions of flavonoids. Pages 970–1055in J. B. Harborne, T. J. Mabry & H. Mabry (eds.), The flavonoids. Academic Press, New York.
—. 1986. Physiology of flavonoids. Pages 77–85in V. Cody, E. Middleton, Jr. & J. B. Harborne (eds.), 1986. Plant flavonoids, in biology and medicine-biochemical, pharmacological, and structure activity relationships. Alan R. Liss, Inc., New York.
McMurchy, R. A. &V. J. Higgins. 1984. Trifolirhizin and maackiain in red clover: Changes inFusarium roseum “Avenaceum” infested roots and in vitro effects on the pathogen. Physiol. Pl. Pathol.25: 229–238.
Martin, J. K. 1977. Factors influencing the loss of organic carbon from wheat roots. Soil Biol. Biochem.9: 1–7.
McWilliam, J. R. &C. A. Neal-Smith. 1962. Tetraploid and hexaploid chromosome races ofPhalaris arundinacea. L. Austral. J. Agric. Res.13: 1–9.
— &C. J. Shepherd. 1964. The nature and genetic control of a red anthocyanin pigment on root meristem ofPhalaris. Austral. J. Biol. Sci.17: 601–608.
Malhotra, S. &K. Misra. 1983. New flavanones fromProsopis juliflora roots. Pl. Med.47: 46–48.
—,V. V. S. Murthy &T. R. Seshadri. 1967. Lanceolarin, a new isoflavone glycoside ofDalbergia lanceolaria. Tetrahedron23: 405–409.
Margna, U. V. &T. R. Vainjarv. 1983. Kinetin mediated stimulation of buckwheat flavonoids in the dark. Z. Naturf.38C: 711–718.
—— &L. E. Leanest. 1986. Kinetin: An effective stimulant of flavonoid synthesis in buckwheat and barley seedlings. Sov. Pl. Physiol.32: 561–569.
Markham, K. R. 1982. Techniques of flavonoid identification. Academic Press, New York.
Messana, I., F. Ferrari &A. E. Goulart Santana. 1986. Two 12a-hydroxyrotenoids fromBoerhaavia coccinea. Phytochemistry25: 2688–2689.
Minhaj, N., H. Khan, S. K. Kapoor &A. Zaman. 1976. Extractives ofMillettia auriculata. III. Tetrahedron32: 749–751.
Mitscher, L. A., J. A. Ward, S. Drake &G. S. Rao. 1984. Antimicrobial agents from higher plants. Ericrystagallin, a new pterocarpene from the roots of Bolivian coral tree,Erythrina crista-galli. Heterocycles22: 1673–1675.
Moesta, P. &H. Grisebach. 1981. Investigation of the machanism of glyceollin accumlation in soybean infected byPhytophthora megasperma f. sp.glycinea. Arch. Biochem Biophys.212: 462–467.
Mohri, L., T. Takemoto &Y. Kondo. 1982. Studies on the constituents ofMatteuccia orientalis Trev. Structures of two new flavonones, matteucin and methoxymettucin. Yakugaku Za.102: 310–312.
Monika, S. &H. U. Seitz. 1972. Inhibition of anthocyanin synthesis by gibberelic acid A3 in callus cells ofDaucus carota. Pflanzenphysiol.68: 259–265.
Morandi, D., J. A. Bailey &V. Gianinazzi-Pearson. 1984. Isoflavonoid accumulation in soybean roots infected with vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Physiol. Pl. Pathol.24: 357–364.
More, R. &J. D. Smith. 1984. Growth, graviresponsiveness and ABA content ofZea mays seedlings treated with fluridone. Planta162: 342–344.
—— &F. Fong. 1985. Gravitropism in ABA deficient seedlings ofZea mays. Amer. J. Bot.72: 1311–1313.
Mukherjee, K. &L. N. Ray. 1986. Phytochemical screening of some Indian medicinal plant species. Part II. Int. J. Crude Drug Res.24: 187–205.
Mulligan, T. &S. R. Long. 1985. Induction ofRhizobium melioti nod C expression by plant exudate requires nod D. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci.82: 6609–6613.
Murthy, M. S. &T. Nagodra. 1977. Allelopathic effects ofAristida adscensionis onRhizobium. J. Appl. Ecol.14: 279–282.
Nadezhina, T. P., V. I. Litvinenko, V. F. Bogadkina &A. S. Ammosov. 1981.Glycyrrhizha cauralensis in the Mongolian Peoples Republic. Part. 3. Chemical composition of licorice rod [sic]. Rast. Resur.17: 457–462. (Chem. Abstr. 1981.95: 147168f).
Nakanishi, T., A. Inada, K. Kambayashi &K. Yoneda. 1985. Flavonoids ofGlycyrrhizha uralensis. Phytochemistry24: 339–341.
Narbut, S. I., G. B. Samododova-Bianki & V. S. Fedorov. 1972. Root and corolla color in the plants of varieties and inbred lines of radish. Vestn. Leningrad. Univ. Biol. (2): 128–139. (Chem. Abstr. 1972. 77: 98864x).
Do Nascimento, M. C. &W. B. Mors. 1981. Flavonoids ofDerris araripensis. Phytochemistry20: 147–152.
—— &B. Walter. 1970. Flavonoids ofDerris sericea. Ann. Acad. Brasil. Cienc.42(suppl.): 87–92. (Chem. Abstr. 1971.75: 72477g).
—,R. L. Vasconcellos &W. B. Mors. 1976. Flavonoids ofDerris obtusa: Aurones and auronols. Phytochemistry15: 1553–1558.
Nemec, S. 1973. Phenolics in the strawberry root. Ann. Bot.37: 935–941.
Neuman, K. H., W. Barz &E. Reinhard (eds). 1985. Primary and secondary metabolism of plant cell cultures. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
Nikaido, T., T. A. Ohmoto &U. Sankawa. 1987. Inhibitors of adenosine-3′5′-cyclic monophosphate phosphodiesterase inDaphne genkwa Sieb. et Zucc. Chem. Pharm. Bull.35: 675–681.
Nishimaki, T. &M. Nozue. 1985. Isolation and culture of protoplasts from high anthocyanincallus sweet potato. Pl. Cell. Rep.4: 248–251.
Nitsch, J. P. &C. Nitsch. 1961. Natural synergists of auxins and of gibberellins. Bull. Soc. Bot. (France)108: 349–362.
Niwa, M., G. Q. Liu, H. Tatemastsu &Y. Hirata. 1984a. Chamae-chromone a novel rearranged biflavonoid fromStellera chamaejasme L. Tetrahedron Lett.25: 3735–3738.
-, -, -& -. 1984b. Isolation and structures of two new C-3/C-3″-bifavones, neochamaesjasmin A and neochamaejasmin B. Chem. Lett. (4), 539–542.
Noda, T., N. Tanaka, Y. Mano, S. Nabeshima, H. Ohkawa &C. Matsui. 1967. Regeneration of horseradish hairy roots incited byAgrobacterium rhizogenes infection. Pl. Cell. Rep.6: 283–286.
Noe, W., C. Langbartels &H. U. Seitz. 1980. Anthocyanin accumulation and PAL activity in a suspension culture ofDaucus carota L. Inhibition by L-α-aminooxy-β-phenylpropionic acid and cinnamic acid. Planta149: 283–287.
Nomura, T. &T. Fukai. 1978. Kuwanon E, a new flavanone derivative from the root bark of the cultivated mulberry tree (Morus alba L.). Heterocycles9: 1295–1300.
——. 1980. Kuwanon G, a new flavanone derivative from the root bark of the cultivated mulberry tree (Morus alba L.). Chem. Pharm. Bull.28: 2548–2552.
——. 1981. Prenylflavonoids from the root bark of the cultivated mulberry tree. Heterocycles15: 1531–1567.
-, -& H. Fujiki. 1987. Chemistry and biological activitiesof Morus flavonoids. Abstr. II International Symposium on Plant Flavonoids in Biology and Medicine, Strassbourg, Aug. 31-Sept. 3, p. 29.
—— &Y. Hano. 1983a. Constituents of the Chinese crude drug Sang-Bai-Pai. (Morus root bark). 1. Structure of a new flavonone derivative. Sanggenon A. Pl. Med.47: 30–34.
——— &S. Urano. 1983b. Constituents of the Chinese crude drug Sang-Bai-Pai. (Morus root bark). II. Structure of a new flavonone derivative. Sanggenon B. Pl. Med.47: 95–99.
———,Y. Sugaya &T. Hosoya. 1980a. Sanggenon A, a new flavonone derivative, from Chinese crude drug “Sang-Bai-Pai” (Morus root bark). Heterocycles14: 1785–1790.
——— &J. Uzawa. 1982. Structure of Sanggenon D, natural hypotensive Diels-Alder adduct from Chinese crude drug “Sang-Bai-Pai” (Morus root barks). Heterocycles17 (Special Issue): 381–389.
—— &M. Katayanagi. 1977. Kuwanon, A, B, C and oxydihydromorusin. Four new flavones from the root bark of the cultivated mulberry tree (Morus alba L.). Chem. Pharm. Bull.25: 529–532.
—,T. Fukai &T. Narita. 1980b. Hypotensive constituent, kuwanon H, a new flavone derivative from the root bark of the cultivated mulberry tree (Morus alba L.). Heterocycles14: 1943–1951.
——,T. Shimada &I. S. Chen. 1983c. Constituents, of the cultivated mulberry tree Part XIII. Components of root bark ofMorus australis. I. Structure of a new 2-arylbenzofuran derivative, mulberrofuran D. Pl. Med.49: 90–94.
——,S. Yamada &M. Katayanagi. 1976. Phenolic constituents of the cultivated mulberry tree. (Morus alba L.). Chem. Pharm. Bull.24: 2898–2900.
————. 1978. Studies on the constituents of the cultivated mulberry tree. I. Three new prenyl-flavones form the root bark ofMorus alba L. Chem. Pharm. Bull.26: 1394–1402.
Nozue, M. &H. Yasuda. 1985. Occurrence of anthocyanoplasts in cell suspension cultures of sweet potato. Plant Cell Rep.4: 252–255.
Ohrt, J. M. &D. A. Norton. 1964. Molecular geometry of bromomiroestrol. Nature201: 1210–1211.
Olah, A. F. &R. T. Sherwood. 1971. Flavones, isoflavones and coumestans in alfalfa infected byAsocophyta imperfecta. Phytopathology61: 65–69.
Oliver-Bever, B. 1986. Medicinal plants in tropical West Africa. University Press, Cambridge.
Oshima, Y., C. Konno, H. Hikino &K. Matsuhita. 1980. Validity of oriental medicines. Part 23. Structure of moracenin B, a hypotensive principle ofMorus root barks. Tetrahedron Lett.21: 3381–3384.
Ozeki, Y. &A. Komamine. 1981. Induction of anthocyanin synthesis in relation to embryogenesis in a carrot suspension culture: Correlation of metabolic differentiation with morphological differentiation. Physiol. Pl.53: 570–577.
——. 1986. Effects of growth regulators on the induction of anthocyanin synthesis in carrot suspension cultures. Plant Cell Physiol.27: 1361–1368.
——,H. Noguchi &U. Sankawa. 1987. Changes in activities of enzymes involved in flavonoid metabolism during the initiation and suppression of anthocyanin synthesis in carrot suspension cultures regulated by 2, 4-dichlorophenoxy-acetic acid. Physiol. Pl.69: 123–128.
—,K. Sakano, A. Komamine, Y. Tanaka, H. Noguchi, U. Sankawa &T. Suzuki. 1985. Purification and some properties of chalcone synthase from a carrot suspension culture induced for anthocyanin synthesis and preparation of its specific antiserum. J. Biochem. (Tokyo)98: 9–17.
Pakaln, D. A. &Lirvinenko, V. I. 1975. Flavonoids ofScutellaria galericulata. Khim. Prir. Soedin.11: 97–98. (Chem. Abstr. 1975.83: 75366w).
Pankhurst, C. E. &D. R. Biggs. 1980. Sensitivity of Rhizobium to selected isoflavonoids. Canad. J. Microbiol.26: 512–545.
Pardhasaradhi, M. &G. S. Sidhu. 1972. Obtusifoliol, syringetin and dihydroxysyringetin fromSoymida febrifuga. Phytochemistry11: 1520–1522.
Partridge, J. E. &N. T. Keen. 1976. Association of the phytoalexin kievitone with single gene resistance of cowpeas toPhytophthora vignae. Phytopathology66: 426–429.
Paxton, J. D. 1981. Phytoalexins—A working definition. Phytochemistry24: 2093–2095.
Pegg, G. F. 1976. Endogenous auxins in healthy and diseased plants. Pages 560–581in R. Heitefuss & P. H. Williams (eds.), Physiological plant pathology. Encyclopedia of Plant Physiology. New Ser., Vol. 4. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
P’ei Chein. 1965. Icones of Chinese medicinal plants. Vols. 1–8. Science Press, Beijing.
Pelter, A. & P. I. Amenechi. 1969. Isoflavonoid and pterocarpinoid extractives ofLonchocarpus laxiflorus. J. Chem. Soc. C: 887–896.
Perry, L. M. 1980. Medicinal plants of east and south east Asia. MIT Press, Cambridge.
Peters, N. K., J. W. Frost &S. R. Long. 1986. A plant flavone, luteolin, induces expression ofRhizobium meliloti nodulation genes. Science233: 977–980.
Petkov, E., P. Uzunov, I. Kostova, T. Somleva &I. Ognyanov. 1983. Inhibition of rat heart phosphodiesterase by some rotenoids and isoflavonoids. Pl. Med.47: 162–164.
Petril, E. &J. Chrastil. 1955. Excretion of a flavanone by expiants of peanuts. Ceskoslov. Biol.4: 162–164.
Pilet, P. E. 1957. Activite anti-auxinesoxydasique de l’Uromycespisi (Pers.). Sur l’Euphorbiacyparissias L. Phytopathol. Z.31: 162–179.
—. 1960. Auxin content and auxin catabolism of the stems ofEuphorbia cyaparissias L. infected byUromyces pisi (Pers.). Phytopathol. Z.40: 75–90.
—. 1977. Growth inhibitors in growing and geostimulated maize roots. Pages 115–128in P. E. Pilet (ed.), Plant growth regulation. Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg.
—. 1980a. Hormonal control of root elongation: Some light effects. Pages 450–461in F. Skoog (ed.) Plant growth substances. Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg.
—. 1980b. Light and dark georeaction of maize roots and endogenous levels of abscisic acid. Plant Sci. Lett.18: 201–206.
-. 1983. Control of root growth by endogenous IAA. Pages 15–24in M. B. Jackson & A. D. Stead (eds.), Growth regulation in root development. Brit Plant. Gr. Reg. Group 10.
— &M. C. Elliott. 1981. Some aspects of the control of root growth and georeaction: The involvement of indoleacetic acid and abscisic acid. Pl. Physiol. (USA)67: 1047–1050.
— &L. Rivier. 1981. Abscisic acid distribution in horizontal maize root segments. Planta153: 453–458.
— &M. Saugy. 1987. Effect on root growth of endogenous and applied IAA and ABA-A critical reexamination. Pl. Physiol. (USA)83: 33–38.
— &P. Takahashi. 1979. Effect of abscisic acid on the anthocyanin content in light exposed roots. Pl. Sci. Lett.17: 1–6.
Pokotylo, I. V., L. A. Gumenyuk &N. N. Dykhanov. 1974. Phenolic compounds fromSedum purpureum. Khim. Prir. Soedin.10: 252–253. (Chem. Abstr. 1974. 81: 60891y).
Pope, G. S. &G. H. Wright. 1954. Estrogenic isoflavones in red clover and subterranean clover. Chem. Ind.3: 1019–1020.
Popova, T. P., V. I. Litvinenko &O. S. Ammosov. 1972. Chemical composition ofScutellaria creticola. Farm. Zh. (Kiev)27: 84–85 (Chem. Abstr. 1972. 77: 2787a).
——,D. A. Pakaln &K. F. Blinova. 1976. Flavonoidsof Scutellaria scordiifolia Fisch. Farm. Zh. (Kiev)31: 89–91. (Chem. Abstr. 1976.85: 90145h).
-,D. A. Pakaln & V. I. Litvinenko. 1980. Chemistry and classification of species of theStachymacris A. Hamilt. section of theScutellaria L. genus. Polezn. Rast. Prir. Flory Ispolz. Ikh. Nar. Khoz.: 80–82. (Chem. Abstr. 1981. 94: 1991b).
Popravko, S. A., S. A. Sokolova &G. P. Kononenko. 1981. Distribution of isoflavonoids in the roots of red clover. Prikl. Biokhim. Mikrobiol.17: 906–911.
Porter, P. M., W. L. Banwart &J. J. Hassett. 1986. Phenolic acids and flavonoids in soybean root and leaf extracts. Envir. Exp. Bot.26: 65–73.
Prasad, A. V. K., R. S. Kapil &S. P. Popli. 1985. Studies on medicinal plants. Part XIV. Structures of pterocarpanoids: Anhydrotuberosin, 3-O-methylanhydro tuberosin fromPueraria tuberosa. Ind. J. Chem.24B: 236–239.
Pueppke, S. G. &H. D. Van Etten. 1975. Identification of three new pterocarpans fromPisum sativum infected withFusarium solani f. sp. Pisi. J. Chem. Soc. Perkin. Trans. 1.1: 946- 948.
——. 1976. Accumulation of pisatin and three additional antifungal pterocapans inFusarium solani infected tissue ofPisum sativum. Physiol. Pl. Pathol.8: 51–61.
Putnam, A. R. &W. B. Duke. 1978. Allelopathy in agroecosystems. Annual Rev. Phytopathol.16:431–4151.
— &C. S. Tang (eds.). 1986. The science of allelopathy. Wiley & Sons, New York.
— &L. A. Weston. 1986. Adverse impacts of allelopathy. Pages 43–56in A. R. Putnam & C. S. Tang, The science of allelopathy. Wiley & Sons, New York.
Rangaswami, S. &B. V. Ramasastry. 1955. Lanceolatin C and lanceolatin B. Curr. Sci.24: 13.
Rao, A. S. &Singh Randhir. 1988. Ureide metabolism in nodulated legumes. Pages 281–316inn Singh Randhir & S. K. Sawhney (eds.), Advances in frontier areas of plant biochemistry. Prentice-Hall, India.
Rao, E. V. &M. S. R. Murthy. 1985. Further studies on the isoflavones ofTephrosia maxima. Phytochemistry24: 875.
— &R. Raju. 1984. Two flavonoids fromTephrosia purpurea. Phytochemistry23: 2339- 2342.
Rao, P. P. &G. Srimannarayana. 1981. Tephrinone—A new flavonone fromTephrosia villosa. Curr. Sci.50:319–320.
Rao, V. R., N. S. S. Rao &K. G. Mukherji. 1973. Inhibitionof Rhizobium in vitro by non nodulating legume roots and root extracts. Plant Soil39: 449–452.
Redmond, J. W., M. Batley, M. A. Djordjevic, R. W. Innés, P. L. Kuempel &B. G. Rolfe. 1986. Flavones induce expression of nodulation genes inRhizobium. Nature323: 632- 635.
Reinhold, L. 1978. Phytohormones and the orientation of growth. Pages 251–289in D. S. Leetham, P. B. Goodwin & T. J. V. Higgins (eds.), Phytohormones and related compounds. Vol. 2. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
Reiners, W. 1966. Components of licorice roots. II. 7-hydroxy-4’-methoxyisoflavone (formononetin) from licorice roots. Experientia22: 359.
Rhodes, M. J. C., R. J. Robins, J. Hamill &A. J. Parr. 1986. Potentials for the production of biochemicals by plant cell cultures. New Zealand J. Tech.2: 59–70.
— &L. S. C. Wooltorton. 1973. Stimulation of phenolic acid and lignin biosynthesis in swede root tissue by ethylene. Phytochemistry12: 107–108.
Rice, E. L. 1972. Allelopathic effects ofAndropogon virginicus and its persistence in old fields. Amer. J. Bot.59: 752–755.
—. 1974. Allelopathy. Academic Press, New York.
—. 1979. Allelopathy. An update. Bot. Rev.45: 15–109.
— &F. L. Orlando. 1984. Allelopathy. Academic Press, New York.
— &S. K. Pancholy. 1974. Inhibition of nitrification by climax ecosystems. III. Inhibitors other than tannins. Amer. J. Bot.61: 1095–1103.
Rich, J. R., N. T. Keen &I. J. Thomason. 1977. Association of coumestans with the hypersensitivity of lima bean roots toPratylenchus scribneri. Physiol. Pl. Pathol.10: 105–116.
Rivier, L., H. Milton &P. E. Pilet. 1977. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometric determinations of abscisic acid levels in the cap and the apex of maize roots. Planta134: 23–27.
Rogers, W. S. &G. C. Head. 1969. Factors effecting the distribution and growth of roots of perennial woody species. Pages 280–295in W. J. Whittington (ed.), Root growth. Butterworth, London.
Rohde, R. A. 1972. Expression of resistance in plants to nematodes. Annual Rev. Phytopathol.10: 233–252.
Rosenthal, G. A. &D. H. Janzen (eds.). 1979. Herbivores: Their interaction with secondary plant metabolities. Academic Press, New York.
Rossen, I., C. A. Shearman, A. W. B. Johnston &J. A. Downie. 1985. The nod D gene ofRhizobium leguminosarum is autoregulatory and in the presence of plant exudates induces the nod ABC genes. EMBO J4: 3369–3373.
Rossiter, R. C. &A. B. Beck. 1967. Physiological and ecological studies on the estrogenic isoflavones in subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum). V. Ontogenetic changes. Austral. J. Agric. Res.18: 561–573.
Rovira, A. D. 1956. Plant root excretions in relation to the rhizosphere effect. Plant Soil.7: 195–217.
—. 1969. Plant root exudates. Bot Rev.35: 35–59.
Rozsa, Z., J. Hohmann, K. Szendrei, J. Reisch &I. Mester. 1982. Amoritin, amorisin and amorillin: Three new prenylated flavanones fromAmorpha fruticosa L. Heterocyles19: 1793–1796.
Russell, G. B. 1986. Phytochemical resources for crop protection. New Zealand J. Tech.2: 127–134.
—,O. R. W. Sutherland, R. F. N. Hutchins &P. E. Christmas. 1978. Vestitol: A phytoalexin with insect feeding deterrent activity. J. Chem. Ecol.4: 571–579.
Russell, R. S. 1977. Plant root systems. Their function and interaction with the soil. McGraw-Hill, London.
Ryu, S., B. Z. Ahn &M. Y. Pack. 1985. The cytotoxic principle ofScutellaria radix against L1210 cell. Pl. Med.51: 355.
Sadykov, A. A., Kh. I. Isaev, T. V. Vdovtseva & T. Kasymov. 1980. Change of the composition polyphenols in the bark of stalks and of roots ofPersica vulgaris. Deposited Doc, VINITI, 1875–1880. (Chem. Abstr. 1981. 95: 76977f.
Sagara, K., Y. Ito, T. Oshima, H. Murayama &H. Itokawa. 1986. Degradation of flavanoids ofScutellaria radix in water extract solution. Shoyakugaku Za40: 72–76. (Chem. Abstr. 1986,105: 85026x).
Saitoh, T., T. Kinoshita &S. Shibata. 1976a. New isoflavan and flavanone from licorice root. Chem. Pharm. Bull.24: 752–755.
———. 1976b. Flavonols of licorice root. Chem. Pharm. Bull.24: 1242- 1245.
—,H. Noguchi &S. Shibata. 1978. A new isoflavone and the corresponding isoflavanone of licorice root. Chem. Pharm. Bull.26: 144–147.
— &S. Shibata. 1975. New type chalcones from licorice root. Tetrahedron Lett.50: 4461–4462.
Sarin, P. S. J., S. Singh, H. S. Garg, N. M. Khanna &M. M. Dhar. 1976. A flavonol glycoside with anticancer activity fromTephrosia Candida. Phytochemistry15: 232–234.
Sattikulov, A., Sh. V. Abdullaev, Yu. Y. Kurbatov, G. F. Kozireva & A. S. Sadykov. 1983. Chemical composition of dye plantsAmmothamnus lehmannii Bge. andSophora pachycarpa C. A. May. Uzb. Khim. Zh. (5): 11–15. (Chem. Abstr. 1984.100: 82724).
Saugy, M. &P. E. Pilet. 1984. Endogenous indol-3yl-acetic acid in stele and cortex of gravistimulated maize roots. Pl. Sci. Lett.37: 93–99.
Saxena, H. O. 1975. A survey of the plants of Orissa (India) for tannins, saponins, flavonoids and alkaloids. J. Nat. Prod.38: 346–351.
Sayagaver, B. M., N. B. Mulchandani &S. Narayanaswamy. 1969. Isolation of formononetin from tissue cultures ofCicer arietinum. J. Nat. Prod.32: 108–109.
Schaefer, H. 1986. Phenolic substances in roots ofVitis. Biochem. Syst. Ecol.14: 149–152.
Schwartz, J. S. P., A. I. Cohen, W. D. Ollis, E. A. Kaczaka &L. M. Jackman. 1964. The extractives ofPiscidia erythrina L. I. The constitution of icthynone. Tetrahedron20: 1317— 1330.
Seitz, H. U. 1976. Accumulation of anthocyanins inDaucus carota cell cultures. Nova Acta Leopold., Suppl.7: 89–96. (Chem. Abstr. 1979.90: 183247m).
—. 1987. Cryopreservation of plant cell cultures. Pl. Med.53: 311–314.
Sekiya, K. &H. Okuda. 1982. Selective inhibition of platelet oxygenase by baicalein. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.105: 1090–1095.
Semenchenko, V. F. 1969. Chemical characteristics ofGlycyrrhizha echinata roots. Rast. Resur.5: 394–397. (Chem. Abstr. 1970.72: 19117b).
Sequeira, L. 1973. Hormone metabolism in diseased plants. Annual Rev. Pl. Physiol.24: 353–380.
Seshadri, T. R. &M. S. Sood. 1967. Constitution of selinone a new flavanone fromSelinum vaginatum Clarke. Tetrahedron Lett.9: 853–855.
Shabbir, M. & A. Zaman. 1968. Structure of auriculatin, extractive ofMillettia auriculata. J. Chem. Soc. C: 1899–1901.
——. 1970. Structure of isoauriculatin and auriculin extractives ofMillettia auriculata. II. Tetrahedron26: 5041–5044.
Shaw, M. &A. R. Hawkins. 1958. The physiology of host-parasite relations. V. A preliminary examination of the level of free endogenous IAA in rusted and mildewed cereal levels and their ability to decarboxylate exogenously supplied radioactive IAA. Canad. J. Bot.36: 1–16.
Shibata, S., T. Murakami, Y. Nishikawa & W. Budidarmo. 1959. Constituents ofPueraria root and the antispasmodic activity of flavonoids and anthroquinones. Congs. Sci. Pharm. 214–222. (Chem. Abstr. 1962. 56: 3564h).
—,T. Murata &M. Fujita. 1963. Studies on the constituents of Japanese and Chinese drugs. X. Wistin, a new isoflavone glucoside ofWisteria spp. Chem. Pharm. Bull.11: 382- 385.
—, &Y. Nishikawa. 1963. Studies on the constituents of Japanese and Chinese drugs. VII. On the constituents of the roots ofSophora subprostrata Chun et T. Chen andSophora japonica L. Chem. Pharm. Bull.11: 167–177.
—, &T. Saitoh. 1968. The chemical studies on the oriental plant drugs XIX. Some new constituents of licorice roots (1). The structure of licoricidin. Chem. Pharm. Bull.16:1932- 1936.
——. 1973. Chemical constituents of licorice roots. Taisha10: 619–625. (Chem. Abstr. 1974.81: 101792n).
——. 1978. Flavonoid compounds in licorice root. J. Indian Chem. Soc.55: 1184- 1192.
Shirataki, Y., M. Endo, I. Yokoe &M. Komatsu. 1983. Studies on the constituents ofSophora species. XVIII. Constituents of the rootof Sophora tomentosa L. Chem. Pharm. Bull.31: 2859–2863.
—,I. Yokoe &M. Komatsu. 1986. On the constituentsof Sophora species. 20. Two new flavone glycosides from the rootsof Sophora subprostrata. J. Nat. Prod.49: 645–649.
Shrivastava, A. &V. Saxena. 1986. Luteolin glycoside from the roots ofSterculia foetida Linn. Natl. Acad. Sci. Lett. (India)9: 169–170.
Shutt, D. A. 1976. The effects of plant estrogens on animal reproduction. Endeavour35: 110- 113.
Sinha, S. K. P. &J. V. V. Dogra. 1985. A survey of the plants of Bhagalpur and Santhal Pargana for saponins, flavonoids and alkaloids. Int. J. Crude Drug. Res.23: 77–86.
Sivarambabu, S., J. M. Rao &K. V. J. Rao. 1979. New flavonones from the roots ofFlemingia stricta Roxb. Ind. J. Chem. Sec. B.17B: 85–87.
Skipp, R. A. &J. A. Bailey. 1977. The fungitoxicity of isoflavonoid phytoalexins measured using different types of bioassay. Physiol. Pl. Pathol.11: 101–112.
Skorikova, Yu. G. & E. A. Isagulyan. 1977. Polyphenols of carrots and cucumbers. Konservn. Ovoshchesush. Prom-st. (2): 14–17. (Chem. Abstr. 1977. 86: 169489c).
Smalberger, T. M., A. J. Vandenberg &R. Vleggaar. 1973. Flavonoids fromTephrosia-Nl. The structure of semiglabrin and semiglabrinol. Tetrahedron29: 3099–3104.
—,R. Vleggaar &J. C. Weber. 1974. Flavonoids from Tephrosia—VII. The constitution and absolute configuration of lupinofolin and lupinofolinol, two flavanones fromTephrosia lupinifolia Burch (DC). Tetrahedron30: 3927–3931.
———. 1975. Flavonoids from Tephrosia—VIII. The structure of elongatin, an isoflavone fromTephrosia elongata E. Mey. Tetrahedron31: 2297–2301.
Smith, D. A. &S. W. Banks. 1986. Biosynthesis, elicitation and biological activity of isoflavonoid phytoalexins. Phytochemistry25: 979–995.
Spaink, H. P., C. A. Wijffelman, E. Pees, R. J. H. Okker &B. J. J. Lugtenberg. 1987. Rhizobium nodulation gene nod D as a determinant of host specificity. Nature328: 337- 340.
Staba, E. J. 1977. Tissue culture and pharmacy. Pages 694–716in J. Reinert & Y. P. S. Bajaj (eds.), Applied and fundamental aspects of plant cell, tissue and organ culture. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
— (ed.). 1980. Plant tissue culture as a source of biochemicals. CRC Press Inc., Boca Raton, Florida.
—. 1985. Milestones in plant tissue culture systems for the production of secondary products. J. Nat. Prod.48: 203–209.
Staerk, D., A. W. Alferman &E. Reinhard. 1976. Phenylalanine ammonia lyase activity and biosynthesis of anthocyanins and chlorogenic acid in tissue cultures ofDaucus carota. Pl. Med.30: 104–117.
Stafford, H. A. 1968. Relation between the development of adventitious roots and the biosynthesis of anthocyanins in internodes of sorghum. Pl. Physiol. (USA)43: 318–326.
Stenlid, G. 1961. Effect of some flavonoid pigments upon growth and ion absorption of wheat roots. Physiol. Pl.14: 659–670.
—. 1962. Effect of some synthetic anthocyanidins on the growth and ion absorption of roots. Physiol. Pl.15: 598–605.
—. 1963. Effect of flavonoid compounds on oxidative phosphorylation and on the enzymic destruction of indoleacetic acid. Physiol. Pl.16: 110–120.
—. 1968. On the physiological effects of phloridzin, phloretin, and some related substances upon higher plants. Physiol. Pl.21: 882–894.
—. 1982. Cytokinins as inhibitors of root growth. Physiol. Pl.56: 500–506.
Street, H. E. 1977. Applications of cell suspension cultures. Pages 649–667in J. Reinert & Y. P. S. Bajaj (eds.), Applied and fundamental aspects of plant cell, tissue and organ culture. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
Sutherland, O. R. W. &W. J. Greenfield. 1978. Effect of root extracts of resistant pasture plants on the feeding and survival of black beetle larvae,Heteronychus arator (Scarabaeidae). New Zealand J. Zool.5: 173–175.
—,G. B. Russell, D. R. Briggs &G. A. Lane. 1980. Insect feeding deterrent activity of phytoalexin isoflavonoids. Biochem. Syst. Ecol.8: 73–75.
Sweeny, J. G., M. M. Wilkinson &G. A. Iacobucci. 1981. Effect of flavonoid sulfonates on the photobleaching of anthocyanins in acid solutions. J. Agric. Food. Chem.29: 563–567.
Tabashnik, B. E. 1987. Plant secondary compounds as oviposition deterrents for cabbage butterfly,Pieris rapae (Lepidoptera: Pieridae). J. Chem. Ecol.13: 309–316.
Taguchi, H., P. Kanchanapee &T. Amataykul. 1977. The constituentsof Clitoria macrophylla (Wall.) Cat., a Thai medicinal plant. The structure of a new rotenoid, clitoriacetol. Chem. Pharm. Bull.25: 1026–1030.
Tahara, S., Y. Hashidoko, J. L. Ingham &J. Mijutani. 1980. New 5-O-methyl isoflavones in the roots of yellow lupin (Lupinus luteus) L. cv. Barpine. Agric. Biol. Chem.50: 1809- 1819.
—,J. L. Ingham &J. Mijutani. 1985. New coumarono-chromones from white lupine,Lupinus albus L. (Leguminosae). Agric. Biol. Chem.49: 1775–1783.
———. 1987a. New 3-methoxy-flavones in the roots of yellow lupin. (Lupinus luteus L. cv. Topaz). Agric. Biol. Chem.51: 1039–1044.
———. 1987b. Stereochemical studies on dihydrofurano-isoflavones. Agric. Biol. Chem.51:211–216.
——,S. Nakahara, J. Mijutani &J. B. Harborne. 1984. Fungitoxic dihydrofurano isoflavones and related compounds in white lupin,Lupinus albus. Phytochemistry23: 1889–1900.
Takagi, S., M. Yamaki &K. Inque. 1980. Studies on the water soluble constituents of the roots ofScutellaria baicalensis Georgi (Woegon). Yakugaku Za100: 120–124.
Takido, M., M. Aimi, S. Takahashi, S. Yamanouchi, H. Torii &S. Dohi. 1975. Constituents in the water extracts of crude drugs. I. Roots ofScutellaria baicalensis. Yakugaku Za95: 108–113.
—,K. Yasukawa, S. Matsuura &M. Iinuma. 1979. On the revised structure of Skullcapflovone I, a flavone compound in the roots ofScutellaria baicalensis Georgi (Woegon). Yakugaku Za.99: 443–444.
Tamura, S., C. Chang, A. Suzuki &S. Kumai. 1967. Isolation and structure of a novel isoflavone derivative in red clover. Agric. Biol. Chem.31: 1108–1109.
————. 1969. Chemical studies on clover sickness. Part I. Isolation and structural elucidation of two new isoflavonoids in red clover. Agric. Biol. Chem.33: 391–397.
Tanaka, S., Y. Kiwai &M. Tabata. 1987. Isolation of monoamine oxidase inhibitors fromGlycyrrhizha uralensis roots and the structure-activity relationship. Pl. Med.53: 5–8.
Tank, C. S. 1986. Continuous trapping techniques for the study of allelochemicals from higher plants. Pages 113–132in A. R. Putnam & C.-S. Tang (eds.), The science of allelopathy. Wiley & Sons, New York.
Tani, T., T. Katsuki, M. Kubo &S. Arichi. 1985. Histochemistry. Flavones inScutellaria radix. Chem. Pharm. Bull.33: 4894–4900.
Taylor, N. E., D. Crawfoot, D. C. Hodgkin & J. S. Rollett. 1960. The X ray crystallographic determination of the structure of bromomiroestrol. J. Chem. Soc. 3685–3695.
Tester, M. &C. Morris. 1987. The penetration of light through soil. Pl. Cell Environ.10: 281–286.
Thakur, M. &C. Nozzolillo. 1978. Anthocyanin pigmentation in rootsof Impatiens species. Canad. J. Bot.56: 2896–2903.
Thomas, R. J. &L. E. Schrader. 1981. Ureide metabolism in higher plants. Phytochemistry20: 361–371.
Tomimori, T., Y. Miyaichi, Y. Imoto, H. Kizu &C. Suzuli. 1984. Studies on the constituents ofScutellaria species. IV. On the flavonoid constituents of the rootScutellaria baicalensis Georgi (4). Yakugaku Za.104: 529–534.
————— &T. Namba. 1985. Studies on Nepalese crude drugs V. On the flavonoid constituents of the root ofScutellaria discolor Colebr. (1). Chem. Pharm. Bull.33: 4457–4463.
———,H. Kizu &T. Namba. 1986a. Studies on Nepalese crude drugs VI. On the flavonoid constituents of the root ofScutellaria discolor Colebr. (2). Chem. Pharm. Bull.34: 406–408.
——,H. Jin, S. Toyofuko &M. Yamamoto. 1986b. Studies on the constituents ofScutellaria species VII. Seasonal variations of growth and flavonoid content in the root ofScutellaria baicalensis Georgi. Shayakugaku Z.40: 381–387.
—— &H. Kizu. 1982. On the flavonoid constituents from the roots ofScutellaria baicalensis Georgi. I. Yakugaku Za.102: 388–391.
——,Y. Imoto, H. Kizu &Y. Tanabe. 1983. Studies on the constituents ofScutellaria species II. On the flavnoid constituents from the roots ofScutellaria baicalensis Georgi. 2. Yakugaku Za.103: 607–611.
Torel, J., J. Cillard &P. Cillard. 1986. Antioxidant activity of flavonoids and reactivity with peroxy radical. Phytochemistry25: 383–385.
Torrey, J. G. 1976. Root hormones and plant growth. Annual Rev. Pl. Physiol.27: 435- 459.
Tseals, S. K., K. C. Georghiou &C. A. Thanos. 1979. Anthocyanin formation in maize roots. Pl. Sci. Lett.16: 81–86.
Tseng, T. H. &S. J. Sheu. 1983. Analysis and processing of Chinese herbs. VI. Quantitative study ofPueraria root. Tai-Wan Yao Hsueh Tsa Chih.35: 177–183.
Tseng, K. Y., Y. P. Chou, L. Y. Chang &L. Fan. 1974. Pharmacologic studies on radix puerariae. I. Effects on dog arterial pressure, vascular reactivity, cerebral and peripheral circulation. Chung-Hug I Hsueh Tsa Chin.54: 265–270. (Chem. Abstr. 1974.81: 11480p).
Ueda, S., J. Matsumoto &T. Nomura. 1984. Four new natural Diels-Alder type adducts, mulberrofuran E, Kuwanons Q, R and V from callus culture ofMorus alba L. Chem. Pharm. Bull.32: 350–353.
Valant-Vetschera, K. 1985. Flavonoid patterns ofAchillea species. Biochem. Syst. Ecol.13: 119–121.
Van Etten, H. D. &S. G. Pueppeke. 1976. Isoflavonoid flavonoids. Pages 239–290in J. Friend & D. R. Threfall (eds.), Biochemical aspects of plant parasite relationships. Academic Press, London.
Van Hulle, C. &P. Braeckman. 1971. Isolation of two new flavonoids from the roots ofGlycyrrhiza glabra var.typica (sic). Pl. Med.20: 278–282.
Van Sumere, C. F. &P. J. Lea. 1985. The biochemistry plant phenolics. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
Vancura, V. 1964. Root exudates of plants. I. Analysis of root exudates of barley and wheat in their initial phases of growth. Plant Soil21: 231–248.
—. 1967. Root exudate of plants III. Effect of temperature and cold shock on the exudation of various compounds from seedlings of maize and cucumber. Plant Soil27: 319–328.
— &J. L. Garcia. 1969. Root exudates of reversibly wilted millet plants (Panicum miliaceum L). Oecol. Pl.4: 93–98.
Verma, D. L. &K. S. Khetwal. 1985. Phenolics in the roots ofSwertia paniculata Wall. Sci. Cult.51: 305–306. (Chem. Abstr. 1986.104: 22201m).
Vleggaar, R., G. J. Kruger, T. M. Smalberger &A. J. VanDen Berg. 1978. Flavonoids fromTephrosia XI. The structure of glabratephrin. Tetrahedron34: 1405–1408.
Wang, M. 1984. Content variation of some chemical constituents of Ci Wu Jia (Acanthopanax senticosus) during storage. Zhongcaoyao15: 15–17. (Chem. Abstr. 1984.100: 126768h).
—,J. Li &W. Liu. 1987. Two flavones from the root bark ofLespedeza davidii. Phytochemistry26: 1218–1219.
Wang, C. C., F. L. Sun, H. W. Han, P. H. Chang, S. H. Yuan &L. Ma. 1981. Experimental study on the effect of total flavone ofSophora flavescens root on the arrythmia of cultured heart cell. Yao Hsueh Tung Pao16: 53. (Chem. Abstr. 1981.95: 125926z).
Weber, H. 1954. Anthocyanin coloration of roots. Pharmazie9: 256–258.
Weeratunga, G., L. Bohlin, R. Verpoorte &V. Kumar. 1985. Flavonoids fromElaeodendron balae root bark. Phytochemistry24: 2093–2095.
Weiler, E. W. &J. Schroder. 1987. Hormone genes and crown gall disease. Trend. Biochem. Sci.12: 271–275.
Wengenmeyer, H., J. Ebel &H. Grisebach. 1974. Purification and properties of a S-adenosylmethionine isoflavone 4’-O-methyltransferase from cell suspension cultures ofCicer arietinum L. Eur. J. Biochem.50: 135–143.
Weston, L. A., B. A. Burke &A. R. Putnam. 1987. Isolation, characterisation and activity of phytotoxic compounds from quackgrass. (Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv.). J. Chem. Ecol.13:403–421.
— &A. R. Putnam. 1985. Inhibition of growth, nodulation and nitrogen fixation of legumes by quack grass (Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv.). Crop Sci.25: 561–565.
——. 1986. Inhibition of legume seedling growth by residues and extracts of quack grass (Agropyron repens). Weed Sci.34: 366–372.
Wollenbeber, E. &V. H. Dietz. 1981. Occurrence and distribution of free flavonoid aglycones in plants. Phytochemistry20: 869–932.
Wong, E. 1961. A new isoflavone from red clover. Chem. Ind. 1963–1964.
—. 1975. The isoflavonoids. Pages 743–800in J. B. Harborne & H. Mabry (eds.), The flavonoids. Academic Press, New York.
—. 1976. Biosynthesis of flavonoids. Pages 464–526in T. W. Goodwin (ed.), Chemistry and biochemistry of plant pigments. Academic Press, London.
Worthing, C. R. 1984. The pesticides manual. A world compendium. 7th ed. British Crop Protection Council. London.
Wu, L. J., T. Miyase, A. Ueno, M. Kuroyanagi, T. Noro &S. Fukushima. 1985a. Studies on the constituents ofSophora flavescens Ait III. Yakugaku Za.105: 736–741.
——————. 1985b. Studies on the constituents ofSophora flavescens Ait. IV. Yakugaku Za.105: 1034–1039.
Xu, Z. &M. Wang. 1984. Content variation of some chemical constituents of Ci Wu Jia (Acanthopanax senticosus) during storage. Zhongcaoyao15: 15–17. (Chem. Abstr. 1984.100: 126768h).
Yahara, S. &I. Nishioka. 1984. Flavonoid glucosides from licorice. Phytochemistry23: 2108–2109.
Yasukawa, K., S. Yamanouchi &M. Takido. 1982. Studies on the constituents in the water extracts of crude drugs. IV. On the roots ofStellaria dichotoma L. var.lanceolata Bge. Yakugaku Za.102: 292–294.
Yoshikawa, M., H. Gemma, Y. Sobajima &H. Masago. 1986. Rooting cofactor activity of plant phytoalexins. Pl. Physiol. (USA)82: 864–866.
Young, C. C. &D. P. Bartholomew. 1981. Allelopathy in a grass legume association—I. Effects ofDesmodium eintortum (Mill.) Urb. andHemarthria altissima in a tropical soil. Crop Sci.21: 770–774.
Yu, L., M. Liu &X. Wang. 1984. Studies on the flavonoids ofScutellaria viscidula Bunge. Yaoxue Xuebao19: 397–398.
Zaat, S. A. J., C. A. Wijffelman, H. P. Spainl, A. A. N. Van Brussel, R. J. H. Okker &B. J. J. Lugtenberg. 1987. Induction of the nod A promoter ofRhizobium leguminosarum sym plasm id pRL1JI by plant flavonones and flavones. J. Bacteriol.169: 198–204.
Zornoza, P. &R. M. Esteban. 1984. Flavonoids content of tomato plants for the study of the nutritional status. Plant Soil82: 269–271.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Rao, A.S. Root flavonoids. Bot. Rev 56, 1–84 (1990). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02858531
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02858531