Pak. J. Bot., 53(5): 1807-1819, 2021. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.30848/PJB2021-5(20) QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF MEDICINAL FLORA USEED AS HERBAL REMEDIES IN HINDU KUSH MOUNTAIN RANGE, NORTHERN PAKISTAN NAZIM HASSAN1, UMAR ZEB2, ASFA BATOOL3, KHAN SHER1, IQRA NAEEM4 AND WAQIF KHAN4 1 Department of Botany, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University, Dir Upper Pakistan 2 Department of Biology, the University of Haripur KPK, Pakistan 3 Department of Botany, University of Narowal, Narowal, Pakistan 4 Institute of Grassland Science and Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China *Corresponding author’s email: asfa.batool@uon.edu.pk & umar.zeb@uoh.edu.pk Abstract This research aims to collect significant data on traditional uses of medicinal plant species used by the inhabitants as remedies in Northern Pakistan. In this regard ethnobotanical data were compiled from 128 informants through group discussion and well-organized questionnaire. Demographic features, part used, preparation methods, mode of application, life form, and ethno medicinal uses were noted. For data analysis quantitative indices i.e. (ICF) Informant consensus factor, (FL) Fidelity level, (UV) Use value, (RFC) Relative frequency citation and (DMR) data matrix ranking were used. A comparison with 6 published ethnobotanical studies at national and international level was carried out for authentication of ethnomedicinal relevance of data documented. A total of 94 medicinal plant species from 34 families were documented. Family Lamiaceae and Asteraceae (13%) were the most leading families. Ailments were classified into 13 different categories. Leaves (34%) were commonly used for the preparation of ethno medicines. Major contribution (65%) was obtained from herbaceous flora. The most frequently used method for the preparation of ethno medicine was decoction (41%). Highest number of use reports (107) and ICF (0.84) were observed for antispasmodic. High fidelity level 95.45% was observed for Berberis lyceum. Use value (UV) was high (0.67) for Urtica dioica while RFC (0.45) was observed high for Ajuga bracteosa. Plants with high FIC value should be screened for comprehensive pharmacological and phytochemical studies. Medicinal flora was found at risk due to unwise harvesting and over grazing. Further plant exploration, awareness, conservation, Joint collaboration and wise use of plant resources are recommended. Key words: Herbal remedies; Medicinal plants; Informant consensus factor; Usho; Northern Pakistan. Introduction Ethnomedicinal studies are important to discover existing drugs form indigenous medicinal plant resources (Hassan et al., 2020). Due to the documentation of traditional knowledge of native plant species numerous drugs have already been discovered (Gilani & Atta-urRahman, 2005). Even 25% of herbal drugs are plant based mentioned in modern pharmacopeia while many synthetic drugs are manufactured from plants isolates (WHO, 2002). Domestication and management of medicinal plant species are in practice in different parts of the world (Mahmood et al., 2013). Besides, medicinal plant species have been under practice since prehistoric time to cure different health disorders throughout the globe (Elisabetsky, 1990). Even today aged and experienced peoples using ethno medicines until return to health at regular basis as peoples have noticed that modern health care system depend on ingredients obtained from plants (Hassan et al., 2017c; Zeb et al., 2016; Srithi et al., 2009). Ethnobotanical research survey is not only carried out for documenting, analyzing, circulating ethnopharmacological and ethno botanical information but can also be used to provide the interaction between human society and plant diversity and to know that at which degree biodiversity in natural surroundings is in practice and influenced (Canales et al., 2005; Frei et al., 1998). About 50,000 flowering plants have already been reported in which 85% are taken as ethno medicines while 5000 are subjected to phytochemistry (Stepp & Moerman, 2001). On the other hand about 80% population of the world especially in developing countries use ethno medicines for the treatment of different health disorders due to low cast with less side effects (Savikin et al., 2013). To initiate ethno-pharmacological, photochemical toxicological studies right selection of plant resource is the basic requirement to know that at what degree the plant is used for the treatment and preparation of ethno medicines (Canales et al., 2005; Frei et al., 1998). Mostly the peoples in hilly areas depends on herbs compared to shrubs and trees for the preparation of ethno medicines due to easy collection and fruitful results (Hassan et al., 2020). Because of high price of English drugs poor peoples in different part of the world taking ethno medicines for the treatment of different diseases, besides this research on medicinal plants is getting power day by day (Shrivastava & Kanungo, 2013). Pakistan has 6000 plant species, 12 % out of them are taken for the treatment of different health disorders (Shinwari & Qaiser, 2011), while in hilly areas 84% peoples depends on medicinal plants species for primary health care (Qureshi, 2012). Documentation of traditional knowledge in the study area may be an important step toward conservation approach as the flora is under pressure due to anthropogenic activities. Northern Pakistan is considered as a hub of medicinally important flora which needs proper exploration. Keeping in view the importance of medicinal plants it is 1808 calamitous to document quantitative ethno medicinal and traditional knowledge in Northern Pakistan to identify high valued medicinal plant species. Therefore present study was conducted (i) to identify and document traditional knowledge on indigenous plants used as remedy in Usho District Swat at Northern Pakistan, (ii) To compile information that how and how many different health disorders are treated with wild medicinal plant species, (iii) to evaluate data using FIC, FL, DMR, UV and RFC, indices to explore high valued medicinal plant species in the locality. Material and Methods Description of study area: Usho is a spacious sub-valley of Swat count in Hindu Kush mountain range, coldest part located in the North of District Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. It is located eight kilometres from Kalam and one hundred twenty-three kilometres from Mingora, at the elevation of 2,300 meter from sea level. The landscape of the area is rocky and sloped with stream beds. It is well known for its gorgeous cloudy and rainy forest. The soil is porous, light sandy, shallow and light to average in texture. The growth period is from April to the end of September. Mostly cultivated crops are wheat, maize, cabbage, turnip and potato. Annual high temperature recorded as 20oC in the month of June and lowest as -6oC in January. Heavy rain and snowfall occur in winter resulting in land slide whereas highest rain fall has observed in the month of July and August. Ethnobotanical data collection, identification and preservation: The data were compiled through various protocols like, field trips, well organized questionnaire, group discussions and semi-structured open-ended interviews from April, 2011 to August, 2013 following (Hassan et al., 2020; Yaseen et al., 2020; Martin, 1995). A total of 128 local informants including male (109) and female (19) of the locality in age from 30 to 80 were interviewed in their local language Pushto, in order to get comprehensive information. Beside, information regarding local name, parts used, methods of preparation, mode of utilization, doze taken, folk recipes, and diseases treated with medicinal plant were also collected. The collected medicinal plant species taken by the local inhabitants of the study area were confirmed through international plant name index (http://www.ipni.org), and the plant list (www.theplantlist.org) but for families followed A.P.G. system (Stevens, 2012). Life form wise the plant specimen were grouped into herbs, shrubs and trees, followed (Brown, 1977). The plant specimens were identified through flora of Pakistan and Herbarium Department of Botany at University of Malakand Pakistan. The specimens were deposited to Herbarium Department of Botany at University of Malakand Chakdara Dir (L.) KP, Pakistan for future reference. Quantitative analysis of ethnobotanical information: The documented ethnobotanical data was analyzed through various quantitative indices like Informant consensus factor, Relative frequency citation (RFC), Use NAZIM HASSAN ET AL., value (UV), Fidelity level (FL), Consensus Factor (ICF) and Data matrix ranking (DMR). Data was organized into Excel spreadsheet 2007 and concised by graphical statistics like proportions and percentages. Informant consensus factor (ICF): Informant consensus factor is used to document consensus of knowledge on the practical usage of medicinal plant species for a specific ailment (Canales et al., 2005). The Informant consensus factor value ranges from 0 to 1. The ICF value will be high if a plant species taken for the treatment of number of different ailments reported by large number of informants, while low informant consensus factor value means that the inhabitants had a poor knowledge about that plant species or the selection was random (Heinrich et al., 1998; Kloutsos et al., 2001; Teklehaymanot, 2009). The ICF value calculated by the formula followed (Tabuti et al., 2003; Trotter & Logan, 1986). ICF  nur  nt nur  1 where “nur” indicates the total number of use reports for each disease category and “nt” indicates the number of species used in that category. Use value (UV): Use value (UV) shows the relative importance on usages of medicinal plant species. UV will be consider high if the value is near to 1 which shows many use reports for a given plant species and importance of plant species among informants while low UV will be near to 0 which shows few use reports for a given specie (Phillips et al., 1994; Savikin et al., 2013). Use value (UV) cab be calculated by the formula: UV  U n where “UV” is the relative importance on uses of medicinal plant species and “U” is the number of uses recoded for that specific plant species and “n” is the number of informants reported plant species. Relative frequency of citation (RFC): Relative frequency of citation (RFC) suggests the local importance of each plant species in the locality (Vitalini et al., 2013). High RFC value shows the rank of specie among all informants. The RFC value may be 1 if informants report the particular plant species as important and will be 0 if nobody specify the use of plant species (Medeiros et al., 2012). RFC was calculated using the formula followed (Tardio & Pardo-de-Santayana, 2008). RFC  FC (0  RFC  1) N where FC is informants’ number who reported the use of medicinal plant species and N is the total number of informants who took part in the survey conduction. QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF MEDICINAL FLORA USE AS HERBAL REMEDIES Table 1. Demographic data of informants in Usho (District Swat) Northern Pakistan. Gender Density % Contribution Male 109 85.16 Female 19 14.84 Age classes 30-35 11 8.59 35-40 6 4.69 40-45 10 7.81 45-50 13 10.16 50-55 18 14.06 55-60 17 13.28 60-65 20 15.63 65-80 33 25.78 Literacy level Illiterate 51 39.84 Primary 20 15.63 Middle 22 17.19 Secondary 17 13.28 Higher Secondary 13 10.16 Graduate 5 3.91 Professional level House wives 19 14.84 Teacher 17 13.28 Shopkeepers 27 21.09 Farmers 43 33.59 Labors 14 10.94 Hakeem and nomads 8 6.25 Fidelity level (FL): The Fidelity level (FL) is used to choose best fit medicinal plant species for the treatment of a particular disease (Musa et al., 2011). The high value of FL indicates the importance of a particular plant species as compared to other plant species to cure specific disease because high value declares the high frequency of plant uses against a specific disease. On the other hand, low value shows the use of plant species for different medicinal purposes with low frequency usage against a particular disease. Fidelity level may be calculated by the formula (Friedman et al., 1986). FL  Ip x100 Iu where Ip is the number of informants mentioned the use of plant species for a specific disease category and Iu is the number of informants cited the use of that particular plant species for any other disease category. Direct matrix ranking (DMR): Direct Matrix Ranking (DMR) in order to rank medicinal plant species DMR was carried out. DMR can be used to compare the used plant diversity of given plant based on data collected from respondents (Cotton, 1996; Martin, 1995). A total of 12 knowledgeable and experienced informants were chosen for DMR data collection. Informants were allowed to give rank to medicinal plant species like (5 = best, 4 = very good, 3 = good, 2 = less used, 1 = least used, and 0 = not used) to each plant species. The average scores given to each plant species was summed up and ranked. 1809 Results and Discussions Demographic data: A total of 128 informants were interviewed for data collection, out of which eight were traditional healers and the rest were the local inhabitants of the area including only Kohistani Pashtoon. Mostly the informants were male 109 (85.16%) while female were 19 (14.84%). The number of male was high as compared to female which was due to male are considered more responsible as compared to female in Pashtoon society. Age wise, informants were classified into eight major categories. Mostly the informants were between the majority of informants were between 65-80 years (25.78%) and 60-65 years (13.28%). Majority of informants (39.84%) were illiterates. The illiterate informants (39.84%) were observed the most knowledgeable informants while educated peoples also played a vital role in data collection. Among eight traditional healers, five had a good experience from 8–13 years (6.25%) (Table 1). Taxonomic classification: A total of 94 medicinal plant species from 34 families were studied and documented (Table 2). Interviewed plant species were angiosperms, gymnosperms (5%), pteridophytes (1%), monocotyledonous (7%) and dicotyledonous (87%). Family Lamiacea (13%) and Asteraceae (13%) with 13 plant species each were the most leading families, followed by Rosaceae with 10 plant species (11%), Polygonaceae with 5 species (6%), Brassicaceae, Pinaceae, Solanaceae with 4 species each (5%), Amaranthaceae, Berberidaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Ranunculaceae with 3 species each (3%), Convolvulaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Urticaceae with 2 species (2%) while other families contribute only one species. The large number of medicinal plant species were reported from family Asteraceae is in agreement with study from other localities at national level (Bibi et al., 2014), Lamiaceae (Hassan et al., 2017a) and at international level with (Dei Cas et al., 2015). It might be due to plant species wide distribution and their traditional uses which are under practice in many parts of the word from family Asteraceae (Umair et al., 2017) and Lamiaceae (Dei Cas et al., 2015) to cure different health disorders with fruitful outcomes. Out of total reported medicinal plant species habit wise major contribution (65%) obtained from herbaceous flora, which is in agreement with (Ahmad et al., 2014) who report (58%) herbaceous plant species used by the inhabitants of Chail walley district Swat, Pakistan for the preparation of ethno medicine. Further shrubs contribute (27%) and herbs (8%) (Fig. 3). Our findings are in agreement with previous studies (Akhtar et al., 2013; Rehman et al., 2017). The logic behind high usage percentage of herbs was due to their easy availability (Sanz-Biset et al., 2009; Uniyal et al., 2006) efficacy, collection, easily digestible and the presence of pharmacologically active constituents (Hassan et al., 2017c; Khan et al., 2014), easiness in herbal medicines preparation (Lulekal et al., 2013). Table 2. Ethnomedicinal plant species of Usho Valley, District Swat, Northern, Pakistan. Part use Therapeutic uses Herbal formulation root cough, bronchitis, fever, tooth ache root is boiled in water with sugar and decoction is made leaves stomach ache leaves are boiled in water and filter through cloth whole plant toothache and digestive problems, bloody leaves and roots are crushed and boil in diarrhea, insect bite, asthma, cough water aerial parts chicken pox. jaundice, Headache, diuretic, Juice of fresh aerial parts is taken orally pimples, measles, stomach acidity, internal colic before breakfast leaves constipation, hepatitis, fever, treating tonsillitis leaf paste is used orally Habit tree jarai herb buchkanda herb buti herb sra boti herb ogakai herb bulb cholera, indigestion, diarrehea, eruption, boils gandechar herb bulb wounds pain Pyaz herb oga herb Gheray tree jawkay herb tharkha shrub kwaray shrub thor kwaray shrub kwaray shrub katpana herb anjabar herb spair boti shrub Shamshad shrub zyar gulay herb ashrafi herb makanpath herb roots digestive problems and mouth smell bhang herb leaves bambesa herb leaves sedative, lever and stomach inflammations, pain fresh leaves extract is taken with sugar killer menstrual disorder fresh leaves are boiled in water with salt bulb extract is mixxed with honey bulbs are washed and applied directly on wounds Leaves indigestion dried leaves mixed with the roots of Saussurea and purified bulb ear pain fried bulbs put in mustard oil, drops are applied on infected ear leaves sores, infection dried leaves mildly fried in the edible oil to make a poultice leaves a blood diseases leaves and flowers are boiles in water and decotion is made leaves malaria, fever, skin diseases juice of fresh leaves mixed with brown suger and given orally bark pimples, scabies, diabetes, woundes, blood crushed bark is soaked in water and purifier extract is taken early morning root backache, jaundice, fever Powder of roots bark is used, fruit as a tonic whole plant Stomachic, intestinal colic, diarrhea, piles, the root bark is dried and grinded , the jaundice, internal wounds powder is mixed in water rhizome Muscular pain, pus discharge, ulcer, wound dried rhizome powder is taken orally healing, dysentry and piles with milk rhizome fever, body pains, muscle contraction Powders prepared from rhizome taken with milk leaves excessive tearing, pain killer, inflammatory, decoction of the leaves and flower is hepatitis, fever used leaves toothache leaves are boiled with pepper corns in water leaves wounds crushed leaves are topically applied on wounds roots wound healing, fever, stomach ache root is crushed to make paste roots infusion are used Route oral FC 13 RFC 0.10 UV 0.31 UR 4 Previous studies 1■,2■,3■,4■,5▲,6■ oral 19 0.15 0.05 1 1■,2■,3■,4■,5■,6■ oral 41 0.32 0.15 6 1●,2▲,3■,4▲,5■,6● oral 57 0.45 0.14 8 1■,2▲,3■,4■,5■,6■ oral 37 0.29 0.11 4 1■,2■,3■,4■,5■,6■ oral 20 0.16 0.25 5 1■,2■,3▲,4■,5■,6■ dermal 13 0.10 0.08 1 1■,2■,3■,4■,5■,6■ oral 10 0.08 0.10 1 1■,2■,3■,4■,5■,6■ Ear drop dermal 21 0.16 0.05 1 1■,2■,3▲,4■,5■,6■ 17 0.13 0.12 2 1■,2■,3■,4■,5■,6■ oral 27 0.21 0.04 1 1■,2●,3▲,4■,5■,6■ oral 21 0.16 0.14 3 1■,2■,3■,4■,5■,6■ oral 54 0.42 0.09 5 1■,2▲,3■,4■,5●,6■ oral 51 0.40 0.06 3 1■,2■,3■,4■,5■,6■ oral 51 0.40 0.12 6 1■,2■,3■,4■,5■,6■ oral 26 0.20 0.23 6 1■,2▲,3■,4■,5■,6■ oral 47 0.37 0.06 3 1■,2●,3■,4■,5■,6■ oral 12 0.09 0.42 5 1■,2■,3■,4■,5■,6■ oral 9 0.07 0.11 1 1■,2■,3■,4■,5■,6■ dermal 8 0.06 0.13 1 1■,2■,3■,4■,5■,6■ dermal 11 0.09 0.27 3 1■,2■,3■,4■,5■,6■ oral 15 0.12 0.13 2 1■,2■,3■,4■,5■,6■ oral 43 0.34 0.09 4 1●,2■,3■,4■,5●,6■ oral 10 0.08 0.10 1 1■,2■,3■,4■,5▲,6■ NAZIM HASSAN ET AL., L. name achar 1810 Botanical name/Family/V. No. Abies Pindrow R. Pinaceae H.UOM.BG.503 Achillea millefolium L. Asteraceae H.UOM.BG.504 Achyranthes aspera L. Amaranthaceae H.UOM.BG.505 Ajuga bracteosa W. Lamiaceae H.UOM.BG.506 Ajuga parviflora B. Lamiaceae H.UOM.BG.507 Allium cepa L. Amaryllidaceae H.UOM.BG.508 Allium griffithianum B. Amaryllidaceae H.UOM.BG.509 Allium humile K. Amaryllidaceae H.UOM.BG.510 Allium sativum L. Amaryllidaceae H.UOM.BG.511 Alnus nitida S. Betulaceae H.UOM.BG.512 Artemisia persica B. Asteraceae H.UOM.BG.513 Artemisia vulgaris L. Asteraceae H.UOM.BG.514 Berberis lycium R. Berberidaceae H.UOM.BG.515 Berberis pseudumbellata P. Berberidaceae H.UOM.BG.516 Berberis vulgaris L. Berberidaceae H.UOM.BG.517 Bergenia stracheyi H.T Saxifragaceae H.UOM.BG.518 Bistorta affinis D. Polygonaceae H.UOM.BG.519 Buddleja crispa B. Scrophullariaceae H.UOM.BG.520 Buxus sempervirens L. Buxaceae H.UOM.BG.521 Calendula arvensis M. Asteraceae H.UOM.BG.522 Calendula officinalis L. Asteraceae H.UOM.BG.523 Caltha alba C. Asteraceae H.UOM.BG.524 Cannabis sativa L. Cannabaceae H.UOM.BG.525 Capsella bursa pastoris L. Brassicaceae H.UOM.BG.526 Habit herb skha kharawa guli dawodi herb Han herb ghana herb Zeelai shrub leaves boils fresh leaves paste are applied on boils prewatkai herb leaves constipation, intestinal worms, purgative, fresh plant extract mixed with sugar Mamanrha shrub fruits cuts, wounds, astringent jabagai herb tubers sex stimulant and, nerve tonic. Fruits paste with mustard oil is applied dermal on the skin tubers are grinded well to make powder oral leghonay shrub ajlai shrub lajward herb rhizome cough and fever zmaki tooth herb fruit bloody diarrhea. Somani herb sordengai herb Bandakay herb herb herb Part use leaves Table 2. (Cont’d.). Therapeutic uses constipation, intestinal worms L. name sarmay Herbal formulation Route fresh leaves are cooked as a vegetable oral and eaten aerial parts diuretic, constipation, carminative and infusions and liquid extracts are oral antidiarrhoic prepared flower Irregular menstrual cycles, flower are boiled in water and oral decoction is prepared leaves anti-inflammatory, hepatic complaints, fever, decoction of leaves and sugar is taken oral jaundice, gas trouble, antiasthmatic roots arthritis raw roots crushed to prepare paste dermal RFC 0.16 UV 0.10 UR 2 Previous studies 1●,2■,3■,4■,5●,6■ 21 0.16 0.19 4 1■,2■,3■,4■,5●,6■ 18 0.14 0.06 1 1■,2■,3■,4■,5■,6■ 48 0.38 0.13 6 1■,2■,3■,4■,5■,6■ 12 0.09 0.08 1 1▲,2■,3■,4■,5■,6■ dermal 10 0.08 0.10 1 1■,2■,3■,4■,5■,6■ oral 9 0.07 0.33 3 1▲,2■,3■,4■,5■,6▲ 36 0.28 0.08 3 1■,2■,3■,4■,5▲,6■ 33 0.26 0.06 2 1■,2■,3■,4■,5▲,6■ oral 19 0.15 0.21 4 1■,2■,3■,4■,5▲,6■ oral 23 0.18 0.04 1 1■,2■,3■,4■,5■,6■ oral 14 0.11 0.14 2 1■,2■,3■,4■,5■,6■ oral 7 0.05 0.14 1 1■,2▲,3■,4■,5■,6■ 55 0.43 0.05 3 1■,2■,3■,4■,5■,6■ 18 0.14 0.17 3 1■,2■,3■,4■,5■,6■ 19 0.15 0.16 3 1■,2■,3■,4■,5▲,6■ 15 0.12 0.13 2 1■,2■,3■,4■,5■,6■ seeds is taken orally with water, warm dermal oil are used to relieve ear pain roasted with additives and applied on dermal skin stem latex is applied over skin dermal 27 0.21 0.07 2 1■,2■,3■,4■,5■,6■ 12 0.09 0.25 3 1▲,2■,3■,4■,5▲,6■ 10 0.08 0.20 2 1■,2■,3■,4■,5■,6■ paste of the plant mixed with milk is dermal eaten and applied on skin fruit mixed with Berberis, leaves are oral used to make tea fruit juice juice with milk are used oral 39 0.30 0.05 2 1■,2■,3■,4■,5●,6■ 9 0.07 0.33 3 1■,2▲,3■,4■,5▲,6■ 11 0.09 0.18 2 1■,2■,3■,4■,5■,6■ seeds are boiled with water, sugar or salt 30 0.23 0.10 3 1■,2■,3■,4■,5■,6■ whole plant abdominal pain, swellings, Gastrointestinal, infusion of leaves is prepared wounds, whole plant diarrhoea fresh plant paste mixed with curd rhizome is dried and grinded into powder then taken with water fruit paste is used with milk whole plant asthma, astringent, relaxation of bronchial powder of crushed plant and sometime oral muscles. its tea is used aerial parts inflammations, joint pains and skin allergies aerial parts are dried and grinded into dermal powder Aerial parts bone strengthening, hairs and nail development powder prepare from aerial parts are dermal and weakness caused by TB used whole plant diarrhea, dysentery plant extract is taken oral salad herb seeds Bleeding piles. ear pain, mandano herb seeds skin eruption, Anthelminthic, Constipation, arghamala herb Latex wounds, skin diseases ainzar tree whole plant boils, laxative tuth herb whole plant stomach ulcers, menstruation problems, tonic tut herb fruits diabetes and sexual diseases Sur Azghay shrub seed colic, dysentery, diarrhea in children oral 1811 FC 20 QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF MEDICINAL FLORA USE AS HERBAL REMEDIES Botanical name/Family/V. No. Chenopodium album L. Amaranthaceae. H.UOM.BG.527 Chenopodium botrys L. Amaranthaceae H.UOM.BG.528 Chrysanthemum griffithii C. Asteraceae H.UOM.BG.529 Cichorium intybus L. Asteraceae H.UOM.BG.530 Cirsium falconeri H. Asteraceae H.UOM.BG.531 Clematis grata W. Ranunculaceae H.UOM.BG.532 Convolvulus arvensis L. Convolvulaceae H.UOM.BG.533 Cotoneaster microphyllus W. Rosaceae H.UOM.BG.534 Dactylorhiza hatagirea D. Orchidaceae H.UOM.BG.535 Daphne mucronata R. Thymelaeaceae H.UOM.BG.536 Debregeasia saeneb F. Urticaceae H.UOM.BG.537 Delphinium denudatum W. Ranunculac H.UOM.BG.538 Duchesnea indica J. Rosaceae H.UOM.BG.539 Ephedra gerardiana W. Ephedraceae H.UOM.BG.540 Epilobium hirstum L. Onagraceae H.UOM.BG.541 Equisetum debile R. Equisetaceae H.UOM.BG.542 Erigeron canadensis L. Asteraceae H.UOM.BG.543 Eruca sativa M. Brassicaceae H.UOM.BG.544 Euphorbia helioscopia L. Euphorbiaceae H.UOM.BG.545 Euphorbia wallichii H. Euphorbiaceae H.UOM.BG.546 Ficus carica L. Moraceae H.UOM.BG.547 Fragaria indica A. Rosaceae H.UOM.BG.548 Fragaria vesca L. Rosaceae H.UOM.BG.549 Gymnosporia royleana W. Celastraceae H.UOM.BG.550 Table 2. (Cont’d.). Part use Therapeutic uses whole plant joint pains. speeding defecation. Habit herb turai herb rhizome prewata herb leaves sperkay herb leaves Ziar Rambeel podina shrub welany herb Shamakay herb leaves flu, tooth aches and poultice Tarmeera herb shoot blood purifier, diuretic shamakay herb ganda botay herb mangazai tree leaves kidney stones, rheumatism infusion of fresh leaves is used chalghoza tree seed swelling, tumours, wounds seeds are grinded to get oil peoch tree resin cracked (wounded) heels Chinar tree bark kidney stones, dysentry peramol herb Batangi tree Fruit zyargwalay herb gulab shrub Gooraja shrub karwara shrub bagana shrub shalkhay herb leaves astringent, emollient, purgative tharokay shrub leaves jaundice herb Herbal formulation paste and extract of leaves is used Route oral expectorant; purgative, diuretic, dermatitis juice of the fresh roots are taken with oral sugar syrup Wound healing, Painkiller, Blood clotting. Lice Leaves are grinded and the extract is dermal killer used for washing hairs to get rid of lice antiseptic, dermatitis Leaves are crushed and applied on skin dermal FC 20 RFC 0.16 UV 0.10 UR 2 Previous studies 1■,2■,3■,4■,5■,6■ 7 0.05 0.57 4 1■,2■,3■,4■,5■,6■ 32 0.25 0.13 4 1■,2■,3▲,4■,5■,6● 13 0.10 0.15 2 1■,2●,3■,4■,5●,6■ oil are used as massage and removal of dermal skin wrinkles dried leaves are taken with curd and tea oral is prepared extract of leaves mixed with garlic oral 5 0.04 0.40 2 1▲,2■,3■,4■,5■,6■ 57 0.45 0.05 3 1■,2■,3■,4■,5▲,6■ 46 0.36 0.07 3 1■,2●,3■,4■,5▲,6■ young leaves are used to make tea oral 37 0.29 0.08 3 1■,2▲,3■,4■,5■,6■ Leaves used as salad, boiled, and oral powder taken whole plant stomach-ache, colds, flu, asthma, fevers and powder mixed with milk ,plant paste is Oral painful menstruation, muscular pains and arthritis externally applied leaves laxative, anti-malarial leaf powder are taken orally oral 22 0.17 0.09 2 1■,2■,3■,4■,5●,6■ 29 0.23 0.28 8 1■,2▲,3■,4■,5■,6■ 4 0.03 0.50 2 1▲,2■,3■,4■,5●,6■ oral 11 0.09 0.18 2 1■,2■,3■,4■,5■,6■ dermal 16 0.13 0.19 3 1■,2■,3■,4■,5■,6■ resin is used as a cream topically dermal applied on foot stem bark is boiled in water to make oral decoction fresh leaf and shoot is cooked oral 12 0.09 0.08 1 1■,2■,3■,4■,5■,6■ 10 0.08 0.20 2 1■,2■,3■,4■,5■,6■ 13 0.10 0.23 3 1●,2■,3■,4■,5▲,6■ constipation ripened fruits are eaten as raw oral 19 0.15 0.05 1 1■,2■,3■,4■,5■,6■ leaves skin infection fresh leaf paste is applied on skin dermal 9 0.07 0.11 1 1▲,2■,3■,4■,5▲,6■ flowers respiratory problems, wounds healing oral 15 0.12 0.13 2 1■,2■,3■,4■,5■,6■ oral 12 0.09 0.67 8 1■,2■,3■,4■,5■,6■ oral 13 0.10 0.23 3 1■,2■,3■,4■,5●,6■ oral 10 0.08 0.20 2 1■,2■,3■,4■,5■,6■ Leaves extract is prepared with salt oral 13 0.10 0.23 3 1▲,2■,3■,4■,5■,6■ fresh leaves and roots are crushed and mixed with water oral 17 0.13 0.06 1 1■,2▲,3■,4■,5▲,6■ whole plant body massage and skin diseases leaves vomiting, nausea, dysentery Whole plant indigestion, vomiting, cholera whole plant stomach disorders, constipation, infections flowers and bark is crushed to get extract whole plant fever, gastric troubles, diarrhea, wounds, fever, fresh roots are boiled in water to get colic, cough and sore throat decoction whole plant dysentery, whooping cough, antidiarrheal Infusion of leaves and young shoots is used whole plant hemorrhoids and diabetes mellitus Infusion of leaves is used NAZIM HASSAN ET AL., L. name atrang 1812 Botanical name/Family/V. No. Impatiens bicolor R. Balsaminaceae H.UOM.BG.551 Iris germanica L. Iridaceae H.UOM.BG.552 Ipomoea purpurea L. Convolvulaceae H.UOM.BG.553 Isodon rugosus W. Lamiaceae H.UOM.BG.554 Jasminum humile L. Oleaceae H.UOM.BG.555 Mentha arvensis L. Lamiaceae H.UOM.BG.556 Mentha longifolia L. Lamiaceae H.UOM.BG.557 Micromeria biflora B. Lamiaceae H.UOM.BG.558 Nasturtium officinale R. Brassicaceae H.UOM.BG.559 Origanum vulgare L. Lamiaceae H.UOM.BG.560 Parthenium hysterophorus L. Asteraceae H.UOM.BG.561 Picea smithiana W. Pinaceae H.UOM.BG.562 Pinus gerardiana W. Pinaceae H.UOM.BG.563 Pinus wallichiana A.B. Pinaceae H.UOM.BG.564 Platanus orientalis L. Platanaceae H.UOM.BG.565 Polygonum barbatum L. Polygonaceae H.UOM.BG.566 Pyrus pashia V. Rosaceae H.UOM.BG.567 Ranunculus muricatus L. Ranunculaceae H.UOM.BG.568 Rosa webbiana W. Rosaceae H.UOM.BG.569 Rubus ellipticus S. Rosaceae H.UOM.BG.570 Rubus fruticosus L. Rosaceae H.UOM.BG.571 Rubus sanctus S. Rosaceae H.UOM.BG.572 Rumex dentatus L. Polygonaceae H.UOM.BG.573 Rumex hastatus D. Polygonaceae H.UOM.BG.574 Part use leaves Table 2. (Cont’d.). Therapeutic uses FC 10 RFC 0.08 UV 0.10 UR 1 Previous studies 1■,2■,3■,4■,5■,6■ oral 43 0.34 0.05 2 1■,2■,3■,4■,5■,6■ oral 20 0.16 0.15 3 1■,2■,3■,4■,5■,6■ oral 35 0.27 0.14 5 1■,2■,3■,4■,5▲,6■ oral 8 0.06 0.38 3 1■,2■,3■,4■,5■,6■ oral 11 0.09 0.09 1 1■,2■,3■,4■,5■,6■ eaten as raw to initiate vomiting for stomach wash seeds pimples, backache paste of seed and young leaves is prepared leaves respiratory diseases, cough, asthma leaves and flowers are boiled in water to make decoction leaves jaundice and tuberculosis. fresh leaves are crushed along with water and sugar seeds, fruit typhoid, small pox, chest debility cholera, cough, fresh juice of plant is mixed with sugar fever, or water leaves eye pain, expectorant, laxative, leprosy, sedative leaves and fruits are crushed and taken with water fruit diabetes can be eaten as raw oral 33 0.26 0.03 1 1■,2■,3■,4■,5■,6■ oral 18 0.14 0.11 2 1■,2■,3■,4■,5■,6■ oral 16 0.13 0.19 3 1■,2■,3■,4■,5■,6■ oral 20 0.16 0.10 2 1■,2■,3■,4■,5■,6■ oral 8 0.06 0.63 5 1▲,2■,3■,4■,5■,6■ oral 50 0.39 0.10 5 1●,2■,3■,4■,5●6■ oral 11 0.09 0.09 1 1■,2■,3■,4■,5■,6■ whole plant intestinal worms, indigestion, toothache, cough, decoction of fresh pieces of stem boiled asthma, chest pain in water with black pepper leaves fever, constipation leaves decoction is taken orally oral 16 0.13 0.38 6 1●,2■,3■,4■,5●,6● oral 32 0.25 0.06 2 1●,2■,3■,4■,5■,6▲ inflorescence is mixed with mustard oil dermal and applied on the skin fresh leaves paste is applied topically dermal 10 0.08 0.10 1 1■,2■,3■,4■,5■,6■ 16 0.13 0.13 2 1●,2■,3■,4■,5■,6■ fresh rhizome with boil in water and oral decoction is prepared juice is collected dermal 11 0.09 0.09 1 1■,2■,3■,4■,5■,6● 10 0.08 0.10 1 1■,2■,3■,4■,5■,6■ plant is boiled in water with honey to make decoction decoction of the plant is made oral 42 0.33 0.10 4 1■,2■,3■,4■,5■,6■ oral 39 0.30 0.08 3 1●,2●,3■,4■,5■,6▲ powder of dry fruit is used with additives oral 47 0.37 0.04 2 1■,2●,3■,4■,5▲,6■ Bark Herbal formulation Can be used raw as vegetable pain and fever bark is boiled in water and decoction is prepared whole plant cough & cold, bowel evacuation Aerial parts and roots are crushed into powder leaves wound healing, dysentery, poultice on wounds, Crushed leaves and dried root powder cold, cough is taken with water leaves cough, cold, wounds fresh are used as poultice flower diabetes fruits stomach disorders, fruit leaves rhizome Skin diseases, swelling joints and broken bones jaundice whole plant external irritant whole plant fever and chills, muscle tension, sore throat. whole plant urinary and renal complaints, malarial fever fruit stomach disorders, tooth problems flower kept overnight in water 1813 Route oral diabetes QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF MEDICINAL FLORA USE AS HERBAL REMEDIES Botanical name/Family/V. No. L. name Habit Rumex nepalensis B. Polygonaceae ghra herb shalkhay H.UOM.BG.575 Salix alba L. Salicaceae Wala tree H.UOM.BG.576 Salvia lanata R. Lamiaceae keyand shrub H.UOM.BG.577 Salvia moorcroftiana W. Lamiaceae khardag shrub H.UOM.BG.578 Salvia nubicola W. Lamiaceae sursanda shrub H.UOM.BG.579 Salvia splendens S. Lamiaceae kharghwag shrub H.UOM.BG.580 Sambucus wightiana.W.Adoxaceae chejgian herb H.UOM.BG.581 Silene conoidea L. Caryophyllaceae bashka herb H.UOM.BG.582 Silene vulgaris M. Caryophyllaceae Matorangay herb H.UOM.BG.583 Silybum marianum L. Asteraceae Worajakai herb H.UOM.BG.584 Sisymbrium irio L. Brassicaceae arway herb H.UOM.BG.585 Solanum nigrum N. Solanaceae thor herb kamacho H.UOM.BG.586 Solanum pseudocapsicum L. Solanaceae kamacho herb H.UOM.BG.587 Solanum surattense B. Solanaceae maraghonay herb H.UOM.BG.588 Sonchus asper L. Asteraceae shawdapai herb H.UOM.BG.589 Sorbaria tomentosa L. Rosaceae jejrai shrub H.UOM.BG.590 Stellaria media L. Caryophylla olalai herb H.UOM.BG.591 Taraxacum oficinale N. Asteraceae budabudai herb H.UOM.BG.592 Urtica dioica L. sezonkay herb Urticaceae H.UOM.BG.593 Viola canescens W. Violaceae banafsha herb H.UOM.BG.594 Withania somnifera L. Solanaceae kotilal shrub H.UOM.BG.595 Zanthoxylum armatum D. Rutaceae Dambara shrub H.UOM.BG.596 ● (Same use), ▲ (Different use), ■ (Use not reported/New reports) 1814 NAZIM HASSAN ET AL., Part used, mode of preparation and application: The people of the locality used leaves (34%) commonly for the preparation of ethno medicines followed by whole plant (23%), fruit (9%),other aerial parts than leaves (4%), rhizome, root (5%), seed (7% each), bulb and flower (3%), tuber, latex (1% each) and bark (3% ) (Fig. 1). Same findings were also observed by (Khan et al., 2014) that leaves were commonly used at national level for the preparation of ethno medicine by the inhabitants in North of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, near the border with Afghanistan and at international level by the inhabitants of Italy (Leto et al., 2013). It has already been observed that herbalist prefer to harvest leaves for the preparation of herbal medicine as compared to root, stem and whole plant in order to prolong and save plant life (Zheng & Xing, 2009). Some plant species such as Euphobia, Solanum, Urtica and Polygonum are considered poisonous; however, taken to cure different health disorders by the people of the study area. Plant species with effective chemical constituents are often described as medicinal as well as poisons, side effects depend on preparation and dose taken (Bernhoft, 2010). No side effects were reported from inhabitants due to moderate doze taken of the above mentioned plant species. Different methods like decoction, crushed, Aerial parts 4% Bark 3% Bulb Flower 3% 3% Fruit 9% Latex 1% Whole plant Tubers 23% 1% Shoot 1% infusion, juice, extract, latex and oil are applied for the preparation of herbal medicines by the people of the study area. The most frequently used method for the preparation of ethno medicine was decoction (41%) followed by crushed (27%), infusion and juice (11%), extract (5%), latex (3%) and oil (2%) (Fig. 2). Our results are in agreement with other study at national level (Hassan et al., 2017a; Khan et al., 2014) and at international level (Chellappandian et al., 2012), where healer use decoction for the preparation of ethnomedicines. Due to bitter and unpleasant taste of ethnomedicine the inhabitants use additive like sugar, milk, desi ghee, wheat flour, salt and honey etc. The main practice in preparation of herbal medicine is decoction being easy method in which only the water volume is reduced (Ssegawa & Kasenene, 2007). Mostly the ethno medicines were taken (76%) orally followed by dermal (23%) and ear drops (1%) (Fig. 4). Our findings are in agreement at national international level with (Namukobe et al., 2011; Hassan et al., 2017b; Kamatenesi-Mugisha & Oryem-Origa, 2007; Ssegawa & Kasenene, 2007). For external use, oil, paste, poultice was observed common, majority of them were in practice against skin infections, irritation, wounds, insect bites and to joints pain. The findings are in line with (Umair et al., 2017). Decoction Extract 5% Crushed Latex 3% Infusion Oil Juice 2% 11% 41% Seed 7% Root 5% Rhizome 5% Leaf 34% 11% Resin 1% 27% Fig. 2. Methods for preparation of ethno medicine. Fig. 1. Part used for preparation of ethno medicine. Herbs Shrubs Trees 8% Dermal 23% 27% Oral 76% 65% Fig. 3. Plant habit of medicinal plants. Fig. 4. Mode of application of ethno medicine. Ear drop 1% QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF MEDICINAL FLORA USE AS HERBAL REMEDIES Informant consensus factor (ICF): Informant consensus Factor (ICF) was applied to analyse medicinal plants usage with respect to definite culture applicability. For ICF calculation ailments were classified into 13 different disease categories based on use reports (Table 3). Highest number of use reports (107) were observed for antispasmodic and lowest (12) for menstrual disorder. Out of total (13.58%) plant species were taken for circulatory disorders followed by gastrointestinal, dermatitis (11.73%), antispasmodic, antidiabetic, antiseptic (10.49%), antidiarrheal (9.88%), febrifuge (9.26%), diuretic, piles (3.09%), circulatory disorders (2.47%), menstrual disorder and tonic (1.85%) (Table 3). Informants consensus factor is commonly applied for plant selection for pharmacological and phytochemical analysis (Giday et al., 2007). Our findings signify that more plant species were taken in the study area as antispasmodic and gastrointestinal disorders, which might be due to bad hygiene, use of wood as fuel for cooking and heat purpose. Winter time is extremely cold due to heavy rain and snow fall. The peoples of the locality get heat energy only from wood fuel mostly as the locality lack gas facility. Similar results have already been reported at national level ( Khan et al., 2011, 2014; Hassan et al., 2017c) and international level (Kadir et al., 2012; Singh et al., 2012) described plant species taken as gastrointestinal and antispasmodic. High Informant consensus factor, ICF (0.84) was observed for antispasmodic and lowest (0.8) for piles which is similar with the study of (Umair et al., 2017; Zahoor et al., 2017). Fidelity level (FL): Fidelity level shows informant’s percentage appealing the use of definite medicinal plant species for the similar major purpose. All the reported ailments can be grouped into major classes before calculating the FL values (Giday et al., 2009). Fidelity level (FL) of high valued 32 medicinal plants was observed from 55.56 to 95.45% (Table 4). The plant having high FL value specifies the use of particular plant species for a particular disease in the locality (Bibi et al., 1815 2014). High fidelity level 95.45% was observed for Berberis lyceum (Skin sores, wounds washing), Salix alba (Pain and fever) and lowest 55.56% Rubus fruticosus for whooping cough (Table 4). Berberis lyceum with 92% FL value has already been reported for anti-diarrhoeal by (Hassan et al., 2017a) Salix alba against fever and astringent, Rubus fruticosus anti-diarrhoeal and tonic (Shinwari et al., 2006). Direct matrix ranking (DMR): Direct Matrix Ranking is applied to equate the usage of plant diversity based on data collection from respondents, which enable us to identify the extent of stress and threatens of plant species (Cotton, 1996; Martin, 1995). A total of 12 knowledgeable and experienced informants were chosen for DMR data collection. The informants were allowed to give rank to medicinal plant species like (5 = best, 4 = very good, 3 = good, 2 = less used, 1 = least used, and 0 = not used) to each plant species. The average scores given to each plant species was summed up and ranked. Rank wise Alnus nitida got higest rank (23), Ficus carica (20), Abies Pindrow (19) and lowest by Sisymbrium irio (9), Allium cepa (8), Viola canescens (7) respectively (Table 5). Such kind of study has already been conducted in different parts of Pakistan by ( Khan et al., 2014; Hassan et al., 2017c) in which high DMR was observed for Olea ferroginea as (24). Use value (UV) and relative frequency of citation (RFC): Use vale and Relative frequency of citation play an important role in high valued medicinal plant selection for presence of bioactive compounds which need additional evaluation for their important phytochemicals (Ahmad et al., 2016).Use value was high (0.67) for Urtica dioica (0.63) while lowest (0.03) for Platanus orientalis (Table 2). Our results are in agreement with (Shinwari et al., 2017) who also observed UV (0.04) for Urtica dioica .The RFC was observed high for Ajuga bracteosa (0.45) and lowest for Parthenium hysterophorus (0.3) (Table 2). Our results are in agreement with (Ahmad et al., 2014) who observed RFC (0.24) for Ajuga bracteosa. Table 3. Informant consensus factor (ICF) of different reported medicinal plant species against various disorders. Use reports Number of use Number of taxa Taxa Disorders ICF reports (Nur) used (Nt) percentage percentage Antispasmodic 107 14.99 17 10.49 0.84 Gastrointestinal 86 12.04 19 11.73 0.78 Anti-diabetic 58 8.12 17 10.49 0.71 Dermatitis 50 7.00 19 11.73 0.63 Febrifuge 76 10.64 15 9.26 0.81 Menstrual Disorder 12 1.68 3 1.85 0.81 Diuretic 36 5.04 5 3.09 0.88 Tonic 22 3.08 3 1.85 0.9 Antiseptic 98 13.73 17 10.49 0.83 Anti-diarrheal 53 7.42 16 9.88 0.71 Piles 21 2.94 5 3.09 0.8 Circulatory 13 1.82 4 2.47 0.75 Pain Killer 82 11.48 22 13.58 0.74 1816 NAZIM HASSAN ET AL., Table 4. Highly utilized species of the study are along with Fidelity level and major disorders. Botanical Nane N NA Major Disorders Ip lu Achillea millefolium L. 21 1 Stomach ache 15 19 Achyranthes aspera L. 41 6 Cough 13 21 Ajuga bracteosa W. 57 8 Internal colic 17 21 Ajuga parviflora B. 37 4 Tonsillitis 19 23 Allium sativum L. 21 1 Earache 12 13 Artemisia vulgaris L. 21 3 Skin diseases 9 10 Berberis lycium R. 55 5 Skin sores 21 22 Berberis vulgaris L. 57 3 Internal wounds 20 21 Bergenia stracheyi H.T 26 6 Pus discharge and ulcer 7 11 Bistorta affinis D. 47 3 Fever 16 20 Cannabis sativa L. 43 4 Liver inflammations 11 14 Chenopodium album L. 20 2 Intestinal worms 7 8 Chrysanthemum griffithii C. 18 1 Irregular menstruation 6 10 Cichorium intybus L. 48 6 Anti-inflammatory 16 21 Cotoneaster microphyllus Wall 36 3 Constrict body tissues 10 14 Dactylorhiza hatagirea D. 34 2 Sex stimulant 14 16 Debregeasia saeneb F. 23 1 Gastroenteritis 9 13 Gymnosporia royleana Wall 30 3 Diarrhoea 10 11 Ipomoea purpurea L. 32 4 Blood coagulation 7 10 Mentha arvensis L. 57 3 Vomiting 14 17 Mentha longifolia L. 46 3 Indigestion 16 17 Micromeria biflora B. 37 3 Flu 15 18 Origanum vulgare L. 29 8 Asthma 14 19 Rubus fruticosus L. 13 3 Whooping cough 5 9 Salix alba L. 43 2 Pain and fever 21 22 Salvia moorcroftiana W. 35 5 Wound healing 7 9 Sambucus wightiana W. 33 1 bloating 11 14 Solanum nigrum N. 50 5 Expectorant 15 18 Sonchus asper L. 32 2 Constipation 7 10 Viola canescens W. 42 4 Sore throat 16 19 Withania somnifera L. 39 3 Urinary and renal complaints 14 17 Zanthoxylum armatum D. 47 2 Tooth problems 11 16 FL 78.95 61.90 80.95 82.61 92.31 90.00 95.45 95.24 63.64 80.00 78.57 87.50 60.00 76.19 71.43 87.50 69.23 90.91 70.00 82.35 94.12 83.33 73.68 55.56 95.45 77.78 78.57 83.33 70.00 84.21 82.35 68.75 Table 5. DMR Score of most frequently used medicinal plants species. Plant Agriculture tools Construction Fodder Fuel Medicinal Abies Pindrow R. 5 5 1 5 4 Achyranthes aspera L. 0 0 4 1 5 Ajuga bracteosa Wall. 0 0 4 2 5 Ajuga parviflora B. 0 0 4 2 5 Allium cepa L. 0 0 3 0 5 Alnus nitida S. 5 5 4 5 4 Berberis lycium R. 0 1 4 5 5 Cannabis sativa L. 0 0 1 5 5 Cichorium intybus L. 0 0 4 0 5 Daphne mucronata R. 0 0 4 5 4 Ficus carica L. 4 3 4 5 4 Origanum vulgare L. 0 0 2 0 5 Rubus ellipticus S. 0 0 5 3 5 Sisymbrium irio L. 0 0 3 2 4 Solanum nigrum N. 0 0 5 2 5 Solanum surattense B. 0 0 5 2 5 Viola canescens Wall. 0 0 2 0 5 Withania somnifera L. 0 0 2 1 5 Zanthoxylum armatum D. 0 0 5 5 5 Rank 19 10 11 11 8 23 15 11 9 13 20 7 13 9 12 12 7 11 15 QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF MEDICINAL FLORA USE AS HERBAL REMEDIES ●(Same use) 13% ▲(Differe nt use) 23% ■(Use not reported) 64% Fig. 5. Comparison with other studies. Comparison with other studies and future influences: The ethnomedicinal uses of current study were compared with previous 6 most important studies (Ahmad et al., 2014; Hassan et al., 2017c; Ong & Kim, 2014; Parthiban et al., 2016; Umair et al., 2017; Yaseen et al., 2015) at national level (District Swat, Punjab, Sindh) and international level (Philippines and India). Almost, 13% medicinal uses of reported plant species were alike, 23% were dissimilar, while 64% medicinal uses were new as compared to other compared studies (Fig. 5) Some of newly documented medicinal plant species i.e. Buddleja crispa (anti-inflammatory), Iris germanica (diuretic), Jasminum humile (body massage), Cichorium intybus (gas trouble), Origanum vulgare (flu) etc. should be screened for further analysis. Conclusion The inhibitants of the study area use ethno medicines to cure different health disorders as English medicine are not easily accessible. Some aged people were observed very touch with ethno medicines since childhood; which they have learned from their elders. For example, they use Mentha longifolia as carminative, Ajuga bracteosa for stomach acidity, Cichorium intybus as antiasthmatic. Harvesting of medicinal plant for medicinal and fuel wood fuel were common in the study area. The local people were unaware regarding sustainable use, storage and conservation of medicinal plants, which can affect biodiversity of the locality. The most important thing was the inhabitants were agreed to share their ethno botanical knowledge with researchers. In present survey numerous medicinal plants were noted which require advance phytochemical analysis for further drug discovery. Further plant exploration, awareness, conservation, Joint collaboration and wise use of plant resources are recommended. Acknowledgement The authors are very thankful to Herbarium Department of Botany University of Malakand for Plant identification and to the peoples of the study area for assistance and sharing their indigenous knowledge regarding medicinal plants. 1817 References Ahmad, M., M.P.Z. Khan, A. Mukhtar, M. Zafar, S. Sultana and S. Jahan. 2016. Ethnopharmacological survey on medicinal plants used in herbal drinks among the traditional communities of Pakistan. J. Ethnopharmacol., 184: 154-186. Ahmad, M., S. Sultana, S.F. Hadi, T. Hadda, S.B. Rashid, M. Zafar, M.A. Khan, M.P.Z. Khan and G. Yaseen. 2014. An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants in high mountainous region of Chail valley (District Swat-Pakistan. J. Ethnobiol. Ethnomed., 10: 1-18. Akhtar, N., A. Rashid, W. Murad and E. Bergmeier. 2013. Diversity and use of ethno-medicinal plants in the region of Swat, North Pakistan. J. Ethnobiol. Ethnomed., 9: 1-13. Bernhoft, A. 2010. Bioactive compounds in plants benefits and risks for man and animals. The Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters, Symposium, Oslo, 2008. Bibi, T., M. Ahmad, R.B. Tareen, N.M. Tareen, R. Jabeen, S.U. Rehman, S. Sultana, M. Zafar and G. Yaseen. 2014. Ethnobotany of medicinal plants in district Mastung of Balochistan province-Pakistan. J. Ethnopharmacol., 157: 79-89. Brown, C.1977. Folk Botanical Life-Forms: Their Universality and Growth. Amer. Anthropol., 79: 317-342. Canales, M., T. Hernandez, J. Caballero, A. Romo de Vivar, G. Avila, A. Duran and R. Lira. 2005. Informant consensus factor and antibacterial activity of the medicinal plants used by the people of San Rafael Coxcatlán, Puebla, México. J. Ethnopharmacol., 97: 429-439. Chellappandian, M., S. Mutheeswaran, P. Pandikumar, V. Duraipandiyan and S. Ignacimuthu. 2012. Quantitative ethnobotany of traditional Siddha medical practitioners from Radhapuram taluk of Tirunelveli District, Tamil Nadu, India. J. Ethnopharmacol., 143: 540-547. Cotton, C.M. Ethnobotany: Principles and Applications, 1st edition. Wiley, Chichester ; New York. 1996. Dei Cas, L., F. Pugni and G. Fico. 2015. Tradition of use on medicinal species in Valfurva (Sondrio, Italy). J. Ethnopharmacol., 163: 113-134. Elisabetsky, 1990. Plants used as analgesics by Amazonian cabocols. Int. J. Crude Drug Res., 28: 309-320. Frei, B., M. Baltisberger, O. Sticher and M. Heinrich. 1998. Medical ethnobotany of the Zapotecs of the Isthmus-Sierra (Oaxaca, Mexico): documentation and assessment of indigenous uses. J. Ethnopharmacol., 62: 149-165. Friedman, J., Z. Yaniv, A. Dafni and D. Palewitch. 1986. A preliminary classification of the healing potential of medicinal plants, based on a rational analysis of an ethnopharmacological field survey among Bedouins in the Negev desert, Israel. J. Ethnopharmacol., 16: 275-287. Giday, M., Z. Asfaw, Z. Woldu and T. Teklehaymanot. 2009. Medicinal plant knowledge of the Bench ethnic group of Ethiopia: an ethnobotanical investigation. J. Ethnobiol. Ethnomed., 5: 1-10. Giday, M., T. Teklehaymanot, A. Animut and Y. Mekonnen. 2007. Medicinal plants of the Shinasha, Agew-awi and Amhara peoples in northwest Ethiopia. J. Ethnopharmacol., 110: 516-525. Gilani, A.H and A. Rahman, 2005. Trends in ethnopharmacology. J. Ethnopharmacol., 100: 43-49. Hassan, N., M. Nisar, S. Kakar, F. Hassan, Z. Zhiwei, L. Nong, M. Khan, M. Shuaib and D. Wang. 2017a. Determination of informant consensus factor of medicinal plants used as therapy in District Dir Lower Pakistan. J. Med. Plants Stud., 5: 183-188. Hassan, N., D. Wang, M. Shuaib, Z. Zhiwei, M. Nisar, W. Ahmad, S. Ahmad and A. Khan. 2017b. Identification and ethnobotanical survey of profitable medicinal plants used as remedy in Sangina Pakistan. Int. J. Herb. Med., 5: 117-123. 1818 Hassan, N., D. Wang, Z. Zhiwei, M. Nisar and Y. Zhu. 2017c. Determination and analysis of informant consensus factor of medicinal plant species used as remedy in Northern Pakistan. J. Biodiv. Environ. Sci., 11: 117-133. Hassan N., M. Din, F. Hassan, I. Abdullah, Y. Zhu, W. Jinlong, M. Nisar, I. Iqbal, SF. Wadood, S.S. Iqbal, S.I. Shah, I. Naeem, I. Sarwar, M. Ihsan, H. Khan and U. Zeb. 2020. Identification and quantitative analyses of medicinal plants in Shahgram valley, district swat, Pakistan. Acta Ecol. Sin., 40: 44-51. Heinrich, M., A. Ankli, B. Frei, C. Weimann and O. Sticher. 1998. Medicinal plants in Mexico: healers’ consensus and cultural importance. Soc. Sci. Med., 47: 1859-1871. Kadir, M.F., M.S. Bin Sayeed and M.M.K. Mia. 2012. Ethnopharmacological survey of medicinal plants used by indigenous and tribal people in Rangamati. Bangladesh. J. Ethnopharmacol., 144: 627-637. Kamatenesi-Mugisha, M and H. Oryem-Origa. 2007. Medicinal plants used to induce labour during childbirth in western Uganda. J. Ethnopharmacol., 109: 1-9. Khan, B., A. Abdukadir, R. Qureshi and G. Mustafa. 2011. Medicinal uses of plants by the inhabitants of Khunjerab National Park, Gilgit, Pakistan. Pak. J. Bot., 43: 2301-2310. Khan, I., N.M. Abdelsalam, H. Fouad, A. Tariq, R. Ullah and M. Adnan. 2014. Application of Ethnobotanical indices on the use of traditional medicines against common diseases. 2014. Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med., 63: 1-21. Khan, R., Q. Ahmad and B. Khan. 1996. Impact/Solution of fuel shortage on Conser. of Biodiversity of Hindu-Kush Himalayas region of Pakistan. Workshop Ethnob Appl Conser PARC Islamabad, 171-176. Kloutsos, G., D.G. Balatsouras, A.C. Kaberos, D. Kandiloros, E. Ferekidis and C. Economou. 2001. Upper airway edema resulting from use of Ecballium elaterium. Laryngoscope., 111: 1652-1655. Leto, C., T. Tuttolomondo, S. La Bella and M. Licata. 2013. Ethnobotanical study in the Madonie Regional Park (Central Sicily, Italy) - Medicinal use of wild shrub and herbaceous plant species. J. Ethnopharmacol., 146: 90-112. Lulekal, E., Z. Asfaw, E. Kelbessa and P.Van Damme. 2013. Ethnomedicinal study of plants used for human ailments in Ankober District, North Shewa Zone, Amhara Region, Ethiopia. J. Ethnobiol. Ethnomed., 9: 1-13. Mahmood, A., A. Mahmood R.N. Malik and Z.K. Shinwari. 2013. Indigenous knowledge of medicinal plants from Gujranwala district, Pakistan. J. Ethnopharmacol., 148: 714-723. Martin, G. 1995. Ethnobotany: A Method Manual. Chapman and Hall, London. Medeiros, F., P.S. de Silva P.S and U.P. Albuquerque. 2012. Quantification in ethnobotanical research: an overview of indices used from 1995 to 2009. Sitientibus, Ser. Cienc. Biol., 11: 211-230. Musa, M., F. Abdelrasool, E. Elsheikh, A. Lubna, L. Abdel and M. Sakina. 2011. Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants in the Blue Nile State, South-eastern Sudan. J. Med. Plants Res., 5: 4287-4297. Namukobe, J., J.M. Kasenene, B.T. Kiremire, R. Byamukama, M. Kamatenesi-Mugisha, S. Krief, V. Dumontet and J.D. .Kabasa. 2011. Traditional plants used for medicinal purposes by local communities around the Northern sector of Kibale National Park, Uganda. J. Ethnopharmacol., 136: 236-245. Nawab, B., H. Ahmad, J. Alam and H. Ali. 2017. A preliminary checklist of the vascular flora of Usho valley, Swat, Pakistan. J. Biodiv. Environ. Sci., 11: 192-209. NAZIM HASSAN ET AL., Ong, H.G. and Y.D. Kim. 2014. Quantitative ethnobotanical study of the medicinal plants used by the Ati Negrito indigenous group in Guimaras island, Philippines. J. Ethnopharmacol., 157: 228-242. Parthiban, R., S. Vijayakumar, S. Prabhu, Morvin and J.G.E. Yabesh. 2016. Quantitative traditional knowledge of medicinal plants used to treat livestock diseases from Kudavasal taluk of Thiruvarur district, Tamil Nadu, India. Rev. Bras. Farmacog., 26: 109-121. Phillips, O., A.H. Gentry, C. Reynel, P. Wilkin and B.C. Galvez-Durand. 1994. Quantitative Ethnobotany and Amazonian Conservation. Conserv. Biol., 8: 225-248. Qureshi, R. 2012. Medicinal flora of hingol national park, Baluchistan, pakistan. Pak. J. Bot., 44: 725-732. Qureshi, R., G. Bhati and R. Memon. 2010. Ethnobotanical uses of herbs from northern part of Nara desert, Pakistan. Pak. J. Bot., 42: 839-851. Rehman, M.N., M. Ahmad, S. Sultana, M. Zafar and S. Edwards. 2017. Relative popularity level of medicinal plants in Talagang, Punjab Province, Pakistan. Rev. Bras. Farmacog., 27: 751-775. Sanz-Biset, J., J. Campos-de-la-Cruz, M.A. Epiquién-Rivera and S. Canigueral. 2009. A first survey on the medicinal plants of the Chazuta valley (Peruvian Amazon). J. Ethnopharmacol., 122: 333-362. Savikin, K., G. Zdunic, N. Menkovic, J. Zivkovic, N. Cujic, M. Tereščenko and D. Bigovic. 2013. Ethnobotanical study on traditional use of medicinal plants in South-Western Serbia, Zlatibor district. J. Ethnopharmacol., 146: 803-810. Shinwari, S., M. Ahmad, Y. Luo and W. Zaman. 2017. Quantitative analyses of medicinal Plants consumption among the Inhabitants of Shangla-Kohistan areas in Northern-Pakistan. Pak. J. Bot., 49: 725-734. Shinwari, Z.K, T. Watanabe, M. Rehman and T. Yoshikawa. 2006. A pictoral guide to medicinal plants of Pakistan. ISBN: 969-8870-00-8. Shinwari, Z.K and M. Qaiser. 2011. Efforts on conservation and sustainable use of Medicinal plants of Pakistan. Pak. J. Bot., 43: 5-10. Shrivastava, S and V.K. Kanungo. 2013. Ethnobotanical survey of surguja district with special reference to plants used by uraon tribe in treatment of respiratory diseases. Int. J. Herb. Med., 1: 131-134. Singh, A., A. Kumar and D. Tewari. 2012. An ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants used in Terai forest of western Nepal. J. Ethnobiol. Ethnomed., 8: 1746-4269. Srithi, K., H. Balslev, P. Wangpakapattanawong, P. Srisanga and C. Trisonthi. 2009. Medicinal plant knowledge and its erosion among the Mien (Yao) in northern Thailand. J. Ethnopharmacol., 123: 335-342. Ssegawa, P and J.M. Kasenene. 2007. Medicinal plant diversity and uses in the Sango bay area, Southern Uganda. J. Ethnopharmacol., 113: 521-540. Stepp, J.R and D.E. Moerman. 2001. The importance of weeds in ethnopharmacology. J. Ethnopharmacol., 75: 19-23. Stevens, P. 2012. (2001 onwards) Angiosperm Phylogeny Website Version 12. Tabuti, J.R.S., K.A. Lye and S.S. Dhillion. 2003. Traditional herbal drugs of bulamogi, uganda: plants, use and administration. J. Ethnopharmacol., 88: 19-44. Tardio, J. and M. Pardo-de-Santayana. 2008. Cultural Importance Indices: A Comparative Analysis Based on the Useful Wild Plants of Southern Cantabria (Northern Spain) 1. Econ. Bot., 62: 24-39. Teklehaymanot, T. 2009. Ethnobotanical study of knowledge and medicinal plants use by the people in Dek Island in Ethiopia. J. Ethnopharmacol., 124: 69-78. QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF MEDICINAL FLORA USE AS HERBAL REMEDIES Trotter, R and M. Logan. 1986. Informant census: A new approach for identifying potentially effective medicinal plants. In: (Ed.): Etkin, L.N., Plants in indigenous medicine and diet. Redgrave, Bedford Hill, New York, 91-112. Umair, M., M. Altaf and A.M. Abbasi. 2017. An ethnobotanical survey of indigenous medicinal plants in Hafizabad district, Punjab-Pakistan. PLoS ONE., 12: 1-22. Zeb, U., Haroon K, B.Gul and W.M Khan. 2016. Floristic composition and phytosociological studies of Hazar Nao hills, district Malakand, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Pak. J. Weed Sci. Res., 22: 295-315. Uniyal, S.K., K. Singh, P. Jamwal and B. Lal. 2006. Traditional use of medicinal plants among the tribal communities of Chhota Bhangal, Western Himalaya. J. Ethnobiol., Ethnomed., 14: 1-8. Vitalini, S., M. Iriti, C. Puricelli, D. Ciuchi, A. Segale and G. Fico. 2013. Traditional knowledge on medicinal and food plants used in Val San Giacomo (Sondrio, Italy)--an alpine ethnobotanical study. J. Ethnopharmacol., 145: 517-529. 1819 WHO, 2002. WHO.Traditional Medicinen and Alternative Medicines. Geneva. Fact Sheet. No. 271. Yaseen, G., M. Ahmad, S. Sultana, A. Suleiman Alharrasi, J. Hussain, M. Zafar and S. Rehman. 2015. Ethnobotany of Medicinal Plants in the Thar Desert (Sindh) of Pakistan. J. Ethnopharmacol., 163: 43-59. Yaseen, G., M. Ahmad, S. Shinwari, D. Potter, M. Zafar, G. Zhang, Z.K. Shinwari and S. Sultana. 2019. Medicinal plant diversity used for livelihood of public health in deserts and arid regions of Sindh-Pakistan. Pak. J. Bot., 51: 657-679. Zahoor, M., Z. Yousaf, T. Aqsa, M. Haroon, N. Saleh, A. Aftab, S. Javed, M. Qadeer and H. Ramazan. 2017. An ethnopharmacological evaluation of Navapind and Shahpur Virkanin district Sheikupura, Pakistan for their herbal medicines. J. Ethnobiol. Ethnomed., 13: 1-26. Zheng, X.L and F.W. Xing. 2009. Ethnobotanical study on medicinal plants around Mt.Yinggeling, Hainan Island, China. J. Ethnopharmacol., 124: 197-210. (Received for publication 5 November 2019)