Copyright © Wydawnictwo Akademii Rolniczej we Wroclawiu, ISSN 1505-0297
Zarek M. 2007. VARIABILITY OF MORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF NEEDLES,
SHOOTS AND SEEDS OF TAXUS BACCATA L. IN NATURE RESERVATIONS OF
SOUTHERN POLAND, EJPAU 10(3), #05.
Available Online: http://www.ejpau.media.pl/volume10/issue3/art-05.html
Title
Variability of morphological features of needles, shoots and seeds of Taxus baccata L. in
nature reservations of southern Poland.
(Zró nicowanie cech morfologicznych igieł, p dów i nasion cisa pospolitego (Taxus baccata
L.) w rezerwatach Polski Południowej.)
Author
Marcin Zarek
Affiliation
Department of Forest Pathology, Faculty of Forestry, Agricultural University
Al. 29 Listopada 46, 31-425 Cracow, Poland
e-mail: rlzarek@cyf-kr.edu.pl
Abstract
The aim of this research was to enlarge knowledge about variation between populations of
the English yew from southern Poland. This aim was realized by investigating morphological
features of needles, shoots and seeds of yews from southern Poland. Researches show that
there are significant differences in morphological features between populations from southern
Poland. The lowest diversity between individuals was found in the nature reserve “Liswarta”,
while the highest one was found in “Mogilno” and “Cisowa Góra” for the features of needles
and seeds respectively. Average length of needles of Taxus baccata individuals growing in
southern Poland is 23.5 mm (range from 15.4 to 36.6 mm), width – 2.4 mm (range from 1.8 to
3.1 mm), area – 57 mm2 (range from 32.4 to 94.5 mm2), relation between needle length and
width (slim coefficient) – 9.8 (range from 6.8 to 14.3), dry matter of 1000 needles – 5.11 g
(range from 1.7 to 17.5 g). Needles dimensions depend on individual genotype and grow
simultaneously with age. The results obtained for needles age groups are highly correlated.
Needles dry matter is high correlated with precipitation on corresponding nature reserve area
and show the highest variability. Average yearly increment of shoots is 5 cm (range from 1 to
16 cm) and depends on genetic and environmental factors together. Average length of seeds
is 5.6 mm, width – 4.4 mm and thickness – 4.0 mm. Average wet and dry matter of 1000
seeds is 54 and 47 g respectively and is high correlated with seeds dimensions.
Key Words
morphological features, needles, seeds, shoots, Taxus baccata L., variability, yew.
Introduction
There is a little problem with Taxaceae Lindl. family from botanical point of view.
Sometimes it is located in a separate order Taxales and another time it is connected together
with Podocarpaceae and Cephalotaxaceae [16]. Division inside the family also isn’t
unequivocal. In Taxaceae family from three [3] to five genus [22] can be distinguished:
Amentotaxus, Torreya, Austrotaxus, Pseudotaxus and Taxus but only the last one is present in
Europe and Poland. Nowadays opinions predominate that there are 8 Taxus species [3]:
• Taxus baccata L. (Europe & Asia),
• Taxus cuspidata SIEB. et ZUCC (Asia - Japan),
• Taxus celebica SIEB. et ZUCC (Asia),
• Taxus wallichiana ZUCC (Asia - Himalayas),
• Taxus brevifolia NUTT (North America – Pacific northwest coast),
Taxus canadensis MARSH (North America – Canada),
Taxus floridana NUTT (North America – Florida),
Taxus globosa SCHLECHDT (North America – Mexico).
Other authors [6, 15] reported that there was only one species Taxus baccata which
had local subspecies distinguished on the basis of origin and morphological features.
Krussmann [11] tried to characterize all 8 species on the basis of morphological features and
their origin but his results are controversial because they depend on age and development
stage of trees. Most of species are characterized by high morphological variation what makes
that individuals with similar phenotype can be found in different species. That makes the
origin be the only one distinguishing factor. Different authors try to use other features such as
specific chemical compounds concentration [5, 16] or genome DNA analysis [4]. There are
also two hybrids: Taxus x media Rehder., which is a hybrid of Taxus baccata and Taxus
cuspidata, and Taxus x hunnawelliana Rehder. (hybrid of Taxus cuspidata and Taxus
canadensis).
The high variation inside species makes possible to distinguish varieties. In Poland
Stecki and Bella [19] distinguish four natural varieties depending on morphological features
of needles: Taxus baccata var. cuspidata, Taxus baccata var. polonica, Taxus baccata var.
typica and Taxus baccata var. linearis.
There are also many varieties of Taxus sp. in floriculture what considerably makes
difficult botanical classification. Variation of Taxus baccata is high, so in horticulture forms
and varieties are often used instead of species. Only for Taxus baccata over 100 varieties was
described [1].
There are two contradictory theses about variability of yew in the world literature.
According to Stebbins [18] yew is an old phylogenetic species, so it is little variable. Another
thesis is presented by Stecki and Bella [19] and Bugała [3] who maintain that in spite of yew
which is an old phylogenetic species it evolves creating new forms and varieties.
The main aim of our research was to verify so far found data and explain doubts. Many
biometrical studies were performed to determine morphological variability of Taxus baccata
individuals from southern Poland.
•
•
•
Materials and methods
Plant material
Plant material was represented by needles, shoots and seeds of Taxus baccata and was
collected in nine nature reservations:
- „Cisy koło Sierakowa”,
- „Cisy na Górze Jawor”,
- „Cisy w Nowej Wsi”,
- „Cisy w Hucie Starej”,
- „Malinówka”,
- „Cisowa Góra”,
- „Zadni Gaj”,
- „Cisy w Mogilnie”,
- „Cisy nad Liswart ”.
Plant material was collected in late October. Shoots (4 samples from each tree) were
collected from 20-30 trees in every reservation. Shoots were sprinkled and placed separately
in polyethylene bags for a transport time. In the laboratory measurement of shoots annual
growth and parameters of three age groups of needles was performed (for every age group
separately). Every age group of needles from every tree was represented by 80 – 120 needles.
Besides, in each reservation, seeds from 20 female individuals were colleted. It was measured
one hundred seeds from each reservation.
Measurements
Length (L) width (W), area and dry matter were measured for needles and “slim
coefficient” (relation between needle length and width) was calculated. Length (L), width
(W), thickness (T), wet and dry matter were measured for seeds and shape coefficients were
determinated: L/W (length to width ratio), L/T (length to thickness ratio) and W/T (width to
thickness ratio). Measurements of shoots annual growth and seeds dimensions were
performed directly. Needles were scanned and the program for image analysis was used
(Image Analysis System LUCIA®). To determinate dry matter all needles and seeds were
dried for 24 hours in 105oC and were weighed on the analytical balance. Hydration level was
computed as a difference between wet and dry matter.
Statistical analysis
For every obtained data average value, range, standard deviation and coefficient of
variation were calculated. To determinate if average values differ significantly from each
other analysis of variance and post hoc analysis were performed by Duncan test at
significance level α=0.05. Statistical analysis of obtained results was performed by using
computer program (Statistica 5.1 Pl.)
Results and discussion
By different authors length of Taxus baccata needles ranges from 10 to 44 mm [3, 7,
8, 9, 12, 17, 19, 21, 22]. Horticultural varieties have usually needles shorter than nominative
species [5]. In our research individuals had average length 23.5 mm and range from 15.4 to
36.6 mm (Table 1) what confirms prior studies. Also the average width of measured needles
(average 2.4 mm and range from 1.85 to 3.1 mm - Table 2) is according to literature data [3,
5, 7, 8, 9, 12, 17, 19, 21].
The area of needles is strongly correlated with their length (correlation coefficient 0.91
– Table 12) and less with width (correlation coefficient 0.86 – Table 12). Unfortunately so far
this feature hasn’t been investigated by most authors, what makes comparison very difficult.
The obtained results (Table 3) shows average needles area of about 57 mm2 and this value is
higher than observed by Dempsey and Hook [5] on individuals growing in Great Britain (26.5
- 42.2 mm2). In our research this value ranges from 32.4 to 94.5 mm2. That difference is
mainly caused by larger width of measured needles but also by their length. It was observed
very interesting effect of declined needles area and width together with elongation of
vegetation period. The correlation coefficient computed for these features was –0.71 and –
0.82 (Table 12) respectively and was statistically significant. That tendency is also confirmed
by results obtained in England [5] where vegetation period is longer than in Poland and both
needles width and area are smaller than for individuals growing in Poland.
In Poland Stecki and Bella [19] distinguished four botanical varieties depending on
slim coefficient (S – length to width ratio): var. cuspidata (S=7-8), var. typica (S=9.7-11.5),
var. polonica (S=13.4-13.6) and var. linearis (S=14.3-16.7). But researches made by Ku wik
[12] show that in populations growing in Poland average slim coefficient ranges from 6.56 to
11.83 and most often between 9 and 10 what makes possible to classify them as Taxus
baccata var. typica. He observed also high individuals variation inside population ranged
from 3.86 to 20.0 with average value 9.91. In case of yews from southern Poland (Table 4)
where we investigated needles slim coefficient changes in lower range (from 6.8 to 14.3), and
average value (9.8) is in accordance with Ku wik’s [12] results. There are individuals from all
varieties distinguished by Stecki and Bella [19] in every reservation investigated by us (Table
5). Varieties linearis which is observed only in 1.1% of individuals growing in reservation
„Cisowa Góra” is the one exception. Data indicates that slim coefficient is an individual
feature not connected with concrete population and can’t be acknowledged as a real varieties
indicator.
Together with the age of needles all of their features (length, width, area, and dry
matter) grow (Table 1, 2, 3 and 6). That shows that the needles grow not only in first but also
in second and third year.
Dry matter of needles isn’t correlated with other features (area, length, width) what
can indicate that the needle thickness has the main influence on this feature. There is a high
correlation (r=0.76 – Table 12) between needle dry matter and precipitation what confirms a
positive effect of moisture on yew growing [10].
Annual growth of shoots depends on many genetic and environmental factors. Bugała
[3] reports that yew is a slow growing tree, especially older individuals, but young trees can
attain high annual growth (30 – 40cm for leader shoot). Our researches (Table 7) show high
variation of this feature but on a low level (from 1 to 16 cm for a year). An average value of 5
cm what we obtained confirms thesis [3] about slow growing of a yew.
Length of yew seeds ranges from 4 to 8 mm [3, 7, 12, 17, 20], width from 2 to 5 mm
[3, 7, 12] and their thickness ranges from 4.0 to 4.5 mm [12]. That is confirmed by our
researches. We obtained average seeds length 5.6 mm, width – 4.4 mm and thickness about
4.0 mm (Table 8)
Also seeds shape coefficients computed by us correspond to those presented by
Ku wik [12].
An average wet matter of 1000 seeds (54 g – Table 10) and dry matter (47 g – Table
10) correspond to data for Poland region [13, 20] and are strongly correlated with seeds
dimensions (Table 12). But they are smaller than seeds from individuals growing in Holland
(wet matter of 1000 seeds about 77g) [20].
There are two contradictory theses about variability of yew in the world literature.
According to Stebbins [18] yew is an old phylogenetic species, so it is little variable. Another
thesis is presented by Stecki and Bella [19] and Bugała [3] who maintain that in spite of yew
that is an old phylogenetic species, it evolves creating new forms and varieties. By Ku wik
[12] a range of extreme values of seeds and needles features is very big, but average values
are little diversified. Standard deviation doesn’t exceed 23% for needles features and 15% for
seeds. In our research (Table 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6) the highest diversification characterizes dry
matter of 1000 needles for which average standard deviation is about 36% and for special
cases („Cisy na Górze Jawor”) achieves 47%. According to Ku wik [12] and also our research
(Table 8, 9 and 10) seeds are less variable than needles. As well in this case the highest
standard deviation was for matter of 1000 seeds. Different authors [2, 14, 18] pay attention to
less variation of generative than vegetative organs what is caused by lesser environmental
effect.
As distinct from Ku wik’s [12] results, who pay attention to higher intrapopulation
variability, our statistical analysis shows significant differences between populations (Table
11). The highest differences are observed by needles features. All populations differ
significantly from each other in respect of needles length and width. In respect of needles area
only two reservations: „Sieraków” and „Góra Jawor” do not differ significantly. Lesser
diversification between populations in respect of shoots and seeds features were observed.
Conclusions
There is together diversification between populations and individuals variability what
confirms thesis that though yew is an old phylogenetic species it is characterized by high
variation.
Acknowledgements
This research has been supported by the Polish Committee for Scientific Research
(KBN) under Contract No. 0442/P06/2002/23. The author acknowledges for the financial
support for this study.
Table 1
Length of Taxus baccata needles
Mean values of needles length
(min-max)
[mm]
Reservation
I-year old
Sieraków
Góra Jawor
Nowa Wie
Huta Stara
Malinówka
Cisowa Góra
Zadni Gaj
Mogilno
Liswarta
Mean
II- years old III- years old
d
[mm]
V
[%]
4.07
18.03
4.17
18.30
4.42
18.49
3.79
17.21
4.26
17.47
4.54
18.06
4.01
18.60
5.21
21.01
3.90
16.12
4.42
18.81
Mean
22.37 e
22.89 d
22.47 g
22.57 g
(18.7-29.9)
(18.7-27.8)
(17.5-26.7)
(17.5-28.9)
21.61 f
24.21 c
24.11 e
22.78 f
(15.4-28.2)
(19.4-30.2)
(16.9-29.6)
(15.4-30.2)
22.95 d
24.11 c
24.72 c
23.90 e
(15.8-27.5)
(16.9-29.6)
(18.2-30.1)
(15.8-30.1)
21.04 g
22.15 e
22.95 g
22.02 h
(17.06-26.09)
(17.89-26.47)
(18.02-29.31)
(17.06-29.31)
24.19 b
24.92 b
24.02 f
24.38 c
(18.4-31.2)
(19.9-31.8)
(17.6-31.3)
(17.6-31.8)
24.99 a
25.17 a
25.26 b
25.13 a
(21.1-36.6)
(21.5-33.4)
(20.5-32.1)
(20.5-36.6)
20.65 h
22.03 e
22.14 h
21.56 i
(15.7-27.8)
(17.1-26.4)
(18.3-27.7)
(15.7-27.8)
23.73 c
24.90 b
25.82 a
24.80 b
(15.7-32.4)
(17.4-31.6)
(21.1-32.7)
(15.7-32.7)
24.10 b
24.10 c
24.39 d
24.19 d
(19.3-32.4)
(18.4-30.6)
(19.3-32.1)
(18.4-32.4)
22.84
23.88
23.81
23.49
(15.4-36.6)
(16.9-33.4)
(16.9-32.7)
(15.4-36.6)
d – standard deviation, V – coefficient of variability
Means in columns followed by the same letters did not differ significantly at a=0.05
Table 2
Width of Taxus baccata needles
Mean values of needles width
(min-max)
[mm]
Reservation
I-year old
Sieraków
Góra Jawor
Nowa Wie
Huta Stara
Malinówka
Cisowa Góra
Zadni Gaj
Mogilno
Liswarta
Mean
II- years old III- years old
d
[mm]
V
[%]
0.27
11.47
0.29
12.55
0.31
12.36
0.26
11.31
0.31
11.80
0.32
13.17
0.29
12.04
0.29
11.51
0.25
10.69
0.31
12.84
Mean
2.29 f
2.36 f
2.41 g
2.35 f
(2.1-2.6)
(2.0-2.7)
(1.9-2.8)
(1.9-2.8)
2.20 i
2.37 f
2.37 h
2.31 h
(1.8-2.6)
(2.0-2.9)
(2.0-2.7)
(1.8-2.9)
2.42 c
2.51 c
2.60 b
2.51 c
(2.1-3.0)
(2.1-3.1)
(2.2-3.0)
(2.1-3.1)
2.22 h
2.31 g
2.38 h
2.30 i
(2.0-2.5)
(2.0-2.6)
(2.1-2.7)
(2.0-2.6)
2.57 a
2.65 a
2.68 a
2.63 a
(2.2-3.0)
(2.4-3.0)
(2.3-3.0)
(2.2-3.0)
2.38 d
2.43 d
2.49 d
2.43 d
(1.9-2.9)
(2.0-3.1)
(2.1-3.1)
(1.9-3.1)
2.36 e
2.41 e
2.47 e
2.41 e
(2.1-2.7)
(2.0-2.7)
(1.9-2.7)
(2.0-2.7)
2.44 b
2.53 b
2.59 c
2.52 b
(2.1-2.7)
(2.2-2.9)
(2.3-2.9)
(2.1-2.9)
2.26 g
2.32 g
2.44 f
2.34 g
(2.0-2.6)
(2.1-2.6)
(2.2-2.8)
(2.0-2.8)
2.35
2.44
2.49
2.42
(1.8-3.0)
(2.0-3.1)
(1.9-3.1)
(1.8-3.1)
d – standard deviation, V – coefficient of variability
Means in columns followed by the same letters did not differ significantly at a=0.05
Table 3
Area of Taxus baccata needles
Mean values of needles area
(min-max)
[mm2]
Reservation
I-year old II- years old III- years old
Sieraków
Góra Jawor
Nowa Wie
Huta Stara
Malinówka
Cisowa Góra
Zadni Gaj
Mogilno
Liswarta
Mean
d
[mm2]
V
[%]
11.74
22.07
12.45
23.58
15.32
25.38
11.49
22.61
14.76
22.95
15.83
25.75
12.20
23.43
16.79
26.67
12.50
21.99
14.66
9
25.63
Mean
51.39 f
54.26 g
54.29 ef
53.19 f
(40.3-67.0)
(37.4-66.7)
(33.6-66.6)
(33.6-67.0)
47.65 h
57.55 e
53.67 f
52.80 f
(32.4-71.1)
(45.9-75.7)
(41.5-67.9)
(32.4-75.7)
55.93 d
60.75 d
64.76 b
60.35 d
(34.3-79.0)
(39.3-81.4)
(47.9-82.6)
(34.3-82.6)
46.76 i
51.29 i
54.72 e
50.81h
(38.1-60.8)
(38.6-64.2)
(43.6-68.5)
(38.1-68.5)
62.45 a
66.11 a
64.41 b
64.31 a
(43.9-94.5)
(50.0-89.9)
(43.8-87.9)
(43.8-94.5)
59.95 b
61.65 c
63.10 c
61.47 c
(44.9-94.3)
(45.8-92.4)
(48.2-87.0)
(44.9-94.3)
48.88 g
53.22 h
54.71 e
52.07 g
(34.8-68.1)
(37.6-66.2)
(39.5-72.5)
(34.8-72.5)
58.44 c
63.49 b
67.15 a
62.95 b
(35.6-86.6)
(40.2-84.2)
(52.3-85.3)
(35.6-86.6)
54.76 e
56.05 f
59.92 d
56.83 e
(41.6-79.4)
(42.0-75.6)
(46.2-85.8)
(41.6-85.8)
53.98
58.47
59.59
57.24
(32.4-94.5)
(37.4-92.4)
(33.6-87.9)
(32.4-94.5)
d – standard deviation, V – coefficient of variability
Means in columns followed by the same letters did not differ significantly at a=0.05
Table 4
Slim coefficient (length to width ratio) of Taxus baccata needles
Reservation
Mean values of needles slim coefficient
(min-max)
I-year old II- years old III- years old
Sieraków
Góra Jawor
Nowa Wie
Huta Stara
Malinówka
Cisowa Góra
Zadni Gaj
Mogilno
Liswarta
Mean
d
V
[%]
2.00
20.62
2.06
20.62
1.79
18.63
1.77
18.32
1.80
19.21
1.94
18.56
1.94
21.41
2.03
20.52
1.73
16.62
1.94
19.80
Mean
9.86 cd
9.77 d
9.43 e
9.70 d
(7.9-13.5)
(7.9-12.9)
(7.7-11.9)
(7.7-13.5)
9.95 c
10.34 b
9.68 c
9.99 b
(7.1-13.2)
(7.5-13.4)
(6.8-12.6)
(6.8-13.4)
9.56 e
9.70 d
9.56 d
9.61 e
(7.3-11.8)
(7.3-12.0)
(7.0-11.8)
(7.0-12.0)
9.58 e
9.69 d
9.74 c
9.66 de
(7.0-12.0)
(6.9-11.7)
(6.9-12.6)
(6.9-12.6)
9.52 e
9.51 e
9.07 f
9.37 f
(7.4-12.1)
(7.5-12.3)
(7.2-11.8)
(7.2-12.3)
10.61 b
10.45 a
10.27 a
10.45 a
(8.3-14.3)
(8.1-13.4)
(8.0-13.4)
(8.0-14.3)
8.84 f
9.26 f
9.11 f
9.06 g
(7.0-11.5)
(7.1-12.8)
(7.1-11.8)
(7.0-12.8)
9.76 d
9.88 c
10.04 b
9.89 c
(7.0-12.3)
(7.6-12.2)
(8.5-12.6)
(7.0-12.6)
10.72 a
10.47 a
10.02 b
10.41 a
(8.7-13.3)
(8.1-13.0)
(8.0-12.2)
(8.0-13.3)
9.83
9.90
9.66
9.80
(7.0-14.3)
(6.9-13.4)
(6.8-13.4)
(6.8-14.3)
d – standard deviation, V – coefficient of variability
Means in columns followed by the same letters did not differ significantly at a=0.05
Table 5
Percentage of trees in classes by mean value of needles slim coefficient
Classes
I
II
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
Range of slim coefficient mean value
(6-7]
(7-8]
(8-9]
(9-10]
(10-11]
(11-12]
(12-13]
(13-14]
(14-15]
Reservation
Sieraków
Jawor
Nowa Wie
Huta Stara
Malinówka
Cisowa Góra
Zadni Gaj
Mogilno
Liswarta
III
1.1
1.0
3.1
-
8.3
6.7
9.1
1.0
14.1
26.7
6.7
-
33.3
22.5
18.2
14.6
24.2
19.6
15.0
25.0
7.5
16.6
24.8
30.3
52.2
30.4
23.9
26.6
25.0
30.3
21.7
20.2
30.3
21.9
20.2
21.7
25.0
11.6
33.4
16.7
13.5
10.1
5.2
9.1
21.7
5.0
20.0
16.7
1.7
9.0
1.0
2.0
2.0
8.7
1.7
11.7
10.6
1.7
2.2
3.3
1.5
1.1
-
Table 6
Dry matter of 1000 Taxus baccata needles
Mean values
(min-max)
[g/1000 needles]
Reservation
I-year old II- years old III- years old
4.89 abc
4.74 b
5.43 b
5.01 bc
(1.8-14.7)
(2.2-7.5)
(2.9-8.2)
(1.8-14.7)
Góra Jawor
4.43 bcd
4.66 b
5.49 b
4.86 c
(2.1-8.1)
(2.1-9.0)
(1.9-15.0)
(1.9-15.0)
Huta Stara
Malinówka
Cisowa Góra
5.28 a
5.50 ab
6.11 b
5.62 ba
(2.6-9.2)
(3.6-11.2)
(2.8-13.1)
(2.6-13.1)
3.84 d
4.97 b
5.10 b
4.64 c
(2.2-4.3)
(2.9-6.6)
(2.4-8.2)
(2.2-8.2)
3.87 d
4.83 b
6.00 b
4.85 c
(2.6-6.7)
(3.0-7.0)
(3.0-12.3)
(2.6-12.3)
3.85 d
5.09 ab
5.86 b
4.91 c
(1.9-7.2)
(3.1-9.4)
(1.8-10.5)
(1.8-10.5)
Zadni Gaj
5.11 ab
5.89 a
7.60 a
6.20 a
(2.9-9.8)
(3.5-8.1)
(2.4-14.8)
(2.4-14.8)
Mogilno
4.73 abc
5.30 ab
5.54 b
5.18 bc
(2.3-6.7)
(2.8-7.8)
(1.7-9.0)
(1.7-9.0)
Liswarta
4.27 cd
5.05 ab
6.28 b
5.15 bc
(2.2-8.6)
(3.4-8.8)
(1.9-17.5)
(1.9-17.5)
Mean
V
[%]
1.57
31.34
2.30
47.32
1.61
28.65
1.67
35.99
1.71
35.26
1.53
31.16
2.36
38.06
1.33
25.68
1.95
37.86
1.84
36.01
Mean
Sieraków
Nowa Wie
d
[g]
4.42
5.09
5.88
5.11
(1.8-14.7)
(2.1-11.2)
(1.7-17.5)
(1.7-17.5)
d – standard deviation, V – coefficient of variability
Means in columns followed by the same letters did not differ significantly at a=0.05
Table 7
Annual growth of Taxus baccata shoots
Mean values of shoots annual growth
(min-max)
[mm]
Reservation
II- years
III- years
IV-years
I-year old
old
old
old
56.41 a
45.08 c
50.89 c
44.76 b
Sieraków
(21.5-117.5)
Góra Jawor
Nowa Wie
Huta Stara
Malinówka
Cisowa Góra
Zadni Gaj
Mogilno
Liswarta
Mean
(15.0-127.0)
(18.0-111.0)
(20.0-111.0)
d
[mm]
V
[%]
Mean
49.54 d
(15.0-127.0)
47.73 b
46.40 c
44.71d
44.83 b
45.98 e
(18.0-115.0)
(20.0-115.0)
(11.0-113.0)
(23.0-85.0)
(11.0-115.0)
43.56 b
46.51 c
50.26 c
44.53 b
46.34 e
(20.0-105.0)
(18.0-90.0)
(24.0-88.0)
(24.0-88.0)
(18.0-105.0)
46.41 b
44.32 c
48.32 cd
43.67 b
45.78 e
(18.0-133.0)
(16.0-100.0)
(19.0-105.0)
(20.0-74.0)
(16.0-133.0)
47.22 b
49.50 bc
52.76 c
47.04 b
49.26 d
(19.0-148.0)
(20.0-102.0)
(22.0-109.0)
(25.0-94.0)
(19.0-148.0)
56.41 a
51.95 b
61.23 ab
57.36 a
56.66 b
(17.5-111.5)
(20.0-121.0)
(21.0-116.0)
(21.0-100.0)
(17.5-121.0)
59.17 a
58.57 a
65.86 a
55.00 a
59.65 a
(26.0-123.5)
(23.0-159.0)
(30.0-155.0)
(17.0-108.0)
(17.0-159.0)
53.65 a
57.34 a
64.27 a
57.82 a
58.18 ab
(14.0-114.0)
(18.0-118.0)
(17.0-133.0)
(15.0-130.0)
(14.0-133.0)
56.35 a
53.41 ab
57.87 b
45.71 b
54.00 c
(24.0-103.0)
(21.0-108.0)
(27.0-108.0)
(22.0-74.0)
(21.0-108.0)
51.07
49.75
54.20
48.44
51.00
(17.5-148.0)
(15.0-159.0)
(11.0-155.0)
(15.0-130.0)
(11.0-159.0)
19.34 39.04
16.33 35.52
14.98 32.33
15.39 33.69
16.04 32.56
18.46 32.58
21.85 36.63
25.31 43.50
15.92 29.48
18.62 36.51
d – standard deviation, V – coefficient of variability
Means in columns followed by the same letters did not differ significantly at a=0.05
Table 8
Length, width and thickness of Taxus baccata seeds
Length (L)
Mean
Reservation (min-max)
d
[mm]
Sieraków
Góra Jawor
Nowa Wie
Huta Stara
6.07 a
(5.2-7.0)
5.62 cd
(4.3-6.2)
5.41 ef
(4.7-6.5)
5.19 g
(4.7-6.1)
Malinówka
5.51 de
Cisowa
Góra
5.72 bc
Zadni Gaj
Mogilno
Liswarta
Mean
(4.6-6.3)
(4.4-7.6)
5.76 b
(5.0-6.7)
5.30 fg
(4.3-6.4)
5.73 bc
(5.0-6.6)
5.58
(4.3-7.6)
Width (W)
V
[%]
0.40
6.59
0.33
5.87
0.38
7.02
0.35
6.74
0.36
6.53
0.64 11.19
0.40
6.94
0.40
7.55
0.23
4.01
0.48
8.60
Mean
(min-max)
d
[mm]
4.83 a
(4.0-5.6)
4.55 b
(3.8-5.0)
4.52 b
(4.1-5.0)
4.22 e
(3.8-4.9)
4.60 b
(4.0-5.1)
4.43 c
(3.6-5.3)
4.34 d
(3.5-5.0)
4.09 f
(3.3-5.4)
4.17 ef
(3.8-4.8)
4.42
(3.3-5.6)
Thickness (T)
V
[%]
0.28
5.80
0.28
6.15
0.21
4.65
0.19
4.50
0.20
4.35
0.42
9.48
0.34
7.83
0.36
8.80
0.17
4.08
0.36
8.14
Mean
(min-max)
d
[mm]
4.40 a
(3.6-5.3)
4.16 b
(3.5-4.9)
4.09 bc
(3.6-4.6)
3.83 d
(3.5-4.4)
4.01 c
(3.6-4.8)
4.01 c
(3.1-5.0)
3.89 d
(3.0-4.3)
3.64 e
(3.0-4.6)
3.87 d
(3.5-4.5)
3.99
(3.0-5.3)
V
[%]
0.33
7.50
0.26
6.25
0.25
6.11
0.17
4.44
0.23
5.74
0.44 10.97
0.27
6.94
0.30
8.24
0.16
4.13
0.35
8.77
d – standard deviation, V – coefficient of variability
Means in columns followed by the same letters did not differ significantly at a=0.05
Table 9
Shape coefficients of Taxus baccata seeds
L/W
Reservation
Sieraków
Góra Jawor
Nowa Wie
Huta Stara
Malinówka
Cisowa
Góra
Zadni Gaj
Mogilno
Liswarta
Mean
Mean
(min-max)
1.26 d
(1.1-1.5)
1.24 d
(1.0-1.4)
1.20 e
(1.0-1.5)
1.23 d
(1.0-1.5)
1.20 e
(1.1-1.3)
1.30 c
(1.1-1.8)
1.33 b
(1.1-1.6)
1.30 c
(1.1-1.5)
1.38 a
(1.1-1.6)
1.27
(1.0-1.8)
L/T
d
V
[%]
0.07 5.56
0.08 6.45
0.10 8.34
0.10 8.13
0.06 5.00
0.17 13.08
0.10 7.52
0.08 6.15
0.06 4.35
0.11 8.66
Mean
(min-max)
1.38 c
(1.2-1.6)
1.36 c
(1.1-1.5)
1.32 d
(1.1-1.6)
1.36 c
(1.2-1.6)
1.37 c
(1.2-1.5)
1.44 b
(1.2-1.9)
1.48 a
(1.3-1.7)
1.46 ab
(1.3-1.7)
1.48 a
(1.3-1.6)
1.40
(1.1-1.9)
W/T
d
V
[%]
0.09
6.52
0.09
6.62
0.10
7.58
0.10
7.35
0.07
5.11
0.18
12.5
0.10
6.76
0.09
6.16
0.06
4.05
0.11
7.86
Mean
(min-max)
1.10 d
(1.0-1.2)
1.10 d
(1.0-1.2)
1.11 cd
(1.0-1.3)
1.10 d
(1.0-1.2)
1.15 a
(1.0-1.2)
1.11 cd
(1.0-1.3)
1.12 bc
(1.0-1.2)
1.12 b
(1.0-1.3)
1.08 e
(1.0-1.4)
1.11
(1.0-1.4)
d
V
[%]
0.05
4.54
0.04
3.64
0.05
4.50
0.03
2.73
0.04
3.48
0.06
5.41
0.04
3.57
0.05
4.46
0.04
3.70
0.05
4.50
L/W – length to width ratio, L/T – length to thickness ratio, W/T – width to thickness ratio
d – standard deviation. V – coefficient of variability
Means in columns followed by the same letters did not differ significantly at a=0.05
Table 10
Wet matter, dry matter and humidity of 1000 Taxus baccata seeds
Wet matter
Reservation
Sieraków
Góra Jawor
Nowa Wie
Huta Stara
Malinówka
Cisowa Góra
Zadni Gaj
Mogilno
Liswarta
Mean
Mean
d
(min-max)
[g]
77.88 a
12.11
(50.1-103.4)
57.45 b
(30.3-80.4)
50.97 d
(27.7-68.5)
47.05 e
(33.8-64.0)
58.03 b
(37.7-88.4)
54.26 c
(27.9-85.9)
53.40 cd
(28.4-70.7)
43.54 f
(23.0-75.8)
46.11 ef
(35.6-57.1)
54.36
(23.0-103.4)
Dry matter
V
[%]
15.55
9.97
17.35
7.07
13.87
5.28
11.22
8.53
14.70
13.35
24.60
10.62
19.89
10.48
24.07
3.87
8.39
13.64
25.09
Mean
(min-max)
[g]
64.40 a
(41.4-85.5)
52.31 b
(27.6-73.2)
46.94 d
(25.5-63.1)
41.17 e
(29.6-56.0)
49.00 cd
(31.8-74.6)
50.26 bc
(25.8-79.6)
50.23 bc
(26.7-66.5)
36.49 f
(19.3-63.5)
38.51 f
(29.7-47.7)
47.54
(19.3-85.5)
d
Humidity
V
[%]
[%]
10.02
15.56
17.3
9.08
17.36
8.9
6.52
13.89
7.9
4.62
11.22
12.5
7.20
14.69
15.6
12.36
24.59
7.4
9.99
19.89
5.9
8.78
24.06
16.2
3.23
8.39
16.5
11.63
24.46
12.4
d – standard deviation, V – coefficient of variability
Means in columns followed by the same letters did not differ significantly at a=0.05
Table 11
Mean value statement of all investigated features of Taxus baccata needles, seeds and shoots
Rezerwat
Sieraków
Góra Jawor
Nowa Wie
Huta Stara
Malinówka
Cisowa Góra
Zadni Gaj
Mogilno
Liswarta
Mean
length
[mm]
1
22.57 g
22.78 f
23.90 e
22.02 h
24.38 c
25.13 a
21.56 i
24.80 b
24.19 d
23.49
features
needles
area
slim coefficient
[mm2]
3
4
53.19 f
9.70 d
52.80 f
9.99 b
60.35 d
9.61 e
50.81 h
9.66 de
64.31 a
9.37 f
61.47 c
10.45 a
52.07 g
9.06 g
62.95 b
9.89 c
56.83 e
10.41 a
57.24
9.80
width
[mm]
2
2.35 f
2.31 h
2.51 c
2.30 i
2.63 a
2.43 d
2.41 e
2.52 b
2.34 g
2.42
dry matter
[g/1000pcs.]
5
5.01 bc
4.86 c
5.62 ba
4.64 c
4.85 c
4.91 c
6.20 a
5.18 bc
5.15 bc
5.11
shoots
length
[mm]
6
49.54 d
45.98 e
46.34 e
45.78 e
49.26 d
56.66 b
59.65 a
58.18 ab
54.00 c
51.00
seeds features
length
width
thickness
L/W
L/T
W/T
wet matter
dry matter
[mm]
[mm]
[mm]
-
-
-
[g/1000
pcs.]
[g/1000
pcs.]
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
Rezerwat
Sieraków
6.07 a
4.83 a
4.40 a
1.26 d
1.38 c
1.10 d
77.88 a
64.40 a
Góra Jawor
5.62 cd
4.55 b
4.16 b
1.24 d
1.36 c
1.10 d
57.45 b
52.31 b
Nowa Wie
5.41 ef
4.52 b
4.09 bc
1.20 e
1.32 d
1.11 cd
50.97 d
46.94 d
Huta Stara
5.19 g
4.22 e
3.83 d
1.23 d
1.36 c
1.10 d
47.05 e
41.17 e
Malinówka
5.51 de
4.60 b
4.01 c
1.20 e
1.37 c
1.15 a
58.03 b
49.00 cd
Cisowa Góra
5.72 bc
4.43 c
4.01 c
1.30 c
1.44 b
1.11 cd
54.26 c
50.26 bc
Zadni Gaj
5.76 b
4.34 d
3.89 d
1.33 b
1.48 a
1.12 bc
53.40 cd
50.23 bc
Mogilno
5.30 fg
4.09 f
3.64 e
1.30 c
1.46 ab
1.12 b
43.54 f
36.49 f
Liswarta
5.73 bc
4.17 ef
3.87 d
1.38 a
1.48 a
1.08 e
46.11 ef
38.51 f
Mean
5.58
4.42
3.99
1.27
1.40
1.11
54.36
47.54
L/W – length to width ratio, L/T – length to thickness ratio, W/T – width to thickness ratio
Means in columns followed by the same letters did not differ significantly at a=0.05
Table 12
Coefficients of correlation between 14 features of Taxus baccata needles, shoots and seeds (1-14) and 9 reservation characters (15-23)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
1
1.00
0.57
0.91
0.59
-0.28
0.24
-0.15
-0.17
-0.23
0.08
0.15
0.20
-0.28
-0.35
0.04
0.11
0.08
0.62
0.81
0.33
-0.49
-0.09
-0.47
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
1.00
0.86
-0.32
0.17
0.19
-0.26
0.07
-0.20
-0.33
-0.07
0.85
-0.12
-0.14
0.35
-0.46
0.03
0.15
0.60
0.62
-0.41
0.24
-0.82
1.00
0.20
-0.09
0.24
-0.24
-0.07
-0.25
-0.13
0.05
0.56
-0.24
-0.29
0.21
-0.17
0.07
0.46
0.81
0.52
-0.52
0.07
-0.71
1.00
-0.50
0.07
0.10
-0.24
-0.04
0.40
0.23
-0.59
-0.19
-0.23
-0.28
0.56
0.06
0.54
0.33
-0.20
-0.16
-0.34
0.26
1.00
0.50
0.20
-0.11
-0.12
0.32
0.36
0.11
-0.11
0.02
-0.12
-0.55
0.13
-0.04
-0.29
-0.36
-0.11
0.76
-0.10
1.00
0.23
-0.45
-0.49
0.76
0.92
0.14
-0.25
-0.23
-0.57
-0.10
0.11
0.68
0.43
-0.23
0.04
0.46
0.20
1.00
0.58
0.67
0.37
0.27
-0.23
0.75
0.75
-0.45
0.23
-0.19
-0.06
-0.26
-0.17
0.37
-0.02
0.48
1.00
0.95
-0.53
-0.57
0.20
0.91
0.93
0.15
-0.01
-0.09
-0.59
-0.37
0.25
0.01
-0.11
-0.08
1.00
-0.38
-0.53
-0.13
0.90
0.92
0.04
0.15
-0.12
-0.56
-0.52
0.02
0.07
-0.18
0.11
1.00
0.93
-0.46
-0.27
-0.29
-0.63
0.25
-0.08
0.63
0.18
-0.45
0.35
0.10
0.57
1.00
-0.13
-0.31
-0.33
-0.59
0.08
-0.01
0.69
0.39
-0.25
0.29
0.22
0.42
1.00
0.05
0.07
0.32
-0.55
0.13
-0.12
0.44
0.71
-0.24
0.30
-0.62
1.00
0.96
-0.10
0.18
-0.19
-0.40
-0.36
0.06
0.29
-0.22
0.21
1.00
-0.12
0.05
-0.05
-0.51
-0.48
0.01
0.14
0.01
0.21
1.00
-0.61
0.42
-0.28
0.11
0.51
-0.37
0.03
-0.75
1.00
-0.68
0.18
-0.06
-0.29
0.49
-0.77
0.62
1.00
0.15
0.17
-0.00
-0.67
0.64
-0.33
1.00
0.72
-0.21
-0.12
-0.01
0.01
1.00
0.51
-0.21
-0.08
-0.39
20
21
22
23
1.00
-0.02 1.00
-0.19 -0.57 1.00
-0.50 0.68 -0.27 1.00
Needles features: 1 – length, 2 – width, 3 – area, 4 – slim coefficient, 5 – dry matter
Shoots features: 6 – length
Seeds features: 7 – length, 8 – width, 9 – thickness, 10 – L/W, 11 – L/T, 12 –W/T, 13 – wet matter, 14 – dry matter
Reservation characters: 15 – longitude, 16 – latitude, 17 – altitude (m) above sea level, 18 – area of reservation, 19 – population size, 20 –
concentration of individuals, 21 – mean year temperature, 22 – annual precipitation, 23 – length of vegetation period.
Significant coefficients of correlation are bolded (α= 0.05)
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