Abstract
Comprehensive comparative anatomy of Pinus leaves was carried out. Some anatomical features were found to be quite useful and supported the classification of genus to subgenus and section level. The number of needles per fascicle, number of vascular bundles, position of resin ducts, shape of leaf in cross section, and distribution of stomata on the leaf surface showed remarkable variation between different species and facilitated the classification of Pinus into minor groups: subgenus, section, and subsection. The members of subgenus Pinus had two vascular bundles whereas members of subgenus Strobus had only one vascular bundle. The position of resin ducts was more consistent in subgenus Strobus than in subgenus Pinus. Interestingly, the species of subsection Strobus included in this study lacked stomata on the abaxial surface. The results indicate that the number of needles per fascicle and needle size are inversely related, and more importantly that a greater numbers of needles per fascicle lead to a more angular shape.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Debreczy ZS, Rácz I (2011) Conifers around the World. Dendro Press Ltd., Budapest, p 1089
Dörken VM, Stützel T (2012) Morphology, anatomy and vasculature of leaves in Pinus (Pinaceae) and its evolutionary meaning. Flora 207:57–62
Eckenwalder JE (2009) Conifers of the World. Timber Press, Portland
Fahn A, Benayoun J (1976) Ultrastructure of resin ducts in Pinus halepensis development, possible sites of resin synthesis, and mode of its elimination from the protoplast. Ann Bot (Oxford) n.s 40:857–863
Farjon A (1984) Pines: drawings and descriptions of the genus Pinus. EJ Brill and W Backhuys, Leiden
Farjon A (1996) Biodiversity of Pinus (Pinaceae) in Maxico: speciation and palaeo-endemism. Bot J Linn Soc 12:265–384
Farjon A, Styles BT (1997) Pinus. Flora Neotropica Monograph 70. New York Botanical Garden, NY
Garcia Alvarez S, Morla Juaristi C, Solana Gutierrez J, Garcia-Amorena I (2009) Taxonomic differences between Pinus sylvestris and P. uncinata revealed in the stomata and cuticle characters for use in the study of fossil material. Rev Palaeobot Palynol 155:61–68
Gernandt DS, Lopez GG, Garcia SO, Liston A (2005) Phylogeny and classification of Pinus. Taxon 54:29–42
Ghimire B, Lee C, Heo K (2014) Leaf anatomy and its implication for phylogenetic relationship in Taxaceae s. l. J Plant Res 127:373–388. doi:10.1007/s10265-014-0625-3
Hengxiao G, McMillin JD, Wagner MR, Zhou J, Zhou Z, Xu X (1999) Altitudinal variation in foliar chemistry and anatomy of Yunnan Pine, Pinus yunnanensis, and pine sawfly (Hym. Diprionidae) performance. J Appl Entomol 123:465–471
Hetherington AM, Woodward FI (2003) The role of stomata in sensing and driving environmental change. Nature 424:901–908
Jokela A, Sarjala T, Huttunen S (1998) The structure and hardening status of Scots pine needle at different potassium availability levels. Trees Struct Funct 12:490–498
Kaundun SS, Lebreton P (2010) Taxonomy and systematics of the genus Pinus based on morphological, biogeographical and biochemical characters. Plant Syst Evol 284:1–15
Krupkin AB, Liston A, Strauss SH (1996) Phylogenetic analysis of the hard pines (Pinus subgenus Pinus, Pinaceae) from chloroplast DNA restriction site analysis. Am J Bot 83:489–498
Little EL Jr, Critchfield WB (1969) Subdivision of the genus Pinus (Pines). USDA Forest Service Miscellaneous Publication 1144, Washington, DC
Marco HF (1939) The anatomy of spruce needles. J Agric Res 58:357–368
Mirov NT (1967) The genus Pinus. Ronald Press, New York
Passini MF (1982) The Maxican stone pines (Pinyons) of the Cembroides group. Forest Genetic Resources information No. 11 http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/p8760e/p8760e09.htm
Peirce AS (1937) Systematic anatomy of the woods of the Cupressaceae. Trop Woods 49:5–21
Phillips E (1948) Identification of softwoods by their microscopic structure. – London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office. (Forest Products Research Bulletin 22)
Price RA, Liston A, Strauss SH (1998) Phylogeny and systematics of Pinus. In: Richardson DM (ed) Ecology and biogeography of Pinus. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 49–68
Rao AR, Malaviya M (1965) On the distribution, structure, and ontogeny of sclereids in Taxus baccata Linn. Proc Natl Inst Sci India 31:114–122
Schoettle AW, Rochelle SG (2000) Morphological variation of Pinus flexilis (Pinaceae), a bird-dispersed pine, across a range of elevations. Am J Bot 87:1797–1806
Sheue CR, Yank YP, Kuo-Huang LL (2003) Altitudinal variation of resin ducts in Pinus taiwanensis Hayata (Pinaceae) needles. Bot Bull Acad Sin 44:305–313
Skuterud L, Goltsova NI, Naeumann R, Silleland T, Lindmo T (1994) Histological changes in Pinus sylvestris L. in the proximal-zone around the Chernobyl power plant. Sci Total Environ 157:387–397
Sutherland M (1934) A microscopical study of the structure of the leaves of the genus Pinus. Trans Proc R Soc NZ 63:517–568
Taylor TN, Taylor EL, Krings M (2009) Paleobotany, the biology and evolution of fossil plants. Academic Press, Burlington and London
Tiwari SP, Kumar P, Yadav D, Chauhan DK (2013) Comparative morphological, epidermal, and anatomical studies of Pinus roxburghii needles at different altitudes in the North-West Indian Himalayas. Turk J Bot 37:65–73
Wang XR, Szmidt AE (1993) Chloroplast DNA-based phylogeny of Asian Pinus species (Pinaceae). Plant Syst Evol 188:197–211
Wang XR, Tsumura Y, Yoshimura H, Nagasaka K, Szmidt AE (1999) Phylogenetic relationships of Eurasian pines (Pinus, Pinaceae) based on chloroplast rbcl, matK, rpl20-rps18 spacer, and trnV intron sequences. Am J Bot 86:1742–1753
White JB, Beals HO (1963) Variation in number of resin canals per needle in pond pine. Bot Gaz 124:251–253
Wu H, Hu ZH (1997) Comparative anatomy of the resin ducts of the Pinaceae. Trees 11:135–143
Acknowledgments
The authors thank two anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments on an early version of manuscript. This study was supported by a grant from the Korea National Arboretum, funded by the Korea Forest Service of the Republic of Korea.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ghimire, B., Lee, C., Yang, J. et al. Comparative leaf anatomy of native and cultivated Pinus (Pinaceae) in Korea: implication for the subgeneric classification. Plant Syst Evol 301, 531–540 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-014-1090-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-014-1090-0