AKBAR ET AL (2011), FUUAST J. BIOL., 1(2): 149-160
QUANTITATIVE FORESTS DESCRIPTION FROM SKARDU, GILGIT AND
ASTORE DISTRICTS OF GILGIT-BALTISTAN, PAKISTAN
MUHAMMAD AKBAR1, MOINUDDIN AHMED1, ALAMDAR HUSSAIN1
MUHAMMAD USAMA ZAFAR1 AND MAYOOR KHAN2
Laboratory of Dendrochronology and Plant Ecology, Department of Botany,
Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science and Technology, Gulshan-e-Iqbal, Karachi, Pakistan
2
Wildlife Conservation Society, near Serena Hotel, Jutial, Gilgit, Baltistan, Pakistan
Abstract
A quantitative forest study of vegetation was conducted in 40 stands from three District of Gilgit-Baltistan.
On the basis of phytosociological analysis and maximum important value index, following 5 pure stands and 5
communities of mixed tree species were recognized and quantitatively analyzed.
Pinus wallichiana -Juniperus community, Pinus wallichiana-Betula community, Picea-Juniperus
community, Picea-Pinus wallichiana, Pinus wallichiana-Pinus gerardiana community, Picea smithiana pure
stands, Pinus wallichiana pure stands, Betula pure stands, Juniperus macropoda pure stand and Abies pindrow
pure stand . Eighty three plants species of various herbs, shurbs and tree seedlings were observed and identified
on the forest floor. Numbers of seedlings were also counted in each stand. These important forests are existing
under anthropogenic threat and environmental disturbances .Some of them may easily be managed as indicated
by the presence of large number of seedling, however stands with low paucity of seedlings shall need more
serious attention.
Introduction
The importance, locations and climate of District Skardu is briefly described by Akbar et al. (2010). Gilgit
is the capital city of Gilgit-Baltistan. The city extends from 35° 55' 0" North, 74° 17' 49" East. The elevation
ranges 1600 to 3000 m above sea level and area covered 3800 Km2. It is bounded by Afghanistan in the north,
China in the northeast and east Skardu, Astore and Diamer in the south and Ghizar District to the west. Gilgit
city is covered with snow mountains. The combination of three great mountains range is also situated in this
District. Maximum temperature ranges from -10 to above 40 °C. In summer temperature is hot and cold in
winter. The rainfall ranges from 120 to 240 mm. Population of Gilgit city is approximately 216,760 (1998
report). Administratively it is divided into four Tehsil and Shina is the main language of this District. Vegetation
of Gilgit is covered with shrub/ herbs, grasses and patches of many forests on mountainous areas. The most
forested areas are Jutial, Karghah, Naltar, Haramosh, Bagrot, Joglotgah, Danyore and Pahote.
Astore is one of the six districts of the Gilgit Baltistan. It is located at 35° 2'20.30"N, 75° 6'36.91"E covered
by 5,092 km² area with elevation from 2600 to 3500m. Astore existed to the west by Diamer, to the north by
Gilgit to the east by Skardu and to the south by Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa and Neelum District of Azad
Kashmir.The population was 71,666 (1998). Climate of Astore is moderate during summer. In winter it may
receive 6 inches to 3ft snow from main valleys to the mountains. The main language spoken in the valley is
mostly Shina then Urdu. Due to its unique climatic conditions the valley provides excellent fauna and flora,
especially economically important medicinal plants. Main forested areas of this District are Rama, Muhken,
Dashken, Guhdae , Chilem and Minimarag.
First quantitative and multivariate analysis of the vegetation around Skardu was presented by Ahmed
(1976), during a scientific expedition of Northern Areas of Pakistan. This was funded by Planning Commission
of Pakistan, Pakistan Science Foundation and National Development and Volunteer Program of Government of
Pakistan in (1973). Ahmed and Qadir (1976), Ahmed (1986, 1988) also presented phytosociological
investigation from Gilgit to Shandur and Gilgit to Astor respectively, during the same expedition. Ahmed
(1988), Ahmed et al. (1989, 1990, and 1991) carried out quantitative vegetational work at Quetta plantation,
regenerating juniper, Juniperus execlsa and Pinus gerardiana forests of Baluchistan. Hussain et al.(1991)
studied vegetation of Lesser Himalayan Pakistan. Ahmed and Naqvi (2005) and Ahmed et al (2006) presented
results from Picea smithiana forest and structure and description of various forests belonging to various climatic
zones of Pakistan.Siddiqui et al.(2009, 2010) described Pinus ruxburghii and moist temperate forest of
Pakistan.Wahab et al.(2008, 2010) and Khan et al (2010) analyzed pine forests and Monotheca buxifolia forests
of Dir District while Khan et al (2010) and Ahmed et al.(2009) presented structure and quantitative description
of Quercus baloot and Olia ferruginea forests of Chitral .Ahmed et al (2010) summarized the status of
vegetation analysis in Pakistan Hussain and Mustafa (1995) investigated the ecological study of plant and
animal relation from Nasirabad Hunza Pakistan. Rasool (1998) worked on the protection of medicinal plants of
Northern Areas of Pakistan. Shinwari and Gillani (2003) also reported the sustainable harvest of medicinal
AKBAR ET AL (2011), FUUAST J. BIOL., 1(2): 149-160
150
plants from Astor. Wali and Khatoon. (2007) listed the detail of economically important species of Bagrot
Gilgit. Ahmed et al. (2010) studied the floristic composition and communities of deodar forest from Himalayan
range of Pakistan. Akbar et al. (2010) also studied the phytosociology and structure of Skardu District. Hussain
et al.(2010) presented Phytosociology and structure of Central Karakorum National park.
Beside this work no detailed phytosociological investigation were carried from Skardu, Gilgit, and Astore
forested area therefore present work is presented to explore and provide further information from 40 forested
locations of these areas. This information can be used for conservation and management of forest in GilgitBaltistan.
Materials and Methods
PCQ method of (Cottam & Curtis 1956) was used in various forests of Skardu, Gilgit and Astore for
quantitative sampling. In each stand 20 points were taken at 20-meter intervals. Vegetation sampling was carried
out according to the criteria that it contained trees at least 60 cm Dbh (diameter at breast high); with no sign of
recent disturbances and covering at least two hectors in area. Lower plants were neglected. Phytosociological
attributes (relative density, relative frequency & relative basal area) and absolute values (density ha-1 and basal
area of species m2/ha -1) were calculated, according to the method described by Mueller-Dombois & Ellenberg
(1974) and Ahmed and Shaukat (2012).Geographical coordinates and aspect were recorded using GPS and
angles were recorded using by slope meter. Importance Value Index (Brown & Curtis, 1952) was used to rank
each species and the plant species with the highest importance value in the stand was considered the dominant
species. The plant community was named on the basis of dominant species and the floristic composition. Using
a circular plot (1.5 m diameter) at each sampling point frequency and relative frequency of tree seedling, shurbs
and herbs were recorded. Plants samples were collected from the field and identified with the help of flora of
Pakistan (Nasir & Ali, 1972)
AKBAR ET AL (2011), FUUAST J. BIOL., 1(2): 149-160
151
Results and Discussion
Geographical quardinates and other environmental characteristics of each site are given in Table.1,
phytosociological attributes and absolute values are presented in Table-2 while complete list of plants are
presented in Table.3.On the basis of phytosociological analysis, importance value index and floristic
compositions following communities and pure stands were identified.
1. Pinus wallichiana -Juniperus community
2. Pinus wallichiana -Betula community
3. Picea-Juniperus community
4. Picea-Pinus wallichiana community
5. Pinus wallichiana-Pinus gerardiana community
6. Picea smithiana pure stands.
7. Pinus wallichiana pure stands.
8. Betula utilis pure stands.
9. Juniperus macropoda pure stand.
10. Abies pindrow pure stand.
1. Pinus-Juniperus community: This community was distributed at Skardu district (Stands 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
12) with the elevation from 3414 to 3700 m. The slope angle ranged between 15° to35° (Tabe.1). Due to illegal
cutting the canopy was mostly open but in some areas it was closed. In few stands moderate canopy was also
observed. Soil texture was silt and loamy in both Basho and Gasing. Ground surface was covered with dense
vegetation but mostly the trees were tilted and disturbed due to higher elevation and snow fall for the larger part
AKBAR ET AL (2011), FUUAST J. BIOL., 1(2): 149-160
152
of the year. In Memosh and Hargosil, soil erosion was rampant. Boulders were scattered in all stands. Pinus
wallichiana was the first dominant species with importance value ranging from 63.2 to93%, density from 73.34
to 180/ha and basal area 1 to 42.38 m2/ha. Second dominant species was Juniperus excelsa with importance
value ranging between 12.2 to 24.4%, 7.68 to 129.3/ha density and 0.7 to 14.63m2/ha basal area. Betula utilis
appeared in seven stands (3,4,5,8,9,10,12) with 4.36 to 34.39% importance value, 3.2 to159.4/ha density and
0.22 to2.35m2/ha basal area. Understorey flora comprised of 57 species including herbs, shurbs and seedlings of
tree species. Anaphalis nepalensis, Astragalus zanskarensis, Berberis orthobotrys, Heracium
lanceolantum,Oxyria digyna, Pinus wallichiana, Potentilla anserina, Rosa webbiana, Tanacetum artiemisiodes,
Taraxacum baltistanicum, Thymus lineraris, and Lentopodium himalayanum were frequently distributed in all
the stands. Tanacetum fruticulosum was only found in Basho-B (Stand-2) while 70% similarities were found in
others floristic composition among stands.
Table 1. Characteristics of sampling sites of Skardu, Gilgit and Astore Districts
Stn
Main Location and sites
Lat
Long
Ele
Slope
(N)
(E)
(M)
Aspect
(o)
Canopy
1
Skardu District
Basho-A
35.17
75.38
3700
NE
35
Mdr
2
Basho-B
35.17
75.38
3550
NE
30
Opn
3
Gasing-A
35.09
75.98
3500
E
25
Mdr
4
Gasing-B
35.09
75.98
3400
W
20
Cls
5
Gasing-C
35.09
75.98
3600
N
27
Opn
6
Hargosil-A
34.75
76.14
3586
E
20
Sct
7
Hargosil-B
34.68
76.15
3463
N
15
Opn
8
Memosh-A
34.71
76.18
3463
NE
35
Opn
9
Memosh-B
34.72
76.17
3414
E
30
Opn
10
Memosh-C
34.73
76.18
3477
E
23
Mdr
11
Ganji-A
35.56
74.98
3310
SE
15
Cls
12
Ganji-B
35.56
74.98
3472
SW
35
Cls
13
Ganji-C
35.56
74.98
3585
SE
37
Cls
14
Ganji-D
35.60
74.96
3374
SE
35
Cls
Gilgit District
15
Kargah-A
35.76
74.17
3255
NE
43
Mdr
16
Kargah-B
35.74
74.19
3427
E
33
Opn
17
Kargah-C
35.72
74.18
3216
SE
25
Opn
18
Jutial-A
35.90
74.75
3250
N
40
Mdr
19
Jutial-B
35.90
74.74
3250
N
40
Mdr
20
Naltar-A
36.09
74.11
2930
S
36
Mdr
21
Naltar-B
36.08
74.11
3401
S
40
Mdr
22
Naltar-C
36.11
74.18
2893
Pln
5
Mdr
23
Naltar-D
36.11
74.18
2893
Pln
5
Mdr
AKBAR ET AL (2011), FUUAST J. BIOL., 1(2): 149-160
153
24
Danyore
35.90
74.42
3736
NE
45
Opn
25
Joglotgah-A
36.07
74.24
3523
W
35
Mdr
26
Joglotgah-B
36.07
74.22
3055
Pln
5
Mdr
Astore Distrit
27
Rama-A
35.20
74.48
3508
NE
40
Opn
28
Rama-B
35.20
74.48
3464
NW
45
Mdr
29
Rama-C
35.20
74.48
3275
S
35
Opn
30
Rama-D
35.20
74.48
3016
S
15
Mdr
31
Mushken-A
35.49
74.72
2691
E
40
Mdr
Table 1. Continue…
32
Mushken-B
35.48
74.73
2719
SE
35
Cls
33
Mushken-C
35.48
74.74
2659
NE
25
Cls
34
Mushken-D
35.48
74.74
3078
NE
40
Mdr
35
Mushken-E
35.49
74.75
2639
NE
30
Opn
36
Dashken
35.46
74.77
2616
E
45
Mdr
37
Gudaie
35.17
74.97
3775
N
50
Cls
38
Chelim-A
35.03
75.10
3458
SE
45
Cls
39
Chelim-B
35.01
75.07
3559
E
40
Mdr
40
Chelim-C
35.00
75.06
3596
E
20
Sct
Note: Stn= Stand number Lat=Latitude,Long=Longitude,Ele=Elevation,
Opn=open,Mdr=Moderate,Sct=Scatted,Cls=Close ,Pln=Plain
2. Pinus-Betula community: This community was recorded from Ganji,C and D on South East facing slope in
District Skardu with close canopy and Chelim,B on East facing in District Astore with moderate canopy. Pinus
wallichiana appeared as dominant species attending from 71.35 to 82.6% IVI, 70.51 to 168.5/ha density and
6.77 to16.8m2/ha basal area while the co-dominant angiospermic tree Betula utilis showed IVI from 28.65 to
39.77%, density 29.49 to 63.91/ha and from2.63 to 3.68 m2/ha basal area. The slope angle ranged from 35° to
40° and elevation ranged from 3374 to 3585 m.
As far as ground flora of these three locations is concerned Bergenia stracheyi, Lenotopodium sp, Bistorta
affinis, and Potentilla sp commonly distributed in all stands but in Chelim C (Stand-40) Solidigo vlgaurea,
Tanacetum falconeri, Sedum sp, and Polygonum alpinum recorded and Berberis orthobotrys was found only in
Ganji .C(Stand-13).
3. Picea-Juniperus community: This community was situated in two location of sampling area Jutial-A on
North facing with 40° slope at District Gilgit while another was found in Dashken district Astore on East
facing with 45° slope angle. The canopy was moderate in both stands. The elevation ranged from 2616-3150 m,
Piciea smithiana showed higher IVI ranged from 70.25 to82.6%, density 78.2-161.7/ha while co-dominant
Juniperus excelsa contained from 29.75 39 to77% IVI, 29.66 to 73.51/ha density and 1.66 to14.05m2/ha basal
area.
Thirty species including seedling of dominant tree species were observed from the ground floor surface of
these sampling site in which few species like Picea smithiana seedlings, Lentopodium sp, Fragaria nubicola,
Geranium pratense, and Anaphalis virgata were found in both stands .Jutial-A (stand-18) sampling site
indicated quite different species composition in which Thymus sp,Urtica dioca,Viola rupestrs,Bistorta
affinis,Berginia stracheyi and grasses were abundant in 80% circular plot. There were no any seedlings of codominant tree species in circular plots.
4. Picea-Pinus community: This community was distributed at Rama-C (Stand-29) on south facing with 45°
slopes and at Mushken (Stand-32) on South East facing with 35° slopes. The canopy was closed in Mushken
AKBAR ET AL (2011), FUUAST J. BIOL., 1(2): 149-160
154
while in Rama it was open due to illegal cutting. The elevation ranged from 2719 to3275 m.Ground surfaces
was covered with dense vegetation in Rama where as scattered boulders and dead fallen trees were observed in
Mushken. Picea smithiana attained from 38.16 to 61.04% IVI, 43.05 to 45.24/ha density and 3.57 to 3.18 m2/ha
basal area while in this community Pinus wallichiana showed from 38.96 to 61.84% IVI, from 23.05-94.71/ha
density and 3.17 to 5.96 m2/ha basal area.
During the ground flora analysis,16 pants species were recognized in which Fragaria nubicola, Geranium
sp, Taraxacum sp, Trifolium sp, Urtica dioca, and Viola ruperstris was common in both stands. Potentilla
anserina, Colutea nepalensis, Lonicera coerulea, Ribes alpestre, Rubus irritans, Rumex sp,and seedlings of
trees was found only in Mushken while Inula rhizocephala, Juniperus communis, and Lentopodium sp, were
recorded in Rama.
5. Pinus wallichiana-Pinus gerardiana community: Mushken E sampling site (Stand-35) situated on North
East facing with 30° slopes. The canopy was open at 2639 m above sea level. Pinus wallichiana attained 63.4%
IVI, 56.04/ha density and 6.02 m2/ha basal area while the co-dominant species Pinus gerardiana received 36.3%
IVI, 41.41/ha Density with (1.9m2/ha) basal area.
Table 2. Phytosociological attributes, rank, and absolute values of 40 stands in District Skardu,
Astore and Gilgit
Absolute
Values
Phytosociological Attributes
Main Location and
sites
Stn. Skardu District
1. Basho-A
2. Basho- B
3. Gasing-A
4.Gasing-B
5.Gasing-C
6.Hargosil- A
7. Hargosil- B
8.Memosh-A
9. Memosh-B
10. Memosh- C
Name of Species
-1
BAm2
ha-1
R.F
R.D
R.B.A
IVI
Rank
D/ha
Pinus wallichiana
Juniperus excelsa
Pinus wallichiana
Juniperus excelsa
75.3
24.2
77.8
22.2
91.7
8.93
92.5
7.14
96.66
3.34
91.32
8.67
87.8
12.2
87.3
12.7
1st
2nd
1st
2nd
184.3
18.06
159.5
12.26
42.38
14.63
32.39
3.09
Pinus wallichiana
Juniperus excelsa
Betula utilis
Pinus wallichiana
Juniperus excelsa
49.2
35.8
15.7
39.3
30.8
67.6
21.3
10.1
35.1
24.1
73.73
16.67
10.59
39.12
11.41
63.2
24.4
12.4
28.1
22.2
1st
2nd
3rd
2nd
3rd
132
41.69
20.83
141.7
95.63
16.17
3.7
2.35
10.38
3.02
Betula utilis
Pinus wallichiana
Juniperus excelsa
Betula utilis
Pinus wallichiana
29.7
19.4
59.7
21.7
73.8
40.7
11.1
79.6
8.92
88.9
49.46
11.32
77.95
10.73
91.94
39.7
14
72.3
13.6
84.7
1st
2nd
1st
3rd
1st
159.4
18.88
129.3
14.51
73.34
13.12
1
6.93
0.95
7.97
Juniperus excelsa
Pinus wallichiana
Juniperus excelsa
Pinus wallichiana
26.1
87.5
12.9
75
11.1
94.64
5.36
88.9
8.05
96.94
3.05
80.83
15.3
93
6.76
81.4
2nd
1st
2nd
1st
9.65
38.78
3.2
113.9
0.7
5.26
0.17
17.35
Juniperus excelsa
Betula utilis
Pinus wallichiana
Juniperus excelsa
Betula utilis
16.6
8.33
75.8
13.1
10.2
8.92
2.67
91.6
4.46
3.57
17.05
2.1
91.96
5.76
2.28
14.2
4.36
86.5
7.93
5.36
2nd
3rd
1st
2nd
3rd
11.49
3.44
158.4
7.68
6.15
3.65
0.45
26.6
1.66
0.22
Pinus wallichiana
Juniperus excelsa
68.9
22
85.1
10.1
85.3
7.82
79.8
13.5
1st
2nd
180
22.49
21.74
3.35
AKBAR ET AL (2011), FUUAST J. BIOL., 1(2): 149-160
155
Absolute
Values
Phytosociological Attributes
Main Location and
sites
Name of Species
R.F
11. Ganji -A
12.Ganji-B
13.Ganji-C
14.Ganji-D
R.D
R.B.A
IVI
Rank
rd
D/ha
-1
BAm2
ha-1
Betula utilis
Pinus wallichiana
Pinus wallichiana
9.75
100
48.57
3.57
100
46.25
6.78
100
56.27
6.7
100
50.4
3
Pure
1st
7.49
308.92
99.06
1.43
36.02
12.16
Betula utilis
Juniperus excelsa
Pinus wallichiana
Betula utilis
31.43
20
70.83
29.17
36.25
17.5
75.5
27.5
35.52
8.213
83.76
16.24
34.4
15.3
75.1
24.9
2nd
3rd
1st
2nd
77.64
37.48
168.5
63.91
7.67
1.77
16.8
3.83
Pinus wallichiana
Betula utilis
65.51
34.48
67.5
32.5
81.02
18.98
71.4
28.7
1st
2nd
102.6
49.41
11.23
2.63
Picea smithiana
100
100
100
100
Pure
91.58
34.48
District Gilgit
15.Kargah-A
Table 2. Continue…
16.Kargah-B
17.kargah-C
18.Jutial-A
19.Jutial-B
20.Naltar-A
21.Naltar ,B
22.Naltar-C
23.Naltar-D
24.Danyore-A
25.Joglotgah-A
26.Jogloygah-B
Picea smithiana
Pinus wallichiana
Picea smithiana
Juniperus excelsa
Picea smithiana
100
100
62.5
37.5
100
100
100
68.75
31.25
100
100
100
79.51
20.49
100
100
100
70.3
29.8
100
Pure
Pure
1st
2nd
Pure
106.3
99.2
161.7
73.51
104.5
13.84
10.15
56.25
14.25
14.04
Picea smithiana
Betula utilis
Pinus wallichiana
Betula utilis
Juniperus
macropoda
Picea smithiana
Betula utilis
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
Pure
Pure
Pure
Pure
237.4
96.3
112.9
73.81
51
10.81
6.99
6.33
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
Pure
Pure
Pure
125.7
216.3
121.8
10.08
17.33
7.07
Betula utilis
Abies pindrow
Picea smithiana
Pinus wallichiana
Pinus wallichiana
100
100
60.04
38.96
100
100
100
66.25
33.75
100
100
100
64.24
35.76
100
100
100
61
39
100
Pure
Pure
1st
2nd
Pure
105.7
107.4
45.24
23.05
115.3
4.99
7.87
3.18
3.17
11.14
Pinus wallichiana
Pinus wallichiana
Picea smithiana
Pinus wallichiana
Pinus wallichiana
100
54.29
45.71
100
100
100
68.75
31.25
100
100
100
62.5
37.5
100
100
100
61.8
38.2
100
100
Pure
1st
2nd
Pure
Pure
98.43
94.71
43.05
156.3
142.1
8.39
5.96
3.57
14.74
13.25
Pinus wallichiana
Pinus gerardian
Picea smithiana
51.61
48.39
58.82
57.5
42.5
72.5
81.09
18.89
81.8
63.4
36.6
71
1st
2nd
1st
56.04
41.41
78.2
6.02
1.9
7.48
District Astore
27.Rama-A
28.Rama-B
29.Rama-C
30.Rama-D
31.Mushken-A
32.Mushken-B
33.Mushken-C
34.Mushken-D
35.Mushken-E
36.Dashken
AKBAR ET AL (2011), FUUAST J. BIOL., 1(2): 149-160
156
Absolute
Values
Phytosociological Attributes
Main Location and
sites
Name of Species
R.F
37.Gudaie
38.Chelim-A
39.Chelim-B
40.Chelim-C
R.D
R.B.A
IVI
Rank
nd
D/ha
-1
BAm2
ha-1
Juniperus excelsa
Pinus wallichiana
Pinus wallichiana
41.18
100
100
27.5
100
100
18.2
100
100
29
100
100
2
Pure
Pure
29.66
146.6
180.1
1.66
10.36
8.73
Pinus wallichiana
Betula utilis
Pinus wallichiana
59.38
40.63
100
67.5
32.5
100
84.65
15.35
100
82.6
39.8
100
1st
2nd
Pure
70.51
29.49
92.28
6.77
1.23
5.37
Note: R.F= Relative Frequency, R.D = Relative density, R.B.A = Relative Basal area, IVI= Importance value
Index, D/ha-1=Density/hectar of species, BAm2ha-1=Basal area of species m2/hectar, 1st = First dominant species,
2nd= Second dominant species, 3rd= Third dominant species, Stn = Stand numbe
Table 3. List of Plants and families associated with dominant tree species of the study area.
S.No
Name of Plants species
PRST
RF in stands
(range)
Family
1
Acantholimon lycopodioides (Girad) Boiss.,
6
2.2---5.2
Plumbaginaceae
2
Acnotium heterophyllum Wall.ex.Royle,
1
0---3.8
Ranunculaceae
3
Anaphalis nepalensis (spreg.) Hand.
13
1.1---13
Compositae
4
Anaphalis virgata T.T.ex Clarke
8
1.5---11.3
Compositae
5
2
0.7---1.8
Ranunculaceae
6
Aquilegia moorcroftiana Wall.ex
Artemisia brevifolium (Wall.ex DC)
Ling &Y.R.Ling
10
2.7---15.3
Compositae
7
Artemisia obsinthium L.
1
0---5
Compositae
8
Aster sp
1
0---3.8
Compositae
9
Astragalus gilgitensis Ali,
1
0---3.0
Fabaceae
10
Astragalus rhizanthus Royle exBth.
6
1.8---6.87
Fabaceae
11
Astragalus zanskarensis Bth.ex Bunge,
19
0.9---12
Fabaceae
12
Berberis lycium Royle
3
1.9---3.3
Barberidaceae
13
Berberis orthobotrys Bien ex Aitch.,J.L.S
7
0.9---9.7
Barberidaceae
14
Bergenia stracheyi (H. &T.) Engl.
17
1.5---16.2
Barberidaceae
15
Betula utilis D.Don,
7
1.0---7.0
Betulaceae
16
Bistorta affinis(D.Don) Green
16
2.2---15.1
Polygonaceae
17
Cerastium alpinum
1
0---2.8
Celastraceae
18
Cicer songaricum Steph.ex DC.,
12
2.0---7.8
19
Colutea nepalensis Sims,
2
2.2---4.8
Fabaceae
20
Corydalis moorcroftiana Wall.ex H.&T.
2
2.4---4.4
Fumariaceae
21
Cotoneaster integerrima Medik.,
3
1.5---6.5
Rosaceae
22
Daphne oleoides Scherb.,
3
1.9---10
Thyeleaceae
23
Delphinium brunonianum Royle,
2
1.8---2.8
Ranunculaceae
24
Dictyolimon macrorrhabdos (Boiss.) Rech.f.
3
1.5---3.2
Plumbaginaceae
Fabaceae
AKBAR ET AL (2011), FUUAST J. BIOL., 1(2): 149-160
S.No
Name of Plants species
157
PRST
RF in stands
(range)
Family
25
Ephedra gerardiana Wall ex Stapf,
4
0.9---2.3
Caryophylaceae
26
Ephedra tibetica Stapf,
3
2.1---4.8
Caryophylaceae
27
Epilobium angustifolium L.,
3
0.9---1.9
Ornagraceae
28
Erigeron multicaulis Wall.ex DC.,
3
1---3
Compositae
29
Fragaria nubicola Lindl.ex Lacaita
25
3.8---17.5
Rosaceae
30
Geranium pratense L.,
27
0.7---17.2
Geraniaceae
31
Geranium wallichianum.D.Don .ex Sweet,
4
6.0---15
Geraniaceae
32
Hieracium lanceolatum Hk.,f.,
9
0.9---10.4
Compositae
33
Hippophae rhamnoides L.,
6
0.9---3.6
Elaegnaceae
34
Impatiens balfourii Hook.f.
6
1.6---9.0
Balsaminaceae
35
Inula rhizocephala Wend,
9
1.5---12.2
Compositae
36
Juniperus communis L.
23
1.2---13.7
Cupressaceae
37
Juniperus excelsa M.B.,
3
1.9---7.6
Cupressaceae
38
Juniperus macropoda H.k.f.,
1
0---3
Cupressaceae
Table 3. Continue…
39
10
3---14.9
Compositae
40
Leontopodium himalayanum D.C.,
Leontopodium leontopodium (DC)
Hand.Mazz.,
19
3.7---17.1
Compositae
41
Leonurus cardiaca L.,
3
3.1---4.7
Labiatae
42
Lonicera coerula L.
2
6.6---13.6
Caprifoliaceae
43
Mentha longifolia (L.) Huds.,
4
3.9---6.6
Labiatae
44
Myostis asiatica Schischk.&Serg.,
7
1.0---11.2
Boraginaceae
45
Nepeta discolor Role ex Bth.
10
1.5---10
46
Oxyria digyna (L.) Hill,
13
2.2---13.2
47
Picea smithiana (Wall.) Boiss.
6
2.2---5
Pinaceae
48
12
1.0---13.9
Pinaceae
49
Pinus wallichiana A.B. Jackson
Podophyllum hexandrum (Royle)
Chatt.Mukh.,
2
1.1---2.9
Berberidaceae
50
Polygonum alpinum All.,
4
2.8---8.8
Polygonaceae
51
Potentilla anserina L.,
23
4.9---13.2
Rosaceae
52
Pseudomertensia echioides Riedl
3
3.1---5.2
Boraginaceae
53
Rheum tibeticum Maxim.ex Hk.f.,
8
1.1---5.4
Polygonaceae
54
Rheum webbianum Royle,Ill.
3
2.9---4.5
Polygonaceae
55
Ribes alpestre Dcne.exJacq.,
12
1.2---8.3
Grossulariaceae
56
Ribes himalensis Royle,
2
1.9---4.1
Grossulariaceae
57
Ribes orientale Desf.,
13
1.0---11.3
Grossulariaceae
58
Rosa webbiana Wall.ex Royle,
31
0.9---10.6
Rosaceae
59
Rubus irritans Hk.f.,
8
0.9---12.1
Rosaceae
60
Rumex dentatus L.
4
2.8---12
Polygonaceae
61
Rumex hastatus D.Don,
9
2---8.3
Polygonaceae
Labiatae
Polygonaceae
AKBAR ET AL (2011), FUUAST J. BIOL., 1(2): 149-160
S.No
Name of Plants species
158
PRST
RF in stands
(range)
Family
62
Saxifraga flagellaris Willd.
1
0---7.6
Saxifragaceae
63
Sedum quadrifidum Pall.,Reise
2
3.3---4
Carssulaceae
64
Silene moorcroftiana Wall.ex Bth.
6
0.9---7.5
Umbelliferae
65
Silene vulgaris (Moench) Garche,
6
0.9---7.2
Umbelliferae
66
Soldigo virgaurea L.Sp.Pl.
3
8.8---10.7
Compositae
67
Spiraea canescens D.Don,
9
1---5.4
68
Swertia petiolata D.Don,
2
2.7---2.8
Gentianaceae
69
Tamarix indica Willd.,
3
0.9---1.9
Tamaricaceae
70
Tanacetum falconerii Hk.f.,
2
3.6---5.8
Compositae
71
Tanacetum artemisioides Sch.Bip.exHk.f.,
14
1.2---15.2
Compositae
72
Tanacetum fruticulosum Clarke,
1
0---3.7
Compositae
73
Taraxacum sp
16
1.2---10.5
Compositae
74
Taraxacum baltistanicum v.Soet
10
2---10
Compositae
75
Thalictrum alpinum L.
3
8.2---9.8
Ranunculaceae
76
Thymus linearis Benth.,
6
6.2---15.1
Labiatae
77
Thymus serpyllum L.
19
2.8---18
Labiatae
78
Tragopogon orientalis L.
2
6.5---7.7
Compositae
79
Trifolium partense L.
8
1.1---7.3
Fabaceae
80
Trifolium repens L.
12
1.8---11.2
Fabaceae
81
Urtica dioica L.
17
1.0---15.2
Urticaceae
82
Verbascum thapsus L.Sp.Pl.
7
1.0---5.5
Verbenaceae
83
Viola rupestris F.W.Schm.,
15
1.9---15
Violaceae
Rosaceae
Note: PRST =Number of stand in which a species occur, RF= Relative frequency
A total of 10 species of ground flora were recorded in this community but 80% forest floor was covered
with Fragaria nubicola, Geranium sp, Lonciera coerulea, Rosa webbiana, Tanacetum artiemisioides, Thymus
and seedlings of Pinus wallichiana.
6. Picea smithiana pure stands: Picea smithiana pure forest was distributed in five sites i.e.Stand-15, 16, 19,
20, 25.The elevation ranged from 2993-3275 m while slope ranged between 5° to 43°.The canopy was open in
(Stand-16) while moderate in others. In theses stands Picea was recorded as single dominating species. In these
locations Picea smithiana density ranged from 91.58 to 237.4 /ha with 13.84 to 51 m2/ha basal area.
Under these stands composition of ground flora comprised of 42 species including seedlings the of Picea
smithiana. In these sampling site floristic configurations was 20% similar. In all stands Fragaria nubicola, Rosa
webbiana, Ribes sp, and Rumex sp found in 40 to 70%, plots. (Stands-16, 19, 20, 25) while Urtica dioca was
recorded in 50 to 80% circular plots.
7. Pinus wallichiana pure stands: These pure stands of Pinus wallichiana was distributed in 10 different
locations (11, 17, 22, 30,31,33,34,37,38,40 stands).These stands were situated at the elevation ranging from
2691 to 3775 m and 5° to 50° slope. Pinus wallichiana pure stands were most prominent in Skardu and Astore
District where density ranged from 92 to 180 /ha with 8.72 to 36.02 m2/ha basal area.
During the analysis of ground flora 56 species were recorded. Among them Geranium sp, Lentopodium sp,
Rosa webbiana, Thymus sp and Viola sp were recorded in all stands while Ribes himalyansis was recorded in
Ganj-A (Stand-11),Accantholimon lycopodioides in Kargah-C (Stand-17),Polygonium alpinum, Acnotium
AKBAR ET AL (2011), FUUAST J. BIOL., 1(2): 149-160
159
heterophyllum, Swertia petiolata, Saxifraga flagellaris and Dalphonium brononium found in ChelimA,C(Stand-38,40). In Gudaie (Stand-37) Oxyria digyna and Happophae rhamnoides were present and Lonicera
coerula was recorded only in Mshken-D (Stand-34). Impatiens balfourii and Hieracium lanceolantum found
only in Mshken-A (Stand-31) seedling of Pinus wallichiana was also present in these stands
8. Betula utilis pure stands: Betula utilis, in a pure form is distributed in Naltar A (Stand-21) on South facing
Naltar D (Stand-23) Plain, Joglotgah (Stand-26) Plain and Rama A (Stand-27) on North East facing. The
elevation ranged from 3055 to 3508 m while degree of slope ranged between 5° to 40° .The canopies were open
in Rama while others showed moderate. In Joglotgah dead and fallen trees were present, soil was sandy Huge
cutting was observed there fore land sliding was common while in Naltar soil was loamy, and over grazing was
recorded. In Rama (Stand-27) ground surface was covered with dense vegetation with loamy soil. The density of
Betula utilis ranged from73.81 to 121.8/ha with 4.99 to 10.81 m2/ha basal area.
Ground flora of these sampling site composed of 26 plant species including seedlings of Betula utilis eleven
species Anaphalis nepalensis, Bergenia stracheyi, Bistorta affinis, Fragaria nubicola, Geranium pratense, Inula
rhizocephala, Ribes sp, Thymus sp, Urtica dioca,Viola ruperstris and seedling of Betula utlis similar and
occupied 42% of circular plot.Happophae rhamnoides and Acantholimon lycopodiodes were recorded only in
Joglotgah B (Stand-27) while Oxyria digyna found in Rama A only (Stand-27).
9. Juniperus macropoda pure stand: This unique pure stand was recorded only one location of sampling area
Danyore Stand-24) on the North East facing, steep slope 45° with open canopy at 3736m above see level this
location is very important due to the population of endangered wild animal species Capra falconeri (Markhor)
and Juniperus macropoda is one of the favorite food of Markhre .Juniperus macropoda attained density 125.7/ha
with 10.08 m2/ha basal area.
The ground surface of this stand was lash green covered with dense vegetation, cut stem, buring, soil
erosion and bad shaped tree were also present in this site. Ground flora comprised of fourteen plant species
among them Acantholimon lycopodioides, Anaphalis nepalensis, Artimisia brevifolium, Bistorta affinis,
Leontopodium sp, Potentilla anserina and Rubus irritans in abundant. The seedlings of Juniperus macropoda
were also recorded in ground flora.
10. Abies pindrow pure stand: This species formed pure stand only in District Astore on North West exposure
with moderate canopy and 30° degree of slop at 3464 m above see level. Abies pindrow showed density of
107.4/ha with 7.87 m2/ha basal area.
During the analysis of ground flora total fifteen pants species were identified among them Bergina
stracheyi, Fragaria nubicola ,Geranium sp, Juniperus communis, Lonicera coerulea, Nepeta sp, Polygonium
alpinum, Rosa webbiana, Solidago virgaure and Thalictrum alpinum were frequently found in circular plots.
Like other forested areas of Pakistan these forested are also under the sever anthropogenic pressure i.e.
cutting, over grazing, urbanization and climatic change. These areas are included under dry temperate are.
According to Ahmed et al (2006) Pinus wallichiana and Abies pindrow are characteristic of moist temperate
area while Picea smithiana leading to dry temperate area but due to the wide ecological amplitude these species
are distributed in both dry and moist temperate. Pinus gerardiana and Juniperus species are restricted to drier
sites of dry temperate area Ahmed (9190). In this area both species occupied timber line area
(elevationabout3700 m) where moisture is limiting factor in contrast to Betula utilis and Pinus wallichiana
which prefer moisture on fire line.
Many stands showed seedlings of tree species indicating regeneration potential despite the illegal cutting
and over grazing. These stands or forests could easily be save by better planning and management, however
stands without regenerating seedlings indicating the presence of disturbance. Therefore, it is suggested that if
present disturbance continued, these forest will vanish within a few decade .Serious and immediate action plan
to save these forest is be recommended. Beside tree species, shrub/herbs and grasses should also be saved due to
their ecological and medicinal importance.
Acknowledgments
I acknowledge Muhammad Ismail Zafar (Conservator of Forest Gilgit Region, Muhammad Jamil Chairman
Mountain Conservation Developmental Program (MCDP) and Babar Khan Head (WWF) World Wide Fund for
nature Gilgit- Baltistan to provide logistic support during field works of Gilgit And Astore District .I am also
thankful Dr. Sher Wali Khan Assistant Professor Karakorum International University (KIU) to help in
identification of plant specimens, Muhammad Askari (Principle F.G Inter Boys College Kharmong) on his
assistance during field work of Skardu District and all my research and lab fellows for collaboration in different
AKBAR ET AL (2011), FUUAST J. BIOL., 1(2): 149-160
160
stages of Laboratory works. I am also thankful to Prof. Dr.Syed Shahid Shaukat to guide and cooperate during
Statistical analysis.
I specially thank Marfee Foundation Pakistan to provide my financial grant in the from of QARZ-EHASANA during my research.
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