/
RESEARCH BULLETIN 1086
MAY 1976
A Study of the Genus Taxus
L. C. CHADWICK and R. A. KEEN
CONTENTS
*****
*****
*****
Introduction _____________________________________________________ _
Purpose of This Study __ :.. __________________________________________ _
Early History of Yews _____________________________________________ _
The Hatfield Yews _______________ , _________________________________ 2
/v\orphology ______________________________________________________ 3
Sex and Fruiting Characteristics______________________________________ 5
Propagation ______________________________________________________ 7
Culture ________ .:.__________________________________________________ 7
General ______________________________________________________ 7
Size Records __________________________________________________ 7
Winter Injury Records __________________________________________ 9
/v\eteorological Data __________ --------------------------------- 9
Snow Damage ________________________________________________ l4
Taxus Species, Clones, and Cultivars __________________________________ 16
The Best of the Taxus ______________________________________________ 52
Some Recommended Taxus __________________________________________ 52
Co ncl us ions _____________________ . _________________________________ 5 3
Bib Ilog rap hy ______________________________________________________ 5 3
GlossarY---------------------------------------------------------54
Taxus Collection in the Secrest Arboretum, 1976 (alphabetical list) ____________ 55
Taxus Collection in the Secrest Arboretum, 1976 (numerical list) _____________ 56
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors acknowledge the encouragement and assistance of their colleagues during the period of this study, particularly Oliver D. Diller, John E. Ford,
and the late Harry /v\uckley, who supervised the maintenance of the plantings in
the Secrest Arboretum.
AGDEX 276/06-21-33
5-76-5M
A Study of the Genus Taxus
L. C. CHADWICK and R. A. KEEN 1
INTRODUCTION
In American gardens, the Yews have always
been associated with quality. Their foreign origin,
moderate growth rate, and limited supply restricted
their use to the estates of the wealthy. The few mature specimens in America today are to be found in
the antebellum plantation gardens and cemeteries of
the South, and on the grounds of the rapidly disap-pearing estates on Long Island and near Boston and
other large cities on the Eastern Seaboard.
With the adoption of Quarantine 3 7 in 1918
which prevented the importation of nursery stock,
the nurserymen of America were forced to start propagating evergreens. In order to meet the demand
of the public for quality evergreens, the Yews were
propagated from almost any available source. Cuttings were taken from local estates, park plantings,
and nursery plants. Seed was collected from mixed
plantings anywhere. The resulting plants were
usually salable, although they were well described as
"mongrels". The less scrupulous nurserymen would
supply a name, or worse, market the plants to a gullible public under some name which had current demand. The confusion of names resulting froin such
practices presented taxonomic difficulties of the genus
which still exist today.
The cultivars of the English Yew have been produced over a period of centuries. Their introduction, evaluation, and description have been slow and
more or less orderly because of the time involved and
the single. species as a source.
By contrast, the Japanese Yew was brought to
America a little more than a century ago ( 1862) and
Taxus media was introduced about 1920. Since then
many cultivars of these two species have found their
way into the trade, often with few records kept as to
origin and without a clearly defined description of
the introduction.
PURPOSE OF THIS STUDY
The Living Herbarium of Taxus, a part of the
Secrest Arboretum at the Ohio Agricultural Research
and Development Center, Wooster, was established
jointly by the Ohio Nurserymen's Association and the
Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station (now the Ohio
Agricultural Research and Development Center) in
1942 for the purpose of studying the taxonomy of this
~
1
Professor Emeritus of Horticulture, The !Ohio State University and
Ohio Agricultural Research and Devlopm~nt
Center, and Professor,
Dept. of Horticulture and Forestry, Kansas ~tae
University.
genus and to classify, name, and describe the Yews in
the American horticultural trade as far as practicable.
The first plants were received and planted in
May 1942. These plants were planted in groups of
mostly five of a kind, from a single source if possible.
The sizes were 15-18 inches, 18-24 inches, or 24-30
inches in height or spread, whichever was greater.
The rows were 12 feet apart and distance between
plants in each row was 10 feet. Additional plants
and replacements, where needed, were planted each
season as received.
The present planting includes 97 accessions.
Many of the "named"· accessions in the collection at
one time or another during the past 34 years have
been found to be synonymous with previously named
cultivars. Others have died due to unfavorable cultural conditions, or have been removed due to severe
winter injury. Some 141 accessions have been received.
EARLY HISTORY OF YEWS
The earliest Greek and Roman authors mentioned the Yew in connection with its quality as a
wood for bows and its effectiveness as a poison, according to Coltman-Rogers ( 11). Loudon ( 28)
pointed out that Theophrastus considered the leaves
poisonous to horses and that Caesar told of a king
who poisoned himself with the juice of the Yew.
Yew poisoning continues tp be a problem, especially
in cattle ( 7) . Yet Canadian Yew in its natural habitat and other Yews in nurseries are a preferred browse
for deer in winter.
Loudon ( 29) derived the name Yew "from the
Celtic word lw, sometimes pronounced if, and signifying verdure, alluding to the Yew as being evergreen."
He was unable to determine whether the name Taxus
was derived from taxon, a bow; taxis, the arrangement
of the leaves like the teeth of a comb; or the Greek
word for poison, toxicum. Coltman-Rogers ( 11)
took the opposite view that "The Greek word toxon
(a bow) was evolved from another Greek word, taxos
(a yew) ..."
The name Taxus was first proposed for the genus
by Tournefort in 1717, and adopted by Linnaeus (27)
in 1753 in his Species Plantarum.
According to Hooker ( 21 ) , the genus received
little attention until the early part of the nineteenth
century. The first mention of cultivars of the English
Yew was in 1686 by Plot, who described a golden Yew
which occurred in the county of Staffordshire, England, according to Elwes and Henry ( 16) . Leighton
These seedlings were put in a test plot in an exposed area where only the more tender of the "plants
of English and Irish blood" were injured during 10
winters, " ... but finally there came a winter which
made a distinction between the English and Japanese
types more decided than any botanist could." About
10 percent were uninjured; "the other 90 percent
were sent to T. A. Havemeyer of Long Island, where
they enjoy a more salubrious climate, ... " and from
here some found their way into the nursery trade.
Of those retained, one of the best "English" plants
was selected as the type plant for the hybrid genus
T. media by Rehder ( 31), and the best of the "Irish"
he named T. media hatfieldii after Hatfield. Others
in this group were assigned names by Hatfield in honor
of his friends: Brownii for R. T. Brown, S ewellii after
the family physician, and W ellesleyana after the village. One of his ((upright brevifolia" seedlings of
T. cuspidata nana with a propensity for twin fruits,
furnished Mr. Brown of Cottage Gardens, Queens,
L. I., was named Wardi in honor of Brown's employer.
Its merits were likewise recognized in material furnished Harry Deverman, who called it (( Cliftoni" after
the New Jersey location of his nursery. Another
"intermediate form" seedling of T. cuspidata nana
was the T. cuspidata intermedia introduced by Brown.
Other plants were used for specimens and hedges
on the estate. A few of the best were planted in a
nursery near his home and assigned numbers; from
here they were introduced into the trade by purchase,
gift, and theft. These "Hatfield Numbers'' can be
found in the stock blocks of some of the older nurseries and occasionally appear in the trade. The original plants are still standing on the Hunnewell estate
where they are good-sized excurrent trees. Most of
the labels are lost, and some of the better plants have
been removed to other locations on the. estate. Some
of these plants are hardly worthy of name, being
excelled in growth rate and habit by superior cultivars
which are in the trade.
NumbeJ.·s 6, 7, and 8, Hatfield's "Second Irish,"
are in the trade as "T. m. Irish". Number 8 is male
with bright green radial leaves and dense compact
habit. It was reported to be quite heat and droughtresistant by the late C. R. Runyan, superintendent of
Spring Grove Cemetery, Cincinnati, Ohio. The name
T. m. 'Runyan' is proposed for this cultivar. Numbers
6 and 7 are female, with the latter bearing heavier
crops of late maturing seed. After Hatfield's death,
Richard Wyman purchased the surplus stock, from
which he selected T. media wymani and named material propagated from the seedling hedge "T. m. brevicata".
Hatfield must have been fortunate enough to find
a male-sterile T axus canadensis from which he picked
( 1) described the Dovaston English Yew ( dovastoniana) in his Flora of Shropshire in 1841.
Carriere ( 8) and Gordon ( 18) described most
of the distinct varieties in England and on the. continent prior to 1900. Since then, Beissner ( 6), Dallimore ( 12), Bean ( 5), and Gibbs ( 17) have added to
the growing list of cultivars, with Hornibrook ( 23),
Den Ouden ( 13), Krussmann ( 26), Den Ouden and
Boom ( 14), and Keen ( 25) listing additional cultivars to the present time.
In America, Hoopes (22) had a fairly complete
list in 1868. He was unaware of the introduction of
T. cuspidata 6 years earlier in Rhode Island by R.
Hall. Rehder described many of the new cultivars
and clones in Bailey ( 3, 4) and the ] ournal of Arnold
Arboretum.
Fallowing the development and introduction of
the hybrid T. media and T. hunnewelliana lines by
Hatfield ( 19), the catalogs and trade papers have
mentioned well over 100 new named selections of
Yews.
THE HATFIELD YEWS
Much of the popularity of Yews is due, at least
in the early years, to the work of T. D. Hatfield, head
gardener. at the Hunnewell estate, Wellesley, Mass.
In addition to raising the first recognized hybrids and
distributing them widely, he wrote popular articles
( 19) and lectured on their merits ( 20) . As early as
1866, the Hunnewell estate received some of the first
T. cuspidata and T. cuspidata nana plants (called
"T. brevifolia'' at that time) released by the Parsons
Nursery from Dr. Hall and also imported directly from
Japan. Additional plants were received from the
Arnold Arboretum from seed collected by C. S. Sargent in Japan before Hatfield came to America. Hatfield found a "T. baccata sieboldii" at Waterer's Nursery in England which he imported to the Hunnewell
estate. This was reported to be from China, but he
recognized that it definitely was not T. chinensis, but
probably T. cuspidata, from its winter hardiness.
C. S. Sargent had observed that Hatfield "seemed
to have a nurseryman's instinct for propagating plants"
because he was always propagating the rare and unusual plants on the estate. These young plants were
often presented to friends of his employer, both here
and abroad. Surplus plants and seed were also sold
to nurseries.
Hatfield's names ( 19) indicate that he did not
recognize the hybrid character of his early seedlings
of the Irish, Dovaston, and Canadian Yews. His
"Second Irish," "English," "Dovastoni upright,"
"canadensis stricta," "upright brevifolia," and "irregular brevifolia" were as descriptive as they were
apt. A phot6graphic copy of this Hatfield early
record is in the authors' file material.
a
2
the seed which produced the excurrent "Taxus canadensis stricta/' later named Taxus hunnewelliana by
Rehder ( 32). He considered T. canadensis to be
dioecious; however, all plants examined by the authors, including those on the Hunnewell estate, have
been monoecious. Hatfield stated that this plant was
isolated at least 100 feet from other T . canadensis, with
several T. cuspidata nearby. The seedlings raised by
Hatfield are definitely hybrids and remarkably uniform in habit.
MORPHOLOGY
The evergreen plants of the genus T axus are small
trees, 20 to 40 feet, rarely to 80 feet in T. brevifolia on
the Pacific Coast, or shrubs of relatively slow grqwth.
The branching habit of the excurrent tree is such that
unpruned trees frequently have a square outline when
young, becoming more rectangular or conical with age.
The spread of the plant usually exceeds the height on
plants grown as specimens.
The bark is reddish or purplish to dark chestnut
brown, scaly, or exfoliating from the trunk and larger
branches in thin flakes or long strips or rhytidomes.
The bark is usually less than one-eighth inch thick,
with the inner bark about one-sixteenth inch thick, according to Chang ( 10), who stresses the regularity of
the alternate layers of secondary phloem tissue. Along
a radial axis, the cells of the secondary phloem occur
in this order: fiber, sieve cell, parenchyma, sieve cell,
and fiber again. Thus a tangential layer of sieve cells
is between a tangential layer of phloem fibers on one
side and parenchyma on the other. The presence of
numerous small crystals in cell walls of the phloem
fiber of T. brevifolia agrees with the findings of earlier
workers who studied T. baccata, according to Chang
FIG. 1.-Winter buds showing imbricate scales.
of the leaf; it is without resin ducts. The color of the
leaves is dark, glossy green in the species, but many
cultivars are recognized by the glaucous or varying
amounts of yellow or white coloring. The leaves
may be thin and leathery to thick, succulent, and almost fleshy.
The branchlets are slender, yellowish or dark
olive green to bright reddish orange, usually green in
the shade. The change in bark color on the 2-year
twig is of taxonomic use. The bark texture of the
twig may be thin and smooth, or thick, wrinkled, and
leathery on some cultivars. The branchlets are arranged irregularly alternate, but sometimes constant
within a cultivar, producing a definite, recognizable
branching habit and determinate or indeterminate
form of growth especially susceptible to alteration by
shearing.
The winter buds (Fig. 1) are ovate, axillary, or
terminal, with imbricate scales which are useful in
taxonomy. The bud scales are persistent, except in
T. chinensis, obtuse and thin, or acute, thickened, and
ridged or keeled. The color is the same as that of the
branchlet, or yellowish green.
The flowers (Fig. 2) are small, solitary or occasionally twinned, axillary, usually dioecious ( monoecious in T. canadensis), and open in March or April.
The female flower resembles an axillary vegetative
bud, but is usually decurved or pendant, and is easily
recognized on close inspection by the micropyle opening in the exposed ovule.
The male flower or pollen cone has several sterile
scales at the base, with a stalked globose head of 6 to
14 stamens, each with 5 to 9 microsporangia or pollen
sacs which are always on the lower surface. However, being terminal and coherent, they are more com=-
( 10).
The wood is hard, dense, flexible, elastic, and
fine-grained without resin ducts or parenchyma, according to Eames and McDaniels ( 15). The average
dry weight is 39 lb. per cubic foot, while the color
ranges from dark reddish brown to white. ColtmanRogers ( 11 ) notes the durability of the wood in contact with soil and moisture.
The leaves are simple, flat, linear., often falcate,
with distinct but short petioles attached to the branches
by decurrent bases; arranged spirally, opposite on
small seedlings, but often pectinate and appearing 2ranked. The margins are entire and, in T. canadensis,
slightly revolute. The species has two more or less
broad stomate bands on the under side of the leaf
which are yellowish to gray-green, but lighter than
the margins and midrib. The stomate bands may
not be very distinct on the exposed leaves of some cultivars. The single, unbranched midrib or vein is
more or less prominent on the upper or lower surface
3
genera of the angiosperms including Euonymous,
Celastrus, Magnolia, and others. The shape of the aril
is affected by growing conditions, maturity, and
amount of seed set. The hard, ovoid, nut-like seed is
about one-fourth inch in its greatest dimension, the
apex is slightly 2-4 angled, the hilum is ovate, triangular, or squarish and more or less depressed. The seed,
which is distributed by birds, does not germinate until
the second season.
Deviations from the dioecious habit of the Yews
have been observed by Dovaston ( 1), Matsuura and
Suto ( 30), Elwes and Henry ( 16), Keen and Chadwick ( 24), and others. Usually a single branch or
twig on a male tree will be observed bearing seed,.
These and the sectorial chimaera appearance of the
twig in Figure 4 tend to support the hypothesis of
Matsuura and Suto that such sports are true mutations of a sex-linked nature. However, Hatfield ( 19)
and Keen and Chadwick ( 24) report observing entire young plants which changed from one sex to the
other. This would support Schaffner's ( 34) view
that sexuality in plants is physiological or ecological
and not subject entirely to Mendelian laws. The
fact that almost all plants of T. canadensis are monoecious, with each twig bearing flowers of both sexes,
lends support to the former idea.
A study of the chromosomes of the genus T axus
was initiated by Keen ( 25) to determine whether the
chromosomes would be of taxonomic value in recognizing the species, hybrids, and cultivars of Yew offered by the nursery trade in America. Keen ( 25)
concluded after an extensive study that, in spite of the
aberrant numbers and figures reported in the literature, the haploid chromosome number is 12, with in-
FIG. 2A.-Male flower buds or pollen cone with
stalked globose head.
parable to the anther of angiosperms. The pollen is
distributed by the wind.
The solitary seed of the Yew, which matures in
late summer to fall of the same season, is sometimes
called a "single seeded berry" or "berry-like fruit"
(Fig. 3). The discoid to campanulate, fleshy, mucilaginous, scarlet outer seed coat, or arillus, with an
open apex, is specific to the genus Taxus. However,
in addition to all Taxads, arils are found in several
FIG. 3.-The berry-like fruit of Yew with its fleshy,
mucilaginous, scarlet outer seed coat with the open
apex.
FIG. 2B.-Female flower buds showing decurved
or pendant habit.
4
significant differences in the number of chiasmata between the chromosomes of the different species and
cultivars.
SEX AND FRUITING CHARACTERISTICS
Both dioecious and monoecious plants are found
in he species and cultivars of Taxus. As noted earlier,
sex reversion also has occurred in several cultivars.
Over the years of the project, the sex and fruiting
characteristics of the various species and cultivars have
been checked carefully. Sex is usually fairly easy to
determine, but with some of the newer cultivars, plants
may not have reached the stage of flower bud development and corrections may be necessary at a later date.
Fruiting habit has been characterized as light,
light-medium, medium, medium-heavy, and heavy.
The amount of fruit produced will vary to some extent
from year to year, depending primarily on weather
conditions. The classification of fruiting habit has
been based on observations over a number of years
and not on any one yearly record. Sex and fruiting
characteristics of the Taxus species and cultivars are
recorded in Table 1.
FIG. 4.-Apical twig of Taxus media 'Brownii'
bearing seed and female flowers on the right and
male flowers on the left.
TABLE 1.-Sex and Fruiting Characteristics of Taxus Species and Cultivars.
Sex
Name
Taxus baccata
'Adpressa'
'Aurea'
'Compacta'
'Dovastoniana'
'Erecta'
'Expansa'
'Fastigiata Aurea'
'Glauca'
'Michelii'
'Nigra'
'Overeynderi'
'Repandens'
'Washingtonii'
Taxus camadensis
'Dwarf Hedge'
Taxus cuspidata
'Adams'
'Aristocrat'
'Aurescens'
'Capitata'
'Densa'
'Expansa'
'Hi ti'
'Intermedia'
'Midget'
'Nana'
'Prostrata'
'Robusta'
'Sieboldii'
'Thayerae'
Male
Female
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Fruiting Habit
Both
Light
x
x
Light-Medium
Medium
Medium-Heavy
x
Heavy
Notes
Usually female
*Sex reversion noted
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
*Sex reversion noted
x
x
x
x
x
Mostly monoecious
Usually fem ale
Usually female
x
x
x
x
x
*Sex reversion noted
x
x
x
*Cultivars marked with an asterisk hdve been observed to have an occasional twig or branch which reverted to the opposite sex.
(Continued on page 6)
5
TABLE 1 (Continued).-Sex and Fruiting Characteristics of Taxus Species and Cultivars.
Sex
Name
Taxus hunnewelliana
'Globosa'
Taxus media
'Amherst'
'Andorra'
'Anthony Wayne'
'Berryhill'
'Brevicata'
'Broad Beauty'
'Brownii'
'Brownhelm'
'Burr'
'Chadwick'
'Coleana'
'Cole Type B'
'Compacta'
'Costich'
'Densiformis'
'Donewell'
'Drulia'
'Dutweilleri'
'Emerald'
Male
Female
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
'Everlow'
'Fairview'
'Flemer'
'Flushing'
'Grandifolia'
'Green Candle'
'Green Mountain'
'Halloriana'
'Hatfieldii'
'Hatfield No. 2'
'Hatfield No. 6'
'Hatfield No. 18'
'Hatfield No. 19'
'Hatfield No. 23'
'Henryi'
'Hicksii'
'Hill'
'Hoogendoorn'
'Kelseyi'
'Kobel'
'L. C. Bobbink'
'Lodi'
'Mitiska Upright'
'Moon'
'Natorp'
'Newport'
'Ohio Globe'
'Peterson'
'Pilaris'
'Pyramidalis'
'Robusta'
'Roseco'
'Runyan'
x
x
'Sebian'
'Sentinalis'
'Stovekenii'
'Stricta'
'Totem'
'Vermeulen'
'Viridis'
'Wardii'
'Wellesleyana'
'Wilsonii'
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Fruiting Habit
Both
x
x
x
x
x
x
Light
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Light-Medium
Medium
Medium-Heavy
Heavy
x
Usually female
x
x
x
Notes
Usually male
*Sex reversion noted
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Split aril
Usually male
Formerly Mitiska No. 6
and Mitiska No. 33
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
True
type~:mal
*Sex reversion noted
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
*Sex reversion noted
x
x
x
Formerly Mitiska No. 5
x
x
· *Sex reversion noted,
Formerly Taxus media
No. 8
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
*Sex reversion noted
*Cultivars marked with an asterisk have be.en observed to have an occasional twig or branch which reverted to the opposite sex.
6
other hard-to-root cultivars may be propagated by this
method.
PROPAGATION
Since this study did not consider propagation, the
practices generally followed in commercial nurseries
will be discussed only briefly.
Yews are propagated by seed, cuttings, and grafting. Seed finds its ma1.n use in p;roducing excurrent
plants of the Japanese Yew or for the production of
new cultivars. Seed should be collected and cleaned
as soon as possible. They can be stratified in peat and
sand and held at a temperature of 35-50° until the following October. Then the seeds can be sown in flats
and held in greenhouses, polyhouses, or frames .until
the following spring when the seedlings can be set in
transplant beds. Another method frequently folwe~
is to sow 1-year seed in protected outside beds in early
August. Germination should occur the following
spring.
Cuttings of most species and cultivars root readily, and are generally used as a means of propagation
of cultivars except T. cuspidata 'Capitata'. In fact,
plants of the Upright Japanese Yew can be grown
from cuttings by selecting the erect, terminal shoots as
propagating wood. Cuttings 4-8 inches in length may
be handled · in greenhouses, poly-covered quonset
houses, or frames. Some nurserymen take cuttings in
late March and root them in cold frames. Others
take cuttings in mid-August, sticking them in a favorable rooting medium in cold frames. Rooting will
take place the following spring. Still others prefer to
handle the cuttings in greenhouses or poly-covered
quonset houses, taking the cuttings from November
to January.
Grafting of Yews is not commonly practiced commercially, although some of the golden foliage and
CULTURE
General: Soils in the T axus plantation of the
Secrest Arboretum are mostly Wooster silt loam.
Drainage was not adequate for satisfactory growth at
the start of the project and several plants were lost
because of poor drainage. This situation was corrected by installing tile drainage. The planting area
was fully exposed, although protected from sweeping
winds to some degree on the south by evergreen and
deciduous woods about 50-60 yards from the south
side of the Tax us area. Spacing was 10 x 12 feet.
Five plants of a kind were planted for most accessions.
In order that these plants might exhibit their
natural growth habit, trimming or pruning has been
held to a minimum, consisting of one light trimming
and the taking of a limited amount of cutting wood
from some specimens. The older plants in the collection were fertilized once with a commercial fertilizer.
Sod culture has been maintained but in most cases the
plants were mulched following planting.
While planting distances seemed very adequate
for the first 2 decades, crowding occurred in the last
decade, necessitating considerable thinning. However, one or more specimens have been retained for
most accessions.
There has been a slight infestation of black vine
weevil in the plantation, but widespread treatment has
not been required.
Size Records: Sizes of the T axus species and
cultivars were recorded in 1961 and again in 1973
when photographs were taken of representatives of
each accession. Height and width measurements
TABLE 2.-Average Height and Spread of Representative Taxus Species and Cultivars, Secrest Arboretum,
Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooste1.-, 1961-1973.
1961 - Spring
Year
Planted
Height
Width
1973 - Falll
Height
Feet
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
baccata 'Adpressa'
baccata 'Aurea'
baccata 'Compacta'
baccata 'Dovastoniana'
baccata 'Erecta'
baccata 'Expansa'
baccata 'Fastigiata Aurea'
baccata 'Glauca'
baccata 'Michelii'
baccata 'Nigra'
baccata 'Overeynderi'
baccata 'Repandens'
baccata 'Washingtonii'
canadensis
canadensis 'Dwarf Hedge'
cuspidata
cuspidata 'Adams'
cuspidata 'Aristocrat'
cuspidata 'Aurescens'
cuspidata 'Capitata'
1942
1942
1942
1942
1942
1942
1931
1942
1942
1942
1944
1942
1929
1942
1942
1942
1942
1958
1945
1942
5%
6
8
6
8
7
5
6%
8
12
6%
8
7%
2%
8
4%
3
5%
4%
11
2
7
3%
3
6%
12
2%
1%
9
8
7
10
14
3
3
10
Width
Feet
8
7%-8
12-13
8
8-9
12
8-9
10-11
4
9-10
8
3%
7-8
4%-5
5
8-9
13-14
7-8
2
14-15
10
20
18-20
25-27
14-15
12-14
3-3%
9-10
12-14
18-20
s
12
15-18
8-10
14-16
16-18
25-27
12
6-8
12-14
(Continued on page 8)
7
TABLE 2 (Continued).-Average Height and Spread of Representative Taxus Species and Cultivars, Secrest
Arboretum, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, 1961-1973.
Taxus cuspidata 'Densa'
Taxus cuspidata 'Expansa'
Taxus cuspidata 'Hiti'
Taxus cuspidata 'Intermedia'
Taxus cuspidata 'Midget'
Taxus cuspidata 'Nana'
Taxus cuspidata 'Prostrata'
Taxus cuspidata 'Robusta'
Taxus cuspidata 'Sieboldii'
Taxus cuspidata 'Thayerae'
Taxus hunnewelliana
Taxus hunnewelliama 'Globosa'
Taxus media
Taxus media 'Amherst'
Taxus media 'Andorra'
Taxus media 'Anthony Wayne'
Taxus media 'Berryhill'
Taxus media 'Brevicata'
Taxus media 'Broad Beauty'
Taxus media 'Brownii'
Taxus media 'Brownhelm'
Taxus media 'Burr'
Taxus media 'Chadwick'
Taxus media 'Coleana'
Taxus media 'Cole Type B'
Taxus media 'Compacta'
Taxus media 'Costich'
Taxus media 'Densiformis'
Taxus media 'Donewell'
Taxus media 'Drulia'
Taxus media 'Dutweilleri'
Taxus media 'Emerald'
Taxus media 'Everlow'
Taxus media 'Fairview'
Taxus media 'Flemer'
Ta·xus media 'Flushing'
Taxus media 'Grandifolia'
Taxus media 'Green Candle'
Taxus media 'Green Mountain'
Taxus media 'Halloriana'
Taxus media 'Hatfieldii'
Taxus media 'Hatfield No. 2'
Taxus media 'Hatfield No. 6'
Taxus media 'Hatfield No. 18'
Taxus media 'Hatfield No. 19'
Taxus media 'Hatfield No. 23'
Taxus media 'Henryi'
Taxus media 'Hicksii'
Taxus media 'Hill'
Taxus media 'Hoogendoorn'
Taxus media 'Kelseyi'
Taxus media 'Kobel'
Taxus media 'L. C. Bobbink'
Taxus media 'Lodi'
Taxus media 'Mitiska Upright'
Taxus media 'Moon'
Taxus media 'Natorp'
Taxus media 'Newport'
Taxus media 'Ohio Globe'
Taxus media 'Peterson'
Taxus media 'Pilaris'
Taxus media 'Pyramidalis'
Taxus media 'Robusta'
Taxus media 'Roseco'
Taxus media 'Runyan'
Taxus media 'Sebian'
Taxus media 'Sentinalis'
Taxus media 'Stovekenii'
Taxus media 'Stricta'
Taxus media 'Totem'
Taxus media 'Vermeulen'
Taxus media 'Viridis'
Taxus media 'Wardii'
Taxus media 'Wellesleyana'
Taxus media 'Wilsonii'
1973 ·Fall
1 961 - Spring
Year
Planted
Height
Width
Feet
Feet
1942
1943
1946
1942
1945
1942
1942
1942
1942
1942
1942
1942
1946
1951
1942
1960
1951
1942
1969
1942
1951
1964
1951
1942
1954
1942
1942
1958
1957
1953
1942
1951
1969
1958
1942
1962
1962
1951
1956
1948
1942
1942
1942
1942
1942
1942
1954
1942
1942
1958
1942
1962
1968
1958
1951
1950
1957
1954
1951
1962
1962
1962
1962
1962
1942
1942
1962
1942
1962
1946
1946
1962
1942
1942
1953
21h
3
71h
6
3
4
51h
61h
7
8
61h
6
5
4
8
1
31h
8
61h
10
71h
10
14
12
11
81h
41h
61h
1h
6
12
9
71h
21h
7
3
8
10
2
2
21h
10
3
6
7
31h
13
5
2
4
2
51h
7
8
51h
61h
8
51h
3
9
71h
1
9
3
3
6
3
11h
41h
21h
5
14
4
2
10
11h
3
7
6
9
8
71h
14
9
41h
41h
8
11h
71h
l1h
2
51h
6
1
5
8
5
12
11
10
5
6
4
21h
4
4
8
9
8
41h
5
8
31h
31h
7
71h
4
8
5
21h
51h
Width
Height
4-4%
6-7
10-11
10-11
4
71h
10
9
9
10
9-11
8-9
10
8-10
10-12
8-9
6-7
10-11
2
11-12
9-10
41h
5-6
9
5-6
10
12-13
6-7
7
8
12-13
6-7
2
6-7
8
9
7
8
5-6
9-10
9-10
12
10
10-12
12-13
9-10
8-9
12-13
9-10
5-6
12-13
5-6
4-5
8-9
6
9-10
6-7
3-3%
9-10
5
9
7-8
8
6-7
9-11
8-9
8-9
20
7-8
8-9
8
8-9
6
11-12
9-10
5-6
10
15
20-22
6
10-12
22-24
20
15-17
18-20
18-20
25-28
20-22
13-15
12
6
12-14
26-28
4
15
12
5-6
24-25
12
15
25-27
10-12
10-12
5-6
12-14
25-27
8-10
6
10-12
22-24
2-21h
2-2%
3-4
16-18
16-18
10-12
15-16
15-17
18-20
20-22
15-17
14-15
12
15-16
5-6
12-14
12
3-4
8
3-4
15
15-17
3-3%
10
9-10
2%-3
3-4
2-3
15-17
20-22
24-26
2-2%
12
3
4-5
15-16
3-3%
25-27
15-16
15
are estimates of average size of the one to five plants
of a kind. While the various· accessions varied somewhat at the time of planting, they were mostly 15-18inch or 18-24-inch specimens. Figures in Table 2
indicate the rate of growth during the early years following planting, and in · most cases the increased
growth rate during the last 12 years of the project.
Wintcr Injury Records: Data on winter injury
were recorded for the years 1947-48, 1950-51, 195152, 1952-53, 1958-59, 1960-61, and 1962-63 (Table
3) . Damage was more severe during these years
than others during the project. Except for the Taxus
baccata cultivars, winter damage has been slight, consisting mostly of slight foliage burn or discoloration
and delayed breaking of terminal buds. Several of
the T. baccata cultivars made remarkable recovery
following rather severe injury.
Meteorological Data: To provide background
information for the hardiness and winter injury data
presented in Table 3, meteorological data are given in
TABLE 3.-Winter lniury Ratings* for Taxus Species and Cultivars During Selected Test Winters, Secrest Arboretum, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster.
Taxus baccata 'Adpressa'
Taxus baccata 'Aurea'
Taxus baccata 'Compacta'
Taxus baccata 'Dovastoniana'
Taxus baccata 'Erecta'
Taxus baccata 'Expansa'
Taxus baccata 'Glauca'
Taxus baccata. 'Michelii'
Taxus baccata 'Nigra'
Taxus baccata 'Overeynderi'
Taxus baccata 'Repandens'
Taxus camadensis
Taxus canadensis 'Dwarf Hedge'
Taxus cuspidata
Taxus cuspidata 'Adams'
Taxus cuspidata 'Aristocrat'
Taxus cuspidata 'Aurescens'
Taxus cuspidata 'Capitata'
Taxus cuspidata 'Densa'
Taxus cuspidata 'Expansa'
Taxus cuspidata 'Hiti'
Taxus cuspidata 'Intermedia'
Taxus cuspidata 'Midget'
Taxus cuspidata 'Nana'
Taxus cuspidata 'Prostrata'
Taxus cuspidata 'Robusta'
Taxus cuspidata 'Sieboldii'
Taxus cuspidata 'Thayerae'
Taxus hwnnewelliana
Taxus hunnewelliana 'Globosa'
Taxus media
Taxus media 'Amherst'
Taxus media 'Andorra'
Taxus media 'Anthony Wayne'
Taxus media 'Berryhill'
Taxus media 'Brevicata'
Taxus media 'Brownii'
Taxus media 'Brownhelm'
Taxus media 'Chadwick'
Taxus media 'Coleana'
,Taxus med~a
'Cole Type B'
Taxus media 'Compacta'
Taxus media 'Costich'
Taxus media 'Densiformis'
Taxus media 'Donewell'
Taxus media 'Drulia'
Taxus media 'Dutweilleri'
Taxus media 'Emerald'
Taxus media 'Fairview'
Taxus media 'Flemer'
Taxus media 'Flushing'
Taxus media 'Grandifolia'
Taxus media 'Green Candle'
Taxus media 'Green Mountain'
1941-48
1950-51
1951-52
3-4
4-5
5
3-4
2-3
4
2-3
4-5
3-4
4-5
4
3-4
1
1
1
1
2-3
2-3
2-3
1
2-3
1-2
2-3
1
2-3
2
1
1-2
1-2
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
2-3
2-3
2
2
1
1
1
1-2
1
1
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3-4
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1-2
1
1-2
2
2-3
1
1-2
1
2
2-3
1-2
1
2
1-2
2
1
1
1
1-2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
1-2
2-3
1
2
1-2
1
1
1-2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1-2
1
1
1
1
1-2
2
1
4
4
2-3
4
2-3
4
3
3-4
3-4
1-2
1-2
1-2
1
1
1
1
1
1952-53
1
2
2
2
i
*l==N.o injury. 2:=Slight foliage burn or discoloration, delayed breaking of terminal buds.
injured. 4==Severe foliage burn and some twig kill back. 5 Twigs killed back 2 to 6 inches.
tFigures in bold face indicate this type of injury predominated.
1958-59
1960-61
1962-63
3-4
2-3
2-3
3
3
1-2
3-4
1-2
3-4
3
1
2-3
2
1-2
1
1
2-3
1
1
1-2
1-2
1
1
1-2
1
1
1
1
1
2
1-2
1
1-2
3-4
4
3-4
1-2
1-2
1
1
1
2-3
3-4
1
1-2
2-3
1
1-2
1
1
2-3
1
3
2-3t
2
2
3-4
1
2
2
1-2
2-3
1
1-2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1-2
1
1
1
1
1
1-2
1-2
1
1
1-2
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1-2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2-3
1
1·
3-4
3-4
2
4-5
2
3-4
4-5
2
2
1
1
1
1-2
4-5
1
1
1
1-2
1
1
1-2
2
1
1
1-2
1-2
2
2-3
1
1
1
1-2
1-2
1-2
2
1-2
2
2-3
1-2
1-2
2
1
2
1
1
2
1-2
1-2
2
1
2-3
3-Moderate foliage burn, terminal buds
(Continued on page 10)
9
TABLE 3 {C~:mtinued).-Wr
lniury Ratings* for Taxus Species and Cultivars During Selected Test Winters,
Secrest Arboretum, Ohio Agricult.ural Research and Development Center, Wooster.
1947-48
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
media 'Halloriana'
media 'Hatfieldii'
media 'Hatfield No. 2'
media 'Hatfield No 6'
media 'Hatfield No. 18'
media 'Hatfield No. 19'
media 'Hatfield No. 23'
media 'Henryi'
media 'Hicksii'
media 'Hill'
media 'Hoogendoorn'
media 'Kelseyi'
media 'Kobel'
media 'Lodi'
media 'Mitiska Upright'
media 'Moon'
media 'Natorp'
media 'Newport'
media 'Ohio Globe'
media 'Peterson'
media 'Pilaris'
media 'Pyramidalis'
media 'Robusta'
media 'Roseco'
media 'Runyan'
media 'Sebian'
media 'Sentinalis'
media 'Stovekenii'
media 'Stricta'
media 'Totem'
media 'Vermeulen'
media 'Viridis'
media 'Wardii'
media 'W ellesleyana'
media 'Wilsonii'
1951-52
1950-51
1952-53
1
1-2
1-2
1
1
1
1-2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
1
1
2
2-3
1-2
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
2
1-2
1
1-2
1
1
1
1-2
1958-59
1
1-3
1-2
1
1
1
1
1-2
2-3
1-2
1-2
1-2
1
2
1-2
2
1-2
1-2
1-2
1-2
1-2
1
1960-61
1962-63
1
1-2
1
1
1
1
1
1-2
1-2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1-2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1-2
1
1.
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1-2
1
1
2
2-3
1
1-2
1-2
1-2
1-2
1-2
1
1
2-3
1
1-2
2
1
1
1
1
*l=No injury. 2:=Slight foliage burn or discoloration, delayed breaking of terminal buds.
injured. 4:=Severe .foliage burn and some twig kill back. 5 Twigs killed back 2 to 6 inches.
tFigures in bold face indicate this type of injury predominated.
1
1
1-2
1
1-2
1-2
1-2
1
1-2
1-2
1
1-2
1-2
2
1
2
1
1-2
1-2
1-2
1-2
1-2
1-2
1-2
1-2
1
1-2
2
2-3
1-2
1-2
2-3
1
3-Moderate foliage burn, terminal buds
TABLE 4.-Meteorological Data Recorded for Several Winters, Ohio Agricultural Research and Devel1opment
Center, Wooster, 1947-48.
Relative
Humidity
Temperature*
OF
Date
Character
of Day
Notes
20
25
17
Cloudy
Partly Cloudy
Cloudy
On Nov. 9 temperature dropped from
maximum of 52° to 32°, warmed to
58°, then dropped to 33° on Nov. 10.
27
14
11
27
29
20
Cloudy
Partly Cloudy
Partly Cloudy
Marked variation between maximum
and minimum temperatures early,
middle, and end of month.
48
48
20
34
24
29
00
08
24
19
20
26
56
84
60
40
Cloudy
Cloudy
Cloudy
Cloudy
Minimum temperature below 10° for
15 days during Jan. Very cold (01°
to 08 ° ) between Jan. 22 and Jan. 31
except for 2 days when it was 13 ° and
100.
34
63
63
50
00
34
30
14
34
29
33
03
51
46
54
56
Partly Cloudy
Clear
Cloudy
Clear
Minimum temperature below 10° from
Feb. 1 to Feb. 9 except 12° on Feb. 3
and 10 ° on Feb. 4. Marked variation
between maximum and minimum ternperatures Feb. 17-21.
25
54
77
___;Q9
16
62
34
38
15
38
36
Cloudy
Clear
Cloudy
Marked variation between maximum
and minimum temperatures March 11
to 14. Minimum temperature for this
period 02 ° to 09 °.
Max.
Diff.
40
33
54
43
31
Nov.
7
10
30
Dec.
8
20
29
Jan.
8
9
14
20
Feb.
2
18
19
20
Mar.
12
14
21
(%)
Mil'!.
60
58
28
11
12 Noon
*Figures in bold face type indicate the maximum and minimum temperatures, and the greatest temperature difference occurring during
the month.
10
Table 4. Conditions responsible for winter injury
of Taxus undoubtedly vary from year to year. Three·
major reasons can be cited: 1) the condition in which
the plants go into the winter, 2) severe cold periods
of several days or weeks duration, and 3) marked and
rapid changes in temperature. Water relations are
influenced by snow cover and extent of soil freezing
during the winter.
TABLE 4 (Continued).-Meteorolo,gical Data Recorded for Several Winters, Ohio Agricultural Research and
Development Center, Wooster, 1950-51.
OF
Date
Nov.
1
14
25
Dec.
3
21
28
Jan.
1
20
30
Feb.
3
19
Mar.
3
6
20
Max.
(%)
Min.
59
19
80
50
20
0-6
18
28
30
-16
-14
39
61
14
08
34
5·6
26
62
67
70
35
Wind.
Velocity
and
Direction
Relative
Humidity
Temperature*
Diff.
21
31
14
26
34
42
31
12 Noon
48
82
Character
of Day
Notes
6.6 SW
12.1 NW
9.7 SW
Partly Cloudy
Clear
Clear
Maximum temperature from Nov. 2430 ranged from 20° to 36°. Minimum
temprau~
for same period ranged
from 06° to 24 °.
73
8.3 SW
1.8 SW
1.4 NW
Cloudy
Clear
Clear
Maximum temperature in month mostly between 20 ° and 30 °. Minimum
temperature consistently below freez·ing.
:
62
70
62
40
04
27
10
73
53
9.1 SW
16.4 SW
5.5 N
Clear
Cloudy
Partly Cloudy
Warm during the middle of the month;
cold from Jan. 21-31.
-13
41
39
21
65
38
5.9 SW
8.9 SW
Clear
Partly Cloudy
Consistently cold between Feb. 1 and
Feb. 10. 5 day$ with minimum temperature below 0°. Warm temperature Feb. 18-28.
31
36
36
34
20
78
10.7 NW
9.9 SW
8.7 w
Cloudy
Clear
Clear
Maximum temperature 32° or above
for entire .month. Cold from Marc4
15
1
58
64
19-22; 21°
po 15°.
TABLE 4 (Continued).-Meteorological Data Recorded for Several Winters, Ohio Agricultural Research and
Development Center, Wooster, 1951-52.
Relative
Humidity
Temperature*
OF
Date
Nov.
13
20
21
Dec.
3
16
17
31
Max.
65
1
29
30
Feb.
8
15
26
28
Mar.
2
20
30
(%)
Diff.
12 Noon
Character
of Day
Notes
Extremes in temperature occurred
Nov. 8-10 and Nov. 20-22.
32
46
14
15
18
31
48
37
3.5 SW
11.2 SW
Clear
Clear
63
05
32
-13
-12
34
31
18
32
29
36
58
60
11.2 SE
6.0 SW
Clear
Clear
Partly Cloudy
Maximum temperature 57-64 °, with
minimum 23-32° between Dec. 1 and
Dec. 5. Maximum temperature 18320, with minimum -13-20° between
Dec. 12 and Dec. 19.
33
25
06
06
29
2·9
15
96
67
52
50
5.5 SW
9.7 NW
4.4 NW
7.8 SW
Cloudy
Cloudy
Partly Cloudy
Clear
Marked variation between maximum
and minimum temperatures early and
middle of month. 27 days of month
with minimum temperature below 32°.
30
15
15
24
29
31
69
30
45
54
13.2 S&W
4.4 NE
2.3 s
5.0 SE
Cloudy
Clear
Clear
Partly Cloudy
Minimum temperature consistently below 32 ° for month except first 4 days.
Marked variation in temperature between maximum and minimum on Feb.
10 (28°), Feb. 15, and Feb. 26.
23
62
48
50
Partly Cloudy
Pa;rtly Cloudy
Partly Cloudy
Minimum of 29° on March 3 to maximum of 25 ° on March 4. Minimum of
24° on March 12 to maximum of 52°
and minimum of 28 ° on March 13.
Minimum of 28° on March 29 to maximum of 63 ° and minimum of 21 ° on
March 30.
20
63
Jan.
20
Min.
Wind
Velocity
and
Direction
62
54
17
21
54
44
46
54
31
67
63
11
27
27
08
34
21
33
42
8.2
s
6.2 SE
2.6 E
7.4 s
*Figures in bold face type indicate the maximum and minimum temperatures, and the greatest temperature difference occurring during
the month.
11
TABLE 4 (Continued).-Meteorological Data Recorded for Several Winters, Ohio Agricultural Research and
Development Center, Wooster, 1952-53.
Relative
Humidity
Temperature*
OF
Date
Max.
Nov.
2
5
14
17
29
70
62
62
7·0
32
Dec.
7
9
28
Jan.
6
15
16
Feb.
18
21
Mar.
8
9
21
31
Min.
(%)
Diff.
12 Noon
Wind
Velocity
and
Direction
Character
of Day
Notes
Clear
Clear
Clear
Partly Cloudy
Partly Cloudy
Major variations during month: minimum of 27° on Nov. 4 to maximum of
62° and minimum of 28° on Nov. 5.
Minimum of 26° on Nov. 13 to maximum of 62 ° and minimum of 28 ° on
Nov. 14.
Clear
Partly Cloudy
Clear
Probably no foliage damage during
Dec. Maximum temperature 32° or
above for 25 days of month. Minimum temperature 32° or below for 2.4
days of month.
Clear
Clear
Cloudy
Consistently cold during month except
for period Jan. 13-18 when maximum
temperature was in 50's.
44
28
28
52
26
34
34
18
24
50
30
36
59
54
54
63
30
24
51
{)9
30
12
21
50
71
51
18
58
58
03
35
22
15
23
36
66
67
100
4.2 W, S,E,N
13.8 S-SW
6.7 NW
43
-l01
23
44
36
54
62
12.0 w
12.8 S-SW
Clear
Partly Cloudy
Maximum temperature mostly in 3040° range. Minimum temperature 32~
or below for 25 of the 28 days.
12
1'2
37
22
14
23
34
34
60
61
44
44
5.5 w
4.2 SW
3.4 SE
3.4 E
Clear
Clear
Clear
Clear
Minimum temperature on March 20
was 28 ° F., rising to 71 ° on March 21
and remaining warm for next 4 days,
with minimum temperature dropping
to 31 ° on March 26.
08
1
59
1
26
35
71
56
9.1 SW
11.9 SW
5.8 s
5.2 s
6.2 SW
7.3 SW
9.5 S-SW
8.4 s
TABLE 4 (Continued).-Meteorological Data Recorded for Several Winters, Ohio Agricultural Research and
Development Center, Wooster, 1958-59.
Relative
Humidity
Temperature*
OF
(%)
Wind
Velocity
and
Direction
Character
of Day
Date
Max.
Nov.
17
23
29
74
56
25
63
24
01
11
32
24
97
58
76
8.4 SW
4.7 s
10.8 NW
Cloudy
Clear
Clear
Dec.
7
22
29
Warm up to Nov. 21. Only 1 day
(Nov. 7) with minimum temperature
below 32° (25°). Last 10 days of
month minimum temperature consistently below freezing.
.18
42
54
02
11
26
16
31
28
72
74
67
5.8 SW
6.9 SW
5.3 NE
Partly Cloudy
Clear
Partly Cloudy
A cold month with maximum temperature mostly between 14 ° and low 40's.
Minimum temperature below 32 ° for
entire month except on Dec. 4 ( 34 °).
17
21
34
14
61
·oo
00
45
34
13
16
76
78
10.0 NW
6.9 SW
15.5
Partly Cloudy
Clear
Cloudy
Feb.
10
12
19
A cold month with minimum temperature 10° or below for 15 days. Extreme variation in temperature Jan.
20-22. Minimum temperature on Jan.
20 12°; maximum temperature on Jan.
21 61°; minimum on Jan. 22 12°.
63
52
14
29
17
01
34
35
13
70
53
72
15.4 w
7.7 SW
5.1 NW
Partly Cloudy
Clear
Clear
Mar.
22
23
25
Minimum temperature consistently below 32 ° for first 12 days of month. A
warm period ( 54 °) followed by another cold period Feb. 18-23, with
minimum temperature 01° to 22°.
32
59
73
15
16
34
17
43
39
50
27
26
Clear
Clear
Clear
Major variation between maximum
and minimum temperatures March 2226. Maximum temperature ranging
from 54 °-73 °, with minimum temperature 15 °-34 ° for same period.
Jan.
4
Min.
Diff.
12 Noon
3.1 NW
5.6 SW
4.8 NW-NE
Notes
*Figures in bold face type indicate the maximum and minimum temperatures, and the greatest temperature difference occurring during
the month.
12
TABLE 4 (Continued).-Meteorological Data Recorded for Several Winters, Ohio Agricultural Research and
Development Center, Wooster, 1960-61.
Relative
Humidity
Temperature*
OF
{%)
Wind
Velocity
and
Direction
Date
Max.
Nov.
15
29
30
66
-61
29
18
11
56
71
74
Dec.
5
13
62
14
31
01
31
13
55
7.1 SW
9.9 SW
Jan.
5
13
21
26
39
48
16
14
00
19
00
00
3'9
29
16
14
75
50
68
87
10.1 s
2.6 SW
10.6 SW
4.8 SW
19
24
38
60
68
'00
22
36
38
38
32
54
78
52
7.8 SW
6.8 SW
7.1 SW
Mar.
11
17
27
56
31
72
14
20
36
17
30
48
40
32
8.5 SW
7.5 NW
10.4 SW
Feb.
9
Min.
Diff.
11
55
20
41
42
12 Noon
Character
of Day
11.1 SW
15.4 w
12.7 W-NW
Notes
Clear
Partly Cloudy
Cloudy
Major variations in temperature:
minimum of 19° on Nov. 12 to maximum of 62° and minimum of 27° on
Nov. 15. Minimum of 53° on Nov. 28
to maximum of 61 ° and minimum of
20° on Nov. 29.
Clear
Clear
A cold month with maximum temperature above 32° 5 Q.ays and minimum
temperature below 32° 30 days. 14
days with minimum temperature 10°
or below.
Clear
Clear
Clear
Cloudy
Maximum temperature above 32 ° for
13 days of month. Minimum temperature above freezing only 3 days of
morith. From Jan. 20-31, minimum
temperature below 10° except on Jan.
25 (14°).
Clear
Partly Cloudy
Clear
Cold during first 12 days of month.
Warm temperature on Feb. 18 (minimum 51 °), followed by cold temperature on Feb. 19 and 20 (minimum 22°
and 18°).
Partly Cloudy
Major variation between maximum
and minimum temperatures. Minimum of 18 ° on March 19 to maximum
of 56 ° and minimum of 20 ° on March
11. Minimum of 20 ° on March 11 to
maximum of 52° and minimum of 24 °
on March 12.
TABLE 4 (Continued).-Meteorological Data Recorded for Several Winters, Ohio Agricultural Research and
Development Center, Wooster, 1962-63.
Relative
Humidity.
Temperature*
OF
{%)
Max.
Nov.
26
30
45
64
18
27
38
45
46
1.7 E
0.3
Dec.
2
11
66
14
22
00
44
14
44
70
Jan.
10
20
27
31
47
37
16
25
31
02
00
00
16
35
16
25
20
23
52
36
23
22
05
02
Mar.
2
29
29
76
13
36
6
26
Diff.
12 Noon
Date
Feb.
Min.
Wind
Velocity
and
Direction
Character
of Day
Notes
Clear
Clear
Probably no winter damage during
Nov. Minimum temperature in 20's
late in month.
2.5 E
5.7 SW
Partly Cloudy
Partly Cloudy
Temperature mild early in month.
Maximum temperature below 32 ° 19
days of month. Minimum temperature consistently below 32 °; 11 days
10° or below.
73
74
74
67
3.8 SW-NE
9.0 w
7.7 SW
3.1 SE
Cloudy
Cloudy
Partly Cloudy
Clear
A cold month with maximum temperature above 32 ° only 10 days of month,
mostly in 30's. Minimum temperature below 32° for entire month. Minimum temperature 10 ° or below for 15
days of month.
30
31
21
55
63
59
2.3 SW
Partly Cloudy
12.2 SW
Clear
A cold month with maximum temperature above 32 ° for 12 days of month.
Minimum temperature below 32° for
entire month. Minimum temperature
10° or below for 12 days of inonth.
Extreme cold Feb. 21-23, with maximum temperature 9° and minimum 5°.
16
40
51
38
4.1 SW
7.8 SW
Clear
Clear
Probably no winter damage during
March.
*Figures in bold face type indicate the maximum and minimum temperatures, and the greatest temperature difference occurring during
the month.
13
1975 because Taxus has considerable recuperative
power.
Some degree of difficulty was experienced in attempting to categorize the extent of the snow damage
to the various species and cultivars. In several cases,
all specimens of a cultivar within the same group did
not exhibit the same degree of damage; it varied from
a decidedly open top to one of attaining nearly natural growth habit. Broken branches were apparent
with several cultivars. Undoubtedly there are cases
where branches are not broken, but the bark has been
sprung or crushed to the extent that natural branch
habit recovery is doubtful.
In analyzing the extent of the damage, it should
be kept in mind that the plants in the Taxus plantation have not been pruned, but were left to grow according to their natural habit. Consequently, the
damage was much greater, with less recovery, than
would be expected under normal landscape maintenance practices. As a rule, the older, larger, narrow
upright, or wide upright spreading cultivars were
more extensively damaged than the smaller specimens
and those of the more stiffly branched, rounded, or
globe forms or the wide-spreading cultivars such as
T. media 'Flemer' and T. media 'Wardii'.
Data indicating the extent of the snow damage
were recorded on July 9, 1975, and are reported in
Table 5. Some cultivars have been assigned a single
number indicating extent of damage. With others,
two numbers are assigned because of the damage
variation within a cultivar group.
FIG. 5.-0verall view of snow cover and damage
in Taxus collection following 24-inch snowfall of
Dec. I, 1974.
Snow Damage: Considerable damage to the
Taxus plants in the Secrest Arboretum occurred when
more than 24 inches of heavy snow fell on Dec. 1,
1974. The heavy snow was on the plants for more
than 2 weeks, causing considerable breakage of
branches. There was considerable "pulling-apart" of
the erect branches of the narrow fastigiate or columnar cultivars. A record of the damage to the various
species and cultivars was delayed to mid-summer of
TABLE 5.-Snow Damage to Taxus Species, Clones, and Cultivars, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, Dec. 1, 1974.
Name
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
baccata 'Adpressa'
baccata 'Aurea'
baccata 'Compacta'
baccata 'Dovastoniana'
baccata 'Erecta'
baccata 'Expansa'
baccata 'Glauca'
baccata 'Michelii'
baccata 'Nigra'
baccata 'Overeynderi'
baccata 'Repandens'
canadensis
canadensis 'Dwarf Hedge'
cuspidata
cuspidata 'Adams'
cuspidata 'Aristocrat'
cuspidata 'Aurescens'
cuspidata 'Capitata'
cuspidata 'Densa'
cuspidata 'Expansa'
cuspidata 'Hiti'
cuspidata 'Intermedia'
cuspidata 'Midget'
Damage
Ratings*
Comments
3-4
2-3t
1-2
1-2
1-2
1-2
Some broken branches
Variable; centers open on most specimens; large plants
Nearly recovered; large plants
Large plants
Large plants
Large plants; nearly recovered natural habit
Large plants
3-4
1-2
Large plants
2-3
1-2
1-2
1-2
2-3
Some broken branches
3
1
1
1
2-3
l
2-3
3-4
1-2
1-2
Because of loose habit of growth, little damage
Small plants
Large plants
Large plants
Large plants
Large plants
* 1=Essentially no damage or recovery nearly complete. 2==Slight damage-some spreading or bending of branches still apparent.
3=Moderate damage-centers of plants open. 4-Severe damage-often broken branches. Centers open or branches greatly diverging
from natural habit of growth. Recovery doubtful without extensive pruning.
tFigures in bold face indicate this type of injury more prevalent.
14
TABLE 5 (Continued).-Snow Damage to Taxus Species, Clones, and Cultivars, Ohio Agricultural Research
and Development Center, Wooster, Dec. 1, 1974.
Name
Taxus cuspidata 'Nana'
Taxus cuspidata 'Prostrata'
Taxus cuspidata 'Robusta'
Taxus cuspidata 'Sieboldii'
Taxus cuspidata 'Thayerae'
Taxus hunnewelliana
Taxus hurtnewelliana 'Globosa'
Taxus media
Taxus media 'Amherst'
Taxus media 'Andorra'
Taxus media 'Anthony Wayne'
Taxus media 'Berryhill'
Taxus media 'Brevicata'
Taxus media 'Broad Beauty'
Taxus media 'Brownii'
Taxus media 'Brownhelm'
Taxus media 'Burr'
Taxus media 'Chadwick'
Taxus media 'Coleana'
Taxus media 'Cole Type B'
Taxus media 'Compacta'
Taxus media 'Costich'
Taxus media 'Densiformis'
Taxus media 'Donewell'
Taxus media 'Drulia'
Taxus media 'Dutweilleri'
Taxus media 'Emerald'
Taxus media 'Everlow'
Taxus media 'Fairview'
Taxus media 'Flemer'
Taxus media 'Flushing'
Taxus media 'Grandifolia'
Taxus media 'Green Candle'
Taxus media 'Green Mountain'
Taxus media 'Halloriana'
Taxus media 'Hatfieldii'
Taxus media 'Hatfield No. 2'
Taxus media 'Hatfield No. 6'
Taxus media 'Hatfield No. 18'
Taxus media 'Hatfield No. 19'
Taxus media 'Hatfield No. 23'
Taxus media 'Henryi'
Taxus media 'Hicksii'
Taxus media 'Hill'
Taxus media 'Hoogendoorn'
Taxus media 'Kelseyi'
Taxus media 'Kobel'
Taxus media 'L. C. Bobbink'
Taxus ·media 'Lodi'
Taxus media 'Mitiska Upright'
Taxus media 'Moon'
Taxus media 'N atorp'
Taxus media 'Newport'
Taxus media 'Ohio Globe'
Taxus media 'Peterson'
Taxus media 'Pilaris'
Taxus media 'Pyramidalis'
Taxus media 'Robusta'
Taxus media 'Roseco'
Taxus media 'Runyan'
Taxus media 'Sebian'
Taxus media 'Sentinalis'
Taxus media 'Stovekenii'
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
media 'Stricta'
media 'Totem'
media 'Vermeulen'
media 'Viridis'
media 'W ardii'
media 'Wellesleyana'
media 'Wilsonii'
Damage
Ratings*
1-2
2-3
2-3
2
2-3
1-2
2-3
2-3
2-3
3-4
2-3
1-2
2
1
2-3
2-3
1-2
1-2
1-2
2
3-4
3-4
2-3
1
2
2-3
1
1
2
1-2
1-2
1
Comments
Large plants
Large plants
Center open, large plants
Large plants
Variable damage; large plants
Large plants
Large plants
Variable damage; large plants
Center branches widely spread; large plants
Made good recovery; one broken branch; large plants
Small plants
Large plants
Small plants
Large plants
Large plants
Large plants
Large plants
Large plants
Several broken branches
Large plants
Large plants
Small plants
Female plants less damaged than male; large plants
3-4
2
2
1-3
2-3
2-3
2-3
2
1-3
1
3-4
1-2
·2-3
2-3
2-3
·1-2
2
1-2
3-4
1
1
1-2
Variable damage; most typical Hatfield plants rate 1-2
Large plants
Large plants
Large plants
Large plants
Large plants
Large plants
Large plants
Large plants
Large plants
Some broken branches
Small plants
Large plants
Large plants
Small plants
1-2
Small plants
3
2-3
2
.2
1-2
1-2
2-3
3-4
Large plants
Large plants
Large plants
3
Large plants; badly pulled apart; doubtful recovery without
extensive pruning
2-3
Plants badly pulled apart
Large plants
1
2-3
2-3
Large plants
Large plants
Large plants
3-4
1-2
*l=:Essentially no damage or recovery nearly complete. 2==Slight damage-some spreading or bending of branches still apparent.
3=:Moderate damage-centers of plants open. 4==Severe damage-often broken branches. Centers open or branches greatly diverging
from natural habit of growth. Recovery doubtful without extensive pruning.
tFigures in bold face indicate this type of injury more prevalent.
15
tivar described and offered for sale may not be true
to name; second, the described form may be the result of training in the nursery row rather than the
true habit of the selection. Another source of error
in naming plants is the general lack of knowledge of
the rules for naming plants and of the level of the
taxon to be named. In this study, no error was found
at the generic level. Errors were common at the
specific level, especially between the species T. media
and T. cuspidata, although many growers ignored the
species, using only the genus and cultivar names, e.g.,
"T axus brownii".
The clonal concept is foreign to some nurserymen,
who select groups of plants toward an ideal with little ..
regard for names or descriptior;ts. This has been well
illustrated by the many selections of "intermedia"
which have been offered as "improvements" on the
original clone.
·
The avoidance of such error can be achieved by
following the recommendation of the International
Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants that a
Register of Yew Names of national or international
scope be established. This agency acts as a clearinghouse for all new names, and is responsible for the
proper registration, description, and naming of plants.
The preservation of plant materials, herbarium specimens, and records is involved.
TAXUS SPECIES, CLONES, AND CULTIVARS
The plant names used in this publication follow,
in general, the International Code of Nomenclature
for Cultivated Plants (2) adopted in the United
States in 1959. While most of the names conform,
some obviously do not. Time and information were
not available to trace the origin or original description, if any, to properly determine whether the plant
should be listed as a clone or cultivar and the name
listed in single quotes. The code states: "A cultivar
name published on or after 1 January, 1959, must
. . . be a fancy name, that is, one markedly different
from a botanical name in Latin form," and designated
by the abbreviation cv. before the cultivar name or
enclosing the name in single quotation marks. The
code also states that: "a cultivar distributed before
1 January, 1959, under a test number or a plot number, or a cultivar whose name is illegitimate, must be
given, as a new name, a fancy name in modern language." This rule has not been followed completely.
For example, Taxus media 'No. 18' continues to be
used and to the best of the authors' knowledge this cultivar is not now in commerce. The code regulates
against the use of the same cultivar name within a
taxonomic unit. Thus, for example, the use of the cultivar name 'Robusta' should not be used for both Taxus cuspid at a 'Robusta' and T axus media 'Robusta'.
T axus cuspid at a 'Robusta' would have priority because
of earliest publication. The authors have not, in this
publication, attempted to correct all such descriptions.
It is noted that Den Ouden ( 14) lists cultivars 'Columnaris,' 'Erecta,' and 'Prostrata' for both species T axus
baccata and T axus cuspidata.
Since the differences between species are as much
geographical as morphological, the terms used in describing the cultivars are relative.· Broad or short
leaves are broad or short in relation to other Yew
leaves. While the authors would prefer to give precise dimensions for comparison, it was found to be
impractical except where there are a great number
of cultivars growing together under similar conditions. Even under such circumstances, the linear dimensions of the plant parts will vary with the kind of
season and even more with the age of the plant. The
latter factor has been especially apparent in some of
the plants under observation in the Secrest Arboretum, which were rather dwarf and slow-growing for
5 or more years. Then, when well established, they
made more growth each year than in the entire 5 seasons of slow growth. The linear dimensions, the
amount of seed set, and even the habit of growth were
so changed that the donor was often unable to recognize the plants.
Descriptions based on nursery-grown plants are
subject to two primary sources of error: first, the cul-
Taxus baccata L.
English Yew
This species is a tree to 60 feet high, with thick,
short, branching trunk and reddish bark which scales
from the trunk and larger branches in thin flakes or
long strips; or a shrub under adverse conditions or
when propagated from lateral or plagiotropic branches. Mature branchlets or twigs, slender, greenish,
scattered alternate arrangement, often close together
near the apex of the previous season's growth, forming
a pseudo whorl.
Leaves linear, tapering or gradually acuminate,
flat, about 1 inch long, dark lustrous green above,
with two pale green stomate bands below; midrib
prominent above; petiole short and greenish. The
leaves are attached spirally by decurrent bases, but
take a two-ranked position in a single plane, forming
flat sprays except on the leaders of excurrent plants
and in some cultivars as in Irish English Yew, which
characteristically -has the leaves arranged radially.
The winter buds are ovate, rather small, with
persistent, blunt, thin scales which have no prominent
ridge or keel.
The seed of the English Yew is broad ellipsoid,
dark brown, about one-fourth inch long, and usually
2-angled at the apex. The aril or cupped disc which
covers the seed is open at the end and usually exceeds
16
mm. long, the cup enclosing only two-thirds to threefourths of the seed; the large opening is angled. The
nutlet is short and globular, mostly 3-4 angled, very
dark brown when mature.
This cultivar, represented in the Secrest Arboretum by group 11 (A, C), was obtained from Lakewood Nursery, Lakewood, Ohio.
the length of the seed. The aril is scarlet or bright
red beneath a waxy bloom which imparts a crimson
appearance, except in the cv. Yellow-Berry English
Yew.
The English Yew is native to the British Isles,
most of Europe, and the mountains of adjacent parts
of Asia and Africa, according to Rehder ( 3 3 ) . In
America, the species is not hardy north of Kentucky
and Dela ware, except on Long Island and the north
shore of Long Island Sound. It is represented in the
Living Herbarium of Taxus by some of the hardier cultivars, of which the cv. Spreading English Yew appears to be the most hardy.
Taxus baccata 'Aurea' Carriere
T. baccata var. aurea Bailey; T. baccata var. elvastonensis Beissner; T. baccata aurescens Hort.; T.
baccata elegantissima Hort. not Beissner
The Golden English Yews are not a clone, having been widely grown from seed to avoid the "onesided" growth of vegetatively propagated plants.
Taxus baccata 'Adpressa' Carriere
T. adpressa Gordon; T. tardiva Lawson; T . brevifolia Hort. not Nuttall; T. baccata var. adpressa
Carriere
According to Wilson ( 35), this cultivar is a seedling of T. baccata first grown in the Dickson Nursery
at Chester, England, about 1828.
The dark green, abruptly pointed or mucronulate
short leaves, less than one-half inch long, make this female cultivar unique and impossible to confuse with
any other. The leaves are broad ovate to oblong,
two-ranked in one plane, and so uniform in length the
sprays appear ribbon-like.
The twigs are bright to olive green and moderately slow in growth, often somewhat pendulous. According to Dallimore ( 12), this shrub "never affects
a central leader."
The winter buds are globose with thin obtuse
scales. The aril is light red, about 9 mm. wide by 7
Taxus baccata 'Aurea'
Therefore, considerable latitude is allowed in growth
habit and leaf characteristics as long as the undersides
and margins of the leaves are bright golden yellow.
This color fades to yellowish white by late autumn;
the leaves are green the second season.
This popular type with American nurserymen is
quite compact and erect while young, making dense
pyramids or globes, becoming broad conical and less
dense with age.
The leaves are straight, arranged spirally or pectinate in a narrow "V" and somewhat appressed,
showing the bright yellow undersides to good advantage. Both sexes are offered in this form.
This cultivar is more hardy than the species, but
frequently shows some winter damage on the southwest side at Wooster, Ohio. It is represented in the
Secrest Arboretum by groups 1 ( D) and 2 ( B).
Plants of 2 ( B) (photo) were obtained from Lakewood Nursery, Lakewood, Ohio.
Taxus baccata 'Compacta' Beissner
This cultivar originated in the Den Ouden Nursery, Holland, about 1910, according to Krussmann
( 26). He states that Beissner's description is inaccu-
Taxus baccata 'Adpressa'
17
Taxus baccata 'Dovastoniana'
Taxus baccata 'Compacta'
considers this cultivar "one of the most decorative of
all conifers." It was once quite popular in the trade,
and many large specimens can be found from Newport, R. I., southward. This cultivar, represented in
the Secrest Arboretum by group 20 ( C), was obtained
from the Kallay Bros. Co., Painesville, Ohio.
rate because it was of a young plant about 18 inches
high. The plant is not dwarf and, like most Yews,
grows more rapidly after it attains some size.
It is a dense, fastigiate, compact, male cultivar
of broad oval or conical form. The branchlets are
ascending or somewhat appressed, abundant on previous season's and older growth, 2 to 3 inches long.
The leaves are radially arranged on the branches
and upper branchlets. The leaves are short, not over
five-eighths of an inch, narrow and somewhat curved,
dark glossy green above, lighter below, with a narrow
dark green midrib.
Not as winter hardy as the cv. Broom English
Yew, it has shown some winterburn on the south side
almost every year. The specimens in group 21 ( E)
in the Secrest Arboretum were propagated from
plants imported from Blauw Nurseries, Boskoop, Holland, about 1917. Plants of this cultivar were obtained from F. & F. Nurseries, Springfield, N.J.
Taxus baccata 'Erecta' Loudon
T. baccata pyramidalis Carriere; T. baccata fastigiata Hort. not Loudon
This old male cultivar was described as a seedling of the cv. Irish English Yew by Loudon ( 28) in
1838. It was well known in the trade in America by
T axus baccata 'Dovastoniana'
Taxus baccata dovastoniana Leighton; T. baccata dovastonii Lawson; T. baccata dovastoni Loudon; T. imperialis Hort. ex Hoopes; T. baccata horizontalis Hort.; T. baccata pendula Hort.
This cultivar was first described in 1838 by Loudon ( 28) as "W estfelton Yew". The original tree was
planted about 1777 at Westfelton, England. It is
monoecious, having one fem ale branch.
The cultivar differs from the English Yew only
in that the branchlets are pendulous from horizontal
and terminally ascending branches in much the same
habit of an old Norway Spruce. Krussmann ( 26)
Taxus baccata 'Erecta'
18
1868, with extensive plantings at the Parsons Nursery,
Flushing, L. I.
The branches grow erect, with fastigiate branchlets and twigs forming small spires in the top of old
plants. Young plants are narrow columnar, becoming broad ovate and finally hemispherical with age.
The leaves are dark glossy green above, lighter
with somewhat glaucous bands below; less than threefourths of an inch long, straight and arranged flat in
a single plane; more narrow and finer textured than
those of the species.
This cultivar is among the hardier of the English Yews, but has shown some winter damage in
severe winters in the Secrest Arboretum, where it is
represented by group 10 (A, D). Plants of this cultivar were obtained from the Siebenthaler Co., Dayton, Ohio.
The specimens in group 39 (A, C) in the Secrest
Arboretum were trained as globes as received. The
branches were horizontal or somewhat pendulous,
little divided, and somewhat in layers or sprays.
Growth was moderately vigorous. As the plants approached 4 feet in height, growth became vigorous
and more ascending. The globe shape has not been
lost with age. Plants of this accession were obtained
from C. R. Runyan, Spring Grove Cemetery, Cincinnati, Ohio.
Taxus baccata 'Fastigiata Aurea'
T axus baccata fastigiata aurea Senecl. 1868
The cultivar T axus baccata 'Fastigiata' was dis. covered as a seedling on the mountains above Florence
Court, county of Fermanagh, Ireland, before 1760,
according to Dallimore ( 12) . A fastigiate tree, to 25
feet, narrow columnar when young, becoming ovate
with age. The branchlets are short, slow-growing and
appressed, with radial leaves, giving the uppermost
branches a spire or pinnacle effect. The leaves are
larger and more cuspid than in the species, dark green
and somewhat glaucous. Seeds of the cv. Fastigiata
are larger than those of the species, mostly 3-4 angled.
The cv. Fastigiata is the seed parent of the cultivars
T axus baccata 'Erecta' and T axus media 'Hatfieldii'.
The cultivar T axus baccata 'Fastigiata Aurea' is
similar to cv. Fastigiata but of much slower growth
and more winter-hardy. The young growth and
leaves are deep golden yellow.
An old specimen of the female cv. Fastigiata
Aurea exists in the old Taxus section of the Secrest
Arboretum. It was obtained from the old McBeth
Nursery and planted in 1931.
Taxus baccata 'Expansa' Carriere
T. baccata var. procumbens Kent; T. baccata
var. expansa Bailey; T. baccata dovastoni Hort. not
Leighton
There is considerable difference in the descriptions of this cultivar by various authors, due perhaps
to variations in propagation, training, and age. All
agree that the cultivar is quite distinct with large,
dark green, falcate leaves 1 to 1 Y2 inches long arranged pectinately in a deep "V" exposing the contrasting light green undersides rather conspicuously.
The cultivar is female with light crops of early
maturing seed. Aril is crimson, subglobose, large,
only slightly exceeding the seed. Nutlet is easily extracted, red chestnut brown, broad ovate, obtuse,
two-angled, large, glossy; hilum large and ovate.
Taxus baccata 'Glauca' Carriere
T. baccata var. glauca Hoopes; T. baccata pyramidalis glauca Hort.; T. baccata 'Blue Jack' Hort. ex
Gibbs; T. baccata 'Blue John' Hort.
The plants in group 19 (A, D) which represent
this cultivar at Wooster are quite hardy. The parent plants were imported from England before 191·1
to the Caulby estate, now the City Hall of Wickliffe,
Ohio, and are still .in good condition.
This male cultivar is "a very vigorous kind, with
leaves dark green above, and bluish or glaucous gray
on the under part, and with the bark on the young
shoots of a rusty brown color," according to Gordon
( 18). The habit of young plants is strongly ascending, almost fastigiate, and easily trained columnar.
With age they become more spreading and ovate.
The terminal buds of the vigorous branchlets are exceptionally large, as are the abundant pollen cones in
April. Plants of this accession were obtained from
M. Sebian, Painesville, Ohio.
Taxus baccata 'Expansa'
19
Branches ascending or arching with decurved apex.
Twigs are very slender, olive green, and slow-growing, 1 to 3 inches annually, to 6 inches annually on
vigorous main shoots; winter buds ovate and prominent.
Leaves strongly falcate and recurved, exposing
undersides; slender, tapering to an acute apex; bright
green above, turning bronze in winter when exposed
to sun, olive green or yellowish below, with midrib
and margin mere lines; arranged in a broad "V" on
upper side of twig, close set, and pointing forward at
an angle of 45° from the twig, never two-ranked in
a horizontal plane. A female cultivar but fruits
sparingly.
In the Secrest Arboretum, group 12 ( B, D, E),
it has been somewhat less hardy than cv. Repandens
and about half as vigorous. It improves in hardiness
and vigor with age. Plants of this cultivar were obtained from the Siebenthaler Co., Dayton, Ohio.
Taxus baccata 'Nigra' Paul
T. cuspidata nigra Hort. ; T. media nigra Hort.
The origin of this cultivar is probably European,
but it was introduced by Robert T. Brown of Cottage
Gardens, Queens, L. I., before 1928. This early date
and its tenderness would point toward European import or perhaps the tender hybrids which Hatfield
sent to Long Island about 10 years earlier.
This male cultivar is a globose or spreading
shrub with erect or ascending branches of moderate
growth. Twigs slender, olive green, turning reddish
in winter sun. Tips of vigorous twigs decurved.
Leaves slender, to 1 Y4. inches, tapering and acuminate, dark glossy green with prominent midrib
above, becoming reddish or purplish in winter sun.
Taxus baccata 'Glauca'
Taxus baccata 'Michelii' Slavin
T. baccata mitchelli Hort.; T. baccata micheli
Hort.; T. baccata ericoides Hort. not Pilger
The American source of cv. Michelii English
Yew has been the Barbier Nursery of Orleans, France,
in two importations. The first was made to the Rochester Park Department in 1911, the second to F. & F.
Nurseries in Springfield, N. J., 5 to 7 years later.
This cultivar forms a low, dense, globular, or
spreading shrub like a miniature cv. Repandens.
Taxus baccata 'Michelii'
Taxus baccata 'N igra'
20
Underside of leaves yellowish green, with midrib and
green margins mere lines, arranged pectinate or scattered on upper side of twigs but irregularly curved,
arched, and twisted to give a distinct "curly" effect.
Pollen cones abundant, large, and the first to
reach anthesis. These plants in the Secrest Arboretum are heavily worked by bees as a source of early
pollen. The foliage is somewhat tender and subject
to some winter burn. Plants in these accessions were
obtained from M. Sebian, Painesville, Ohio, ( 25D)
and Fairview Evergreen Nurseries, Fairview, Pa.,
( 66A) (photo).
Taxus baccata 'Overeynderi' Krussman
T. baccata erecta overeynderi Den Ouden ( 13); ·
T. baccata overeynderi Hort.
This male cultivar was grown from seed of the
cv. T. b. 'Fastigiata' about 1850 by C. G. Overeynder
in Boskoop, Holland. It is commonly compared with
the cv. Erecta which it resembles, but is smaller in twig
size and growth. The leaves are shorter and finer in
texture, more likely to be damaged in winter. The
growth is more narrow and erect than cv. Compact
English Yew.
This cultivar is represented in the Secrest Arboretum by group 58 (B).
Taxus baccata 'Repandens'
Taxus baccata 'Repandens' Parsons
T. baccata var. repandens Parsons ex Bailey; T.
baccata repanda Hort.; T. baccata imperialis Hort.
not Beissner
The origin of this cultivar is unknown other than
in America. It is represented in the Secrest Arboretum by group 3 (C, D, E).
This hardiest English Yew is a wide-spreading
shrub to 10 feet high by 30 feet wide, but is usually
a lower, wide, radially spreading plant two to three
times as broad as high.
Branchlets green to olive green and horizontal;
or, if ascending, with decurved tips and becoming
horizontal the following season. In the shade it grows
almost creeping or procumbent.
The leaves are slender, long tapering, or acuminate and somewhat falcate; arranged in a narrow
"V" or pectinate on upper half of the twig, exposing
the light green underside of the leaf. Upper surface
of the leaves dark green to bluish green with a prominent midrib. Winter buds broad ovate to globose,
with ridged or keeled bud scales.
A female cultivar with slightly flattened twoangled globose seeds. The aril exceeds the seed by
one-third. Seed scattered and scarce. Plants of this
accession were obtained from C. E. Kern, Wyoming
Nurseries, Wyoming, Ohio.
Taxus baccata 'Washingtonii'
T. baccata var. washingtonii Beissn.; T. canadensis washingtonii Hort.
According to Krussmann ( 26) , this cultivar is
female in Europe. However, most of the old arboretum specimens in America are male. The large plant
in the old Taxus section of the Secrest Arboretum is
female.
This yellow cultivar is less showy than T axus baccata 'Aurea', the leaves being more green, with the yellow confined to the tips and narrow margins of the
Taxus baccata 'Overeynderi'
21
strongly falcate leaves. The texture of the leaves is
somewhat finer, accented by their falcate shape and
pectinate arrangement in a broad "V". The yellow
color disappears the second season from both twigs
and leaves; those in the shade develop little yellow
color. The growth habit is spreading and rounded.
Old plants observed have the centers well filled with
ascending branches.
The plant in the old Taxus section of the Secrest
Arboretum was obtained from the Carr Nursery, Yellow Springs, Ohio, and planted in 1929.
in the shade, to a deep "V" and falcate on ascending
branchlets.
Winter buds small, ovate, or pyramidal, with
keeled persistent scales. Lateral vegetative buds appear square in cross section or from an end view.
Flowers monoecious, with fem ale below on each
twig, somewhat smaller than other species. The
seed ripens irregularly in August and September,
somewhat ahead of other species; aril orange to scarlet, subglobose, small, 8 mm. wide by 6 mm. long,
slightly exceeding the nutlet. The nutlet is small,
broad, ovate, 4 mm. by 5 mm., with blunt or mucronate apex, mostly two-angled; hilum small, ovate,
depressed with puckered margin on fluted neck. The
surface is dull brown and finely reticulate. This species
is represented by group 96 ( E) in the Secrest Arboretum. Plants of this species were obtained from the
Berryhill Nursery Co., Springfield, Ohio.
Taxus canadensis Marshall
Canada Yew
T. baccata var. procumbens Loudon; T. baccata
var. canadensis Gray; T. baccata var. minor Michaux;
T. minor Britton; T. baccata subsp. canadensis Pilger;
T. canadensis wilsoni Hort.
The range of Taxus canadensis is found from
Newfoundland to Virginia and west to Iowa and
Manitoba. It is probably the hardiest of all Yews,
but discolors severely and may even be killed when
exposed to winter sun. Useful for ground cover in
deep shade, and for wildlife cover in natural plantings.
A straggling evergreen shrub to 5 feet with many
ascending branches. Main stems prostrate and rooting, or ascending. Mature branchlets olive green to
reddish brown, changing to brown the second season.
Leaves to three-fourths of an inch, shorter near
tips of twigs, abruptly and sharply pointed, margins
slightly revolute, midrib prominent on both surfaces.
Leaf color is dark glossy green above, changing to
brick red to purple when exposed to winter sun.
Stomate bands lighter, about twice as wide as the
green margins, petiole very short. Leaves arranged
pectinately in flat plane on horizontal branches and
Taxus canadensis 'Dwarf Hedge'
Taxus canadensis 'Dwarf Hedge'
Taxus canadensis stricta Bailey; T. canadensis
dens a Hort.; T. canadensis var. strict a
This cultivar is no longer listed in the trade, even
by Wyman's Framingham Nurseries, Framingham,
Mass., which originated and introduced the cultivar
about 1915. Bailey (3) describes this as a "dwarf
stiffish form," and Rehder ( 33) as having "stiff upright branches." The plants in group 87 (A) of the
Living Herbarium of Taxus, obtained from Berryhill
Nursery Co., Springfield, Ohio, are more erect and
compact than the species, the ascending twigs almost
vertical with nodding ends. The growth rate is less
and the secondary twigs more abundant; otherwise
it is like the species.
Taxus canadensis
22
ovate, 5 mm. by 6 mm., with obtuse apex mostly 3-4
angled. Hilum tan, slightly depressed, usually deltoid or squarish with margin fluted or puckered.
As commonly grown in the trade, a spreading
shrub, it is represented by groups 7 ( B) (photo) and
9 ( B) in the Secrest Arboretum. Plants obtained
from Carl E. Kern, Wyoming, Ohio.
Taxus cuspidata 'Adams'
T. cuspidat a columnaris Chadwick; T. media columnaris Hort.; T. columnaris adamsi Hort.; T. cuspidata "Adams spreaders" Hort.
The origin of this vigorous male cultivar is unknown, but it has been widely sold by the Adams
Nursery of Springfield, Mass. It is a favorite with
many nurserymen because it makes up a salable columnar plant rather quickly when sheared heavily.
The habit is excurrent with a propensity for developing several leaders. Lateral branches are ascending
at about 45°. The exposed twigs turn orange to red
in winter and brown the second season.
Leaves spirally scattered on leaders and well
spaced in deep "V" on strong lateral twigs, exposing
the broad yellow-green stomate bands; close set in a
broad "V" on secondary branchlets. The dark green
color becomes a characteristic dark olive green in
winter.
The plants in groups 36 (B) and 73 (B, D)
(photo) in the Secrest Arboretum were received from
Carl E. Kern, Wyoming, Ohio, as narrow columns
and maintained this habit about 5 years until 194 7.
By 1954, however, the plants were broader than high.
With the several good fastigiate yews on the market,
Taxus cuspidata
Taxus cuspidata Siebold and Zuccarini
Japanese Yew
T. baccata Thunburg; T. baccata cuspid at a Carriere; T. baccata sieboldi Hatfield; T. baccata subsp.
cuspidata Pilger; T. cuspidata sieboldi Hort.; T. cuspidata ex pans a Rehder; T. cuspid at a capitata Hort.
According to Wilson ( 35), this species was
brought to America from Japan in 1862 by Dr.
George R. Hall, who released it to the nursery trade
through Parsons and Co., Flushing L. I. Parsons
and Co. later imported it direct from Japan, as did
several other companies.
A tree to 50 feet, with spreading or ascending
branches, or a spreading, rounded to vase-shaped
shrub when propagated from lateral or plagiotropic
branches. (See description for T axus cuspidat a 'Capita ta', page 24.) Bark reddish to dark brown, scaling
from trunk and larger branches or falling in long strips
from older trees.
Twigs slender, yellowish green, or reddish in winter when exposed to the sun, turning brown the second season. Winter buds ovate with persistent, ovate,
keeled scales. The basal scales are triangular ovate.
Leaves dull dark green above, about 2.5 cm. long,
linear and abruptly cuspid, not tapering and acute
as in T. baccata. Midrib prominent above, a narrow
line or almost invisible below. The stomate bands
yellowish green, turning almost yellow when exposed
to winter sun, about twice as wide as green margins
of leaf. Petiole short but distinct, yellowish.
The plants are dioecious with a propensity for
bearing heavy crops of seed which mature somewhat
later than the other species. The aril is usually globular, about 10 mm. in diameter, and exceeding the nutlet. The opening is circular and as large as the seed,
the interior often 3-4 angled. Nutlet brown, broad,
'
'
.~ .
•j
. ... .
Taxus cuspidata 'Adams'
23
this cultivar should not be used where a columnar
plant is needed in the landscape.
Taxus cuspidata 'Aristocrat'
This cultivar was marketed in 1957 by Emil R.
Danegger of Milford, Del., who was impressed by its
fern-like beauty as a small plant. This results from
the uniformity of the abundant secondary branching
on lightly sheared young plants and the slender twigs
with nodding or decurved tips. The leaves are graduated, long to short, the length of the current season's
growth, and held in a deep "V". Specimens are upright spreading in growth habit, with a tendency to
open up with age unless sheared. This female cultivar is represented in the Secrest Arboretum by group
. ' .. ' "' .,, • 1~ .., •
...... i\ , . I/} •• ~ :..
56 (A).
,._ l,.
Taxus cuspidata 'Aurescens'
Twigs are orange-red, turning olive green with
the leaves, and brown the second year. Plants in
group 39 ( D) in the Secrest Arboretum were received
from the Tingle Nursery Co., Pittsville, Md.
Taxus cuspidata 'Capitata'
As discussed under T axus cuspidataJ the species
may be upright with ascending, spreading branches, or
lower, wide-spreading bush of rounded or vase-shaped
form, depending on the method of propagation or the
type of wood selected for cuttings. Rehder ( 33) regarded the excurrent tree as the true or type plant of
the Japanese Yew, T. cuspidataJ and proposed the
name expansa for the spreading plants.
Of great concern to the propagator as well as to
the taxonomist is the habit of growth of scions or cut-
Taxus cuspidata 'Aristocrat'
Taxus cuspidata 'Aurescens' Rehder
T. tardiva aurea Hort.; T. cuspidata tardiva aurea Hort.; T. cuspidata var. aurescens Rehder; T. cuspidata nana aurea Hort. ex Wyman
Rehder ( 31 ) gives as a source " ... Japanese dealers who offer it as T axus tardiva yellow-variegated."
According to Rehder ( 31 ) , this female cultivar is the
first variegated form of the Japanese Yew in cultivation. It is a low, compact, very slow-growing shrub
with the young terminal leaves bright golden yellow,
changing to green with age; those on the tips may remain yellow all winter. Leaves thick, leathery, and
radiating from twig much like those of T. cuspidata
'Densa', but not as wide.
Taxus cuspidata 'Capitata'
24
tings used in the vegetative propagation of yews, because these branches continue in the same habit of
growth as if they were still attached to the parent
plant. The problem has commercial aspects which
cannot be ignored, because it is most important in executing a landscape planting that the plant supplied be
not only "true to name" but also of the desired habit
of growth. An example of the nurseryman's solution
to the problem involved is that of labeling the excurrent plants of the Japanese Yew, whether from seed
or orthotropic cuttings, Taxus cuspidata 'Capitata',
with the name T axus cuspidat a or T axus cuspidat a
'Expansa' reserved for the spreading plants propagated
from lateral or plagiotropic branches.
The plant of T axus cuspidat a 'Capitata' represented in the Secrest Arboretum by group 15 (A) was
obtained from Lakewood Nursery, Lakewood, Ohio.
Leaves thick, broad, leathery, and dark green
above, with cuspid to mucronate apex. Stomate
bands below very broad, the margins and midvein
mere lines. The leaves are thick set, mostly radial
on the short branchlets, to a broad "V" on ascending
twigs. The aril flattened to subglobose, scarcely
exceeding the nutlet. Nutlet dark brown, wrinkled,
globose, slightly compressed, and weakly 2-angled.
Taxus cuspidata 'Expansa' Rehder
This cultivar designated by Rehder ( 33) as T.
cuspid at a 'Expansa' is the spreading form of T axus
cuspidata propagated from lateral or plagiotropic
branches. The type is discussed under T. cuspidata
and T. cuspidat a 'Capitata'.
Taxus cuspidata 'Densa' Rehder
T. baccata subsp. globosa, f. tardiva Matsumura
This female cultivar was imported from Japan by
Parsons Nursery, Flushing, L. I. Plants were sent to
the Arnold Arboretum about 1900 under the name
T . cuspidat a "Dwarf Form". Rehder ( 33) described
this cultivar in 1916. The plants in group 18 ( C, E)
in the Secrest Arboretum were obtained from F. & F.
Nurseries, Springfield, N. J., and were propagated
from the plants at the Arnold Arboretum.
This low, compact, slow-growing cultivar is irregularly globular in form as a young plant, becoming hemispherical with age. Annual growth under
the best conditions rarely exceeds 8 inches and is usually much less, with many secondary branchlets on
previous season's and older wood. The bark on the
twigs is thick, soft, and leathery.
Taxus cuspidata 'Hiti'
Taxus cuspidata 'Hiti' Hort.
This old cultivar has not had general acceptance
in the trade. It was selected from a block of T. cuspidata seedlings at the Hiti Nursery, Pomfret, Conn.,
about 1925. In the Secrest Arboretum it is represented by group 61 ( B) , which were narrow columns when
received but are now dense vasiform plants. Plants
were obtained from C. E. Kern, Wyoming, Ohio.
This male cultivar is a broad pyramidal to a
vasiform shrub of moderately rapid growth. Branches
strongly ascending, almost fastigiate, with a characteristic whorl of strong secondary branches at the
apex of the previous season's growth. Winter buds
large, ovate, sometimes stalked, clustered near apex of
twig. Pollen cones large, sparsely scattered. Leaves
dark green above, in a broad "V" on horizontal twigs,
Taxus cuspidata 'Densa'
25
Plants in group 51 ( C) (photo) in the Secrest
Arboretum were obtained from the Tingle Nursery
Co., Pittsville, Md. It is quite winter-hardy, but is
often damaged by spring frosts because it begins
growth so much ahead of other yews.
to a deep narrow "V" on ascending branches, exposing the lighter yellowish green stomate bands below;
mostly exceeding 1 inch, broad linear, cuspid, thickset on secondary twigs. A few 'Hi ti Upright', 'Hi ti
Columnar', etc. cultivars were later sold, but none are
presently in the trade.
Taxus cuspidata 'lntermedia' Kumlien
T. intermedia Hort.; T. cuspidata intermedia upright Hort.; T. cuspidata intermedia capitata Hort.
This cultivar was probably selected and named
by Robert Brown of Cottage Gardens, Queens, L. I.
The name was intended to convey the habit of growth
intermediate between a shrubby T. cuspidata and T.
cuspidata 'Nana'.
This cultivar, of both sexes, forms a dense, lowgrowing, globular shrub while young, almost identical with its parent, the cv. Nana. With increasing
age and size, the growth rate increases until it is more
than twice as rapid as that of 'Nana', but the form
remains globular, as the cv. Nana parent. Growth
begins 1 week to 10 days ahead of cv. Nana.
Twigs slender and turning brown the second season. Leaves dark glossy green, broad, thick, and
leathery, mostly radiating around the twig, with the
older needles at the base of the mature twig often
more than twice as long as the apical leaves, the intervening leaves graduated to give a tapered effect.
This cultivar bears medium crops of rather latematuring seed. Ari} globose to subglobose, 10 mm.
by 8 mm., slightly exceeding the nutlet; opening elliptical, as large as the seed or a thin slit. N utlet dark
brown, small, 4 mm. by 5 mm., very broad ovate,
apex obtuse, 2-4 angled, but mostly 2-angled.
Taxus cuspidata 'Midget'
Taxus cuspidata 'Midget'
T. cuspidata 'Bobbink' Chad.; T. cuspidata
'Tsugafolia' Hort.
This dwarf female cultivar was discovered among
the T. cuspidata plants in the Bobbink and Atkins Nursery, East Rutherford, N. ]. The rate of growth is
very slow. Four to 6-inch 1-year rooted cuttings in
1942 were 26-inch globes by 1954 and under 4 feet in
1975. This cultivar is represented by group 35 (D)
in the Secrest Arboretum.
Branchlets green in shade to bright red-orange in
sun, turning brown the second season. Winter buds
and bud scales as in the species, but much smaller, as
are all parts of the plant. Leaves short, less than onehalf inch, linear cuspidate to acicular, close-set and
spirally radiating to almost opposite or paired. Bright
green and glossy in summer, becoming reddish in winter sun.
The aril is orange-red, a shallow cap or torus 9
mm. by 5 mm., covering one-half of the seed, opening
clasping the nutlet; the base deeply depressed; somewhat late in maturing. Nutlet small, 3 mm. by 4 mm.,
subglobose, acute, weakly 2-angled, light brown,
glaucous where exposed and wrinkled. Hilum small,
depressed, and ovate.
Taxus cuspidata 'Nana' Rehder
T. brevifolia Hort. not Nuttall; T. cuspidata brevif olia Hort.; T. cuspidat a var. compact a Bean; T.
cuspidata f. nana Rehder
Taxus cuspidata 'lntermedia'
26
narrow "V" on ascending branches, which exposes
the broad stomate bands, imparting a yellowish color
to the plants in winter. The yellowish winter color
is increased by the abundant crops of large, prominent
pollen cones.
The winter-hardy plants in group 14 ( C) of the
Secrest Arboretum were obtained from the Siebenthaler Co., Dayton, Ohio.
j
Taxus cuspidata 'Nana'
This cultivar is one of the oldest of the Japanese
Yews, originating in Japan. Two general types are
in the trade; one, faster growing with lighter leaves,
forms a loose, hemispherical plant with age; the second
is more dense with broader, darker green, leathery
leaves and more ascending branches.
Excurrent plants are rare; the usual form is a
dense wide-spreading shrub with spreading ascending
branches covered with short branchlets.
The twigs are stouter than the type, with a soft,
leathery, or coriaceous, wrinkled bark.
Leaves a dull dark green, broader and thicker
than the species, arranged radially on the secondary
branchlets and in a deep "V" on the upper side of ascending branches.
T. cuspidata 'Nana' is represented in the Secrest
Arboretum by groups 8 ( C, D) and 24 (A, C)
(photo). Plants in group 24 were obtained from the
Cole Nursery Co., Painesville, Ohio.
Taxus cuspidata 'Prostrata'
Taxus cuspidata 'Robusta'
T. cuspidata robusta Chadwick; T. cuspidata columnaris Hort.; T. "Globe Shape" Hort.
This cultivar has been in the nursery trade for
many years. It was probably introduced by the Par-
Taxus cuspidata 'Prostrata' Chadwick
T. cuspidata 'Flat Type' Hort.
This male cultivar originated as a seedling at the
Evergreen Nursery Co., South Wilton, Conn., before
1937.
A very vigorous, wide-spreading, and somewhat
open-centered shrub, 10 feet high by 24 feet wide, and
making about 18 inches of new growth annually. The
branches are horizontal to slightly ascending with decurved tips.
Leaves dark green above, yellow green or light
olive green below; arranged pectinately flat in one
plane on horizontal and shaded branchlets, and in a
Taxus cuspidata 'Robusta'
27
Taxus cuspidata 'Thayerae' Wilson
sons Nursery, Flushing, L. I., which sold sheared specimens as T. cuspidata columnaris. The Evergreen
Nursery Co., South Wilton, Conn., sold the erect growing plants under the same name. Spreading plants
were sheared and sold as T. "globe shape". The
plants in the Secrest Arboretum, group 5 ( E) propa-·
gated from plants from the latter group, were obtained
from the Siebenthaler Co., Dayton, Ohio.
A vigorous female cultivar growing as much as
2 feet per year on the stronger branches. Habit of
two sorts: either erect and almost fastigiate when
propagated from the near vertical ascending leaders,
or spreading plants with well-filled centers when
propagated from slightly ascending lateral branches.
The latter are easily sheared to globular· form.
The leaves are dark green, mostly falcate, arranged in a "V". The seed crops vary from light to
medium heavy, the aril crimson, subglobose to oblate,
9 mm. broad by 7 mm. long, equal to or slightly exceeding the nutlet. The opening squarish. Nutlet
dark brown, smooth, 4 mm. broad by 5 mm. long,
mostly strongly 4-angled.
T. cuspidata form Thayerae Wilson; T. media
Thayeri Hort.; T. media andersoni Hort.; T. cuspidata
andersoni Kumlein
This female cultivar was grown from the seed,
probably about 1916 or 191 7, of a single plant of
T. cuspidata by William Anderson, superintendent of
the Bayard Thayer estate, South Lancaster, Mass.
The cultivar is often erroneously listed in the trade as
T. cuspidata 'Andersoni'.
It is a wide-spreading, fast-growing shrub with
the center well filled, giving a salable plant 1 year or
more ahead of the species. The branches are strongly ascending on small plants, becoming more horizontal with age, the lower branches drooping.
The terminal growth of vigorous branches often
shows a sinuate ascending curve with nodding apex,
forming a shallow "S". Secondary branches often
variously curved and, not rarely, inverted.
The leaves are rather narrow, somewhat tapering, acute, and somewhat falcate; close-set in tworanked flat planes at almost 90° to the twigs on horizontal or drooping branchlets, or on ascending terminals, wide spaced in a deep pectinate "V", exposing
the contrasting olive green of the broad stomate
bands, which become almost yellow in winter sun.
The leaf margin and midrib below a very narrow line.
This cultivar bears medium crops of somewhat
late maturing seed; twin seeds are common. The
aril scarlet, large, globose, 10 mm. broad by 11 mm.
long, exceeding the nutlet by one-third; opening as
large as seed, elliptical or squarish. Nutlet broad
Taxus cuspidata 'Sieboldii'
-/
Taxus cuspidata 'Sieboldii'
T. baccata sieboldi; T. cuspidata siebold
This cultivar is often considered synonymous with
T. cuspidataJ but plants in the Secrest Arboretum cliffer from the usual run of this species. Siebold, a German botanist working at Leyde University in Holland,
was the first to bring plants of this type from Japan.
The plant is a dense, blue-green, vigorous form of both
sexes.
This cultivar, represented by group 9 ( E) in the
Secrest Arboretum, was obtained from the F. & F.
Nurseries, Springfield, N. J.
Taxus cuspidata 'Thayerae'
28
ovate, 4 mm. by 6 mm., brown with glaucous apex
when fresh, apex obtuse and 2-angled.
This cultivar is represented in the Secrest Arboretum by groups 17 (C) (photo) and 52 (D), obtained from F. & F. Nurseries, Springfield, N. J., and
propagated from plants in the Arnold Arboretum.
The Hunnewell Yew is intermediate between its
parents. It is more vigorous than T. canadensis, with
stouter branchlets which turn brown the second season. The leaf bases are more swollen and the winter
buds are not squarish in cross section; the scales are
broader and thicker than in T. canadensis. The
leaves are generally larger in all dimensions. The
green margins below are much narrower than the stomate bands; they are equal or only slightly narrower
in T. canadensis. The larger branches are not prostrate and rooting, but ascending. T. hunnewelliana
differs also in being excurrent, unless propagated from
lateral branchlets, and dioecious, with seed ripening
irregularly and later.
The branchlets are more slender and less lustrous
than those of T. cuspidata, and usually greenish the
first winter. The winter bud scales are narrower than
in T. cuspidata, and the ridge or keel less pronounced.
The leaves are proportionately narrower and
thinner than those of T. cuspidata and less cuspid, almost acute. The undersides of the leaves have less
yellowish color.
Plants of T. hunnewelliana, represented in the
Secrest Arboretum by group 88 (A, C, E), were obtained from the Hilltop Nursery, Casstown, Ohio.
Taxus x hunnewelliana Rehder
Hunnewell View
T. canadensis stricta Hort. not Bailey; T canadensis compacta Hort.; T. media hunnewelliana Kumlien
This chance hybrid between T. canadensis x cuspidata was raised from seed of T. canadensis about
1900 by T. D. Hatfield, gardener on the Hunnewell
estate, Wellesley, Mass., according to Rehder (32).
At first regarded as T. canadensis, the excurrent plants
were being distributed as "T. canadensis stricta" as
late as 1936. The hybrid nature of these seedlings
was recognized in 1923. The formal description was
published by Rehder (32) in 1925. Since this name
was proposed for all plants of this parentage, as wide
a variation of characteristics must be expected as in
the case of T. media with all of its cultivars.
The plants in the trade are leaderless, vasiform
spreading shrubs propagated from side branches and
mostly of two sorts. One, a short-leafed, low, dense
shrub with strongly ascending branches, is probably
from the Arnold Arboretum plant. The second seems
to stem from specimen No. 9 in T. D. Hatfield's specimen tree block on the Hunnewell estate. These
plants favor the T. cuspidata parent, having longer,
darker green leaves not as closely set, and the branches
more vigorous and less ascending than the former kind.
Taxus hunnewelliana 'Globosa'
Taxus hunnewelliana 'Globosa'
T. canadensis 'Globosa'; T. media 'Globosa'
These plants were received as "Taxus media globosa" from the Siebenthaler Co., Dayton, Ohio. They
had been propagated as "cuttings from the one plant
of unknown origin in our Nursery." The vegetative
characteristics are more T. x hunnewelliana than T. x
media, with considerable T. canadensis coloration.
Probably no longer in the trade.
This cultivar is represented in the T axus plantation by group 85 ( B). Both sexes are recognized.
Taxus hunnewelliana
29
Taxus x media Rehder
Anglojap Yew
Rehder ( 31 ) proposed this name for the hybrids
between T. baccata x T. cuspidata, recognizing that
a wide variation of forms was possible ". . . between
different varieties of the parent species which combine
the characters of the parents in various degrees." For
his type plant, he chose a plant described by Hatfield
( 19) as "English Yew at Wellesley." Rehder ( 31)
took cognizance of the difficulty of identification in
the statement, "As the two parent species cannot be
separated by strong morphological chara.c.ters, it is even
more difficult to point out good characters to distinguish the hybrid; the differences become really apparent only by comparison with living plants of the two
parent species."
Taxus media 'Amherst'
hemispherical with age, with most branches ascending.
Has typical overall coarse appearance.
Plants of this cultivar, represented in the Secrest
Arboretum by group 101 (A, E), were obtained from
Laddie Mitiska Nursery.
Taxus media 'Andorra'
T. cuspidata fastigiata Hort.; T. cuspidata erecta
Hort.; T. baccata erecta Hort. not Loudon
This excellent female cultivar originated as a
fastigiate sport in the center of a spreading "cuspidata
type" plant in the Andorra Nurseries, Philadelphia,
Pa., in 1916.
Taxus media
Both sexes of this hybrid exist. The species is
not now generally available in the trade. Plants in
group 59 (A, C) in the Secrest Arboretum were obtained from the Perkins-DeWilde Nursery of Shiloh,
N. J. Other T. media are located in group 91 (B, D).
Taxus media 'Amherst'
This cultivar, of both sexes, was grown from seed
of Hatfield origin at the Laddie Mitiska Nursery, Amherst, Ohio, and named after the city. The bright
green foliage color holds well into winter. Leaves
graduated, long at base to shorter at apex of twig,
curved to show lighter undersides, of coarse T. x media type.
Twigs vigorous with some secondary branchlets
the first year and many on later growth with shearing.
A low-spreading shrub while young, becoming large,
'
''., '
~, ~
..· . ..
," .;
Taxus media 'Andorra'
30
·.
A conical or ovate shrub with a central leader
and appressed fastigiate branches densely set with
short branchlets.
Leaves mostly radial, glossy green with prominent midrib above, light olive green stomate bands below with narrow margins and mid vein; mostly
straight, about 2.5 cm. long, slightly tapered to an
acute apex.
Seed crops heavy; aril subglobose, scarlet, 9 mm.
broad by 8 mm. long, hardly exceeding the nutlet,
opening elliptical to squarish, or circular with angular
interior if exceeding the nutlet; nutlet brown, broad
ovate, acutely 2-4 angled, 4-5 mm. broad by 6-7 mm.
long, hilum ellipsoid to squarish, depressed angles
with raised center.
Plants in group 16 ( D) in the Secrest Arboretum
were obtained from the Andorra Nurseries, Inc.,
Chestnut Hill, Philadelphia, Pa.
Taxus media 'Berryhill'
T axus media 'Berryhill'
T. intermedia Berryhilli Hort.
This female cultivar was introduced to the trade
by Frank Turner of Berryhill Nursery, Springfield,
Ohio, before 1950. Its good winter hardiness, compact, dense, broad, low form has kept it in the trade.
Growth is rapid enough to be profitable.
Leaves dark green, borne abundantly on compact twigs, falcate, those on short laterals much smaller in all dimensions than those on terminal twigs.
It was 6 feet high by 14 feet wide after 22 years.
Specimens were only slightly damaged by the heavy
snow of Dec. 1, 1974.
Plants of this cultivar, located in group 90 (A,
E) at the Secrest Arboretum, were obtained from the
Berryhill Nursery, Springfield, Ohio.
Taxus media 'Brevicata'
A mixed group of plants from Hatfield's original
seedlings of T. baccata 'Fastigiata' x T. cuspidata.
Taxus media 'Anthony Wayne'
Taxus media 'Anthony Wayne'
The Hess Nurseries, Wayne, N. J., were granted
Plant Patent No. 1617 for this strongly ascending
vigorous cultivar as announced in American Nurseryman, 112 :35, in 1960. Sold as a columnar plant, it
becomes narrow vasiform if left unsheared, growing
9 feet tall by 6 feet wide in only 11 years. A fem ale
cultivar with moderate crops of seed. The plants in
group 55 (A), obtained from Hess Nurseries, have
an irregular "flame" shape.
Taxus media 'Brevicata'
31
After Hatfield's death, his surplus stock was sold to
Richard Wyman, Framingham Nurseries, Framingham, Mass., who marketed them. Later propagation
from the seedling T . media hedge on the Hunnewell
estate was also marketed as 'Brevicata' . The plants
at Wooster were compact, broader than high, with
short broad needles radiating from the twigs, much
like those of T. cuspidata 'Densa' when young. Later,
growth was rapid and plants became loose, irregular
globes. Not often marketed today, the name 'brevicata' applied to the short, broad, leathery leaves.
Plants of this male cultivar, group 76 ( C) in the
Taxus plantation, were obtained from the Siebenthaler Co., Dayton, Ohio.
Taxus media 'Brownii'
decurved tips, twigs olive green, branching freely the
second year.
Leaves rather short and narrow, close-set in a
deep "V" exposing the olive green undersides, often
with a reddish or brownish tinge in winter. The
young tip color and fine texture of the twigs, with
the prominent pollen cones in winter and early spring,
make this cultivar easily recognized. One of the
hardiest of the Yews.
This cultivar, represented in the Secrest Arboretum by groups 57 (B) (photo) and 94 (D), was obtained from C. E . Kern, Wyoming, Ohio.
Taxus media 'Broad Beauty'
Taxus media 'Broad Beauty'
This low-growing, spreading cultivar was released by the Cole Nursery Co., Circleville, Ohio, but
has now been withdrawn from the trade. The small
male plants in group 54 (B, C, D, E) (photo) are only
becoming established to start typical growth.
Taxus media 'Brownii' Chadwick
T. cuspid at a browni Kumlien; T. browni Hort.
This male cultivar was grown and named in
honor of his friend, Robert Brown of Cottage Gardens, by T. D. Hatfield, head gardener on the Hunnewell estate, Wellesley, Mass., and not by the Cottage
Gardens as reported by Kumlien.
The original plant is conical and excurrent,
branching freely. Young plants are usually rather
erect, even columnar as grown by some nurseries, becoming more spreading and broadly vasiform or globose with age. The growth is easily altered and controlled by shearing, which makes this cultivar a favorite subject for low hedges in formal plantings.
Branches ascending at a 45° angle, or more erect with
Taxus media 'Brownhelm'
32
Taxus media 'Brownhelm'
This cultivar was grown from seed of Hatfield
origin, named and released by the Laddie Mitiska
Nursery, Amherst, Ohio. A female cultivar of vigorous open growth with abundant secondary branchlets
without shearing. With shearing, it forms a dense
plant for early sale. Becomes open and large without
shearing. The twigs have a tendency to twist, showing the underside of the leaves similar to T. cuspidata
'Thayerae'.
Plants of this cultivar, represented by group 103
(A, E) in the Secrest Arboretum, were obtained from
the Laddie Mitiska Nursery, but production has been
discontinued.
Taxus media 'Chadwick'
shade, with some upsweep to the branches. Leaves
slightly bluish-green, falcate. Winter-hardy, but
somewhat subject to late spring frosts. Said to be
more difficult to transplant than some Taxus. Plants
20 years old 5 to 6 feet high, 24 to 25 feet across without shearing. One of the best of the low-spreading
forms of Taxus. Easily restrained into a formal
plant by a little pruning.
Plants of this female cultivar, located in group
102 ( B, D) in the Tax us plantation, were obtained
from the Laddie Mitiska Nursery.
Taxus media 'Coleana'
T. baccata erecta Hort. not Pilger; T. erecta
Hort.; T. cuspidata erecta Chadwick
The Cole Nursery Co., Painesville, Ohio, discovered this female cultivar in a lot of imported cv.
Hicksii Yew.
•
I
Taxus media 'Burr'
Taxus media 'Burr'
This cultivar of unknown origin was marketed
by the C. R. Burr and Co., Inc., Manchester, Conn.,
who claim it is similar to 'Densiformis', but differs in
being finer leaved and darker green, especially in winter. Its growth is even faster and more uniform.
Plants of this cultivar are no longer offered by C. R.
Burr & Co.
Plants of this male cultivar, located in group
28 (A, B, D, E) at the Secrest Arboretum, were obtained from the C. R. Burr and Co. Nursery.
Taxus media 'Chadwick'
Grown and introduced by Laddie Mitiska Nursery, Amherst, Ohio. Probably second generation
from one of Hatfield's seedlings.
Low, horizontally branched, somewhat rounded.
May get to 6 feet but slow. Stays lower in partial
Taxus media 'Coleana'
33
This cultivar forms a broad, columnar shrub,
nearly fastigiate at a young age. Twigs stouter than
cv. Moon, but thinner than cv. Andorra and cv. Hicksii, with leaves more close-set and growth shorter than
cv. Hicksii, which it resembles when small.
Leaves dark glossy green with prominent midrib
above, gray green stomate bands, or yellow green in
sun, with margins and mid vein as in cv. Hicksii;
rather plump and leathery, often exceeding 1 inch,
broad at the base and tapering to a somewhat cuspid
apex. Hardier and less winter leaf damage than cv.
Hicksii.
Seed crops medium to heavy, late maturing, aril
light red, oblate, 10 mm. broad by 7 mm. long, not
equaling the seed, opening large, elliptical to circular,
or adnate to nutlet and angular. Nutlet large, broad
ellipsoid and blocky, 5 mm. broad by 7 mm. long, 2-4
angled but mostly 3-angled, brown with glaucous
bloom.
Plants of this cultivar were obtained from the
Cole Nursery Co., Painesville, Ohio, and are represented in the Secrest Arboretum by group 23 (A, C,
E). To the authors' knowledge, this cultivar is np
longer in the trade.
Taxus media 'Compacta'
pacta. It is reported to have been propagated from
cuttings obtained from plants on a private estate near
Dayton. Plants upright spreading in habit, forming
a broad oval, attaining a size of 10 feet in height and
a spread of 25-27 feet in 30 years. Foliage heavier
and stiffer than that of T. canadensis or T. hunnewelliana, which it resembles. Branches stouter than those
Taxus media 'Cole Type B'
Taxus media 'Cole Type B'
This cultivar was one of a series selected for observation by the Cole Nursery Co., Painesville, Ohio,
but probably never marketed, although it has several
good characteristics; i.e., hardy, good habit of growth.
A low-spreading plant of good density. Terminal
twigs quite erect. Plants reached a height of 6 feet
with 15 feet spread in 20 years.
Plants of this cultivar are located in group 53 ( B)
in the Secrest Arboretum.
Taxus media 'Compacta'
T. canadensis compacta Hort.
This female cultivar was received from the Siebenthaler Co., Dayton, Ohio, as T. canadensis com-
'I
,-:,
'< ',/-{
,,<:
<•'
.~,· ~ ~ "
•
·•;
Taxus media 'Costich'
34
of T. hunnewelliana. Bark mottled brown and green
on 2-year wood.
Plants of this cultivar are represented in the
Secrest Arboretum by group 78 (A, C). This clone
with an illegitimate name is not known to be in the
trade.
Taxus media 'Costich'
T. cuspidata hicksii No. 2 Hort.; T. media hicksii
No. 2 Hort.; T. hicksii No. 2 Hort.
This male plant was selected from the same lot
of seedlings as cv. Hicksii Yew by Professor C. S. Sargent, who considered it a superior hedge plant.
Growth and appeararh·e are much like that of cv.
Hicksii. However, the cv. Costich Yew is more rapid
growing and more narrow and erect if left unpruned.
The original plant was adjacent to that of the cv.
Hicksii, and the plants have often been mixed in the
trade. The Costich cultivar is somewhat less damaged by winter burn than cv. Hicksii. Pollen cones
are abundant, and conspicuous when shedding their
pollen in March.
Plants of the Costich cultivar were obtained from
the Princeton Nursery Co., Princeton, N. ]., and are
represented in the Secrest Arboretum by group 67
(D).
Taxus media 'Densiformis'
This is one of the better, vigorous, dense T. media
cultivars which branch freely without shearing.
Usually sold as a low globe, but older plants have a
broader spreading habit, nearly twice as broad as high.
The color is bright green, but the apical leader and
several strong secondary branchlets at the apex of the
previous sea<son's growth will hold the leaves in a nar-
Taxus media 'Donewell'
row "V", exposing the lighter stomate bands. This
cultivar is not always uniform in the trade. Some
sources are more susceptible to winter and late freeze
damage than others.
Plants of this male cultivar were obtained from
C. Hoogendoorn, Newport, R. I., and are represented
in the Secrest Arboretum by group 97 ( B, D, E).
Taxus media 'Donewell'
T. media 'Kohankie' Hort.
This accession was found in the Donewell N urseries, Painesville, Ohio, and was considered a superior type of an upright spreading yew. Growth is
compact with flaring terminal branches. Foliage is
glossy dark green; needles arranged in a single plane.
In 17 years in the Taxus plantation, it has attained
a height of approximately 7 feet with a 5-6 foot
spread. This female cultivar was obtained from the
Donewell Nursery, Painesville, Ohio, and is represented in the Taxus plantation by group 18 ( D).
Probably no longer in the trade.
Taxus media 'Drulia'
This bright green female cultivar was introduced
by the Drulia Nursery, Canfield, Ohio, but was not
widely accepted in the trade. Growth is moderate,
but well filled without shearing. Leaves dark green,
pointing outward and upward from the twig. The
seeds are scarce with the aril split into two, occasionally three, parts which are positioned as the next pair
of scales on the cone. No longer in the trade, th_e
plants in group 99 (D, E) were 8 feet high by 12-14
feet wide after 20 years.
Taxus media 'Densiformis'
35
orange below. Arranged pectinately, flat in one
plane or in a broad "V" on,,..ascending leaders.
Growth moderate, 6 to 12 inches per year, but
branching freely without shearing to make dense,
well-formed plants in a short time.
This cultivar may be either male or female, but
male plants predominate. This cultivar was obtained
from the Siebenthaler Co., Dayton, Ohio, and is represented in the Secrest Arboretum by group 75 ( D).
Taxus media 'Drulia'
Taxus media 'Dutweilleri'
T . media dutweeleri Hort.; T. media dutuilerdi
Chadwick
This cultivar was selected by Mr. Dutweiller,
foreman at the Hicks Nurseries, Westbury, L. I.
This rather indistinct cultivar forms a dense vasiform or spreading shrub with ascending branches.
Twigs yellow-green becoming olive green the second
year or reddish where exposed to the sun. Terminal
buds large.
Leaves thin, tapering, less than 1 inch long, nearly straight, bright glossy green above, olive green to
Taxus media 'Emerald'
Taxus media 'Emerald'
T. media 'Mitiska No. 6'; T. media 'Mitiska No.
33' Chad.; T. media 'Royal Emerald' Hort.
This dark green, fem ale cultivar was introduced
by the Laddie Mitiska Nursery, Amherst, Ohio.
Vigorous ascending branches with secondary branchlets the first season. Winter-hardy but breaks dormancy early and may be damaged by late spring
freezes. A dense root system competes well with other
plants and facilitates balling from the field.
Plants measuring 3 feet in height with a spread
of 4 feet in 1961 reached a height of 6-7 feet with a
spread of 8-10 feet by 19 73. These plants were not
injured by the heavy snow of Dec. 1, 1974. Plants
of this cultivar, located in groups 105 (A, B, E) ( 105
B in photo), 111 (A, B), and 112 ( B), were obtained
from the Laddie Mitiska Nursery.
Taxus media 'Everlow'
This male cultivar was observed for many years
before release in 1968 by the Cole Nursery Co., Circleville, Ohio, which has since discontinued evergreen
production. This wide-spreading low plant of moderate vigor has only been observed since 1969, growing to 2-3 feet tall by 6 feet wide in 4 years. Leaves
Taxus media 'Dutweilleri'
36
Taxus media 'Flemer'
Received from the F. & F. Nurseries, Springfield,
N. J., as Taxus cuspidata "Compact Form". It is a
T. media type and since there were several other selections received as 'Compacta', the name assigned is
T axus media 'Flemer'. Said to have been selected
from seed obtained from T . D. Hatfield.
Plants are slow growing, quite rounded when
young. Maintains a full center. Compact, it needs
little or no pruning. Both male and female plants
Taxus media 'Everlow'
short, bright, glossy green, arranged in a "V" pattern
on spreading twigs. One of the best of the lowspreading Taxus.
It is available in the trade and is represented in
the Secrest Arboretum by groups 115 (A), 116 (A,
B) , and 11 7 (A, B) ( 11 7 B in photo) . This accession
was obtained from the Cole Nursery Co.
Taxus media 'Fairview'
T. media Hetz ALH Hort.
Taxus media 'Flem er' (fem ale)
Accession received from the Fairview Evergreen
Nursery, Fairview, Pa., in 1958 under the name of
T axus media Hetz ALH spreader.
Origin unknown. A broad, spreading cultivar
of medium-rapid growth with medium-dark green foliage. In 1973, plants had reached a height of 6-7
feet with a spread of 10-12 feet. A male cultivar, it
is located in group 20 (A).
Taxus media 'Flemer' (male)
were in the five plants received from the F. & F . Nurseries in 1942, but growth habit the same. In authors'
opinion, this is one of the best selections in the entire
planting.
Thirty-year plants in the Wooster collection are
about 8 feet high with 20-22-foot spread with no pruning. Plants are represented by group 27; 27 (A, C)
are fem ale plants and 27 ( E) is a male plant.
Taxus media 'Fairview'
37
Taxus media 'Flushing'
Small plants received from John Vermeu].en and
Son, Inc., Neshanic Station, N. J., in 1956 and
planted in the Taxus plantation in 1962. This cultivar is narrow columnar in growth habit, with compact, stout, erect branches. Foliage dark green; a
female cultivar. In 10 years it attained a height of
9 feet with a spread of 2 to 2Y2 feet at the widest
point. One of the best Vermeulen Upright selections.
This cultivar is represented in the Secrest Arboretum
by group 123 (A, C, D, E). It was injured only
slightly by the heavy snow of Dec. 1, 1974.
This is one of several "Vermeulen Vertical
Yews." In 1933 John Vermeulen selected 30 plants
growing at Lake Grove, N. Y., which had a "tall
slender look." These plants were obtained from
Mr. Sexauer, a part-time nurseryman who had purchased seedlings from Hicks Nurseries, Westbury,
L. I., which had been grown from seed picked at random.
Taxus media 'Grandifolia'
A John Vermeulen & Son, Inc., accession
planted in 1962. A stoutly compact, branched, upright cultivar, widest at the top. Large, dark green
foliage. In 10 years has attained a height of approximately 7 feet and 2 to 212 feet wide at the top.
A male type. One of the best of the Vermeulen se-
Taxus media 'Flushing'
Taxus media 'Grandifolia'
Taxus media 'Green Candle'
38
lections. Injured only slightly by the heavy snow of
Dec. 1, 1974. This cultivar is represented in the
Secrest Arboretum by group 126 (A, B, C, D).
pact, branching freely with twisted branchlets which
emphasize the yellowish undersides of the leaves.
Usually marketed as a broad globe, the plants were
6 feet high by 18 feet wide after 17 years in group 81
(B, E).
Taxus media 'Halloriana'
T. media H alloriana Pierson. Cat. 1934. ex
Amer. Nurs. 93: 1 ( 29), 1951; T. media H alloriana
Den Ouden/Boom 1965; T. media Halloran) Wyman
Garden Encyclopedia, 1971
Broad spreading, compact bush with flaring,
erect branches. Rounded when young. Comparatively short, densely set, dark green, radially arranged
leaves. Obtained in 1948, plants reached a height of
9-10 feet with a spread of 16-18 feet by fall of 1973.
This fem ale cultivar is in group 49 (A, D).
Taxus media 'Green Candle'
T. media fastigiata Hort.
This cultivar was obtained from Laddie Mitiska
Nursery, Amherst, Ohio, in 1951.
It is a stiffly
branched, narrow, columnar selection of compact,
slow growth. In 23 years, plants have attained a
height of 8 feet with a 3 to 4-foot spread. Foliage is
dark green. It is a male cultivar and is represented
in the Secrest Arboretum by group 100 (B, D).
Plants of this cultivar have maintained an excellent
columnar habit but were quite badly "pulled apart"
by the heavy snow of Dec. 1, 1974.
Taxus media 'Green Mountain'
This chartreuse green, patented, male cultivar,
unique in the trade, was obtained from Bobbink Nurseries, Inc., East Rutherford, N. J. Vigorous, com-
Taxus media 'Hatfieldii' Rehder
T. Hatfieldii Hort.; T. media hatfield No. 2
Hort.; T. hatfield upright Hort.
This male cultivar was named after T. D. Hatfield by Rehder ( 31 ) . It was the best of the seedling
"Irish Yews" produced at the Hunnewell estate. This
cultivar is represented in the Secrest Arboretum by
groups 48 (E) (photo), 54 (A) (photo), 63 (B), 64
(A), and 98 (A, C). Plant 54 (A) closely resembles
the original description of the cv. Hatfield Yew.
Plants columnar or pyramidal while young, as
grown by most nurseries, with appressed fastigiate
branches. Left unpruned, the plants are more
spreading and loose. Secondary branchlets appressed
and abundant.
Leaves straight, mostly spirally radiating and
close-set, especially on the secondary branchlets, dark
Taxus media 'Green Mountain'
Taxus media 'Hatfieldii'
Taxus media 'Halloriana'
39
not always left labeled. His "Second Irish" description on the first few numbers indicated the uniformity of these seedlings. No. 2 is not sufficiently different, nor superior when sheared as small salable plants,
to give it a separate name. Those who wish to propagate the true plant should obtain propagation material from the type plant at Arnold Arboretum. No.
2 is not like T. baccata 'Fastigiata' at maturity, but
practically identical to 'Hatfieldii'. This male cultivar was obtained from C. R. Runyan, Cincinnati,
Ohio, and is represented by group 95 (C). Not in
the trade or mixed with 'Hatfieldii'.
Taxus media 'Hatfield No. 6'
Much less fastigiate than cv. Hatfieldii, this Hatfield number has disappeared from the trade. As an
old, globose plant it is superior to many of the fastgrowing, quickly marketable cultivars currently being
sold as globes and spreaders. It is represented by
Taxus media 'Hatfieldii'
waxy green above with prominent midrib. Rather
broad and leathery with slight taper and cuspid apex.
Stomate bands below are very broad, bright graygreen, with very narrow margins and midrib below.
Plant 54 (A) was obtained from C. R. Runyan,
Spring Grove Cemetery, Cincinnati, Ohio.
Taxus media 'Hatfield No. 2'
The identity of the cultivar "Hatfieldii" has long
been a moot question in the nursery trade because
propagation material from Hatfield's trial block was
Taxus media 'Hatfield No. 6'
group 80 (A). Current dimensions are 12 feet high
by 15 feet spread. This fem ale cultivar was obtained
from the Tingle Nursery Co., Pittsville, Md. Not in
the trade or mixed with T. m. 'H atfieldii'.
Taxus media 'Hatfield No. 18'
This excurrent tree in the Hatfield trial block has
never been generally offered in the trade. This male
T. media cultivar is darker blue-green than T. m.
'Brownii', but the same ascending habit when small.
The plants in group 69 ( C) were propagated from
lateral twigs and so lack the excurrent leader. Not in
the trade or mixed with T. m. 'H atfieldii'.
Taxus media 'Hatfield No. 2'
40
Taxus media 'Hatfield No. 23'
Taxus media 'Hatfield No. 23'
This cultivar is another of the group of the Hatfield trial block briefly sold by Richard Wyman. It is
hardy, spreading to ascending, but never fastigiate.
Early growth is probably too slow to compete with
T. m. 'Densiformis' and similar T. media cultivars currently in the trade. In 30 years, plants have reached
a height of 9-10 feet with a spread of 15-1 7 feet. From
the customers' standpoint, the dense form without
shearing, as exhibited in group 46 ( C), may be an advantage worth buying. Plants of this male cultivar
were obtained from Tingle Nursery Co., Pittsville, Md.
Not in the trade.
Taxus media 'Hatfield No. 18'
Taxus media 'Hatfield No. 19'
This male cultivar was never in the trade, a surprise considering that the seed parent was a sheared
crucifix of T. baccata 'Fastigiata'. It has ascending
branches with weeping twigs and branchlets similar to
T. baccata 'Dovastoniana' or an old Norway spruce.
The color is not as dark as cv. Dovastoniana; otherwise
the T. media characteristics prevail. The parent tree
is a large excurrent tree at the corner of the Hatfield
trial block. The large plant in group 95 (A) lacks a
central leader. Plants were obtained from the Leonard Nursery, Piqua, Ohio. Not in the trade.
Taxus media 'Henryi'
This male cultivar was selected and introduced
by Henry Verkade of the Henry Verkade Nursery,
New London, Conn.
Taxus media 'Hatfield No. 19'
Taxus media 'Henryi'
41
A wide-spreading shrub of rapid growth, branching freely in a second flush of growth on current season's twigs without being sheared, especially on vigorous plants in the field. Twigs slender, slightly ascending and arching, or with decurved apex if strongly ascending.
Leaves bright green, slender, tapering and quite
long, to 10 inches, with prominent midrib above and
distinct slender petiole. Arranged in broad "V" on
upper side of twig or pseudo 2-ranked but irregularly
falcate and twisted to produce a "curly" effect.
Plants of thiS cultivar are located in group 107
(A, C, E).
Dark glossy green with prominent midrib above, gray
green or slightly glaucous bylow.
Seed often abundant, aril large, 9 mm. in diameter, scarlet with white bloom, globular, exceeding the
nutlet by one-fourth, opening large as seed, interior
squarish. Nutlet large, dark brown, 5 mm. broad
by 7 mm. long, broad ovate, plump, obtusely 2 to 4angled.
According to Rehder ( 31 ) , this hybrid cultivar
" ... was raised by Henry Hicks from seed of T. cuspid at a f. nana Rehd. collected in C. A. Dana's garden at
Dosoris, Long Island, ... " Henry Hicks pointed out
the seed parent of this plant and thought that the pollen parent might have been the adjacent "Blue John
Yew" ( T. baccata 'Glauca') which was planted near
the seed parent.
Since the seed parent is known, and the cv. Hicksii is a media or hybrid type, it seems obvious to the
authors that the pollen parent must be the "Blue John
Yew".
This cultivar is represented in the Secrest Arboretum by groups 37 (A, D) (37 Din photo) and 50
( B) . Plants were obtained from several sources.
Taxus media 'Hicksii' Rehder
T. cuspidata hicksii Hort.; T. hicksii Hort.
This female cultivar was selected by C. S. Sargent from some 50 upright seedlings chosen from the
seed block by Mr. Dutweiller, foreman at the Hicks
Nursery, Westbury, L. I.
It is an erect growing, fastigiate plant with ascending branches. Young plants narrow columnar,
becoming broader with age and additional leaders.
Old plants ovate or globose, and susceptible to snow
and ice damage.
Leaves long, more than 1 inch, radial spreading
and tapering on vertical twigs; scattered on upper
side of horizontal twigs or pectinate, with cuspid apex.
Taxus media 'Hill'
T. cuspidata columnaris (Hill) Hort.; T. cuspidata pyramidalis ( hilli) Hort.; T. nana pyramidalis
hilli Hort.; "Hill Pyramidal Yew" Kumlien.
This cultivar was selected for superior hardiness
and introduced by the D. Hill Nursery Co., Dundee,
Ill., from material imported as "Taxus Hybrids" from
Koster and Co., Boskoop, Holland, prior to 1917 .
. This is probably of American origin, since most of the
Taxus media 'Hicksii'
Taxus media 'Hill'
42
of Havemeyer's Cedar Hill estate or from the Hicks
Nursery. Its good winter hardiness favors the latter
source. Vermeulen's Nursery introduced the cultivar
in 1928 under the name "Vase Shape", later changing
it to T. media 'Kelseyi' in honor of F. W. Kelsey of
New York City.
An erect or strongly ascending to fastigiate vasiform shrub, of medium growth rate. Twigs and buds
as in T. media. Leaves very dark glossy green, tapered, acute, straight, about 1 inch long, close set in a
deep "V" or scattered on upper side of twigs, exposing
the abundant crop of late maturing seed for which this
cultivar is noted. The seed may persist all winter.
Little if any winter damage at Wooster, Ohio.
Aril scarlet with whitish bloom, subglobose, 9
mm. broad by 7 mm. long, scarcely equaling the nutlet, opening circular with squarish or angular interior. N utlet broad ovate to blocky, 4 mm. broad by
6 mm. long, mostly 3-4 angled, ·obtuse.
Plants of this female cultivar were obtained from
several sources. It is represented in the Secrest Arboretum by groups 5 (B) (photo), 65 (D), and 68 (B).
Plants in group 5 were obtained from the Siebenthaler Co., Dayton, Ohio.
hybrids in Holland were sent there by Dutch-American nurserymen for propagation.
A dense columnar or pyramidal shrub of slow
growth while small. Twigs dark olive green, main
leaders medium stout with rather thick leathery bark.
Leaves mostly radial, very dark glossy green
above, dull olive green below; slightly tapered, with
a cuspid apex on dense, close-set leaves of lateral
branchlets; on main shoots tapered with acute apex,
and more scattered. A male cultivar with light scattered crops of pollen cones.
Plants were obtained from the D. Hill Nursery
Co., Dundee, Ill., and are represented in the Secrest
Arboretum by group 45 (B, D).
Taxus media 'Hoogendoorn'
An accession received from the Hoogendoorn
Nurseries, Inc., Newport, R. I., in 1958. Background
history not known.
An upright spreading cultivar of medium to
rapid growth rate. Foliage dark green. In the fall
of 1973, plants measured 5-6 feet in height and 5-6
feet in width. Could be trained into a uniform hedge
with little pruning. A male cultivar located in group
21 (A) in the Taxus plantation. This cultivar was
never offered in the trade according to Case Hoogendoorn of the Hoogendoorn Nurseries.
Taxus media 'Kobel'
The 'Kobel' Yew, added to the collection in
1962, was donated by Kobel's Nursery, West Lafayette, Ohio. No background information on its origin
is available.
Taxus media 'Kelseyi'
T. media ''vase shape" Hort.; T. media jeffreyi
pyramidalis Hort.
This cultivar was propagated from plants on a
small estate in Locust Valley, L. I., by John Vermeulen. The plants may have come from Hatfield by way
Taxus media 'Kelseyi'
Taxu5 media 'Hoogendorn'
43
Plants are upright spreading in growth habit,
with nearly erect branches forming a rather loose top
when not sheared. Foliage a bright glossy green.
In 6 years plants developed from 15 to 18-inch specimens to 4 to 5 feet in height with a spread of 3 to 4
feet.
This male cultivar is located in groups 38 ( B,
C, D, E) (38 E in photo) and 47 (B).
Taxus media 'Lodi'
An accession obtained from the Anderson Nursery, Lodi, Ohio, in 1958. No background infm~a
tion is available.
A compact, bushy plant of rounded growth hab/ it. Leaves medium green. Narrow and loosely arranged on terminal twigs. In 16 years plants have
attained a height of 8 to 9 feet with a spread of approximately 8 feet.
A male cultivar, it is located in group 62 (A, C)
in the Taxus plantation.
Taxus media 'Kobel'
A broad-spreading, rather loosely branched
plant of rapid growth. In 1973 plants had attained
a height of 5 to 6 feet with a spread of about 12 feet.
Foliage medium green, short, especially on the
lateral twigs. Falcate and closely arranged, giving a
"bunchy" appearance on terminal twigs.
A male cultivar located in groups 109 (A)
(photo) and 110 (B).
Taxus media 'L. C. Bobbink'
An accession from the Bobbink Nurseries, Inc.,
Freehold, N. ]., obtained in 1968. No background
information is available on this selection.
Taxus media 'Lodi'
Taxus media 'Mitiska Upright'
T. media Mitiska No. 7 Hort.
This accession was obtained from the Laddie
Mitiska Nursery, Amherst, Ohio, in 1951. It has an
interesting habit of growth, being compact, upright
rectangular in shape with short, light to medium
green foliage. As a hedge plant it would require very
little pruning. In 23 years it has attained a height
of 6 feet with a spread of 3 to 4 feet.
This male cultivar is in group 106 (A, B, C, D).
Plants of this cultivar showed very little injury from
the heavy snow of Dec. 1, 1974.
Taxus media 'L. C. Bobbink'
44
gin mere lines below; usually less than 1 inch long,
slender tapering and acute, arranged radially, rather
close set and dense.
Seed matures late, aril crimson with white
bloom, subglobose, 9 mm. broad and 8 mm. long,
slightly exceeding the nutlet; opening as large as nutlet, elliptical or angular. Nutlet dull chestnut brown,
broad ovate with obtuse or 'mucronate' apex, compressed and 2-angled.
Plants of this cultivar were obtained from the
Moon Nursery and are located in group 89 (B) in
the Secrest Arboretum.
Taxus media 'Mitiska Upright'
Taxus media 'Moon'
The origin of this female cultivar is unknown,
but the William H. Moon Nursery, Yardley, Pa., introduced it to the trade before 1925.
This old cultivar is a dark green, columnar, fastigiate shrub. The twigs are erect, appressed, and
quite slender, often with considerable secondary
growth the first season on vigorous leaders.
Leaves very dark green with prominent midrib
on basal half above, light green with midrib and mar-
Taxus media 'Natorp'
Taxus media 'Natorp'
T. media 'Natorpiana' Hort.
This female cultivar was propagated for years
from an old plant near the office at the W. A. Natorp
Co., Cincinnati, Ohio.
It is a dense, compact, hardy plant, branching
freely. It is marketed as a low globe and becomes
a low spreader similar to cv. Berryhill.
In 16 years the plants in group 30 ( B, D)
reached 6 to 7 feet high by 15 to 17 feet spread.
Plants were obtained from the W. A. Natorp Co.
Taxus media 'Newport'
T axus media 'Dwarf' Chad.
This accession was obtained in 1954. No background information on this selection has been received.
Of very slow growth, attaining a height and
spread of only 3 to 3 ~ feet in 20 years. Branches
form irregular mounds, densely covered with short,
dark green leaves. Growth may be so dense as to
"shade out" the inner foliage. Plants 1 ~ feet high
in 1954 are now 3 to 4 feet in height and spread.
A female cultivar located in groups 32 (B), 41
( C), and 108 ( B, C, E) ( 108 E in photo) .
Taxus media 'Moon'
45
Taxus media 'Peterson'
Taxus media 'Peterson'
An accession obtained from Charles J. Peterson
of Xenia, Ohio, in 1962. Described as a superior
form of T axus media 'Runyan' of exceptional winter
hardiness. Wide-spreading growth habit similar to
T axus media 'Runyan' of young age. Leaves dark
green, short, closely arranged on the branches, abruptly acute, curved.
In 10 years, plants of cv. Peterson have obtained
a height of 5 feet with a spread of 9 to 10 feet. A fem ale cultivar, located in groups 113 (B) (photo) and
114 (A) in the Taxus plantation.
Taxus media 'Newport'
Taxus media 'Ohio Globe'
T. media Mitiska No. 5 Hort.
Grown from seed of Hatfield source by Laddie
Mitiska Nursery, Amherst, Ohio. Usually sheared to
globe shape which is more easily maintained than
sheared T. m. 'Brownii'. The shape is not lost with
age, even when unsheared.
Leaves have a bluish-green color cast.
Plants were only slightly damaged by the heavy
snow of Dec. 1, 1974. Plants in group 104 (B, D)
were obtained from the Laddie Mitiska Nursery in
1951. It is a male cultivar.
Taxus media 'Ohio Globe'
Taxus media 'Pilaris'
46
Taxus media 'Pilaris'
A John Vermeulen & Son, Inc., accession planted
in 1962. A narrow, nearly columnar, upright cultivar with sturdy erect branches and medium to dark
green needles. Less compact than cv. Flushing, cv.
Grandifolia, and cv. Sentinalis. Slightly widest above
the middle.
In 10 years plants are approximately 9 feet high
and 2 Y2 to 3 feet wide. A male cultivar. Plants are
located in group 120 ( B, C, D, E).
Taxus media 'Pyramidalis'
Another John Vermeulen & Son, Inc., accession
introduced under an illegitimate name. Sturdy, upright habit of growth resembling T. media 'Hicksii'
when young; widest above the middle. Foliage medium to dark green.
In 10 years plants have attained a height of 7 to
8 feet with a spread at the widest point of 3 to 4 feet.
A female cultivar located in group 124 (A, B, C, D, E)
in the Secrest Arboretum.
Taxus media 'Rohusta'
A John Vermeulen accession planted in 1962.
It carries an illegitimate name. Narrow, columnar
habit of growth, with stiff, erect, compact branches.
Slightly broader above the middle. Foliage large,
dark green.
In 10 years plants have attained a height of approximately 8 feet and are 2 to 3 feet wide. A male
cul ti var located in group 125 (A, B, C, D, E).
Taxus media 'Rohusta'
Taxus media 'Roseco'
An accession received from the West bury Rose
Co., Westbury, L. I., in 1962. This cultivar grows
vigorously and in 10 years has attained a height of 6
to 7 feet with a spread of 15 to 17 feet, with widespreading, lateral branches.
Foliage is dark green, borne abundantly on short
laterals.
It is a male cultivar. No information is available on the actual origin of this type. It is located
in group 118 (A, C, E) in the Secrest Arboretum.
Taxus media 'Roseco'
Taxus media 'Pyramidalis'
47
pidata (Intermedia'. Small plants resemble the parent cultivar from Cottage Gardens Nursery or T. custhe needles are lighter green
pidata 'Nana', except th~
and more narrow than the latter. Growth begins early
in the spring and may be damaged by late frost. It
makes up a salable plant quickly. Older plants lose
some of the low, compact resemblance to T. cuspidata
'Nana' and become more informal and wide spreading
with age. Secondary branching occurs abundantly,
without shearing, keeping plants well filled and dense.
Leaves mostly straight, only slightly falcate, slightly tapered and acute or acuminate, not cuspidate,
bright green with a tinge of red in newly opened buds.
Mostly radial on secondary branchlets and on young
plants. On older plants the leaves are on the upper
side of the twig or in a broad pectinate "V" on arching
branches.
·
Plants of this cultivar were obtained from Mike
Sebian and are in group 43 (A, E).
Taxus media 'Runyan'
Taxus media 'Runyan'
T. media No. 8 Hort.
This "Hatfield No. 8" cultivar was a favorite
with the late C. R. Runyan, superintendent of the
Spring Grove Cemetery, Cincinnati, Ohio. It continues as one of the favorite yews in Ohio nurseries and
is named in his honor. Plants are compact, well filled,
and more rapidly growing than T. cuspidata 'Nana'
which it superficially resembles. The early low globes
in group 83 ( D) have reached 11 feet high by 18 feet
spread in 30 years. Crowding may have modified to
some extent the wide hemisphere shape expected.
Plants of this cultivar are very winter-hardy and
were only slightly injured by the heavy snow of Dec.
1, 1974. This male cultivar was obtained from C.R.
Runyan in 1942.
Taxus media 'Sentinalis'
A John Vermeulen & Son, Inc., accession planted
in 1962. A stiffly branched, narrow, upright cultivar
with dark green, curled foliage. Broadest above the
middle;
In 10 years in the plant,ation, plants have attained
a height of 8 to 9 feet and a width of 2 to 21i feet.
A female cultivar located in group 122 (A, B, C, D, E)
in the Secrest Arboretum. Plants were somewhat
pulled apart by the heavy snow of Dec. 1, 1974.
Taxus media 'Sebian'
T. cuspidata intermedia Hort.; T. cuspidata intermedia Sebians Hort.
This male cultivar originated in the nursery of
Mike Sebian, Painesville, Ohio, as a seedling of T. cus-
Taxus media 'Sentinalis'
Taxus media 'Sebian'
48
Taxus media 'Stovekenii'
T. stovekeni Hort.; T. cuspidata stovekeni Hort.
The original plant was selected about 193 2 from
a block of seedling T. cuspidata by Mr. Stoveken, foreman of the A. N. Pierson Nursery, Cromwell, Conn.
All vegetative characteristics indicate it is a T. media
type and not a cultivar of T. cuspidata.
This fastigiate cultivar is vigorous, growing 12
to 18 inches annually. The habit is broad columnar.
The branches are erect, fastigiate, and appressed, with
some secondary twigs or branchlets growing on the
current season's growth of vigorous leaders. Bark
of leaders is thick and leathery, green becoming bright
red-orange where exposed to winter sun and redbrown the second summer, except for the adnate leaf
bases which are green.
Leaves are dark green, glossy, mostly radially
spreading, about 1 inch long, slightly tapered with
acute apex. No winter damage has been observed
on the leaves of this cultivar at Wooster. The pollen
cones are large and showy in late winter and spring.
A male cultivar located in group 33 (A, C).
Plants of this accession were obtained from the A. N.
Pierson Nursery. It has been considered one of the
hardiest and very best narrow columnar yews, superior in many aspects to cv. Hicksii and cv. Costich. It
was badly pulled apart by the heavy snow of Dec. 1,
1974, as were the other cultivars mentioned here.
Taxus media 'Stovekenii'
Taxus media 'Stricta'
An accession from John Vermeulen & Son, Inc.,
Neshanic Station, N. J. Another Vermeulen upright
type, but looser at the top than 'Flushing', 'Robusta',
or 'Viridis'. Needles medium to dark green, large.
In 10 years plants have attained a height of 7 to
8 feet with a width of about 3 feet near the top. A
male cultivar, plants are located in group 121 (B, C,
D, E). This illegitimately named cultivar is no longer being grown by John Vermeulen & Son, Inc.
Taxus media 'Totem'
T. media pyramidalis Hort.
This cultivar, represented by group 70 (B) in
the Secrest Arboretum, is not currently available in
the trade. It was distributed by the Wilton Nurseries, Wilton, Conn., which no longer exist.
An extremely narrow, columnar shrub while
young, with appressed short branchlets and a single
leader. Becomes broader with age. Leaders stout,
olive green, turning orange to brown in the sun, with
numerous short bra:nchlets the same season. Secondary branchlets short, slender, olive green, densely
scattered and appressed.
. Leaves dark glossy green with prominent midrib
above, light gray-green stomate bands about twice as
wide as margins or midrib beneath; long tapering, to
Taxus media 'Stricta'
49
1 Y4. inches with acute apex, close set and densely radiating on branchlets.
Plants of this female cultivar were obtained from
the Siebenthaler Co., Dayton, Ohio. They were badly damaged by the heavy snow of Dec. 1, 1974.
Taxus media 'Vermeulen'
T. cuspidata 'Upright brevifolia' Hort.; T. cuspidata vermeuleni Hort.; T. media hicksi, improved
Hort.
This female cultivar, like T. media 'Kelseyi', was
propagated from a plant on a Locust Valley, L. I., estate by John Vermeulen, who introduced it into the
trade in the late 1920's as T. cuspidata "upright brevifolia". Whether the original plant was planted by the
Hicks Nursery, which had several "upright brevifolias", or was from one of Hatfield's "upright brevifolias" by way of Havemeyer or Cottage Gardens is a
moot question. The name "V ermeuleni" was applied
by retail customers of the Vermeulen Nursery, according to John Vermeulen.
This cultivar makes a dense, columnar, vasiform
or globose shrub with vertical fastigiate branches.
Leaves mostly radial, close set, deep glossy green above,
light gray to yellowish green below, mostly straight,
slightly tapered with acute apex, rather wide.
Seed crops often heavy and late to mature. Aril
crimson with whitish bloom, subglobose, 10 mm. broad
by 9 mm. long, exceeding the nutlet by one-third;
opening large, elliptical to squarish or round with
angular interior. Nutlet very broad ovoid, obtusely
2-4 angled, mostly 3-angled, 5 mm. broad by 6 mm.
long, brown, with glaucous apex, smooth and plump.
In the Secrest Arboretum this cultivar is represented by groups 64 ( C) and 80 ( D) (photo). At
Wooster it can be recognized in late winter by the
Taxus media 'Totem'
Taxus media 'Viridis'
Taxus media 'Vermeulen'
50
white, sun-scalded needles on the lower part of the
southwest side of the plants.
Taxus media 'Viridis'
Another of the Upright Yew accessions from
John Vermeulen & Son, Inc., planted in 1962.
Dense and compact with stout erect branches.
Plant broadest at the base. Leaves fresh, green, and
somewhat twisted. In 10 years plants have attained
a height of 8 to 9 feet with a spread at the base of
3 to 312 feet. A male cultivar. It is located in
group 119 (B, C, D, E) in the Secrest Arboretum.
Taxus media 'Wardii'
Taxus media 'Wardii' Chadwick
T. cuspid at a cliftoni Hort.; T. cuspid at a war di
Hort.
This cultivar was selected and named by R. T.
Brown of Cottage Gardens, Queens, L. I., after one of
his employers. It originated from one of T. D. Hatfield's seedling "upright brevifolias". Identical material was included with some T. media plants he sent
to Harry Deverman of Clifton, N. J., who recognized
the merits of this plant and named it "Cl if toni".
This wide, irregular, spreading shrub is of moderately rapid growth, the branches ascending with
decurved or nodding tips. Considerable branchlet
development occurs on strong, current season's
growth. The twigs are rather stout with thick, soft,
leathery bark, olive green or turning reddish where
exposed to the sun, especially in winter. Growth
starts early.
Leaves dark lustrous green with prominent midrib above, quite broad and leathery, bluntly cuspid,
mostly less than 1 inch long, shorter at the beginning
and end of each season's growth on lateral twigs, giving a distinct oval segmented appearance to older
twigs. Stomate bands light green to olive green, very
broad, the leaf margins and midrib a mere line below.
A female cultivar with heavy crops of late maturing seed and many twin flowers and seeds. Aril
bright red with whitish bloom, a broad, oblate, fleshy
cup 11 mm. wide by 7 mm. long, scarcely equaling
the nutlet. Opening large, circular, with squarish
or angled interior. Nutlet globose, dark glossy brown
with dull bloom, 4 mm. broad by 5 mm. long, obtusely 2-4 angled.
This cultivar includes groups 41 (A) (photo),
46 (A), and 72 (B, D). Plantsingroup41 were obtained from Harry Deverman.
Taxus media 'Wellesleyana'
Taxus media 'Wellesleyana'
This male cultivar is one of the hardy seedlings
of the T. baccata 'Fastigiata' produced by T. D. Hatfield. It is a columnar to vasiform shrub with vertical
f astigiate branches.
Twigs coarser than T. media 'Hatfieldii', which
it greatly resembles, as is the entire plant. Leaves
Taxus media 'Wilsonii'
51
ing inferior types should be practiced. There is no
basis for growing an exceeding!Y long list of cultivars.
Select the best. Selections from the recommended
list can be made based on regional climatic conditions
anq landscape demand. Although the recommended
forms are based on size and general habit of growth,
these factors cannot be exact. Dimensions may be exceeded and growth habits may be variable from those
specified.
bright green, spirally radiating or scattered on upper
side of branchlets.
Growth is more rapid and loose than cv. Hatfieldii and more liable to damage from snow and ice
in winter.
Plants of this cultivar were obtained from C. R.
Runyan, Spring Grove Cemetery, Cincinnati, Ohio,
and are located in group 82 (A, C).
Taxus media 'Wilsonii'
Plants of this cultivar were obtained from the
Cole Nursery Co., Painesville, Ohio, in 1953. Early
records of the selection were lost, but Barrett Cole was
of the opinion that the original plants were obtained
from C. E. Wilson Nursery Co.,, Manchester, Conn.
Plants of this selection form a compact, rounded
bush, somewhat broader than high (9 to 10 feet by 15
feet).
Leaves medium texture of medium to dark green,
curving upward and outward, exposing the lighter
green underside. A male cultivar located in group
71 (A, C).
SOME RECOMMENDED TAXUS
Small Types, 1-5 Fret
Low, Spreading Types
T axus baccata 'Repandens'
T axus media 'Chadwick'
Taxus media 'Everlow'
Slow Growing, Compact, Rounded Types
T axus cuspidat a 'Densa'
Taxus media 'Newport~
Slow Growing, Horizontal Spreading Types
Taxus cuspidata 'Nana'
THE BEST OF THE TAXUS
Medium Types, 6-10 Feiet
.Slow Growing, Compact or Rounded Types
T axus baccata 'Adpressa'
T axus media 'Emerald'
Compact; Broadly Rounded Types,
Broader Than High
T axus media 'Amherst'
T axus media 'Brownii'
T axus media 'Densiformis'
T axus media 'Moon'
Compact, Spreading Types
T axus media 'Berryhill'
T axus media 'Flemer'
T axus media 'Natorp'
T axus media 'Sebian'
T axus media 'W ardii'
Narrow, Upright Types
T axus m:edia 'Flushing'
T axus media 'Grandifolia'
T axus media 'Sentinalis'
During the years the project has been in progress, the senior author has prepared lists of Taxus entitled The Best of the Taxus and Some Recommended
Taxus for publication ( 9) and for discussion at several nurserymen's association meetings. Such lists
have been dated 1950, 1959, 1960, 1962, 1965, and
1974. Changes have been constantly made in these
lists as additional data were accumulated and observations were made. Any list of this nature must be
flexible. New cultivars, some superior to existing
types, will continue to be introduced.
The earlier lists were compiled on the basis of
limited observations and on catalog or other descriptions. With age, growth habits of several cultivars
/have markedly changed, and as they matured they varied greatly froin early catalog descriptions. As an example, Taxus cuspidata 'Adams' was described and
introduced as a narrow, upright cultivar. When not
restricted by constant pruning, specimens planted in
1942 in the Taxus plantation now measure 13 to 14
feet in height with a spread of 25 to 27 feet.
The following list of recommended cultivars is
based on the authors' observations. Such factors as
size, growth habit, hardiness, foliage, and fruiting
characteristics were considered. Compiling the list
on the basis of size and growth habit denotes types
which can be used to satisfy the requirements of various landscape designs. Selections are not based on
ease of propagation or rapidity of production, but
rather on hardiness, adaptability, and possession of
superior growth habits and foliage. As new and superior cultivars are introduced, substitution for exist-
/
I
/
Large Types, 10 Feet or Mor~
Compact, Rounded Types, Broad as High
Taxus media 'Lodi'
Taxus media 'Ohio Globe'
Compact, Broadly Rounded Types,
Twice as Broad as High
T axus media 'Dutweilleri'
T axus media 'Halloriana'
T axus media 'Henryi'
T axus media 'Runyan'
Taxus media 'Vermeulen'
52
Broad, Upright, Spreading Types
T axus cuspidata 'Adams'
Taxus cuspidata 'Thayerae'
Taxus media 'Wellesleyana'
Broad, Columnar Types
Taxus media 'Costich'
T axus media 'Hicksii'
T axus media 'Stovekenii'
Broad, Pyramidal Types
Taxus baccata 'Dovastoniana'
T axus cuspidat a 'Capitata'
T axus media 'Hatfieldii'
Taxus media 'Hill'
T axus media 'Kelseyi'
2.
3.
4.
6.
7.
9.
Chadwick, L. C. 1951. The B~st
of the Taxus.
American Nurseryman, 93(6) :13-82.
Chang, Y. 1954. Bark Structure of North
American Conifers. U. S. Dept. Agr., Technical
Bull. 1095, Washington, D. C.
11.
12.
13.
14.
Coltman-Rogers, C. 1920. Conifers and Their
Characteristics. John Murray, London.
Dallimore, W. 1908. Holly Yew and Box with
Notes on Other Evergreens. John Lane, London.
Den Ouden, P. 1949. Coniferen, Ephedra en
Ginkgo. Veenman and Zonen, W ageningen,
Netherlands.
Den Ouden, P. and B. K. Boom. 1965. Manual
Nijhoff, The
of Cultivated Conifers. M~rtinus
Hague, Netherlands.
Eames, A. J. and L. H. MacDaniels. 1925. An
Introduction to Plant Anatomy. McGraw-Hill
Book Co., New York, N. Y.
16. Elwes, H. J. and A. Henry. 1906. Trees of
Great Britain and Ireland. Edinburgh, Scotland.
17. Gibbs, V. 1926. Taxaceae at Aldenham and
Kew. J. Royal Hort. Soc., 51 :189-224.
18. Gordon, G. 1880. The Pinetum, 2nd Ed.
Henry G. Bohn, London.
19. Hatfield, T. D. 1921. Raising Yews from Seed
at Wellesley. The Garden Magazine, 33:23-26.
20. Hatfield, T. D. Unpublished Records, Correspondence, and Lectures. Courtesy W. H. Hatfield, Silver Springs, Md.
21. Hooker, W. J. 1840. Flora Boreali-Americana.
Henry G. Bohn, London.
22. Hoopes, J. 1868. The Book of Evergreens.
Orange Judd & Co., New York.
23. Hornibrook, M. 1938. Dwarf and Slow-Growing Conifers, 2nd Ed. Country Life Ltd., London.
24. Keen, R. A. and L. C. Chadwick. 1955. Sex
Reversal"in Taxus. American Nurseryman, 100
(6) :13-11:-.
25. Keen, R. A. 1956. A Study of the Genus Taxus.
Ph.D. Dissertation, The Ohio State Univ.
26. Krussmann, G. 1955. Die Nadelgeholze. Paul
Parey, Berlin.
27. Linnaeus, C. 1764. Species Plantarum, 3rd Ed.
28. Loudon, J. C. 1844. Arboretum et Fruticetum
Britannicum, London.
15.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Anonymous. 1900. The Dovaston Yew,, The
Gardeners Chronicle, 27: 146-147.
Anonymous. 1969. International Code of Nomenclature of Cultivated Plants-1969.
Bailey, L. H. (Ed.). 1925. The Cultivated
Evergreens. The Macmillan Co., New York,
N. Y.
Bailey, L. H. (Ed.) . 1949. Manual of Cultivated Plants. The Macmillan Co., New York,
N. Y.
5.
Carriere, E. A. 1867. Traite General des Coniferes, 2nd Ed. Paris.
10.
CONCLUSIONS
The taxonomy of the genus T axus is controversial. The recognized species are more geographic
than morphologic and many of the cultivars and clones
in America have not been described or named by horticulturists in accord with the International Code of
Nomenclature of Cultivated Plants ( 2). The confusion of names at the species and cultivar levels is a distinct handicap to the nursery and landscape trade.
It is the hope of the authors that this publication
may aid in furnishing descriptive information of many
of the cultivars now in the trade. There is still much
work to be done on establishing the correct nomenclature of several cultivars .now in commerce, and others
which no doubt will be introduced. Every effort
should be· made to follow the rules of the International
Code in naming new cultivars and to clear the proposed cultivar name with the Registration Authority
for Dwarf and Other Garden Conifers, the Royal Horticultural Society.
1.
8.
Bean, W. J. 1914. Trees and Shrubs Hardy in
the British Isles. John Murray, London.
Beissner, L. 1909. Handbuch der Nadelholzkunde, 2nd Ed. Berlin.
Brown, R. G. and F. E. Hull. 1951. Taxus
(Yew) Poisoning of Cattle. J. Amer. Vet. Med.
Assoc., 118:398-399.
53
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
Loudon, J. C. 1875. Trees and Shrubs. Frederick Warne and Co., London.
Matsuura, H. and T. Suto. 1935. Contribution
to the Idiogram Study in Phanerogamous Plants
I. J. Faculty of Sci., Hokkaido Imp. Univ.,
·
Series V, Botany, 5 (1): 33-75.
Rehder, A. 1923. Taxus media hybr. nov. J.
Arnold Arboretum, 4: 106-109.
Rehder, A. 1925. Taxus hunnewelliana hybr.
nov. J. Arnold Arboretum, 6:201-202.
Rehder, A. 1940. Manual of· Cultivated Trees
and Shrubs Hardy in North America, 2nd Ed.
The Macmillan Co., New York, N. Y.
Schaffner, J. H. 1937. Stability and Instability
of Sexual Conditions in Moms Alba. J. Heredity, 28 :426-427.
Wilson, E. H. 1916. The Conifers and Taxads
of Japan. Pub. of Arnold Arboretum, No. 8,
Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, Mass.
which may be significant in relation to the purposes from which the plants are cultivated.
Cuspidate-Sharp-poirited.
Decurrent-(Leaf) Extending down the stem below
the insertion.
Dioecious-Male and female flowers on different
plants.
Emarginate-With a shallow notch at the apex.
Excurrent-With a projecting tip. (Stem) Upright.
Falcate-Sickle-shaped.
Fastigiate-With stems or branches erect and close
together.
Hilum-The scar or point of attachment of the seed.
Keel-A central ridge.
Micropyle-The orifice of the ovule.
Monoecious-With unisexual flowers of both sexes
on the same plant.
Mucronate-Tipped with a short abrupt point.
Orthotropic-(Stems or branches) Upright.
Ovule-The body which after fertilization becomes
the seed.
Plagiotropic-( Stems or branches) Lateral, spreading.
Stamen-The pollen-bearing male organ of the
flower.
Staminate-Having stamens only.
Unisexual-Of one sex, either male or female.
GLOSSARY
Aril-An appendage growing out from the hilum and
covering the seed partly or wholly.
Bisexual-Having both stamens and pistils.
Cultivar-A cultivated variety. A named group of
cultivated plants which are distinguished from
other members of the same species or interspecific hybrid by any combination of genetic traits
54
TAXUS COLLECTION
IN THE SECREST ARBORETUM, 1976
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
T.axus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Name
baccata 'Adpressa'·
baccata 'Aurea'
baccata 'Compacta'
baccata 'Dovastoniana'
baccata 'Erecta'
baccata 'Expansa'
baccata 'Fastigiata Aurea'
baccata 'Glauca'
baccata 'Michelii'
baccata 'Nigra'
baccata 'Overeynderi'
baccata 'Repandens'
baccata 'Washingtonii'
canadensis
canademsis 'Dwarf Hedge'
cuspidata
cuspidata 'Adams'
cuspidata 'Aristocrat'
cuspidata 'Aurescens'
cuspidata 'Capitata'
cuspidata 'Densa'
cuspidata 'Expansa'
cuspidata 'Hiti'
cuspidata 'Intermedia'
cuspidata 'Midget'
cuspidata 'Nana'
cuspidata 'Prostrata'
cuspidata 'Robusta'
cuspidata 'Sieboldii'
cuspidata 'Thayerae'
hunnewelliana
hunnewelliana 'Globosa'
media
media 'Amherst'
media 'Andorra'
media 'Anthony Wayne'
media 'Berryhill'
media 'Brevicata'
media 'Broad Beauty'
media 'Brownii'
media 'Brownhelm'
media 'Burr'
media 'Chadwick'
media 'Coleana'
media 'Cole Type B'
media 'Compacta'
media 'Costich'
Name
Plot and Location
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
11-A, C
1-D, 2-B
21-E
20-C
10-A, D
39-A, C
Old Collection, Bl-96*
19-A, D
12-B, D, E
25-D, 66-A
58-B
3-C, D, E
Old Collection, Bl-97*
96-E
87-A
7-B, 9-B
36-B, 73-B, D
56-A
39-D
15-A
18-C, E
22-A
61-B
51-C
35-D
8-C, D, 24-A, C
14-C
5-E
9-E
17-C, 52-D
88-A, C, E
85-B
59-A, C, 91-B, D
101-A, E
16-D
55-A
90-A, E
76-C
54-B, C, D, E
57-B, 94-D
103-A, E
28-A, B, D, E
102-B, D
23-A, C, E
53-B
78-A, C
67-D
media
media
media
media
media
'Densiformis'
'Donewell'
'Drulia'
'Dutweilleri'
'Emerald'
Taxus media 'Everlow'
*Plot locations indicated in Finding List and Guide to the Secrest
Arboretum, Spec. Circ. 91 (rev.), Ohio Agri. Res. and Dev. Cent.er,
Wooster, Dec. 1970.
55
\
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
media 'Fairview'
media 'Flemer'
media 'Flushing'
media 'Grandifolia'
media 'Green Candle'
media 'Green Mountain'
media 'Halloriana'
media 'Hatfieldii'
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus•
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
media 'Hatfield No. 2'
media 'Hatfield No. 6'
media 'Hatfield No. 18'
media 'Hatfield No. 19'
media 'Hatfield No. 23'
media 'Henryi'
media 'Hicksii'
media 'Hill'.
media 'Hoogendoorn'
media 'Kelseyi'
media 'Kobel'
media 'L. C. Bobbink'
media 'Lodi'
media 'Mitiska Upright'
media 'Moon'
media 'N atorp'
media 'Newport'
media 'Ohio Globe'
media· 'Peterson'
media 'Pilaris'
media 'Pyramidalis'
media 'Robusta'
media 'Roseco'
media 'Runyan'
media 'Sebian'
media 'Sentinalis'
media 'Stovekenii'
media 'Stricta'
media 'Totem'
media 'Vermeulen'
media 'Viridis'
media 'Wardii'
media 'W ellesleyana'
media 'Wilsonii'
Plot and Location
97-B, D, E
18-D
99-D, E
75-D
105-A, B, E, 111-A, B,
112-B
115-A, 116-A, B,
117-A, B
20-A
27-A, C, E
123-A, C, D, E
126-A, B, C, D
100-B, D
81-B, E
49-A, D
48-E, 54-A, 63-B,
64-A, 98-A, C
95-C
80-A
69-C
95-A
46-C
107-A, C, E
37-A, D, 50-B
45-B, D
21-A
5-B, 65-D, 68-B
109-A, 110-B
38-B, C, D, E, 47-B
62-A, C
106-A, B, C, D
89-B
30-B, D
32-B, 41-C, 108-B, C, E
104-B, D
113-B, 114-A
120-B, C, D, E
124-A, B, C, D, E
125-A, B, C, D, E
118-A, C, E
83-D
43-A, E
122-A, B, C, D, E
33-A, C
121-B, C, D, E
70-B
64-C, 80-D
119-B, C, D, E
41-A, 46-A, 72-B, D
82-A, C
71-A, C
TAXUS COLLECTION
IN THE SECREST ARBORETUM, 1976
Plot
1
2
Location
D
B
3
CDE
4
5
5
B
E
6
Name
Taxus media 'Kelseyi'
Taxus cuspidata 'Robusta'
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
cuspidata
cuspidata 'Nana'
cuspidata
cuspidata 'Sieboldii'
b.accata 'Erecta'
baccata 'Adpressa'
baccata 'Michelii'
22
A
E
A
ACE
AC
D
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
cuspidata 'Prostrata'
cuspidata 'Capitata'
media 'Andorra'
cuspidata 'Thayerae'
cuspidata 'Densa'
media 'Donewell'
baccata 'Glauca'
media 'Fairview'
baccata 'Dovastoniana'
media 'Hoogendoorn'
baccata 'Compacta'
cuspidata 'Expansa'
media 'Coleana'
cuspidata 'Nana'
baccata 'Nigra'
27
ACE
ABDE
Taxus media 'Flemer'
Taxus media 'Burr'
BD
Taxus media 'Natorp'
B
Taxus media 'Newport'
Taxus media 'Stovekenii'
D
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
7
8
9
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
18
19
20
20
21
21
23
24
25
26
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
39
40
41
41
42
43
44
45
46
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
B
CD
B
E
AD
AC
BDE
c
A
D
c
CE
D
AD
A
c
AC
B
AD
BCDE
AC
D
Taxus media 'Wardii'
Taxus media 'Newport'
AE
Taxus media 'Sebian'
BD
A
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
c
B
E
AD
B
c
D
B
A
BCDE
A
A
B
B
AC
B
AC
.B
68
69
70
71
A
D
B
c
B
75
D
c
Taxus media 'Dutweilleri'
Taxus media 'Brevicata'
AC
Taxus media 'Compacta'
A
BE
AC
D
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
85
B
Taxus hunnewellia,na 'Globosa'
87
A
ACE
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
Taxus
77
78
79
80
80
81
82
83
84
86
D
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
D
96
E
95
95
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
Bl*
Bl*
Taxus cuspidata 'Hiti'
Taxus media 'Lodi'
Taxus media 'Hatfieldii'
c
D
Name
Taxus media 'Hatfieldii'
Taxus media 'Vermeulen'
Taxus media 'Kelseyi'
Taxus baccata 'Nigra'
Taxus media 'Costich'
Taxus media 'Kelseyi'
Taxus media 'Hatfield No. 18'
Taxus media 'Totem'
Taxus .media 'Wilsonii'
Taxus media 'Wardii'
Taxus cuspidata 'Adams'
AC
BD
BD
76
media 'Hill'
media 'Wardii'
media 'Hatfield No. 23'
media 'L. C. Bobbink'
media 'Hatfieldii'
media 'Halloriana'
media 'Hicksii'
cuspidata 'Intermedia'
cuspidata 'Thayerae'
media 'Cole Type B'
media 'Hatfieldii'
media 'Broad Beauty'
media 'Anthony Wayne'
cuspidata 'Aristocrat'
media 'Brownii'
baccata 'Overeynderi'
media
Location
A
72
73
74
cuspidata 'Midget'
cuspidata 'Adams'
media 'Hicksii'
media 'L. C. Bobbink'
baccata 'Expansa'
cuspidata 'Aurescens'
c
A
Plot
64
64
65
66
67
Taxus baccata 'Aurea'
Taxus baccata 'Aurea'
Taxus baccata 'Repandens'
B
AE
BD
A
c
BDE
AC
DE
BD
AE
BD
AE
BD
ABE
ABCD
ACE
BCE
A
B
AB
B
B
A
A
AB
AB
ACE
BCDE
BCDE
BCDE
ABCDE
ACDE
ABCDE
ABC DE
ABCD
96
97
media
media
media
media
media
'Hatfield No. 6'
'Vermeulen'
'Green Mountain'
'W ellesleyana'
'Runyan'
canadensis 'Dwarf Hedge'
hunnewelliana
media 'Moon'
media 'Berryhill'
media
Taxus media 'Brownii'
Taxus media 'Hatfield No. 19'
Taxus media 'Hatfield No. 2'
Taxus canadensis
Taxus media 'Densiformis'
Taxus media 'Hatfieldii'
Taxus media 'Drulia'
Taxus media 'Green Candle'
Taxus media 'Amherst'
Taxus med·ia 'Chadwick'
Taxus media 'Brownhelm'
Taxus media 'Ohio Globe'
Taxus media 'Emerald'
Taxus media 'Mitiska Upright'
Taxus media 'Henryi'
Taxus media 'Newport'
Taxus media 'Kobel'
Taxus media 'Kobel'
Taxus media 'Emerald'
Taxus media 'Emerald'
Taxus media 'Peterson'
Taxus media 'Peterson'
Taxus media 'Everlow'
Taxus media 'Everlow'
Taxus media 'Everlow'
Taxus media 'Roseco'
Taxus media 'Viridis'
Taxus media 'Pilaris'
Taxus media 'Stricta'
Taxus media 'Sentinalis'
Taxus media 'Flushing'
Taxus media 'Pyramidalis'
Taxus media 'Robusta'
Taxus media 'Grandifolia'
Old Collection
Taxus baccata 'Fastigiata Aurea'
Taxus baccata 'Washingtonii'
*Plot locations indicated in Finding List and Guide to the Secrest
Arboretum, Spec. Circ. 91 (rev.), Ohio Agri. Res. and Dev. Cent.er
Wooster, Dec. 1970.
'
56
Tax us Collection - Secrest Arboretum
+
N
A
A B C D E
•
·s
•
•
•
11 •
•
•
C D
10 •
•
12
•
20 •
•
14
•
23 •
15 •
•
•
24 •
•
16
••
•
28 • •
•
17
•
ll
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
32
•
31
• • • • 47
39 •
••
•
•
48
•
•
50
•
•
53
• •
•
64 •
56 •
65
57
•
66 •
511
•
67
•
61
•
•
A B C DE
70
72
73
•
• •
•
•
•
79
•
•
11
•
•
•
93
102
87 •
96
• 91 •
•
•
94
•
100
101 •
95 •
19
• •
!!2
86
II •
80 •
91
•
84
85
•
78 •
•
•
•
76
77
•
•
• 97
!II.
• 99
•
•
•
•
•
104
•
•
107.
•
• 101
•
113
•
••
119
• •
••••
120
••••
•
121
••••
•
122 • • • • •
• 114.
• • 106 • • • •
•
118 •
111 • •
• 112
103.
a C D .A B C D E
109.
• 110
• 105 • •
•
A
A B C D E
A B C D E
A B C D E
82 •
83
74
75
• 71 •
62 •
54 • • • • • &3
68
•
69
60
•
52
55 •
59 •
•
51
44
45
•
49 •
43 •
•
•
46 •
42
34
•
38
41 •
•
35
•
•
A B C D
A B C
A B C D E
• 37 •
40
33 •
•
25
• 27 •
30
31
26
•
•
29
22 •
13
•
•
• • 21 •
A B C D E
A B C D E
A B C D
19 •
123 •
•••
115.
124 • • • • •
• 11&. •
125 • • • • •
• 117 • •
126 • • • •
7~
State
;4~
1~
~
i!~
Ohio's major· soil types and climatic
conditions are represented at the Re- ·
search Center's 13 locations.
Research is conducted by 15 departments on more than 7200 acres at Center
headquarters in Wooster, eight branches,
Green Springs Crops Research Unit, Pomerene Forest Laboratory, North Appalachian Experimental Watershed, and The
Ohio State University.
Centet Headquarters, Wooster, Wayne
County: l 953 acres
.
Eastern Ohio Resource Development Center, Caldwell, Noble County: 2053
acres
Green Springs Crops Research Unit, Green
Springs, Sandusky County: 26 acres
Jackson Branch, Jackson, Jackson County: 344 acres
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Mahoning County Farm, Canfield: 275
acres
Muck Crops Branch, Willard, Huron County: 15 acres
.North Appalachian Experimental Watershed, Coshocton, Coshocton County:
l 047 acres (Cooperative with Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Dept. of
Agriculture)
North Central Branch, Vickery, Erie County: 335 acres
Northwestern Branch, Hoytville, Wood
County: 247 acres
Pomerene Forest Laboratory, Coshocton
County: 227 acres
Southern Branch, Ripley, Brown County:
275 acres
Western Branch, South Charleston, Clark
County: 428 acres