Trees of Pakistan PDF

TREES OF PAKISTAN
Mahmnood Iqbal Sheikh

1993
TREES
OF PAKISTAN
Mahmood
lqbal Shelkh
1993
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
FOREWORD v
PREFACE vi
INTRODUCTION 1
ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING 1
CLIMATE 1
Precipitation 1
Temperature 3
Humidity 3
Winds 3
SOILS 3
FOREST TYPES 5
ConiferousSub-alpineForests 5
ConiferousDryTemperateForests 7
ConiferousHimalayanMoistTemperateForests 7
ConiferousSub-tropicalPine Forests 8
Scrub Dry Sub-tropicalBroad-leavedForests 8
Scrub DryTropical ThornForests 8
Irrigated Plantations 9
RiverainForests 9
Mangrove Forests 9
LinearPlantations 10
FarmForests 10
FOREST AREA 10
FOREST PROTECTION 11
Insects 11
Diseases 12
WildAnimals 12
Fires 12
ClimaticCauses 12
TREES OF PAKISTAN 13
Abiespindrow 14
Acacia albida 15
Acacia aneura 16
Acacia catechu 1,7
Acacia cyclops 18
Acacia famesiana 19
Acacia modesta 20
Acacia nilotica 21
Acacia saligna
22
Acacia senegal
23
Acacia seyal
24
Acacia tortilis
25
Acercaesium
26
Aceroblongum
27
Aegle marmelos
28
Aesculusind/ca
29
Ailanthus altissima
30
Ailanthus excelsa
31
Albizzia lebbek
32
Albizzia procera
33
Alnus nitida
34
Alstoniascholaris
35
Avicennia marina
36
Azadirachta indica
37
Bauhinia purpurea
38
Bauhinia variegata
39
Betula uti/is
40
Bishofia javanica
41
Bombax cieha
42
Broussonetia papyrifera
43
Butea frondosa
44
Buxus wallichiana
45
Callistemon viminalis
46
Cassia fistula
47
Casuarina equisetifolia
48
Cedrela serrata
49
Cedrela toona
50
Cedrus deodara
51
Celtis ediocarpa
52
Ceratonia siliqua
53
Celopstagal
54
Conocarpus lancifolius
55
Cordia myxa
56
Crataeva religiosa
57
Cupressus arizonica
58
Dalbergia sissoo
59
Delonixregia
60
Derris indica
61
Ehretia serrata
62
Elaeagnus hortensis
63
Erythrinasuberosa
64
Eucalyptus camaldulensis
65
Eucalyptus citriodora
66
Eucalyptus microtheca
67
Eucalyptus tereticornis
68
Ficus religiosa
69
Fraxinus hooked
70
Fraxinus xanthoxyloides
71
Gleditsia triacanthos
72
Gmelina arborea
73
Grevillea robusta
74
Grewia opliva
75
Heterophragma adenophyllum
76
Jacaranda ovalifolia
77
Juglans regia
78
Juniperus excelsa
79
Leucaena leucocephala
80
Mangifera indica
81
Meliaazedarach
82
Millingtoniahorterisis
83
Moringa pterygosperma
84
Morus alba
85
Olea ferruginea
86
Parkinsonia aculea'a
87
Peltophortim pterocarpum
88
Phoenixdactylifera
89
Phyllanthus emblica
90
Picea smithiana
91
Pinus brutia
92
Pinus gerardiana
93
Pinuo halepensis
94
Pinus roxburghii
95
Pinus wallichiana
96
Pistaciaintegerritna
97
Pistaciakhinjuk
98
Pithecolobium dulce
99
Platanus orientalis
100
Populuscaspica
101
Populus ciliata
102
Populus deltoides
103
Populus euphratica
104
Populus eurarnericana
105
Populusnigra
106
Prosopis cineraria
107
Prosopisjuliflora
108
Prunus cornuta
109
Pyrus pashia
110
Quercusbaloot
111
Quercus dilatata
112
Quercus glauca
113
Quercus incana
114
Quercus semicarpifolia
115
Rhizophoramucronata
116
Robiniapseudoacacia
117
Salixacmophylla
118
Salixbabilonica
119
Salixtetrasperma
120
Salvadoraoleoides
121
Sapindus mukorossi
122
Sapium sebiferum
123
iii
Schinusmolle
124
Sesbaniasesban
125
Syzygium cumini
126
Tamarindus indica
127
Tamarix aphylla
128
Tecomella undulata
129
Terminalia arjuna
130
Terminalia belerica
131.
Ulmus w/allichiana
132
Zzyphus mauritiana
133
REFERENCES
134
APPENDICES
135
I Glossary of Terms
136
II List ofTreesbyNativeand ExoticSpecies 137
III List ofTreesbyCommonandScientificNames 139
Iv
FOREWORD
M.I. Sheikhstartedlovingtreesataveryyoungageandthis
ledhim to amastersdegree in botany. The samespiritprevailed
when he selected the fascinating career as a forester. After
graduating in forestry,his firsttaste in practical lifewas the
challengeofgreeningthedesert inThal. Sincethenhehas never
looked back. After having performed as a field forester for a
coupleofyears, hemadean importantdecision in lifeandswitched
to research in forestry andancillarydisciplines. It is in this
spherethathistalent furtherflourishedand hedevelopedaflair
forwriting. Overaperiodof timehebecameaprolificwriterand
according to the latest count his publications include books,
reports,studies, technical articles,guides, brochuresand notes
which number more than 360. His first and last love has always
been fcrestsand forestry. Whether it is raisingof nurseries of
local and exotic species, afforestation,
reforestation,
regeneration, landscape improvement or conservation, he deals with
these subjects with authority. As a matter of fact in his capacity
as a researcher he managed to obtain tree seeds from all over the
world and many an exotic species now seen in Pakistan can be traced
backtohis personal effort.
Mr. M.I. Sheikh in the formof thispublicationon "Trees of
Pakistan" has provided a lasting gift for all those who admire
treesand forests. It is ajobwell done. Althoughthishasbeen
a major undertaking, knowing Mr. Sheikh, lhe will continue to
prepare useful literature on forestry because he is blessed with
such an insatiabledesireto sharehis knowledge and wisdom.
In this endeavor he has been very diligently supported by Dr.
Charles R. Hatch, Chief of the Party, Forestry Planning and
Development Project. lie is a renowned professor of forestry in his
own right andwe aregrateful to him forhiscontribution.
AbeedullahJan
InspectorGeneral of Forests/
AdditionalSecretary,MINFA
V
PREFACE
Treesarethe mostprecious giftof Godtomankind. It is a
resourcemuchsupnriortootherbountiesandblessingsbecausenot
onlyis itrenewablebut italsomakesaveryhealthycontribution
towards improvement of the environment. The immense impact of
treeson thestability anddevelopmentofacountry like Pakistan
cannotbedenied. Thecountrieswhichhavethoughtfullypreserved
andregulatedtheuseoftheirtreewealtharethemostprosperous
countriesof theWorldtodaybutthosewhichhavesquanderedtheir
resource ruthlesslyaremourningtheirloss andpeoplearepaying
averyhighprice fortheirblunders.
Apart from their productive and protective benefits, trees
have always played a very important role in the behaviors and
montalresurgenceofman. Poets,Sufies,mystics,andwritershave
drawninspiration fromtreesandtheenvironmenttherein. Asthe
population grows and cities become congested, the need for open
spaces, parksandgardens is increasinglybeing felt.Thepsycho-
physiologicalinfluenceoftreesintheformofpurifiedair,clean
water,restandrecreation,scenicenjoyment,reducednoiselevels,
andspiritualreplenishmentarebeingfullyappreciated.Treesare
obviouslymakingvery positivecontributionin this regard.
Inthewakeofthisrealizationitwasfeltthatadescription
of thetreesof Pakistan shouldbe prepared in the form ofabook
together with background material on forests and forestry in
Pakistan so that readers are acquainted with trees and forests
growing around them. The information contained in this bookhas
been gathered from several sources, duly supported by personal
observations.
Ihopethereadersfind"TreesofPakistan"anenjoyableanduseful
reference.
MahmoodIqbal Sheikh
PolicyandManagementSpecialist
v1
INTRODUCTION
The trees of Pakistan are as diverseas its landscape. The
sandybeaches,the blue lagoons, themangroves along theArabian
Sea,thesandydeserts,thedesolateplateaus,theIndusbasin,the
highmountain ranges and thepicturesque valleyseachhave their
ownvegetationalcomplexeswhichhavedevelopedovertime.
ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING
Pakistan is an oblong stretch of land bordered on the south by
the Arabian Sea to the north by the Himalayan mountains,to the
east bythe plainsof India and to thewest by themountainsand
deserts of Afghanistan and Iran (Figure 1). It is located
diagonallybetween240 and 370 north latitudeand 610 and 750 east
longitude,withatotalareaof87.98millionha. Withinthisarea
is the large,fertile Indusplainthatis fedbysnowandglaciers
ofthenorthernmountainsystems.Thesemountainsystemsaremade
upoftheKarakoramrange,thegreaterHimalayasandtheHindu-Kush
range. This area has 100 peaks of over 5,400m, including "1K2"
(8,563m)the second highestmountain in the world. The western
mountain ranges, the Sufed Koh and the Sulaiman are not as
spectacular and slope into the southwestern Balochistan Plateau.
Characteristically,
the mountain slopes are steep, forming
extremely importantbut fragilewatershedareas. TheIndusbasin
consists of two features, the alluvial plain and the sand dune
deserts.
The countryis drainedby six rivers, the Kabul, the Indus,
the Jhelum,the Chenab, the Ravi, and the Sutlej. These rivers
join the Indusas it flowssouthto theArabianSea; theyprovide
the water for the agricultureproduction and hydroelectric power
that sustains the economy. The Indus plain, given life by this
water,formsthegranaryofPakistan. Agricultureis amajorland
use and amainstayof the economy,contributingabout 30% of GNP
and employing55% of the labor force.
CLIMATE
Theclimateis alsoasvariedas Pakistan'slandscape.It is
characterized by scarce and erratic rainfall, low relative
humidity,extremetemperaturesandstronghotandcoldwinds.
Precipitation
Precipitation ranges from 50mm in western parts of the
Balochistanhighlandstoabout 1500mmintheHimalayanregion.The
countrycanbeconsideredas aridorsemi-aridwith morethan75%
of it receivingless than 250mmof the annual precipitation.
A
1
Fig 1 - Map ofPakistan
showing
main
rivers,
hillsand
mountain
ranges.
N
)~V\e
- COs2( KabIRVOI : i;,,"k,, USE
l..
S R- demacation
ot
\A
R- A.- N' ,c\,.,acaio
C,,
Ke
:
-;1D i- /'. ,_,
I.
)EKR')Aproimt
[" Riemrcaio
I"".... 25000 ft heigh 'St
A.4
ofjo
~ ~ nof
Aof Mjr peasdf
eksooe
,,,..,,..~ [~ R ve
"
ARA B I A NS E A no'
t
humid zone occurs in the Punjab and awet zone is found on the
southern slopes of the northern highlands. Figure 2gives mean
annual rainfall zones for Pakistan.
Precipitation is characterized by a summer monsoon that
dominatestheeasternand southernareasandawinterrainyseason
that prevails in the south-western, western and north-western
regions. Monsoon (July-September) is considered the most
importantseasonofprecipitionbecauseofthequantityofmoisture
it produces, approximately 70 to 80% of the annual total. The
winterwetseason,lasting fromDecembertoFebruary, istheresult
of westernatmosphericdisturbanceswhicharealso the sourcesof
snowfall in the Himalayas,HinduKushand Karakoram. Thewestern
half of the Balochistan Plateau receives more than 40% of its
annual precipitationduringthis season.
Temperature
Temperaturewill range from below 0C to as high as 52.2
0
C
(recordedin Jacobabad,Sindh). June is the hottestmonth,with
thesummerintheplainslastingfromMaytoAugust. Dailymaximum
temperaturescanexceed40
0
C,beingashighas 45
0
CinUpperSindh.
Althoughtemperaturesarehighintheplainsandgoas lowas
-12'C inthemountainousregions,mostof theplainsarenotfrost-
free. Themean minimumJanuarytemperature in much of the Indus
Plain is 4
0
C. However, when cold north-westerly winds blow in
DecemberandJanuary,awidespreadfrost iscommonforafewweeks,
theonlystrictlyfrost-freeareaisthenarrowcoastalstripalong
theArabicSea.
Humidity
A64 km inlandcoastalbelthasveryhigh relativehumidity,
especiallyduring August.The relative humidity in mostparts of
the country is moderate, although sometimes fallingbelow 10% in
the plains. Highhumiditiescanoccur in the plains, but seldom
lastlongerthanamonth.
Winds
Hot, desiccating winds are common from April to September
consequently,decreasingthealreadymeagermoisturesupply. Wind
speeds up to 80 to 96 km per hour have been recorded. In the
deserts, duststormsarearegularfeature during summer.
SOILS
The Indus basin comprises a vast area of alluvial soils,
formed mostly by the deposits of the Indus river and its
tributaries. A smaller portion of the basin has loessal soil.
These soils are deep and fertile, and rocks are not usually
encountered. Thealluvialmaterialisdominantlyacalcareoussilt
3
. . . . . . . . . .. . . - .- I \ .- ,
PAKISTAN
-
CLIMATES
f
-
DMPLYTf ThRIUTORY
--- 4
SEF - RE N
20
..
/"WW
C004
54 w
;
WI y
.........
. ....... Lp.
.................
-U
,. ;-I
loam, brown in color, of mixed mineralogy. The organic matter
contentofthesesoils, isc.enerallybetween0.5to0.8% toadepth
of 75 to 100cm. Organic matter drops to about 0.3%at lower depths.
The calcium carbonate content is between 6 and 10%, and has leached
intothedeeperlayers, formingazoneoflimenodules (Kankar)at
about90-120cmdepth.Thep1 usuallyranges from8to 9.
Waterlogging,salinityandsodicityareseriousproblemsthat
have been aggravated with improper irrigation water management
techniques.Reclamationofsomeofthesesoilsispossible,however
much of theseareaswill notsupportnormal farming.All possible
combinationsofwaterlogging,salinityand sodicitycanbe found
both in irrigated andun-irrigatedareas.
The deserts of Siahan, Thar, Cholistan and Thal extend over an
area of 12 million ha. The Thar and Cholistan are part of the great
Indiandesertandoccupytheareaeastof thesouthernhalfofthe
Indus plain. The Thal desert lies between the Jhelum and Indus
rivers, and the Siahan desert touches Iran and Afghanistan. Most of
the Cholistan and Thar deserts comprise dun,, land consisting of
ridges of sand, driftedandpiledby wind.The ridgesareabout 6
to 10m high and run parallel to one another, separated by gaps
approximately as broad as the ridges. Thegeneral orientation of
these dunes is determined by the prevalent wind. They are devoid of
vegetation.
The sandy area of the Thal desert also has an array of
longitudinal sandy ridges, alternating with narrow valleys. The
ridges arestabilizedby vegetation.The inter-ridgevalleyshave
sandyloamsoilswhichsupportvegetation.
FOREST TYPES
ThedistributionofforestvegetationinPakistanisprimarily
governed byclimatic and edaphic factors and is reflected in the
diversity of forests types. While large areas are undernatural
coniferous and broad-leaved forests, some of the forests are
entirely man-made.
the forest in the
From alpine
northern
Himalayas, to the mangrove forests in the Indus delta swamps there
is avariety ofdifferentforest types (Figure3).
Coniferous Sub-alpine Forests
This is the upper-most tree formation in the Himalayas located
atanelevationof3,350to3,800m.ItoccursinAzadKashmir,Dir,
Swat, Chitral, NorthernArea and Hazara. Abies pindrow and Pinus
wallichiana stand singly or in groups with a under storey of broad-
leavedtreesinwhichBetula is typicallyprominentwithPyrusand
Salix. The ground cover is completed by Viburnumand Salix. The
conifers are stunted, attaining heights of up to 8m. The broad-
leaved,trees reachheightsof about7m.
5
DISTRIBUTION OF FOREST TYPES
N
e<"
S I"
IN QEX
SUB ALPINE
HIMALAYAN DRY
TEMPERATE
HIMALAYAN MOIST
TEMPERATE
SUB TROPICAL PINE
DRY SUB TROPICAL
TROPICAL THORN
LITTORAL SWAMP
m
RVIRRIGATED PLANTATIONS
RIVERIAN FOREST
l
There is a spring flush of herbaceous flora, among which
Primula, Ranunculaceae
andmanyCompositesareconspicuous.
Ferns
are also in abundance.
Aconitum heterophyllum,
Aconitum
chasmanthum,
Aconitum laeve, Saussurea lappa, Rehum emodi and
Podophyllumhexandrumarethe commonmedicinal plants.
Coniferous Dry Temperate Forests
These forests are distributed
throughout the dry inner
mountain ranges,beyondtheeffectivereachof themonsoon, inthe
Northern Area, Chitral, Nilam and Kaghan Valleys, and Takht-i-
Suleman, Shinghar and Ziarat in Balochistan.
They occur at
elevations of 1,525 to 3,350 mand oftenhigher.
Free standing low branchy trees of Cedrus deodara, Pinus
gerar__dian-a, Ju-niperus excelsa, Pinus wallichiana,
Picea smithiana
andQuercusilex predominate as pure stands. Withthem found, are
Fraxinus and Acer. The shrubs inclurc xeromorphic species of
Daphne, Lonicera, Prunus, Artemisia, Astragalus and Ehedra.
Medicinal plants like Ephedra nebrodensis,
Artemisia maritima,
Carurn bulbocastanumi,
Thymusand Ferulaarenarvestedcommercially.
Dried nuts of walnut (Juglans _r_egia) , Chilghoza (Pinus gerardiana)
and Unab (Zizyphuls sativa) are collected in sizable quantities.
Coniferous Himalayan Moist Temperate Forests
This forrest is chiefly characterized
by the extensive growth
of conifers. The formation extends along the whole length the of
outer ranges of the Himalayas between the sub-tropical
pine and the
sub-alpine forests, at an elevation of 1,373 3,050m, varying to
markedly with aspect and configuration
in Murree, Galies, Kaghan
and Azad Kashmir. Precipitation
is between 630 to 1,500mm/year.
Mean annual temperature is 12.2
0
C. Most of the precipitation
is
derived from the south-eastern
monsoon, received from July to
September. An appreciable amount of moisture is also received
the westerly disturbances during the winter and
from
spring months, and
in the form of snow.
The main coniferous species are Pinus wallichiana,
Cedrus
deodara, Picea smithiana and Abies pind6row. The canopy formed by
these species is 24 to 36m high while individual tree diameters
willbe upto 1.5m. __axus also occurs locally in the lower canopy.
Among the broad-leaved
trees, Quercus incana, Quercus dilatata and
Quercus semecarpfolia
are prominent in the outer margins of the
zone withRhododendron
arboreumas theircommonestassociate.The
temperate deciduous tree genera, AceL, Aesculus, Prunus, Ulmus,
Fraxinus, Coiry-ius and Alnus, are fairly common forming local
communities.
Litsaea and Mlachilus are locally found inthemoister
niches. Evergreen Euqpnmlus and Ilex are commonly associated with
the oaks. Among the shrubs, Indigoferja, Lonicera, Rosa, Desmodium,
Rubus and Viburnum are typical, while Strobilanthus
spp. may be
part of local communities.
A large number of important medicinal plants occur in this
zone. These includeZizzyphus vulg-aris, Punica granatun, Berberis
iycium,Skimmialaureola,Violasetpens,Dioscoreaspp., Valeriana
wallichii,Atropaacuminata,Colchicumluteum,Asparagusracenosus,
andMenthapiperita. Sizablequantitiesof these medicinal species
are harvested commercially.
7
Coniferous Sub-tropical Pine Forests
In this forestPinus roxburghii forms practicallyall of the
forestcanopy.Individual tree heightsupto 37.5mwithdiameters
of 0.8m are not uncommon. Broad-leaved species include Quercus
incana mixedwith an occasional Lyonia ovalifolia, Rhododendron
arboreum,Pistacia intecerima, Syzygiumcumini,Mallotusphilippi
nensis, Xvlosma longifolium, Quercus glauca, Ficus spp. are also
part of this zone. The western limits of the chir forests (Pinus
roxburghii) are found in an elevationrange of 925 to 1,675 mon
comparatively steep slopes. On south aspects chir pine forest
bord-,rs may be as high as 2,150m. Examples of these forests are
found in klazara, MurreeHills andAzad Kashmir.
Scrub Dry Sub-tropical Broad-leaved Forests
These forests are classifio' as arid forests. These are low
forestsofbranchytrees,varying indensity fromcompleteclosure
under the most favorable conditions to scattered single trees or
groups on the dry sites with a fair amount of shrubs. Generally
speaking these forests are characterized by conspicuous erosion,
gullies and deep ravines. Rocks ano boulders are a common feature.
Yeathering of sandstone produces small areas of infertile soil
which support only limited vegetation. The climate is one of
extremes; winters are cold and summers very hot. Winds blow all
through the summer. Precipitation is received in July and August
and again in January and February but it is erratic. There aire long
periodsofdrought.
The species are mostly thornyand oftenwith small evergreen
leaves. The larger trees can be seen in valleys where deep soil and
adequate water are available. These forests grow in the foot-hills
and lower slopes of the Himalayas, the Slt Range, Kala-chitta arid
the !uleman Ranges. They also may be sEen throughout the country at
suitable elevations, merging downwards with the tropical thorn
forests and upwards with the sub-tropical pine and temperate
forests. Tha maii tree species are C:lea ferruginea, Acacia niodesta,
Tecoma undulata
,
Pistacia intqgeerima while Dodonaea viscosa,
Retonia buxifolia, Capparis aphylla, Qymnospia royleana and
Zizyphus spp. form the shrub cover.
Scrub Dry Tropical Thorn Forests
This forest is called th', "Pakh" forest in the upper Indus
plain and the Desert forest in the lower Indus plain. It is
reported to be the native vogetationof the Indus basin. To the
north and vest it merges into the sub-tropical broad-leaved forest
of the lower hills. It has the capacity to survive and grow in
areas where temperatures of 45
0
C are often recorded and the
precipitation varies from 75 to 140 mm/year. Precipitationoccurs
on the average of 16 days ayear.
This forest consists of trees which are usually thorny,
stunted, and dominated by Acacia spp. The usual species are:
Acacia modesta, Acacia niotica, Salvadora oleoides, Prosopis
cineraria, Tamarix aphyl a, z7izyphus spp., Cappris decidua,
Tecomella undul Ca!lotropjs procera, Acacia senegal, Commiphora
uata,
mukul, Egphogribia spp. and Acacia jcquemonitii. Of these, Acacia
modesta grows in the sub-tropical semi-arid continental region,
while _Acacia senegal, Acacia jaOcquemontii, Comliphora mukul and
EpjIorbia, occur in the subtropical sem -arid maritime region. 'he
Eu s op iI ridmar-tim reion
sand dunetracts are over-grown by Calllgonum spp., saline sites
areoccupiedbyspeciesofSuaeda,SalsolaandHaloxylon, Salvadora
persica. Areas periodically inundated with waterare occupied by
Tamarix dioica. Among the grasses, species of Aristida, Eleusine,
Panicum, Cenchrus and Lasiurus are prevalent on relevant habitats.
Irrigated Plantations
These forests are the outcomeof human efforton submarginal
lands where irrigation water is available. These plantations are
plantedafterthesitehasbeenclearedofthethornforest.Irri-
gated plantations are located in the plains of Pakistan, primarily
in the Punjaband Sindh.Sizeof such plantationsvaries from 200
to 8,000 ha. Major species in these forests include Dalbergia
sissoo,Morusalba, Bombaxcieba,Eucalyptuscamaldulensis,Acacia
nilotica, Meliaazedarach, Populusspp. and Salix spp.
Riverain Forests
These forests, commonlyknownas the "Bela Forests"occuron
the flood plains and banks of the major rivers of the Indus Basin.
Flooding for about 6 weeks/year appears to be necessary to sustain
the growth of these forests. The main species are: Acacia nilotica,
Tamarixdioica, Prosopis cineraria, Dalbergia sissoc and to some
extent Populus euphratica.
Mangrow Forests
These forests occur in the Indus delta swamps. The native
speciesareextremelyslow-growingandthereisverylittlenatural
regeneration. The major speciesareAvicenniamarina, Rhizophora
tylosaandCeriopstagal. Thesespeciesaregregarious,evergreen
treeswithleathery leaves. On the best sites trees will reach 6 to
7min heightandare foundwheremud limits access. If access is
not limited tree heighthave been reducedto 3mor less. Most of
the trees have been badly lopped or grazed so they appear as
stunted bushes. Avicennia marina iF. the most important species but.
currently occurs as stunted indiv[dual trees or groups of bushy
trees.
Linear Plantations
Several treespecieshavebeenplantedasbordersalongroads,
canals and railway tracks. Themostcommonspecies are Dalbergia
sissoo,Acacia nilotica, Eucalyptuscamaldulensis,Albizzia spp.,
Azadirachta indica, lamarix pijjla, Pqp.ulus spp., Morus alba,
Salixspp., and Melia azedarach.
Farm Forests
For decades trees have been Planted on farms in Pakistan.
They are planted in lines around field boundaries and irrigation
channels, and individually or in blocks around homes and in fields.
This convention has received a big boost due to several social
forestry programs launched by the government, the most successful
being the Forestry Planning and Development Project. The most
commonspeciesplantedbythefarmersare Dalbergiasissoo,Acacia
nilotica,Eucalyptuscamaldulensis,Populusspp., Bombaxcieba,and
Meliaazedarach.
FOREST
AREA
Area
of Pakistan's
various
forest
types
ranqeland
areaare shown
in Figure
4.
as well
as its
Table
1givesprovince-wise
estimates
of area by forest
types.
Fig 4 - Forest
Types
and
Rangeland
Areas
of Pakistan
(000
ha)
Range
Land
6409
FarmLand
466
Coniferous
1913
Irrigated
Plantation
Rlverain
Misc.
173
Scrub
Coastal
Plantations
1191
207
171
10
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Table 1.Province-wiseForestType/TreeCoverin Pakistan (000ha)
Azad
ForestType/ Jammu& Baloch- Northern
TreeCover Kashmir istan Areas NWFP Punjab Sindh Total
FOREST/TREES
Conifers 241 42 660 940 30 --- 1913
Scrub
16 504 --- 539 132 --- 1191
Riverain
1
--- 27
20
"13 112 173
Mangrove
--- 2 --- --- 205 ---
207
Irrigated --- 1 --- --- 79 23 103
plantations
Farmland
7 23 6 70 306 54 466
trees
Linear
--- --- --- 2 14 --- 16
planting
Miscellaneous
10 --- --- 120 20
155 5
planting
TOTAL:
275 592 666 1684 608 399 4224
Source: Forestry Sector Master Plan.
FOREST PROTECTION
Theforests areopento amultitudeofadversefactors.These
include grazing and browsing by the livestock, and lopping and
cutting by the people living in and around the forests. The
insects, diseases, wild animals anid fires also cause damage to
forests.
Insects
Insectsare anessential partof theforestecosystem. Some
arebeneficial; quiteafewareseriouspestsoftrees. Dalbergia
sissooisdefoliatedbyacaterpillar (Plecopterareflexa), aleaf
miner (Leucoptera splimograpta) and leaf roller (Dichomeris
eridantis). The Populus spp. are attacked by a leaf sticher
(Gympsonoma haplosarca), a casual defoliator (Ichthyura
anastomosis)and stem-borers (Aprionacinerea,Melanophilapicta,
Aeolesthessarta, Aegiriaspp. andCossusspp.).
Tonica niviferana, a Bombax cieba shoot borer, Ascotis
imparata,aMelia azaderachdefoliatorandMargaroniapyloalis,a
defoliatorof Morus alba are seriouspests of othertree species
grown in forestplantations.
Cultural, biologicaland chemical control measures for many
insect pestshave beendevelopedbythe PakistanForest Institute
fortheprotectionof forests.
II
Diseases
Trees are susceptible
to diseases throughout their life.
Youngtreesare attackedby leafdiseases. Matureand overmature
trees are also subject to cankers, decays and other maladies caused
byfungi, bacteria, mistletoesandviruses.
Leaf-spotdiseasesattackanumberoftrees,includingconifer
and broad-leaved
species. They are particularly
serious on the
latterwhen theplantsare in thenursery stage. Cercosporaspp.
are commonly associated with leaf spot diseases on Eucalyptusspp.,
Morus alba and Melia azedarach.
Two rust diseases, Ravenelia
acacia-arabicae
andMelgasora epitea havebeenreportedonAcacia
nilotica seedlings in Sindh and on Salix spp. respectively.
Ganoderma lucidum, a destructive
facultative
root-parasite
of
Dalbergia sissoo, is a threat to irrigated plantations
in the
plains.
Fomes pini, the incitant of red-ring-rot
is one of the most
important diseases of conifers.
It is particularly
serious on
Pinus wallichiana,
causing 15 to 20% loss in terms of volume of
wood. Lopping and loqging injuries provide infection points for
the pathogen.
Leafymistletoesanddwarfmistletoesaresemi-parasites
ona
number of conifer and broad-leaved
species. Two destructive
dwarf
mistletoes,
Arceuthobium
oxycedri and Arceuthobium
minutissimum
have recentlybeenreported to catseconsiderable
damage in terms
of reduced vigour and growth rite of the effected trees of
Juniperus
excelsa in Balochi,;tan
and Pinus wallichiana
respectively.
Viscumalbum,aleafymistletoehasalsobeenfound
on Juglans regia, growing in thevalleysof Swatand Dir.
WildAnimals
Porcupines do considerable
damage by girdling trees. Wild
boars are in abundance in th! irrigated plantations
and do a lot of
damage by uprooting young forest crops. Monkeys damage young
plantations
inthehill forestsandrabbitsdamageyoungseedlings.
Fires
Accidental fires are usually rare, but fires deliberately
caused by local people are frequently encountered
in coniferous
sub-tropical
pine forests. These fires are very destructive
to
young regeneration.
Climatic Causes
Frost, occurringwithvarying intensities,
adverselyaffects
frost-tender
species like Acacia nilotica and Bombax Cieba.
Drought is common over extensive forest areas, especiallyin the
plainsandscrubforests,damagingtheyoungseedlings. Snow,wind
anderosionare alsoacauseofconsiderable
damageto trees.
12
TREES OF PAKISTAN
Abies pindrow Royle
(Pinaceae)
COMMON NAMES: Partal, Paludar, Silver Fir.
DESCRIPTION: A large, evergreen, tree 45 to 60 with a m tall diameter of
1.8 to 2.4 m. The crown extends to the ground with the branches
drooping, forming aconical crown. The leaves are needles 2to 4cm
long.The needlesare arrangedin tworows.
Itismonoecious.Themaleflowprsorconesareinclustersonthelower
sidesofthe last yearsshoots.The femaleflowersare in ones ortwos,
erectalongthetopsofthebranches.TheybloombetweenAprilandMay.
The fruit is the female cone, 10 to 16 cm long and 5 to 6 cm in
diameter. When the cone mature it breaks apart allowing the winged
to be distributed by the wind. The seed is 1 to 1.2 cm long with a
seed
thin,
p.apery wingthat is 2to 2.4 cm long.
DISTRIBUTION: The tree is native to the Himalayas of the subcontinent
including Pakistan,Afghanistanand India. In Pakistan it is found at
high elevation in Azad Kashmir, Murree Hills, Hazara, Swat, Dir and
Chitral.
SILVICAL CHARACTERISTICS:
HABITATANDECOLOGY:
It is a tolerant tree will grow fairly in
that
well
shade. It qrows on a variety of deep, rich soils, formed from various
parent materials. It grows on steep, cool, northern exposures.
avoids poor soils, especially if they are poorly drained.
It
It is
adapted to a precipitation
zone of 1100 to 2500 mm/yr. It prefers a
humid cold temperate climate with a temperature range of -10to 30
0
C,
withinan elevationrange of 2000 to 3000m. It is susceptibleto a
number of wood rotting fungi.
REPRODUCTION: It is reproduced from seed. There are 6000 to 7000
seeds/kg. Seed in air tight containers, cold stored will remain
viable for 2 to 3years.
PRODUCTIVITY: It grows slow. MAI of 4 to 6 m
3
/ha/yrhas beenrecorded.
MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS: The is valuable member of the
tree a
coniferous
forest that grows on steep sites. It is difficult to regenerate and
loggingprobably shouldbe restricteduntil regenerationmethodshave
beenperfected.
WOOD PROPERTIES:
GRAIN: Straight, even.
COLOR: Wood is white, turning to light brown with age.
DENSITY: Specific gravity of 0.48 with a calorific value of 4500 kcal/kg.
STRENGTH:Light, soft.
USES: construction, fuel, fodder (winter), watershedprotection,packing
cases,and plywood.
14
Acacia albida Del.
(Leguminosae,
sub family Mimosoideae)
COMMON
NAMES: sufed Kikar, Sudani Kikar.
DESCRIPTION:
A small to large, deciduous
tree, 6 to 30 m in height with a
spreading
crown.The leaves are compound.
Thebarkis rough,greenish
graytodaikbrown.
The flowersare in bunches
3.5 to14 cm long.Flowering
occursbetween
February
andApril.Thepodsare6to25cmlongand2to5cmwide.The
podsmaturebetweenMarch andMay.
DISTRIBUTION:
The tree is native to tropical
and subtropical
Africa.
In
Pakistan
itisplantedalongtheKurramGarhiCanalandinbotanical
and
research
gardens.
SILVICALCHARACTERISTICS:
HABITATAND
ECOLOGY:
It is an intolerant,
drought
hardytreethatisvery
adaptable
andwillgrow onavariety
of coarsetextured
soilsthat
arewelldrained.
Itrequires
precipitation
of250to400mm; itwill
growin zonesof less rainfall
along riverbanksorwherethere is
ashallowwatertable. It willgrow in aridsubtropical
totropical
areasup to 2400m.Ithas atemperature
rangeof-5to 45C, which
indicates
some frost hardiness.
At present
no disease
or insects
problems
have beenidentified.
REPRODUCTION:
It is easilyreproduced
from seedorby vegetative
means.
Seed stores for at least 12 months treated
with insecticides
and
sealedin airtightdrums.
PRODUCTIVITY:
It has afairly
rapid growth rate, but does not take the
form ofatree forseveral
years.AMAI of 2to3m
3
/ha/yrhasbeen
recorded.
MANAGEMENT
IMPLICATIONS:
This is a very useful tree in arid areas of
Pakistan.
Ideallysuited forplanting
alongriverbanksand canals.In
Africa,
it isreported
tosheditsleavesinthewetseasonsandprovide
fodder during the dry period.
This characteristic,
along with its
ability
to fixnitrogen
makesit agood farm forestry
tree.
WOOD PROPERTIES:
GRAIN: Smooth.
COLOR: Whitish
gray.
DENSITY: Wood is soft,withaspecific
gravityof 0.59 and acalorific
valueof 4910 kcal/kg.
STRENGTH:
Wood is lightandnotverystrong.
USES: Fodder,
fuel, and timber (construction,
boatbuilding).
15
Acacia aneura F.V.Muell.
(Leguminosae, sub familyMimosoldeae)
COMMON NAMES: Australian Kikar
DESCRIPTION: A slow growing shrub to small tree, 4 to 5 m tall. Diameters
to 20 cm are average. Leaves are phyllodes 3 to 7.5cm long by 2.5 to 7.5
mmwide.
The flowers are in bunches 1.5 to 2cm long, appearing in June. The
small pods are 2to 3.5 cm long and 7to 15 mmwide. Thepodsmature
betweenJulyandAugust.
DISTRIBUTION: This tree is native to the dry interior regions of Australia.
In Pakistan it is planted in gardens and has been used in arid zone
afforestationtrials.
HABITATANDECOLOGY: An intolerant, drought hardy tree that grows on a
variety of soils including heavy clay that are well drained. It
requires precipitation of 250 to 750 mm. It will grow in arid to
semi-arid regions within atemperature range of -5to 40
0
C,which
indicates some frost hardiness. At present no disease or insects
problemshavebeen identified.
REPRODUCTION: It is easily reproduced from seed. Seed stores for at
least 12 months when treated with insecticides and sealed in a'r
tightdrums.
PRODUCTIVITY;It is slowgrowing,buthasbeenreportedto haveaMAI of
2 to 3 m/ha/yr.
MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS: This could be a very useful tree in arid and
semi-arid areas of Pakistan. It produces fodder and fixes nitrogen;
consequently itpotentiallyis agood farm forestrytree.
WOOD PROPERTIES:
GRAIN: Not available.
COLOR:Darkbrowncontrastingwithgoldenyellow.
DENSITY: Wood is heavy.
STRENGTH:Woodis hardanddurable.
USES: Fodder,fuel, apiculture,spears,clubs, andboomerangs.
16
Acacia catechu (Linn. F.) Willd.
(Leguminosae, sub family Mimosoldeae)
COMMON NAMES: Khair, Katha, Cutch Tree.
DESCRIPTION: A medium sized, deciduous tree, 9 to 15 m tall. Diameters of
29 to 31 cmhavebeen reported. Thebole and branchesare armedwith
thorns. Leaves are compound 7to 17 cm long. Thebarkis darkgrayish
brown,peeling in narrowstrips.
The flowers are in bunches 7 to 17 cm long. The yellow Flowers occur
betweenMay and August. The spall podsare 5to 9cm long.Thepods
maturebetweenDecemberand January.
DISTRIBUTION: The tree is native to the Subcontinent in the western regions
of the Himalayas. Specifically it is found in Malakand, Hazara and
RawalpindiDistricts. It is alsoplantedin the PunjabandSindh.
HABITATANDECOLOGY: Anintolerant,drought hardytreewhichgrowsbeston
rocky,stony,gravelly,sandyalluvium,loamy, clayey,welldrained
soils. It will grow on acid soils (pH5.9) and cangrow on wet or
swampy sites. It requires precipitation of 500 to 2700 mm/yr and
growsupto1200mofelevation.Itwillgrowin asubhumidcool to
subtropical climate within a temperature range of -5 to 40'C, which
indicates some frost hardiness. Young plants can be damaged by frost.
At presentnodiseaseor insectshavebeen identified.
REPRODUCTION:It is easily reproducedboth from seed andby vegetative
means. Seedcan be stored forat least12 monthswhentreatedwith
insecticidesandsealed in airtightdrums.
PRODUCTIVITY:It is relatively slowgrowing, buthas been reported to have
an MAI of 4 to 7 m/ha/yr. In India trees of 21.6 m in heightand
31.2 cmdiameterhavebeenproducedat70 years.
MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS: This is a valuable commercial tree because of
the woodextract,much ofwhich is smuggled into Pakistan from India.
Largeareasof Pakistancouldbereforestedwiththistreeas itwould
provideemploymentopportunitiesinthetimberandextractionindustry.
It produces fodderand fixes nitrogen; consequently it potentially is
agood farmforestrytree.
WOOD PROPERTIES:
GRAIN: Straight grain with a medium texture.
COLOR: Sapwood is creamy white to reddish. Heartwood is dull pink to
reddishbrown.
DENSITY: The wood has aspecific gravity of 1.0 and acalorificvalue
5200 kcal/kgfordrywood.
STRENGTH:Wood isheavy,hard andverystrong.It is alsoresilient.
USES: Fodder,fuel, agricultural implements,tool handles,wheelhubsand
spokes, tannin,medicinal extracts,andtimber.
17
Acacia cyclopsA. Cunn. EX G. Don.
(Leguminosae, sub family Mimosoideae)
COMMON NAMES: Rooikrans
DESCRIPTION: A small, dense, evergreen, bushy shrub or small multi-stemmed
tree, 3 to 8 m tall. Leaves are phyllodes. The phyllodes grow in
downwardverticalposition.Thefoliageislightgreen,smoothandshiny
whenyoung.
Theflowersareyellowgrowingin showyheads,andappearbetweenApril
andMay.Thepodsare small andmaturebetweenJuneandAugust.
DISTRIBUTION: The tree is native to southwest Australia. It can be
successfullyplantedinsanddunesandcoastalareasofPakistan.Itis
growingwell in Peshawar.
HABITATAND ECOLOGY: An intolerant, drought hardy tree which grows best on
soils from calcareousandquartziticparentmaterials.It isadapted
tocoarsesandysoilsandwillevengrowonsanddunecrests.Itwill
tolerate salt spray, saline sites and high winds. It requires
precipitation of 200 to 800 mm/yr. It prefers a semi-arid, warm
mediterraneanclimate,within atemperature rangeof 5to 30
0
C.It
exhibits some frost hardiness. At present no disease or insects
REPRODUCTION: It is easily reproduced from seed. Pre-treating the seed
with abrasion, acid soak or a hot water soak will increase
germination. Seed is stored for long periods in the soil surface.
Birdswill alsospreadthisaggressivetree.
PRODUCTIVITY: It is relatively slow growing, but will yields 12 kg dry
biomass fromatreewithabasaldiameterof 10 cm. It shouldreach
harvestable size between 7to 10 years on protected sites. Under
harshconditionsalongthe coastthis treewill take the form of a
hedge.
MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS: This is a very aggressive tree and once
established in an
salty environment
area
and
it is difficultto remove.
has been successfully used
It growswell
to stabilize
in a
sand
dunes.
WOODPROPERTIES:
GRAIN: Close grained.
COLOR: Grayishwhite.
DENSITY: Heavy.
STRENGTH:Wood isheavy,hardandverystrong.
USES: Fodder (goats), fuel, ornamental,andapiculture.
18
Acacia farnesiana (L.) Willd.
COMMON NAMES: Gu-Kikar, Vilayati Kikar.
DESCRIPTION: An evergreen, thorny shrub or small tree, 3 to 5 m tall.
Leavesare compound 1.2 to5.5 cmlong.
The flowers are yellow growing in showy heads. The fragrant flowers
maturebetweenNovemberandMarchdependingongeographiclocation.The
podsare small, 4to 7cm, andmaturebetweenApril andAugust.
DISTRIBUTION: This tree is native to tropical America. It has been
successfullyplantedand is adaptedtomanyareasof Pakistanuptoan
elevation limitof 1200m.
HABITATANDECOLOGY: A moderately intolerant tree that grows best on a
varietyof loosesandysoils.Preferswelldrained sitesalongwater
courses. It will tolerate saline, alkali sites. It grows in
precipitationof250to 1200mm/yr.Itprefersasemi-arid,sub-humid
climatewithin atemperaturerange of -5to 35
0
C. It exhibitssome
frosthardiness.Atpresentnodiseaseor insects problems have been
identified.
REPRODUCTION:It is easilyreproduced from seed. It willseednaturally
on siteswhereit is adapted.
PRODUCTIVITY: It is relatively slow growing, but will yield 1 to 3
m
3
/ha/yr.
MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS: This nitrogen fixing tree is adapted to a
variety ofaridsitesincludingsaline,sodicsoils.It is an aggressive
treebecause itcan toleratesome shade.It shouldhavepotentialas a
farmforestrytreeparticularityinareaswheresalinityand/orsodicity
isaproblem.
WOOD PROPERTIES:
COLOR:Sapwood is white,heartwood is red.
DENSITY: Quitedense.
STRENGTH:Wood is heavy,hard andverystrong.
USES:Fodder (goats),fuel,perfume,nitrogenfixing,hedge,windbreak,and
lacproduction.
19
Acacia modesta (Linn.) Wall.
COMMON NAMES: Phulai, Palosa.
DESCRIPTION: A deciduous, thorny moderate-size tree, 3 to 9 m tall.
Diametersup to 2mhavebeen recorded.Leaves are compound,1.2 to 5
cmlong.Thebarkis roughwith irregularcracks.
Theflowersarepalewhitetopaleyellow,fragrantgrowinginbunches
andappearbetweenMarchandMaydependingon geographiclocation.The
podsare small, 5to7.5cmlong,andmaturebetweenMayandNovember.
DISTRIBUTION:This tree is nativeto Pakistan,Afghanistan,and India.In
Pakistan it is found below 1200 m in the foothill ranges of the
Himalayas,SaltRange, SulaimanHills, Balochistan andKirtharRange.
It is also found in the plainsclosetothesemountains.
HABITATANDECOLOGY:Amoderatelyintolerant,droughtresistanttreethat
Vrows on avarietyof soils, includingdryshallow soils. It grows
inprecipitationrangeof250to 1300mm/yr.Itprefersasemi-arid,
sub-humid climate within a temperature range of -5 to 40
0
C. It
exhibits some frost hardiness. At present no disease or insects
REPRODUCTION:It iseasilyreproducedfromseedandbyvegetativemeans.
Seedremainsviable for 1year.
PRODUCTIVITY: It is relatively slow arowing, but will yield 4 to 6
m
3
/ha/yr in 50 years. Average height and diameter for 50 year old
trees is 6mand 23 cm respectively.
MANAGEMENTIMPLICATIONS: This valuabletree is adapted to avariety of
aridsites. It is aggressivebecauseit cantoleratesomeshade. It is
importantintheBaraniregionandhasgreatpotentialforreforestation
projects. Young plants need protection from grazing. It has great
potential as a farm forestry tree and can be easily managed with a
coppicesystem.
WOOD PROPERTIES:
GRAIN: Closegrained.
COLOR:Sapwood is white,heartwoodis darkbrownwithblackstreaks.
DENSITY:Specificgravityof0.96andacalorificvalueof5500kcal/kg.
STRENGTH:Wood is durable,heavy,hardandverystrong.
USES: Fodder, fuel, agriculturalimplements,hedge,apiculture,andgum.
20
Acacia nilotica (Linn.) Delile
(Leguminosae, subfamily Mimosoldeae)
COMMON NAMES: Kikar, Babul.
DESCRIPTION: An evergreen, thorny, moderate-size tree, 20 mtall. Diameters
upto1mhavebeenrecorded.Leavesarecompound,2.5to7.5cmlong.
Thecrownformvariesfromconical to spreading.
Theflowersarefragrant,yellowtobrightyellowgrowinginbunchesand
mature year around depending on sub-species and geographi- location.
The pods are variable 4 to 22 cm long, and also mature year around
depending on sub-speciesandgeographiclocation.
DISTRIBUTION: This tree is nativeto Pakistanand is found in the Sindh,
Punjab, Balochistan and NWFP. It is wild as well as extensively
cultivatedthroughouttheworld,usuallybelow600 minelevation.
SILVICALCHARACTRISTICS:
HAUITATANDECOLOGY:An intolerant, drought resistanttree thatgrowson
avarietyofsites. Itwilltoleratesaline,sodicsitesifadequate
soilmoistureisavailable.It requiresprecipitationof 125to1300
mm/yr.It prefersasemi-arid, sub-tropical/tropical climatewithin
atemperature rangeof 1to 45
0
C.It exhibits distinct differences
between sub-species as to frost hardiness and drought resistance.
Atpresent thereareminorproblemswith seed insects.
REPRODUCTION: It is easily reproduced from seed. Pre-treatment of seed
with boilingwater increasesgermination. Keeping in cow;dung for a
weekalsohelps.
PRODUCTIVITY: It is relatively fast growing, and will yield 4 to 15
m
3
/ha/yl in 20 years. Averageheight anddiameter for 20 yearold
trees is 10 mand 15.7 cmrespectively.
MANAGEMENTIMPLICATIONS: This valuabletree is adapted to a variety of
arid sites. It isaggressiveandiseasilyestablished.Itis important
in thecentraland southernregionsof Pakistanand its woodis valued
for fuelandcharcoal.Youngtreesneedprotectionfromgrazing. Ithas
great potential as afarm forestrytree. It is useful for controlling
erosion in gulliedareasand also canbegrownon saline, sodicsites
for soil reclamationandbiomassproduction.
WOOD PROPERTIES:
COLOR:Sapwood iswhite,heartwood ispinkish whiteturningto reddish
brown.
DENSITY: Specificgravityof0.75andacalorificvalueof 4900kcal/kg.
STRENGTH:Woodis durable,heavy,hard andverystrong.
USES: Fodder, fuel and charcoal, agricultural implements, pit props,
apiculture, gum,lac production, tannin, fencing, land stabilization,
nitrogen fixing, andmedicinal (barkfordiarrhoea anddysentery).
21
Acacia saligna (Labill.) H. Wend.
COMMON NAMES: Sunehri Har, Golden Wreath Wattle.
DESCRIPTION: An evergreen, dense, bushy shrub usually 2 to 5 m tall which
may grow as a tree to heights of 8mwith a diameter up to 30 cm.
Leaves arephyllodes6to 12 cmlong.
The flowers areyellowgrowing in head like',.:nchesappearingbetween
MarchandApril. Thepods are 11 to 14 cm long, andmatureduringMay
andJune.
DISTRIBUTION:Thistreeis nativetoWesternAustraliaandhasbeenplanted
extensivelythrouqhoutAfrica, CentralandSouthAmerica,andtheSub-
continent.In Pakistan it has beenplantedon theplainsof Sindhand
Punjab. Ithas ilsobeenplanted in thehillsofNWFPup to900m.
HABITATANDECOLOGY:A tolerant, drought resistant tree that grows on a
varietyofsite ;.Itwill toleratesaline,sodicsitesandtolerate
salt spray. It rxequires precipitationof 250 to 1000vnm/yr. Ithas
nospecifLcdisease or insectproblems.
REPRODUCTION: It is easily reproduCed both from seed and 1yvegetative
means. Seedwill remain viablefor several years if coldstored in
sealedcontainers.Pre-treatmenLofseedwithboilingwater,breaking
theseedcoat,soakinginsulfuricacid,orexposingtheseedtodry
heatwill increasegermination.
PRODUCTIVITY: It is relatively fast. growing, and will yield 1 to 10
m
3
/ha/yr at 10 yearsofage dependingon the site.
MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS: This tree is adapted to a variety of arid sites
and soils. It is aggressive and is easily established. It coppices
readily andunder certain conditions it can become aserious problem
since it is difficult toeradicate.Young plantsneed protectionfrom
grazing. It has potential as a farm forestry tree. It is useful for
controlling erosion and stabilizing sanddunes, and is adaptable on
saline, sodic sites.
WOOD PROPERTIES:
GRAIN: Not available.
COLOR:Light.
DENSITY:Thewoodis sappyand light.
STRENGTH:Not available.
USES: Fodder,fuel, gum,and landstabilization.
22
Acacia senegal (L.) Willd.
(Leguminosae, subfamily Mimosoldeae)
COMMON NAMES: Khumbat, Gum Arabic.
DESCRIPTION: Commonly a small, thorny deciduous shrub, that will take tree
form with a height up to 8 m. The thorns typically occur in threes, with
the central ones curved. The leaves are compound 2to 5cm long.The
barkis smooth, palegreenishgray,andpeelsoffin flakes.
The flowers are fragrant,whitetopaleyellowgrowinginbunches and
occurbetweenAugustandDecemberdependingongeographiclocation.The
podsare 5to7cm long, andmaturebetweenJanuaryandMarch.
DISTRIBUTION: Thi3tree is nativeto Pakistanand is found in lowerSindh
and Balochistan. It has been planted extensively throughout Africa,
Central and South America, the Subcontinent, and other parts of the
world.
HABITATANDECOLOGY:An intolerant,droughtresistanttreethat growson
a variety of very harsh sites, usually below 1700 m in elevation.
It will not tolerate waterlogging and requiresprecipitation between
200 to 800 mm/yr. It prefers an arid to semi-arid, hot sub-tropical,
maritime climate with a temperature range of -4 to 48
0
C. It can
tolerateperiodsof droughtup to 8to 10 months.Maturetrees are
susceptibleto termiteattackduringperiods ofstress.
REPRODUCTION: It can be reproduced both from seed and by vegetative
means. It is best reproduced from seed or planted seedlinqs. Pre-
treatment of seed with an over night soak in water will increase
germination.
PRODUCTIVITY:It is relatively slowgrowing,withalife spanof25 to 30
years.Yieldsof1to4m
3
/ha/yrat25yearsofage,dependingonthe
site, havebeen recorded.
and soils. It is aggressive and is easily established. It coppices
readily and under certain conditions it can become a serious problem
because it isdifficulttoeradicate.InSouthAfricaandAustralia it
is considered a "noxious weed" and polices have been established to
eradicateitandpreventitsfurtherintroduction.Itisagoodnitrogen
fixer and has potentialasanerosioncontroltreeonveryharshsites.
With carethis couldbe auseful farmforestrytree. Youngtrees need
protection fromgrazing.
WOOD PROPERTIES:
GRAIN: Coarse textured.
COLOR: Sapwood yellowish white and heartwood is black.
DENSITY: The wood is heavywithacalorificvalueof 3200kcal/kg.
STRENGTH:Verystrong.
USES: Fodder, fuel, gum (food, beverages), land stabilization, nitrogen
fixing,poles,andagriculturalimplements.
23
Acacia seyal Del.
(Leguminosae, subfamily Mimosoideae)
COMMON NAMES: Talh, Shittim.
DESCRIPTION: A shrub or small tree up to 12 m tall. The crown is often flat
and sometimes branching near the base. It is a deciduous tree with
compoundleaves.Ithassharpthornsusually in pairs and straight. The
bark is rough, creamtogreenish yellow,ordarkgray, reddishbrown,
orblack. It flakesoff exposingapowderyundersurface.
Theflowersareyellow,fragrantandappearbetweenMarchandJune.The
curvedpods are 7to 22 cm long, and 0.5 to 0.9 cmwide.Theymature
betweenSeptemberandNovember.
DISTRIBUTION: This tree is native to Africa. It has been introduced to
D.I.Khan and Bund Korai in NWFP. It is also used as aroadside tree
plantedextensivelythroughout thehottestareasof Pakistan.
HABITATANDECOLOGY:An intolerant, drought resistanttree that grows on
avariety ofvery harsh sites, usuallybelow 2100 m in elevation.
Somevarietiesofthistreetoleratewaterloggingandcanevenstand
inundation forpartoftheyear.It requiresaprecipitationzoneof
300to800mm/yr.Itprefers an arid to semi-arid, hot, climate with
atemperature range of 5to 45
0
C. It cart tolerate long period of
drought, 8 to 10 months. It is relatively free from insect and
disease problems; however, felled logs may be severelydamaged by
woodborers.
means. It is best reproduced by seed and planted seedlings. Pre-
treatmentofseedbynickingtheseedcoat,by anovernightsoakin
water,orasoakin sulfuricacidwill increasegermination.
PRODUCTIVITY:It is relativelyslowgrowing,withalifespanof 25 to30
years. Yieldsof 3to6m
3
/ha/yr,dependingonthe site,havebeen
recorded.
and soils. It is aggressive, is easily established, and can tolerate
waterloggingand inundation.It is agoodnitrogen fixer andcould be
used forerosioncontrol on veryharshsites.With care it could be a
useful farm forestry tree. It has the added advantage of having some
fire resistant characteristics. Young plants need protection from
grazing.
WOOD PROPERTIES:
GRAIN: Close and rough.
COLOR: Light creamto dark.
DENSITY: Heavy, dense.
STRENGTH:Verystrong,resilient.
USES: Fodder, fuel, gum, landstabilization, nitrogenfixing,poles, and
agriculturalimplements.
24
Acacia tortilis (Forsk.) Hayne
COMMON NAMES: Samor, Umbrella Thorn.
DESCRIPTION: A fast growing small tree 4 to 15 m tall. The crown is often
flat,andumbrellalikesupportedbyseveralstems.Foliageis feathery-
like andthe leavesare compound.Ieaves aresmall 1.25to 3.5 cm. It
is easily identified by its two kinds of thorns: the first type is long,
straightandwhite,andthesecondtypeis small, brownishandhooked.
Deeptap root.
The fragrantflowersarewhite,andappearsinglyorinclusters inthe
spring. The pods are twisted, yellowish brown and mature in early
summer.
DISTRIBUTION: This tree is native to It has been
in
Africa.
introduced
arid andsemi-aridareas ofPakistan.
HABITAT AND ECOLOGY: An intolerant, dlrought resistant tree that grows on
avarietyof veryharsh,lowland sitesthat havegoo4drainage. It
favors alkali soils and will tolerate salinity. It requires a
precipitation zone of 100to 1000 mm/yr. prefers an arid semi-
It
to
arid, hot, climatewith atemperature range of 3to 45
0
C.It can
tolerate periods of drought of 8 to 10months. It is relatively free
from insectanddiseaseproblems.However,its seedmaybeattacked
by insects.
means. It is best reproduced by seed and planted seedlings. Pre-
treatmentofseedbynickingtheseedcoat,byan overnightsoak in
water,or asoak in sulfuricacidwill increasegermination.
PRODUCTIVITY: It is relatively fast growing. Yields of 2 to 4 m
3
/ha/yr,
dependingonthesite,havebeenrecorded.A12 yearoldplantation,
inIndia,produced54tonsoffuelwoodfromoneha. Strongcoppicer.
andsoils. It is bestsuitedtowelldrained,alkalisoils. Itcoppices
readily,butcancreateproblemsbysendingrootsinto farmers fields.
It is angood nitrogen fixerandcouldbe used for erosioncontrolon
very harsh sites. Withcare it couldbe auseful farm forestry tree.
Youngplants needprotection fromgrazingand frost.
WOOD PROPERTIES:
GRAIN: Coarse, spiral.
COLOR: Heartwood is red.
DENSITY: Heavy, denseand dry heartwood has acalorificvalue of 4400
kcal/kg.
USES: Fodder,fuel,gum,honey,landstabilization,
nitrogenfixing,poles,
.andagricultural implements.
25
Acer caesium Wall. Ex Brandis
(Aceraceae)
COMMON NAMES: Trekhan, Maple.
DESCRIPTION: A slow growing, deciduous tree 20 to 24 m tall. The crown is
closed and oval shaped and stem diameters of 47 to 95 cm have been
reported. Leaves are simple, alternate 3to 5lobed, and 8to 20 cm
wide.
Theflowersaresmall,yellowish-greenandarearrangedinsmall,dense
bunches.It flowersbetweenMarchandMay.Theseedareborneinpairs.
The seedsare flattened,joinedand each seedhas athinpaperywing.
The seedmaturesbetweenJune andOctober.
DISTRIBUTION: This tree is native to Pakistan, India and Nepal. In Pakistan
it is foundin associationwithconifersatelevationsbetween2000 to
3500 m. Specific locations are Chitral, Dir, Swat, Hazara, Murree Hills,
and AzadKashmir.
HABITATAND ECOLOGY: A moderately shade tolerant (atleast at an early age)
tree that grows on a variety of well drained sites. Since it is quite
adaptable, it will grow on fertile soils from clays to sands. It
requires aprecipitation zone of 750 to 1500 mm/yr. It prefers a
humid cool, to cold temperate climate with a temperature range of -20
to35
0
C.andanelevationrangeof2000to3500m.Itis frost hardy.
Grazingis notaproblem,as cattleseemto avoidthis tree.Aleaf
rust,tar-spotcancause severeprematuredefoliation.
means.
PRODUCTIVITY: Initial growth is slow, but increases with age to
approximately0.2 to 0.5cm ofdiametergrowth/yr.
MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS: This tree is adapted to a variety of sites and
soils. It is a valuable component of the coniferous forest and is being
harvested without replacement. It is easily established by planting.
Itsharvestshouldbe limitedand if harvested, il.should be replaced
with planted seedlings. It has limited potential as a farm forestry
tree.
WOOD PROPERTIES:
GRAIN: Straight, fine even textured.
COLOR: Sapwoodandheartwoodarenotdistinctandarecreamytopinkish
white.
DENSITY: Dense,withaspecificgravityof0.63.
STRENGTH:Strong,tough.
USES: Furniture,bobbins,flooring,carving,andornamental.
26
Acer oblongum Wall. Ex D.C.
(Aceraceae)
COMMON NAMES: Panhgor, Kirmola.
DESCRIPTION: A slow growing, deciduous tree 12 to 15 m tall. The crown is
closed, oval shaped and stem diameters of 40 to 50 cm have been
reported.Leavesaresimple,alternate,oblongtolanceshaped,5to18
cm longand2to8cmwide.Theolderleavesmaydropasnewleavesare
formedsothetreemayneverappearleafless.Thebarkisgray,smooth
withvertical wrinkles,andthetrunkoftenirregularlyswollenatthe
base.
Theflowersaresmall,yellowish-greenandarearrangedinsmall,dense
bunches. It flowersbetweenFebruaryandApril.The seedare borne in
pairs.Theseedsareflattened, joinedandeachseedhas athinpapery
wing(doublesamara). TheseedmaturesbetweenMay andNovember.
DISTRIBUTION: This tree is native to Pakistan, India, Nepal, Bhutan, and
SouthChina. InPakistan itis foundin asub-Himalayantract,eastward
from the Indus river.It is grownas an ornamentalin theplains.
HABITATAND ECOLOGY:Amoderatelyshadetolerant (atleastatan early age)
tree that grows on avariety of well drained sites. It is quite
adaptable on poroussoils. It requiresaprecipitationzone of 750
to 1500 mm/yr. It prefers ahumid cool, to sub-tropical monsoon
climatewithatemperaturerangeof-3.5 to40
0
C.andelevationrange
of 600 to 2000m.It is frosthardy. Ithasnosignificantinsector
diseaseproblems.
means.
PRODUCTIVITY: Initial growth is slow, but increases with age. Average
heightgrowthfor4yearsis 2mand aMAI of 2.25m
3
/ha/yrhasbeen
recorded.
MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS: This tree is rare or hard to find in Pakistan.
Because it canbeusedasafoddertreeandis goodforshadeandfuel,
ithas potentialasafarmforestrytree.It is avaluablecomponentof
themixedconiferousforestandisbeingharvestedwithoutreplacement.
It iseasily establishedbyplanting.Itsharvestshouldbelimitedand
if harvested, it shouldbe replacedwithplantedseedlings.
WOOD PROPERTIES:
GRAIN: Straight, slightly interlocking, very fine textured.
COLOR: Sapwood and heartwood are not distinct and are white to grayish
brown.
DENSITY: Dense, with a specific gravity of 0.70.
STRENGTH:Weak,not strong.
USES: Fodder,agricultural implements, fuel, and ornamental.
27
Aegle marmelos Linn.
(Rutaceae)
COMMON NAMES: Bael.
DESCRIPTION: Asmall or medium sized deciduous tree. Its branches are armed
with sharp straight axillary thorns, 2.4 cm long. The aromatic,
alternate,compound leaves,aremostlytrifoliate; withleafletslance
shaped, 7to 8cm long. The two lower leaflets are almost without a
petiolewhiletheterminal leaflethasapetioleof 2cm.Theedgesof
theleafletshaveroundedteeth.Thebarkisgrayandrathercorkywith
longverticalscales.Thebaseofthebolemaybe fluteonoldertrees.
Theperfectflowers aregreenishwhiteand sweetscented,about2.4 cm
across, in shortaxillarybunches. Flowering occursbetweenApril and
May.The fruit is 5to 17 cm in diameter,globose, grayor yellowish,
withawoody shell. The seedsare embedded in athick,orange-yellow,
sweetpulp.Fruit developmentrequires ayearafterflowering.
DISTRIBUTION: Native to the sub-Himalayan tract including Burma, central
andsouthernIndia, Pakistanand Nepal.
HABITATAND ECOLOGY:It is averyintolerant treethatwillrotgrowwell
in shade. It is cultivated on a large variety of sites, but does best
onsandyloamsoils.It is adaptedtoanelevationzoneof0to1200
mmwith aprecipitation rangeof 600 to 1000 mm/yr. It growswell
within a temperature range of 0 to 40'C in a dry, sub-tropical
climate.
REPRODUCTION: It is reproducedeasily both from seed andbyvegetative
means.It will coppice.
PRODUCTIVITY: Growth is slow.
MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS: An aggressive tree that will grow wild. As it
willcoppice,itiseasilylopped for fodder, and fuel. It is cultivated
as a garden tree. It has potential as a farm forestry tree in semi-arid
areas.
WOOD PROPERTIES:
GRAIN: Closed grained, aromatic.
COLOR: Yellowishorgrayishwhite.
DENSITY: Hard.
STRENGTH:Strongand tough.
USES: ornamental, fodder, food,small timbers, andmedicinal.
28
Aesculus indica (Wall. Ex Camb.) Hook. f.
(Hippocastanaceae)
COMMON NAMES: Ban Khor, Horse Chestnut.
DESCRIPTION: A large, deciduous tree, 20 to 30 m tall and with a diameter
of 1.2 to 1.3 m.The trunk is short andthe crownis broad,spreading
and rounded.Theleaves arecompound,with the leafletsingroups of 5
to 7at the end of astalk. The leaflets look like the fingers on a
hand. Theleafletsare large, 15to 25 cmlongand 5to8cmwide.The
leafletare oblong-shaped, pointedandthe edges are sharplytoothed.
Thebarkis grayand smoothgraduallybecomingrougheranddarkerwith
age. The olderbarkwill peel off in strips60 cm long.
The white tinged, yellow flowers are borne in large upright bunches, 15
to 35 cmlong, whichare quite showy.The flowersoccurbetweenApril
andJune. Thefruitis acapsule. Eachleatherycapsuleis about5cm
longandcontainsoneseed.Theseed issmooth,shinyanddarkbrownin
color.The fruiting periodis MaytoNovember.
DISTRIBUTION: This tree is native to India, Pakistan, Nepal and
Afghanistan. In Pakistan it is found in the Himalayas mountains.
Specifically, it is found in Swat, Hazara, Murree Hills, and Azad
Kashmir. It is also planted in gardens and along streets in cities
becauseof its shadeand flowers.
HABITATANDECOLOGY: A moderately intolerant tree that can stand some
shade.Itgrowsondeep,rich,moistsoils,butprefersmoist,shady
sites. It requires a precipitation zone of 700 to 1500 mm/yr or more.
It prefers a humid, cool, temperate climate with a temperature range
of -20 to 35
0
C, in an elevation range of 1200 to 3300 m. It is easily
coppicedandcoppiceshootandseedlingsarereadilybrowsed.Ithas
noknown insectordiseaseproblems.
REPRODUCTION: It is reproduced both from seed and by vegetative means.
The fruit is a solitary nut with low viability. Storage is
difficult. Seed must be planted as soon as possible after collection.
PRODUCTIVITY: Fast growing with reported MAI's of 0.5 to 2.0 cm in
diameter.Heightgrowthof 60 cminthe firstyearis notuncommon.
MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS: This tree is an important component of the
coniferous forest. Planting programs may be needed to preserve this tree
and insure itspositionas amemberof the coniferousforest.
WOOD PROPERTIES:
GRAIN: Straight to very fine even-textured.
COLOR: Lightpinkish,whiteturningpinkishbrownwhenexposed.
DENSITY: Specificgravityof 0.53.
STRENGTH:Light, soft,resilient.
USES: Fuel, handles, furniture, fodder, buckets and bowls, bobbins,
medicinal, andornamental.
29
Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle
(Simarubaceae)
COMMON NAMES: Asmani, Tree of Heaven.
DESCRIPTION: Adeciduous tree that sometimes grows with a crooked trunk to
aheightof20mbut heightsof 6to10 maremorecommon.Thecrownis
usuallyopen.Theleavesare pinnatelycompound,longapproximately30
to 40 cm.
It is dioecious.The flowersareborne interminalpanicles.Thefruit
is 3.5 to 5cm in diameter. Flowers occurs in April and June, while
fruitmaturesbetweenMayandJune.
DISTRIBUTION: The tree is native to China and Japan. It has been
successfullycultivatedthroughouttheworld.Ithasbecomenaturalized
in Pakistanandcanbe foundalmostanywhereyoutravel from0to 1700
melevation.
HABITATANDECOLOGY: A moderately intolerant tree that will stand some
shade, and is extremely aggressive. It growswell on all kinds of
soilsincludingporous,dry,hard,wet,acidalkaline,rocky,swampy
andmarginal sitesingeneral.It isadaptedtoaprecipitationzone
of 350 to 600 mm/yr or more, in atemperature rangeof -10 to 40
0
C
and is frosthardy. It prefersasemi-aridtemperate,sub-tropical,
sub-humid, cool, sub-tropical monsoon climate from 0upto 1700 m
elevation. It appears to be disease and insect free with the
exceptionof some tentcaterpillardefoliators.
REPRODUCTION: It is reproduced from seed, cuttings and root suckers.
Seed is smallandcan bekeeps incoldstoragein closedcontainers
for 2yearswithoutloss ofviability.
PRODUCTIVITY:Afast growingtree triat grows toaheightof 3to 4min
aperiod of 5months. Reports of 25 year old stands with average
diametersof 36 cmandheightof 13 metersarenotuncommon.
MANAGEMENTIMPLICATIONS:Avery aggressive tree that will do well on very
harshsites.It has survived air polluted environments and consequently
is planted in denselypopulated urban area and large cities. Ideally
suitedforshade,shelterbeltsanderosioncontrol,especiallyinareas
of high industrial air pollution.Useful farm forestry tree onharsh
sites.
WOOD PROPERTIES:
GRAIN: Coarse textured straight grained.
COLOR: White to pale yellow.
DENSITY: Specificgravityof 0.40 andacalorificvalueof4885.
STRENGTH:Softnon-durable,
USES: Erosioncontrol, furniture,charcoal, andtannin.
30
Ailanthus excelsa Roxb.
(Simarubaceae)
COMMON NAMES: Maharukh.
DESCRIPTION:
A large, deciduous, fast growing tree. It reaches heights of
18 to 24 mwith diameters of 0.9 to 1.37 m. The leaves are compound, and
long,approximately
30to 90cm.Thebarkis roughandgrayishbrownin
color.
The whitetinged flowers areborne in large panicles.The fruit is a
papery,wingedsamara 3to 5cmwide.Eachsamaracontainingoneortwo
seeds.Flowersoccurs in FebruaryandMay,while fruitmaturesbetween
April andJune.
DISTRIBUTION:
The tree is native to India. In Pakistan it is occasionally
planted in Sindh.
HABITAT AND ECOLOGY:A moderately
intolerant tree that will stand some
shade.It growsbest onwell drainedsoils. It does notdowell on
heavysoilsorwaterloggedsites. It is adaptedtoaprecipitation
zone of 400 to 600 mm/yr or more, in a temperature
range of 2 to 40C
and is frost hardy. Young seedlings can be damaged by frost. It
prefersa semi-arid sub-tropical,
to sub-humid, hot tropical climate
usuallyatlowelevations.
It is moderatelydiseaseandinsectfree,
subject to defoliation
by caterpillars
and attack by white ants
(termites).
Stembreakagebystrongwinds is notuncommon.
REPRODUCTION:
It is reproduced
froi seed, cuttings and root suckers.
Seedcannot be removedfromthesamara withoutsomedamage.
PRODUCTIVITY:Afastgrowingtree.
MANAGEMENT
IMPLICATIONS:
Used as an ivenue or garden tree in the Sindh.
Itwould have somevalue as afarm forestry treesince it is ideally
suited for shelterbelts.
WOOD PROPERTIES:
GRAIN: Fairly even to coarse textured, straight grained.
COLOR: White to pale yellow.
DENSITY: Specific gravity of 0.43.
STRENGTH:Soft, non-durable.
USES: Fodderandfood,packingboxes,shelterbelts,
andmedicinal (barkas
atonic and febrifuge).
31
Albizzia lebbek (L.) Benth.
COMMON NAMES: Kala Sirin, Black Siris.
DESCRIPTION: A fast growing deciduous tree 12 to 30 m tall. Diameters to
1mare not uncommon. The crown is open flat, and umbrella-like. Foliage
is feathery-like and the leaves are compound. Leaflets are small 3cm
long.The bark is darkgray, roughand irregularlycracked.
The fragrant flowers areyelloworgreenish-white, in denseclusters,
appearingbetweenAprilandMay.Thepodsarebroad,flatandabout25cm
long.Theyare yellowishbrownwhenripe.ThepodsmaturebetweenJune
to September.
DISTRIBUTION: Thistree is native to the sub-Himalayan tract. In Pakistan
it grows in a narrow belt from Sialkot to Hazara, Bajaur, Buner and
Malakand.It hasbeenplantedthroughouttheplainsof Sindh&Punjab.
HABITATANDECOLOGY:Amoderatelyintolerant,treethat grows ona variety
ofmoistsites.Itfavorswelldrained loamysoils,butwilltolerate
salineand sodic conditions (p1 8.7 to 9.4). It requires asummer
precipitation zone of 400 to 1000 mm/yr. It prefers a sub-humid,
cool, warm, sub-tropical and tropical climate with a temperature
range of 4to 40'C and an elevation range of 0to 1600 m.Several
fungusdiseases attackthe leavesand pods of this tree. Indarbela
quadrinotata,abarkbeetle, is aseriousthreat toplantationsand
roadside plantings. Grazing can be a problem with this tree.
Seedlingsare susceptibleto fr~stdamage.
means. Pre-treatment of seed by an overnight soak in water will
increasegermiration.
PRODUCTIVITY:Relativelyfast growing.Yieldsof 5m
3
/ha/yr,dependingon
thesite, havebeen recordedover rotationsof 10 to15 years.
MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS:Thistreeisadapted to avarietyofmoistsites
andsoils.It is bestsuitedtowelldrained,alkalisoils.Itcoppices
readily. It is agood nitrogen fixerandhas the potential as agood
erosioncontrol tree. With care this would be auseful farm forestry
tree. Youngplantsneedprotectionfromgrazingandfrost. Italsohas
potentialasatree forsaline,sodicsites. Heavilyloppedforfodder.
WOOD PROPERTIES:
GRAIN: Figured,attractive, interlocked,texturemediumto coarse.
COLOR: Sapwood is yellowish-white, heartwood is dark grayish-brown
turningto richdarkbrownon exposure.
DENSITY: Dense with a specific gravity between 0.55 and 0.64, and a
calorificvalue of5100 kcal/kg.
USES: Fodder, fuel, land stabilization, nitrogen fixing, poles,
agriculturalimplements, shade,andapiculture.
32
Albizzia procera (Roxb.) Benth.
(Leguminosae,
COMMON NAMES: Sufed Sirin, White Siris.
DESCRIPTION:
A fast growing, deciduous tree 12 to 30 m tall. Diameters to
1mhave been recorded.The crown is open, andumbrella-like.
Foliage
is feathery-like
andthe leavesarecompound.Leafletsaresmall, 3cm
long.Thebarkis smooth,lightyellowishorgreenishgray.Itpeelsin
flakeswhichare red on theundersides.
The fragrant flowers areyellowor greenish-yellow
and occur in loose
clusters, appearingbetweenJune andAugust.The podsare narrowflat
and about 15 lonq.
are dark red brown when
cm They
ripe. The pods mature
in September.
DISTRIBUTION:
This tree is native to central and southern India, Bangla
Desh and Burma. In Pakistan it has been planted in the Punjab and NWFP.
HABITAT AND ECOLOGY: An intolerant
tree that grows on variety of moist
sites. It does well in
a
low lying,moistsavannasandtoleratessaline
andsodicconditions.
It requiresasummerprecipitation
zoneof 500
to 1000 mm/yr. It prefers a sub-humid, warm, sub-tropical
climate
with a temperature
range of 1 to 45
0
C and an elevation range of 0 to
1200m. Grazing can be a problem with this tree. Seedlings are
susceptible
to frost damage. In Pakistan it has no knownpests or
diseases.
REPRODUCTION:
It can be reproduced
both from seed and by vegetative
means.
PRODUCTIVITY:
It is relatively
fast growing.
of Yields
10 m3/ha/yr,
depending on the site, have been recorded for rotations of 30 years.
Growthin irrigatedplantations
hasbeenexcellent.
MANAGEMENT
IMPLICATIONS:
This tree is adapted to a variety of moist sites
and soils. It is well suited to alkali soils. It coppicesreadily.It
is a good nitrogen fixer. It could be a good tree for irrigated
plantations.
Withcarethiswouldbeausefulfarmforestrytree.Young
plantsneedprotectionfromgrazingand frost.Italsohaspotentialas
atree forsaline, sodicsites.
WOOD PROPERTIES:
GRAIN: Figured, coarse.
COLOR:Sapwoodiswhitish,heartwoodisbrownwithstreaksofdarkerand
lightercolor.
DENSITY: Dense,withaspecificgravityof0.69 andacalorificvalueof
4800kcal/kg.
STRENGTH:Very strong,resilient.
USES: Fodder, fuel, nitrogen fixing, poles and construction,
agricultural
implements,
shade, furniture,
tannin,and apiculture.
33
Alnus nitida (Spach.) Endl.
(Betulaceae)
COMMON NAMES: Sharol, Alder.
DESCRIPTION: A large, deciduous tree 24 to 30 m tall, with stem diameters
of 0.6 to 100cm. Leaves are simple, 5 to 20 cm long and 2.5 to 12.5 cm
wide.Thebarkisdarkbrown, roughandwithdeep furrows.
It is monoecious.Themale flowers(conesorcatkins)are 12.5to 25 cm
long. The female conesare 5mm long. It flowers in August to October.
The fruit is a cone or a nut. At maturity it is between 2.5 and 6 mm in
length.The fruitmaturesbetweenOctoberand December.
DISTRIBUTION:
This tree is native to Pakistan and India. In Pakistan it is
foundinthemountainsofChitral, Dir,Hazara,andAzadKashmir.Ithas
beenplantedalongroadsides, streambanks andwatercourses.
HABITAT AND ECOLOGY: An intolerant tree that requires full sunlight to
develop to a mature tree. It grows well in moist situations on sandy
soils. It requires aprecipitation
zone of 750 to 1250 mm/yr. It
prefersasub-humid,cool, sub-tropicalwinter/monsoon
climatewith
a temperature range of -20 to 40
0
C. and an elevation range of 1600
to 2900 m. It is frost hardy and has no known insects or pest
problems.
means. It is easilycoppiced.
PRODUCTIVITY:Fastgrowing treethat can reachheightsof 24 to 30 mand
diametersof 50 to 60 cm.
MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS:
Because of its frost hardiness, fast growth, and
nitrogen fixingproperties, itis; ideallysuitedtobe afarmforestry
tree in the high valleyandmountains of Pakistanespeciallycloseto
perennial streams.
WOOD PROPERTIES:
GRAIN: Straight, fine textured, even grained.
COLOR: Pinkishwhite toreddishwhite.
SrRENGTH: Soft, light.
USES: Fodder, fuel, light construction,
nitrogen fixing, and erosion
control.
34
Alstonia scholarisR.Br.
(Apocynaceae)
COMMON NAMES: Chattian, Dita Bark Tree.
DESCRIPTION: A large evergreen tree. The branches are arranged in whorls
alongabuttressedtrunk. Leavesare simple and arranged in whorlsof
4to7.Each eggshapedleaf is between10 to 17 cmlongand4to7cm
wide.Theleavesareleathery,shinyontopandadullgreenunderneath.
Thebarkis grayandhasvertical linesand isfairly smooth.Thebark
whenwoundedexudes amilky fluid.
The flowers are green to white, borne in bunches and are small. It
flowersinDecembertoMarch.Thefruitisalongtubeusuallyoccurring
in pairs. The fruitmaturesbetweenMayandAugust.
DISTRIBUTION: In Pakistan it is planted extensively in the Punjab as an
avenue tree and in gardens. It is common in Lahore and Kharian
Cantonment.
HABITAT AND ECOLOGY: An intolerant tree that does not do well in shade.
It requiresaprecipitationzone of 600 to1000mm/yr.Itprefersa
semi-arid,hotsub-tropicalclimatewithatemperaturerangeof4to
42
0
C.atelevationsbelow1000m.Ithasnoknowninsectsordisease
problems.
REPRODUCTION:It is reproducedfromseed.Seedsare 6mm longandhavea
fringe ofhairs ateachend.
PRODUCTIVITY:Growth is slow,withan annualdiametergrowthof 15 cm.
MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS: The tree is planted as an ornamental, but the
bark is used for medicinal purposes. It is an excellent evergreen shade
tree.
WOOD PROPERTIES:
COLOR:Grayishwhite,creamy.
DENSITY: Heavy.
STRENGTH:Hard,brittle.
USES: Ornamental and medicinal.
35
Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh.
(Avicenniaceae)
COMMON NAMES: Tivar, Timar.
DESCRIPTION: A small, shrub like, evergreen tree 1 to 3 m tall, with stem
diametersof 25 to30 cm.Leaves aresimple,3to8cm long and 1.5to
3.5 cm wide. It has pneumatophores (appendagesthat look like knees
supportingthebole).
The flowers are in tightly packed heads, are dungy yellow with an orange
throat and are quite fragrant. It flowers in February to June. The fruit
is 12 to 18 mm long and 10 to 12 mmwide, usuallywithonlyone seed.
The fruitmaturesbetweenMayandJuly.
DISTRIBUTION: Anative tree in the tidal swamps and creeks from the Red Sea
to the Arabian Sea coast of Pakistan and India. In Pakistan it is found
along the coast and tidal creeks from Karachi in the Sindh to Makran
coast in Balochistan.
HABITATANDECOLOGY: An intolerant tree that requires full sunlight to
developtoamaturetree.Itgrowswellonswampysaline,coastalmud
flats.It requiresaprecipitationzone upto 125mm/yr.It prefers
a humid to arid, hot sub-tropical, win'ter/monsoon to tropical
maritime climatewith atemperaturerange of 5to 40
0
C. It has no
known insectsorpestproblems.
means. Seed haslowviability.
PRODUCTIVITY:Growthisslow, it take 5 years to grow 1m in height. It may
reachheightsof 7to8mand diametersof 30 cm ongood sites.
MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS: This tree has been over harvested because of its
desirablefuel characteristics. It is avaluablememberofthecoastal
forest and shouldbe protected.Artificial regenerationmay be needed
topreserve thetree in Pakistan.
WOOD PROPERTIES:
GRAIN: Alternate layers of pore bearing tissue and loose large cell
tissuewithout pores.
COLOR: Brown, gray.
DENSITY: Heavy.
STRENGTH: Very brittle.
USES: Fodder, fuel and tannin.
36
Azadirachta indica (L) A. Juss.
(Meliaceae)
COMMON NAMES: Neem, Margosa Tree.
DESCRIPTION: A medium to large, usually evergreen tree, 12 to 25 m tall
withadiameterof0.57 to0.86m. Thecrownisbroad,dense,spreading
and rounded. The leaves are compound, with the leaflets 2.5 to 7cm
long, andlanceshapedwithlongpointsand 4to7pairsof leafletson
each leaf. Edges of the leaflets are toothed. Thebark is dark gray,
lightly furrowedand broken in irregularly shapedscales.
The flowersare small, whiteandwiththe fragranceofhoney,occur in
densebunchesandappearbetweenMarchandApril.Thefruitisafleshy
drupecontainingone seedenclosedin ahard shell. Each fleshy drupe
is greenish, oblong 1.5 to 2cm long. The drupe is yellowwhen fully
ripe. The fruitingperiod is JunetoAugust.
DISTRIBUTION:
Anativetreeto India, Pakistan,Nepal,Afghanistan,
Burma,
China and Sri Lanka. In Pakistan it is found in the Sindh, southern
Punjab,andlowerBalochistan,hasbeenidentifiedas farwestasSarai
Alamgir,buthas notbeen recordedwestof theJhelumriver.
HABITATAND ECOLOGY: Amoderatelytoleranttreethatwithstandssomeshade
at an early age. It grows on soils which vary from rich loams to
nutrient deficient sites which are not saline or waterlogged and
wherethewatertableisabove18m.It requires aprecipitation
zone
of 300 to 1150 mm/yr and pr-fers an arid, hot tropical and sub-
tropical climate with atemperature range of 1to 45
0
C. It is not
frosthardyandgrasscompetitionwillpreventitsestablishment.
It
coppiceseasilyandhas few insectanddiseaseproblems.
REPRODUCTION:It is reproduced both from seed andby vegetativemeans.
Seedhas lowviabilityanddoesnotstorewell. Itmustbecollected
whenit is matureandplantedas soonaftercollectionas possible.
The tree has achieved world fame due to its medicinal value and
shouldbepropagatedon alargescalein SouthernPunjabandSindh.
PRODUCTIVITY:Growth rates are high. On rotations of 8yearsyieldof 5
to 18 m
3
/ha have been recorded.Coppicestands seem to growfaster
than seedlingstands.
MANAGEMENT
IMPLICATIONS:
Adrought hardy tree that grows
on fast even
poorsites.Ithaspotentialasafarmforestrytreeespeciallyinthose
areaswhere frostis not aproblem.
WOOD PROPERTIES:
GRAIN:Uneven, interlocking,
dullto somewhatlustrous.
COLOR: Sapwood is grayish white, heartwood is red fading to reddish
brownwithage, darkeningon exposure.
DENSITY:Specificgravityof0.68andacalorificvalueof4990kcal/kg.
STRENGTH:1Heavy,
hard, resilient.
USES: Furniture, fodder, wood carving, medicinal (leaves as afebrifuge
extracts as a cure of typhoid), timber, agriculture implements and
tannin. Oil(fromtheseed)is marketedas apesticide,vermifuge,and
acontraceptive.
37
Bauhinia purpureaLinn.
(Leguminosae, sub family Caesalpinoideae)
COMMON NAMES: Kachnar, Purple Bauhinia.
DESCRIPTION: A small evergreen tree. The leaves are single(not compound).
Each leaf is divided into twopointed lobesby acleftthat goeshalf
waydownthe leaf.Theleavesareheart shapedandvary insize from7
to 15 mm in diameter. The bark is dark gray or brown and the young
branches arecoveredwithshort, stiffhairs.
The flowers are pink, lilac to purple in color, fragrant and bloom
between Septemberand November depending on geographic location. The
podsare flat,thick,slightlycurvedandpointed.Theyvary in length
from 15 to30 cm.PodsmaturebetweenJanuaryandMarch.
DISTRIBUTION: Native to Pakistan,thistreeis foundinthesub-Himalayan
tracts. Ithasawidedistributionthroughthehillsand plainsof the
sub-continent.
HABITATANDECOLOGY: An intolerant tree of the tropics and sub-tropics
withinaprecipitationrange of 1000 to 2160 mm. It grows withina
temperature rangeof -1to 40
0
C.It is drought resistant, andwill
tolerate light frost. It doesbest onwell drained, sandy loam or
loamy soils.Thereareminorproblemswithdefoliating insects.
REPRODUCTION: It canberegeneratedbyseedorvegetativemethods.Seed
canbesuccessfullystoredforayearifseedisprotectedfromseed
borers.
PRODUCTIVITY: Althoughasmalltree it is relativelyfast growing.
MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS: It has potential asa farm forestry tree. This
is especiallytrue in the foothillsregionsof Pakistan.
WOOD PROPERTIES:
GRAIN: Straight.
COLOR: Lightbrown.
DENSITY: Thewoodis softand lightwithaspecificgravityof 0.57.
STRENGTH: Moderatelystrong.
USES: Etosioncontrol, fodder,food (pickleandchutney), tannin,honey,
andmedicinal (antidotefor snakebite).
38
Bauhinia variegata Linn.
COMMON NAMES: Bahari Kachnar, Kaliar.
DESCRIPTION: Asmall deciduous tree. The leaves are single (not compound).
Each leaf is divided into two pointed lobesby acleft thatgoes one
thirdofthewaydowntheleaf.Theleavesareheartshapedandvaryin
sizefrom7to15 mmindiameter.Thebarkisgraywithvertical cracks
andtheyoungbranchesareslightlyhairy.
The flowers arelarge, pinktowhite, fragrantandbloombetweenMarch
andApril.The flowersare formedontheupperleaflessbranchesquite.
Thepodsare flat, thick,curvedandpointed.Theyvaryin lengthfrom
15 to 30cm. Podsmatureduringtherainyseason.
DISTRIBUTION: Native to Pakistan this tree is found in the sub-Himalayan
tracts.It hasawidedistributi-inthroughthehillsand plainsofthe
sub-continentand is widelyplantedas an ornamental.
HABITATANDECOLOGY: An intolerant tree of the moist sub-tropical
temperateregions. It hasaprecipitation rangeof 1000 to 2500mm
andatemperaturerangeof-1to40
0
C.Itwilltoleratelightfrost.
Itdoes bestonwell drained,sandy loamor loamy soils. Thereare
problemswithdefoliatinginsects.
REPRODUCTION: It can be regenerated by seed or by vegetative methods.
Seed can be successfullystored forayearif it is protectedfrom
seed borers.
PRODUCTIVITY: Although a small tree it is relatively fast growing.
Height growth of up to ameter ayear and diameters of 15 cm in 8
yearshave beenobserved.
MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS: It has potential as a farm forestry tree. This
is especiallytrue in the foothillsregionsof Pakistan.
WOOD PROPERTIES:
GRAIN: Straight.
COLOR: Grayish brown.
DENSITY: The wood is moderately hard.
STRENGTH: Strong andresilient.
USES: Implements,toolhandles,fodder,food (pickleandchutney),tannin,
honey,medicinal (antidoteforsnakebite), andornamentalplantings.
39
Betula utilis D.Don
(Cupuliferae)
COMMON NAMES: Bhoj Patra, Birch
DESCRIPTION: A small deciduous tree or shrub. The leaves are silky, soon
becoming glabrous, 5to10 cm long,ovate andacute serrate.The bark
is conspicuouslywhite,peelingoff in largepaperylayers.
The male flowers are catkins and the female
flowersin May.The fruitis awingednut.
flowers are spikes. It
DISTRIBUTION: Native to the Himalayas up to 4000 m above sea level.
Usuallygregarious.Occasionallyasingletree.
HABITAT AND ECOLOGY: Grows on high mountain slopes and internal valleys
in the Himalayas.Cangrowon rockysteeps.
REPRODUCTION: It reproducesbyseed andbysuckers.
PRODUCTIVITY: Growth is slow.
MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS: Exists as individual trees rather than stands
sobrowsingbylivestocktendstobeaproblem.Barkispeeledoffand
used forwritingpaper.
WOOD PROPERTIES:
GRAIN: Even grained.
COLOR: Pink on white.
DENSITY: Heavy.
STRENGTH: Strongbut lowascomparedtoyellowbirch.
USES: Fuel, fodderandfurniture.
40
Bischofiajavanica Blume
(Euphorblacea)
COMMON NAMES: Irum, Bishop Wood.
DESCRIPTION: Alarge, evergreen or deciduous tree 15 to 17 mtall and with
a diameter of 0.6 to 0.8 m. The crown is large, oval and dense. The
leaves are compound occurring in threes with the leaflets 7.5 to 5.7 cm
longand3to 6cmwide.Thebarkisthickanddarkgray.
It is dioecious.Themaleflowersare in longbunchesandcrowded.The
female bunches are open. The flowers occur in March. The fruit is a
smallcapsule5cmindiameterwhichcontains3to5seeds.Thecapsules
matureinMay.
DISTRIBUTION:
This tree is native to India and east to South China. In
Pakistan it is planted in the plains and in gardens. Some impressive
avenuesexistin Islamabad.
HABITAT AND ECOLOGY: It is an intolerant tree that does not growwell in
shade. It grows on a variety of soils, but prefers deep alluvium. It
thrivesonverymoistsites.It requiresaprecipitationzoneof700
to 1500 mm/yror more. It prefersasub-humidhottropicalmonsoon
climatewith atemperaturerange of -5to 40
0
Catelevationsup to
of1200m.Thetreegrowsinshadyravines,swamps, riverbanks,and
valleys in the hills. It has some frost resistance. There are no
known insectsor diseaseproblemsof significance.
REPRODUCTION: It is reproducedmainly fromseed.Hundredsof seedlings
canbe seen aroundatree.
PRODUCTIVITY: A fast growing tree with a diameter growth of 1.3 cmi/yr.
MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS: This tree is grown along canals and irrigations
channels. Goodas an avenuetreeduetoheavyshade.
WOOD PROPERTIES:
GRAIN: Straight, interlocking.
COLOR: Sapwood is light green to reddish brown, heartwood is red to
darkreddishbrownorchocolatebrown.
DENSITY: Specific gravity of 0.74 and a calorific value of 5300 kcal/kg.
STRENGTH: Hard, strong.
USES: Fuel, furniture,sleepers, construction,
pilingsandornamental.
41
Bombax cieba Linn.
(Bombaceae)
COMMON NAMES: Simal, Silk Cotton Tree.
DESCRIPTION: A large deciduous tree, 36 m or more tall, with a diameter
of 0.75 to 1.25 m. Leaves are compound with the 5 to 7 leaflets arranged
like the fingersof ahand.The leafletsare large, 15 to 20 cmlong,
leathery,lanceshapedandpointed.Thecompoundleafhasalongstalk.
Thebarkis smooth,gray to lightbrownandthick.Youngbarkmayhave
veryheavythorns.The oldertreesdevelopconsiderablebuttswell.
Thered,showyflowersare fleshyandoccurMarch.Thefruitorpodsare
12 to 17 cm long and containthe seed which is surroundedby athick
massof silkyhairs.ThepodsmatureinApril andMay.
DISTRIBUTION: ThetreeisnativetoPakistan,IndiaandNepal.InPakistan
it inthesub-HimalayantractfromHazaraeastward.It isplantedonthe
plains, ingardensandalongroadsides.
HABITATANDECOLOGY: An intoleranttree that does notdowell in shade.
It growson avarietyof soilsand sites; however itgrows beston
deep alluvial soils that are well drained. It requires a
precipitationzoneof 750to1700mm/yrormore.It prefers an sub-
humid warm sub-tropical to tropical monsoon climate with a
temperaturerangeof-5to40
0
Catelevationsupto1000m.Seedlings
are susceptibleto frostdamage,butare droughthardy.Whengrown
underunhygienicconditionsorwhenwatersupplyisdeficient,it is
severelyattackedbyastemborerloweringthequalityoftimber.The
thornsof theyoungerplantsprotect it fromgrazinganimals.Older
treesare somewhat fireresistant, butfire doesretardgrowth.
means.
PRODUCTIVITY: Avery fastgrowingtree. Diametergrowthof 35cm/yr is
not uncommon.
MANAGEMENTIMPLICATIONS: This verydroughtresistant tree is in demand
as acommercial timbertree. It can be planted on arid and semi-arid
siteswithirrigation.It isalsoanattractiveornamental.Farmerslike
it andin thepasthaveuseditextensively.Anexcellentfarmforestry
tree.Younqtreeswill coppice.
WOOD PROPERTIES:
GRAIN: Straight.
COLOR: Whitish.
DENSITY: Verylight, withacalorificvalueof 4900kcal/kg.
STRENGTH: Weak.
USES: Fuel, ornamental,furnitureandcarving,canoes,medicinal (barkand
roots), cotton from seed for pillows and quilts, match sticks and
packingcases.
42
Broussonetia papyrifera (L) L. Hertit. Ex Vent.
(Moraceae)
COMMON NAMES: Kaghzi Toot, Paper Mulberry.
DESCRIPTION:
A medium, deciduous tree, 3 to m tall. 12 The crown is
spreadingandrounded.Theleavesaresimple,butvariedinshape,5to
20 cm long.Thebark is lightgraywithshallowridges orfissures.
It isdioecious.Thereddishyellowmale flowers arein smallcatkins.
Thereddishtoorangeredfemaleflowersareinsolitary,roundedheads
2to 3cm indiameter,andoccurbetweenMarchandAugust.Thefruitis
a berry containing 5 to 15 small seeds which ripen between May and
September.
DISTRIBUTION:
A native tree of Japan, South East Asia and China. In
Pakistan it is successfullyplantedand established in the plainsand
hills. It has been planted successfully
in many other parts of the
world. It has become aweedin Islamabadand measuresarebeing taken
to eradicate it.
HABITAT AND ECOLOGY: Atolerant tree that does verywell in shade. It
growson avariety ofwell drained,rich soils, but will not grow
well on poorsites. It requiresaprecipitation
zone of700to2000
mm/yr or more. IL prefers a sub-humid warm, sub-tropical monsoon
climate with a temperature range of 0 to 40
0
C on elevations up to 900
m. It coppices easily and aggressivelyoccupies shady sites. It is
relativelyinsect anddiseasefree.
REPRODUCTION: It is reproducedboth fromseed and byvegetativemeans.
The seeds are small. Birds eat the berries and hastenthe tree's
rapid spread.
PRODUCTIVITY: It grows very fast, 1m ayear in height growth is not
uncommon. Diameterof 15 cmhas beenrecorded in a5yearperiod.
This is a good tree for reforestation
projects
becauseof its fastgrowthand itssuitabilityondryhillsides.Itmay
havepotentialas afarmforestrytree.Howeverbecauseof its aggres-
sive nature, care is neededwhen recommending planting as there is a
possibility of escaping
becoming weed. is
it cind
a It also being
labelledas anallergen causingcold, sneezingandcough.
WOOD PROPERTIES:
gRAIN: Straight.
COLOR: Sapwood is grayish white, heartwood is light brown.
DENSITY: Calorific value of 5100 kcal/kg.
STRENGTH: Light and brittle.
USES: Fodder, bark (for pulp,tapa cloth), erosion control, furniture,
boxesandpackingcrates,sports equipment,
and veneerand plywood.
43
Butea frondosa Koeing EX Roxb.
COMMON NAMES: Dhak, Flame of the Forest.
DESCRIPTION: A small or medium sized deciduous tree with a crooked trunk
and large irregular branches. The leaves are compound with three
leaflets.Theleafletsarehard,rigidand leatherysmoothon topwith
silky hairs on the underside. The bark is moderately thick, very fibrous
andgrayto lightbrown incolor.
The flowersoccurwhenthetreeis leafless,MarchtoApril,andarein
hanging bunches that are between 10 to 18 cm long. Each flower is small,
3to 5cm long,bright red tingedwith orange.The podsmature inMay
and are long, thin and flat 10to 20 cm long. Each pod contains only one
seed.
DISTRIBUTION: Native to tropical areas of the sub continent. Commonly
found in areas below 1200 meters. The tree is not found in arid regions,
but is found on the plains and in the foothills ofJhelumvalley and
SialkotDistricts.
HABITAT AND ECOLOGY: The tree grows best on black loamy soils, but is well
adaptedtosaline-alkaliandwaterloggedsites.Itisfrosthardyand
has atemperature rangeof -4to 49nC. It prefers moistsiteswith
precipitation greater than 600 mm/yr. It is very intolerant. The wood
is susceptibleto boringinsects.
REPRODUCTION: Itwill reproducefromseedorbyvegetativemeans.Direct
seedinghas beenreportedtobemore successfulthanplanting.
PRODUCTIVITY: A moderately fast growing tree. Growth of 5 m in height and
20cm in diameterhavebeen recorded foran 8yearperiod.
MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS: A nitrogen fixing tree that has potential as a
plantforsaline-sodic,waterloggedsites.Notapreferredfoddertree,
but shouldbe considered as afarm forestry treesincethe leaves are
eatenbybuffalo.
WOOD PROPERTIES:
GRAIN: Soft aiid porous.
COLOR: Dirtywhite.
DENSITY: Specific gravity of 0.54 with a calorific value of 4900
kcal/kg.
STRENGTH: Softand notdurable.
USES: Erosioncontrol,gumfromthe bark,fodder, fuel,hostfortheLac
insect, medicinal (oil from seed as anthelmintic), fiber and an
ornamental.
44
Buxus wallichiana Baill.
(Buxaceae)
COMMON NAMES: Shamshad, Boxwood.
DESCRIPTION: An evergreen shrub or small tree, up to 10 m tall. Leaves are
simple, 2to 5cmlong.
It ismonoecious.Floweringshootsare6to8cmlong,appearingbetween
MarchandMay.The fruits are 7to 10 cmlong andmaturebetweenJune
andAugust.
DISTRIBUTION: Thetree is nativetoPakistanand India. In Pakistanit in
the sub-Himalayan tract from Azad Kashmir westward to Rawalpindi,
Islamabad,Murree,Hazara,Chitral, Swat,andtheGadoonarea.
HABITATANDECOLOGY: Atoleranttreethatdoeswell inshade.Itgrowson
a variety of soils, but prefers rich sandy loams. It requires a
precipitationzone of 600 to 2200 mm/yror more. It prefersacool
subtropicaltoahumid-sub-humidmonsoonclimatewithatemperature
rangeof 6to 15.6C in anelevationrangeof 1200 to 2000m.It is
frost hardy. It has no known insect or disease problems of
significantimportance.
means.Naturalregenerationoccursinmoist,shadymicrosites.Viable
of seed is usuallyverylow.
PRODUCTIVITY: Diameter growth increments of 0.30 over a70 yearperiod
havebeen recorded.
MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS: Because of the demand for packing cases it has
beenharvestedtothepointwhere itcouldbe considered"endangered".
Programs toprotectandre-establishthistree needtobeinitiated.
WOOD PROPERTIES:
GRAIN: Smooth, even textured.
COLOR: Lightyellowtoyellowish-brown.
DENSITY: Heavy.
STRENGTH: Hard,strong,verydurable.
USES: Fuel, finewoodarticles likecombs,carving,andpackingcases.
45
Callistemon viminalis Cheel.
(Myrtaceae)
COMMON NAMES: Botal Bursh, Bottle Brush.
DESCRIPTION: A small evergreen tree, with drooping branches. Leaves, about
7cm long, are alternate, lanceolate, narrowed at both ends, sharply
pointedandglanddotted.The leavesarespirallygrouptowardtheends
ofthebranchletswhichhang vertically.
Theredflowersareinterminalspikes7to15cmlong.Floweringbegins
aboutMayandpersistsforanextendedperiod.Thefruit,asmallwoody
capsule,containsmanyseeds. ThecapsulesopenandripenbetweenJuly
and September.The emptycapsulesmay persist on the endsof branches
for ayear.
DISTRIBUTION: The tree is native to Australia. It has beensuccessfully
planted on avenues and in gardens in Pakistan. A highly prized
ornamentalas itwouldgrowwhereothersdonot.
HABITATANDECOLOGY: Avery intoleranttree that will not growwell in
shade. It is cultivated on a large variety of sites and can withstand
periods of drought.It prefersasemi-humid warmhot, sub-tropical
winter/monsoon climate. It can survive some frost but grows best
belowan elevationof 2200 m.
REPRODUCTION: It is reproducedboth fromseedandbyvegetativemeans.
Itsverysmall, redseedsarenumerous.
PRODUCTIVITY: Diametergrowthrate is slow,0.4 cm/yr.
MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS: The tree has value as an ornamental. It
producesanabundanceofpollenand nectarwhichgivesimpetus for its
use in honeyproduction.
WOOD PROPERTIES:
GRAIN: Spiral, veryclosegrained,poressmall, evenlydistributed.
COLOR: Gray or red.
DENSITY: Heavy.
STRENGTH: Weak.
USES: Ornamental and honey production.
46
Cassia fistula Linn.
(Leguminosae, sub familyCaesalpinoideae)
COMMON NAMES: Amaltas, Indian Laburnum.
DESCRIPTION: Amedium sized deciduous to semi-evergreen tree, with an open
crown.Thetreemayneverappeartobeentirelyleafless.Atmaturity,
heightof thetreewill range from5to 9mandhaveadiameterof0.5
to1.5m.Leavesarecompoundandaredividedintobetween4and6pairs
oflarger (12 by6cm.) ovalshapedleaflets.Theleafletsareleathery,
long pointed and stalked. The bark is greenish-gray on young trees,
changing to areddishbrownwithage. On oldtreesthebarkpeelsoff
in hardscales.
The flowers which are bright yellowand appear aroundApril and May.
They form in large, hanging, pointedbunchesand are arrangedalonga
centralaxis.The fruit is alongpod (2co 3cm indiameterand30 or
more cm long). Usually smooth, hard and dark brown when ripe; they
maturebetween September and February. The pods break open easilyto
expose the seed.
DISTRIBUTION: Thetree is nativeto Pakistan,commonly foundeastof the
Indus in the plains and continuing north into the Himalayas to a
elevationofapproximately1200meters.Itiscultivatedthroughoutthe
plains region.
HABITATANDECOLOGY: A moderatelyshadetolerant tree thatwill growon
many soils types including low nutrient and shallow soils. It is
foundinasub-humidcool to sub-tropical humid warm tropical climate
receiving between 500 to 3000 mm of annual precipitation. Its
temperaturerangeis from-5to45
0
C, even though both seedlings and
treesare susceptibleto somefrost damage.
REPRODUCTION: Itiseasilyreproducedfromseedandbyvegetativemeans.
The seedcali be storedfor 2years andretain its viability.
PRODUCTIVITY: Approximateyieldsof 10to 12m
3
/ha/yrhavebeenrecorded.
Averagediameter is growth is 0.5 cm/yr.
MANAGEMENT IMPLEMENTATIONS: The tree is not grazed by animals and it
has nodiseaseor insectproblemsof significance.Ithaspotential in
areas where watershed protection is needed and grazing has been a
problem.
WOOD PROPERTIES:
GRAIN: Straight grain with medium texture.
COLOR: Yellowishred to reddish brown.
DENSITY: 0.8 gm/cm
3
airdrywithacalorificvalueof 5164 kcal/kg.
STRENGTH: Verystrong, hardandresilient.
USES: Fuel, ornamental, fine furniture, agricultural implements, tool
handles, support posts, cart wheels and axles, tannin, and medicinal
(seedpodpulpas apurgative).
47
Casuarina equisetifolia Linn.
(Casuarinaceae)
COMMON NAMES: Casuarina, Beefwood.
DESCRIPTION: A large, evergreen tree, 15 to 25 m tall with a diameter of
upto1m.Theopen, featherycrowniscomposedofleaflessbranchlets
whichactas leaves (looklikepineneedles). Thebarkis rough,brown
andpeels off in long strips.
It ismonoecious.Themaleisasmallbunchorgroupflowersattheend
ofthebranchletsandthefemale isin roundishbunchesofflowersalso
at the ends of the branchlets appearing in March. The fruit is a
brownishwoodycone1.5to2cmlong,containingsmallwingedseeds.The
conesmature in JuneandJuly.
DISTRIBUTION: The tree is nativeto NorthandNortheasternAustralia.It
hasbeensuccessfullyplantedinAfrica,theSubcontinent,thePacific
regionandNorthAmerica.InPakistanithasbeenplantedontheplains,
ingardens and asaroadsidetree.
HABITATANDECOLOGY: An intoleranttreethatdoes notdowell in shade.
Itgrowsonavarietyofsoils, iftheyarewelldrained.Itrequires
aprecipitationzoneof700to2000mm/yrormore.Itprefersawarm
tohot tropical/ sub-tropical to acoastalmaritimeclimate witha
temperaturerangeof 5to 35
0
Cat elevationsof upto 1200 m.It is
frost hardy and can withstand draught periods of 6 to 8months.
Seedlings areattacked bytermitesand other insectpests.
REPRODUCTION: It can be reproducedfrom seed. Seed can be stored at
roomtemperature for 1to2years withoutlossofviability.
PRODUCTIVITY: Afast growingtree with recorded yields between6to 18
m
3
/ha/yron a30 yearrotation.
MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS: This is a non-leguminous tree that fixes
nitrogen and can grow on waterlogged and saline sites. It can also
toleratesaltspray.It isvaluableforfuelandotherwoodproductsand
isalsousefulforerosioncontrol.Anexcellentfarm forestrytreefor
areaswherethereare sodic, salineandwaterloggedcznditions.
WOOD PROPERTIES:
GRAIN: Straightto somewhatwavygrained.
COLOR: Light todarkreddishbrown.
DENSITY: Specificgravity of 0.9 to 1.2with acalorificvalueof 4950
kcal/kg.
STRENGTH: Hard,heavy, resilient.
USES: Fuel, mine props, implements, erosion control, windbreaks, and
wheels,spokesandaxles.
48
Cedrela serrata Royle.
(Meliaceae)
COMMON NAMES: Dravi, Hill Toon.
DESCRIPTION: A medium sized, deciduous tree, 2G mtall and with a diameter
of0.50 to 0.60m.The leaves arecompound, featheryusually35 to 80
cmlong. Thebark is thickand rough.
The flowersareindroopingbunches,upto0.5mlong.Theyarepinkish
and develop between Mayand June.The fruit is acapsule 2.5 to3cm
long. The seed is 1.5 cm long, winged at the upperend, and matures
betweenJuneand July.
DISTRIBUTION: The tree is nativeto India, Pakistan,Nepaland Burma. It
hasbeensuccessfullycultivatedinthefoothillareasofSwat,Murree,
Hazara, andAzad Kashmir.
HABITATANDECOLOGY: An aggressive pioneer that will quickly occupy
exposedlandslides,areasamongloosebouldersandsidesofravines.
Prefersmoistsoilsthatarewelldrained. It growsonavarietyof
soils, as long as thewatertable is closeto the soil surface. It
requires aprecipitation zone of 500 to 1250mm/yrormore, within
an elevation range of 1000 to 2500 m. It prefers a humid cool
temperate to sub-tropicalmonsoonclimatewith atemperaturerange
of -10 to 30(C. It is frosthardyandwillcoppiceeasily.Ithasno
known insectordiseaseproblems.
PRODUCTIVITY: Growthratesarehigh.Averagediametergrowthof2.5cm/yr
has beenrecorded.
MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS: It has potential as a farm forestry tree
especiallyin foothillareas. Itis consideredavaluabletimbertree.
WOODPROPERTIES:
GRAIN: Straight,coarsewithanuneventexture.
COLOR: Heartwood is redto reddishbrown.
DENSITY: Specificgravityof0.49.
STRENGTH: Heavy,hard, resilient.
USES: Furniture,heavyconstruction, fodder,andsleepers.
49
Cedrela toona Roxb. ex Wild.
(Meliaceae)
COMMON NAMES: Tun.
DESCRIPTION: A medium sized, deciduous tree, 18 to 21 m tall and with a
diameterof0.57 to0.95 m.Thecrownis broadandrounded.Theleaves
are compound30 to 55 cm long.
Theflowersaresmall,whiteandwiththefragranceofhoney,andoccur
indense,hangingbunchesbetweenMarchandMay.Thefruit isacapsule
2cm long. Each seed is winged at the top and bottom. The fruiting
periodis ApriltoJuly.
DISTRIBUTION: This tree is native to the lower Himalayas including,
PakistanandNepal. In Pakistan it is found in theplainseast of the
IndusRiver.Hasextensivelybeenplantedin Islamabadasavenuetree.
HABITATAND ECOLOGY: Amoderatelytoleranttreethatcanstandsomeshade
at an earlyage; however it becomes more intolerant to shade with
age. It grows on avariety of well drained soils, in valleys and
ravines. It requiresaprecipitationzone of 1125 to 4000mm/yror
more.Itprefersasub-humidsub-tropicalclimatewithatemperature
range of -5to 40
0
C.It is notfrosthardyas aseedling butolder
treesare quitefrosthardyanditcoppiceseasily.Theshootborer
Hypsipylacanbe aseriousproblem.
Seedhasalowpercentof viabilityanddoesnotstorewell.
PRODUCTIVITY: Growth rates are high.Trees 14 mtallwith diametersof
20 cmaregrownin 16 years.
MANAGEMENTIMPLICATIONS: This is a goodtreeforreforestation projects
because of its fast growth. It is also useful for roadside plantings and
as afarm forestrytree.
WOOD PROPERTIES:
GRAIN: Straight,somewhatuneventextured.
COLOR: Sapwood is pinkish to grayish white. Heartwood is light red
agingtoreddishbrown.
DENSITY: Specificgravityof0.57andacalorificvalueof5100kcal/kg.
STRENGTH: Light,moderatelyhard,resilient.
USES: Furniture, fodder, ornamental, timber, medicinal (bark for
dysentery), shade, andconstruction.
50
Cedrus deodara (Roxb. Ex Lamb.) G.Don.
(Pinaceae)
COMMON NAMES: Diar, Deodar, Himalayan Cedar.
DESCRIPTION: A large, evergreen, tree 45 to 60 m tall with a diameter of
0.8 to1.1 m.Thecrownextendstothegroundwiththebranchesforming
aconicalshape.The leavesarethree, sidedneedles2.5to4cmlong.
Theneedlesoccuringroupsordensetufts, sometimesasrosettes.The
bark is grayishorreddish-brown forming into irregular shapedscales
withage.
It ismonoecious.Themaleflowersorconesaresolitaryontheendsof
branches.The female flowersareerectalongthetopsofthebranches,
10 to 15 cmlong, and oval to pyramidal in shape.They areblue-green
whenyoung.TheconesbloombetweenJuneandSeptember.Thefruitisthe
femalecone.Astheconeripensitturnsabrowncolor.Theseed inthe
conetakesafull yearto matureafterpollinationand afull 2years
forthe reproductivecycleto be completed.Thereare twowinged seed
beneatheach conescale. Seed is shed inNovember.
DISTRIBUTION: This tree is native to the Himalayas of the subcontinent
includingPakistan,AfghanistanandIndia. In Pakistan it is foundat
highelevationsinAzadKashmir,MurreeHills,Hazara,Swat,Dir,Tirah
andChitral.
HABITATAND ECOLOGY: Atoleranttreethatwillgrowfairlywellin shade,
requiring full sun light with age. It grows on avarietyof deep,
rich soils, formed from various parentmaterials. It will grow on
thin rocky poor soils, but growth is stunted. It grows on steep,
cool, northern exposures and in valleys. It is adapted to a
precipitation zone of 1000 to 2000 mm/yr. It prefers asub-humid,
winter moisture regime, cold temperate climate with a temperature
rangeof-20 to 30'Cwithinan elevationrangeof 1200to 3000m.It
is susceptible to a number of wood rotting fungi and insect
defoliators.
REPRODUCTION: It is reproduced fromseed.Seed viabilityis low.
PRODUCTIVITY: It growsslow.MAIof 6 to 9 m
3
/ha/yrhas beenrecorded.
MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS: It is a valuable member of the coniferous
forest.Thewoodis inhighdemandresultinginovercutting.Harvesting
shouldbecurtaileduntil regenerationmethodshavebeenperfected.
WOOD PROPERTIES:
GRAIN: Straight,even, fine textured.
COLOR: Wood is white.
DENSITY: Specific gravity of 0.57 with a calorific value of 5200
kcal/kg.
STRENGTH: Light, soft.
USES: Construction,fuel, railwaysleepers,watershedprotection,packing
casesandmedicinal (aromaticwoodjuice ia acarminative,diuretic).
51
Celtis eriocarpa Decne.
(Uimaceae)
COMMON NAMES: Batkhar, Nettle Tree.
DESCRIPTION: Amoderately fast growing, medium to large sized, deciduous
tree. It reaches heights of 9to 18 mwith diameters of 6to 9cm.
Mature trees have large crowns and abuttressed base. The leaves are
simple and alternate.Theyare 7to 12 cm long, aretouqh, leathery,
oval shapedandpointed.Thebark is blue-gray smooth,withhorizonal
ridgesandroundswellings.
The small,paleyelloworgreenishflowersmaybeperfect (bothsexes)
or imperfect (onesex) onthe same tree.Theyoccuron the newshoots
before the new leaves appear. The fleshy fruits are round 1cm in
diameter.The fruitis greenturningtoyellowthentoblue-blackwhen
dry.It flowersbetweenFebruary andMayand its fruitmaturesbetween
AprilandSeptember.
DISTRIBUTION: ThetreeisnativetoPakistan,IndiaandNepal.InPakistan
it is commononbothsidesof theIndus. Naturalandcultivatedstands
and individuals are not uncommon throughout central Pakistan. Very
common in Islamabadas avenuetree.
HABITAT AND ECOLOGY: Amoderately intoleranttree thatwill stand some
shade. Itgrows on avarietyof sites and soils includingbothdry
rockysite to swamps. It is adaptedtoaprecipitationzone of 750
to1225mm/yr.Ithasatemperaturerangeof-20 to40
0
Candis frost
hardy.It prefersasub-humid,cool tosemi-arid,warmsub-tropical
winter/monsoon climate,usuallyat elevationsof 400 to 1800m.It
appearstobe diseaseand insect free.
REPRODUCTION: It is reproduced fromcuttings,coppice,and seed. Seeds
havehighviability.
PRODUCTIVITY: Diametergrowthof 0.6 cm/yrhasbeen observed.
MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS: Thisisaveryvaluabletree forboth foodand
fodder. The fodder is highlypalatable and is used for forage in the
sub-mountainousregions.Thewoodhasmanyusesincludingfuel. Ithas
pot-ntial bothas afarm forestrytreeandasan ornamental.
WOODPROPERTIES:
GRAIN: Straightanduneventextured.
COLOR: Yellowishwhitetopaleyellowwithdarkirregularstreaks.
STRENGTH: Hard, strong,andelastic.
USES: Toolhandles, agricultureimplements, fodder,andfood (fruit).
52
Ceratonia siliquj Linn.
COMMON NAMES: Sada Sabz, Carob Tree.
DESCRIPTION: A small evergreen tree. The leaves are compcand with leaflets
paired in groups of 3to 5.The leaflets are arranged opposite each
otheronthemainaxisof the leaf. Leafletsare 3to5cmlong.
The flowers occurin smallbunches5to7cmlong. Each flowerisvery
smallandgreenishincolor,appearingbetweenOctoberandNovember.The
pods are large7to 30 cmlong and 1to 2cmwide.Thepodsare thick
andturgid.Seedsareembeddedinthepulpwithinthepods.Podsmature
in December.
DISTRIBUTION: This tree is native to Southern Europe and North Africa. It
has been successfullyestablished in the subcontinent.In Pakistan it
has beenplanted in the Punjaband is foundas farnorthasAbbottabad
and Peshawar in NWFP.
HABITAT AND ECOLOGY: It has a wide range of adaptability and will do well
onavarietyofsoilswithinadry,sub-tropical,temperateclimate.
It is damagedbyhard frost so it doesbestin atemperaturerange
between0and40
0
C.Thetreedoesnotdowellwhereprecipitationis
below300 mm.This tree is highlyintolerant.
REPRODUCTION: It can be reproduced both from seed or by vegetative
means.Theseedwillremainviableforatleast5yearsif storedin
cool, dryconditions.
PRODUCTIVITY: Aratherslowgrowingbutexcellentfoddertree.
MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS: Because of its fodder production the tree has
potentialonpoorsites.Itmustbeprotectedfromuncontrolledgrazing
and can be considered a good farm forestry tree, but its slow growth may
restrictexpansion in its use.
WOOD PROPERTIES:
GRAIN: Poresare moderatelysizedin radialpatches.Rays areunequal
and irregularlydistributed.
COLOR: Thesapwood iswhiteandtheheartwood is red.
DENSITY: Hard,heavywithacalorificvalueof 4900 kcal/kg.
STRENGTH: Fairly strong.
USES: Fodder (both leaves and pods), fuel, gum, and medicinal.
53
Ceriops tagal (Perr.) C.B. Rob.
(Rhizophoraceae)
COMMON NAMES: Kirrari, Tagal Mangrove.
DESCRIPTION: A small to medium, evergreen tree 5 to 15 m tall with a
diameterof 20to40 cm.Thecrownis spreadingandmaybebrush like.
Rootsmaybestiltedwithknees20to30cmhigh.Theleavesaresimple,
ellipticaltorounded5to10 cmlongand2to6cmwide.Theleaftips
areslightly roundedandnotched, shortpointed atthe basewithwavy
(entire) margins. The thick, leathery leaves are shiny green and
hairlessonthetopsand yellowishgreenunderneath.Thebark is light
todarkgray to reddishbrown, smoothorwith irregularfissures.The
innorbarkis orangeor reddish.
Thereare4to 5small flowerstoacluster.Theyareyellowgreenwith
whitepetals.The flowersbloombetweenJulyand September.The fruit
isaberry,eggshaped1.5to2.5cmlongandleathery.Theseedmatures
betweenAugustandOctober.
DISTRIBUTION: This tree is distributedthroughoutaverywide rangefrom
East and SouthAfrica through SouthAsia to the islandsof the South
Pacific. In Pakistan it is found on
creeks at the mouth of the Indus
mud
and
flats and along salt water
on the Lasbela coast of
Balochistan.
HABITATANDECOLOGY: Anintoleranttreethatwill notgrowwell in shade.
Itgrowson welldrained soils andbrackishmudflats withinreach
of an occasional tide. It can do well on fairly saline soils, is
adaptedtoaprecipitationzoneof 125to1700 mm/yrormore,and a
temperaturerangeof1to 40
0
C.Itprefersahumidtoarid,hotsub-
tropicaltotropicalmaritimeclimate forbestgrowthrates.Itwill
coppice.Ithasnoknowndiseaseorpestproblemsof importance.
REPRODUCTION: It is i-producedfromseed. In naturetheseedgerminates
onthe treethenfallstothe ground (viviparousseed).
PRODUCTIVITY: It is slowgrowing.
MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS: This tree can be managed with a coppice system
on short rotations. Because of over harvesting it appears to be
threatenedwithextinctionand shouldbeprotected.
WOOD PROPERTIES:
GRAIN: Very fine, straight.
COLOR: Wood is orangered changingtoreddishbrown.
STRENGTH: Hard, heavy, strong:
USES: Fuel (including charcoal), tannin, post and poles, and fodder.
54
Conocarpu__s
lancifolius
Engler
(Combretaceae)
COMMON
NAMES:
Ghalab,
Ethiopian
Teak.
DESCRIPTION:
An evergreen
tree which grows up to 20 m in height and 60 to
250 cm in diameter
underfavorable
climatic
conditions.
Leavesaredark
green, simple lanceolate.
Flowers
in April. Fruitformation
occurs in
hotweather.
DISTRIBUTION:
Natural
stands of this treeoccurin Somalia
and southwest
parts of the Arabian
Peninsula.
It is cultivated
in Dijibouti,
Yemen,
Sudanand Kenya. It was introduced
in Pakistan
from Sudanandhasbeen
primarily
planted
in the province
of Sindh. Morerecently
it has been
introduced
in thePunjab.
SILVICAL
CHARACTERISTICS:
HABITAT AND ECOLOGY:
This tree grows naturally
along water courses
and
be planted
can
up to 1000 m above sea level.
It can survive
in
precipitation
of 50 to 400 mm when Vrowing
along seasonal
water
courses.
It canstand droughty
conditions
andtemperatures
ranging
between
5 and 50'C. It grows well on deep soils and tolerates
salinity.
Insect and disease
problems
have not been recorded
in
Pakistan.
REPRODUCTION:
both prom seed or by vegetative
means. It seedsprofusely.
PRODUCTIVITY:
Height growth of 1 m/yr has bpen recorded
in good soils
with sustained
irrigation.
Yieldsofupto21m
3
/ha/yrarepossible.
MANAGEMENT
IMPLICATIONS:
This tree is easy to plant, manage and raise in
plantations.
Because
of
fodder, its
fuel and timber
uses it has
potential
as afarmforestry
tree.
WOOD PROPERTIES:
GRAIN: Even.
COLOR: Gray-white.
DENSITY:
Medium toheavy with a specific
gravity
of 0.81.
STRENGTH:
Strong.
USES: Fodder,
fuel, timber (carpentry,
boats),
and windbreaks.
55
Cordia myxa C. B. Clarke
(Boraginaceae)
COMMON NAMES: Lasura, Sebasten Plum.
DESCRIPTION: A medium sized deciduous tree, 5 to 15 m tall. Leaves are
simple, variable in shape, withthe baseroundedorheartshaped.The
leaves are7to 13 cmlong and 6to 11 cmwide.Thebarkis brownand
hasdeepfissureswithnumerous shallowfissures aroundthe stem.
The white yellowish brown flowers hang in bunches. Each flower is
between 0.5 to 1cm across. The fruit, adrupe, is oblong 1to 3cm
long. Thedrupe is yellowish brownpinkto blackwhenripe. The drupe
is sweetandedible, andmatures in JulyandAugust.
DISTRIBUTION: This tree is native to Pakistan and India. In Pakistan it in
thesub-Himalayantractfrom Rawalpindi eastward. It is also found in
the SaltRange.
HABITATANDECOLOGY: An intoleranttree thatdoes notdowell in shade.
It grows on a variety of soils where moisture is available, in
micrositeslikenullas,gullies,pocketsonhillswheremoisturewill
accumulate, near waterways, and in depressions. It requires a
precipitation zone of 300 to 600 mm/yr or more. It prefers a dry sub-
tropicaltoadrytemperateclimatewithatemperaturerangeof2to
42C at elevationsup to 1500 m.It is frostanddrought hardy. It
hasnoknowninsectsordiseaseproblemsof significantimportance.
REPRODUCTION: It canbe reproduced from seed. Seed will remainviable
for oneyear.
PRODUCTIVITY: It is avery fast growing tree.
MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS: This frost and drought resistant tree has value
as acommercial timber tree. It can be plantedon arid and semi-arid
degraded sites. Farmers like it because of the fruit. It is an excellent
farm forestrytree on harsh,degraded sites.
WOOD PROPERTIES:
GRAIN: Variable, texture is fine to medium.
COLOR: Grayishbrown,reddishbrownon exposure, lustrevariable.
DENSITY: Acalorificvalueof 4900 kcal/kg.
STRENGTH: Hard,moderatelystrong.
USES: Fuel, fruit, implements,erosioncontrol,andmedicinal (fruitfor
cough, diseasesof thechest).
56
Crataeva religiosa Linn.
(Bixaceae)
COMMON NAMES: Barna, Religious tree.
DESCRIPTION: A medium sized deciduous tree. Leaves may be trifoliate,
ovate, obovate or lanceolate. They are acuminate and the base is
attenuatedto lateral oblique,entire, glabrous,andpale underneath.
Thebark isgrayand nearlysmooth.
Flowersare 7to 10 cmacross,white,pale-yelloworreddish-yellowin
manyflowered,laxcorymbs.The4petalsarelong-clawedandovate,and
occur between May and June. The berries are 2.5 to 3 cm in diameter and
globosewithmanyseedsembedded in theyellowpulp.The fruitsmature
betweenAugustandSeptember.
DISTRIBUTION: This tree is native to the sub-Himalayan tract from the Ravi
River eastward. It appears to be wild on the plains but is probably
self-sown from cultivated trees. It is often planted in grave-yards for
shade.
HABITAT AND ECOLOGY: An intolerant tree that grows well in arid areas on
sandy loam, saline or even calcareous soils. It requires a
precipitation zone of500 to 800mm/yr.Itprefersasemi-arid,hot
sub-tropical climatewith atemperature rangeof 5to 40
0
C.It has
no known insects ordiseaseproblemsof significantimportance.
REPRODUCTION: It can be reproduced from seed or suckers.
PRODUCTIVITY: It is a fast growing tree going upto 30 cm/yr inheight.
MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS: This tree regenerates profusely from root
suckers and is planted for its handsomearomaticflowers.
WOOD PROPERTIES:
GRAIN: Smoothed grained.
COLOR: Yellowish.
DENSITY: Medium.
STRENGTH: Weak.
USES: Afforestation,ornamental,andapiculture.
57
Cupressus arizonica
(Cupressaceae)
COMMON NAMES: Gulabi Saru, Arizona Cypress.
DESCRIPTION: A 15 to 25 m tall tree, conic in shape. Branches are not
compressed. Leaves are acute, blue-gray to grayish-green, about 2 mm
long.Themarginsare finelytoothed.Thebarkis roughreddishbrown,
graying andnot infoliative.
Mature cones are 12 to 25 mm across with 6 to 8 scales. They stay on the
tree formany years.
DISTRIBUTION: This tree is native to Arizona and New Mexico in the United
StatesofAmericaandtoMexico. Ithas beenplantedin Pakistanasan
ornamental around homes and in Balochistan in juniper forests as a
replacementspecies.
HABITATANDECOLOGY: Atreethatiswelladaptedtosemi-aridconditions.
In extremelyarid regionsit needsirrigationforestablishmentbut
subsequently survives in precipitation zones of 300 to 350 mm/yr.
It canstandfrost and snow.
REPRODUCTION: It is reproducedfrom seed.
PRODUCTIVITY: It is acomparatively fast growing cypress tree. It can
grow1m/yr in heightunder favorableconditions.
MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS: This tree might be grown in large plantations
in aridregionsof Pakistan, especiallyin Balochistan.
WOOD PROPERTIES:
COLOR: Soft, grayish yellow.
DENSITY: Soft.
STRENGTH: Average strength.
USES: Afforestation and ornamental.
58
Dalbergia sissoo Roxb.
(Leguminosae, sub family Papilionoideae)
COMMON NAMES: Shisham, Tahli, Rose wood.
DESCRIPTION: A medium size to large, deciduous tree, 30 m in height. The
branches are spreading and diameters of 3mhave been recorded. The
trunk isusuallycrooked.Theleavesarecompoundwith3to5leaflets
on an 8cm stalk. The leaflets are between 2.5 to 6cm in diameter,
broadly oval, tough and pointed. The bark is gray, and furrowed
longitudinally. On oldertreesthe barkmaypeel ofin strips.Young
branchesmaybe coveredwithagraydown.
The flowers occur inqroupsandare small. Theflowers aredull white
toyellowishwhitetopinkish,appearingbetweenMarchandMay.Thepods
are small, 5to 8 cm long and papery. The pods ripen from June to
February.Thereareusually 1to 4seedsperpod.
DISTRIBUTION: The tree is native to the subcontinent along a sub-Himalayan
tract. It is commonalongriversbanks andstreams.It is successfully
planted in manyareasof Pakistan,India andotherpartsof theworld.
HABITATANDECOLOGY: It is one of the most important trees in Asia. It
occurs in a dry sub-tropical, dry temperate climate and does best on
well drained sandy to sandy loam soils but will tolerate saline
soils. It has an elevation rangeof 900 to 1500 mif precipitation
is between 300 to 2000 mm. It is frosthardy and hasatemperature
range of 0to 50
0
C.A very intolerant tree, susceptible to root
diseases in irrigatedplantationsand attacks by anumberof leaf
fungi. Young treesareheavilygrazedandbrowsed.
means. It is difficulttoseparate theseed fromthepods.Seed (in
brokenpods) canbe stored for 6monthswithoutloss ofviability.
PRODUCTIVITY: In irrigated plantations growthofllmin heightand20 cm
diameterhavebeenrecorded duringa15 yearperiod.MAI of 7.7
in/ha/yr is achievedovera20 yearrotation.
MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS: Under irrigation it is grown extensively
throughout the Punjab, NWFPand parts of Sindh. It growsslower than
Eucalyptusand poplar, but is agood farm forestrytree because its a
good fodder tree, it fixes nitrogen, and is a good long term investment
for farmers. It is also agoodshade tree.
WOOD PROPERTIES:
GRAIN: Interlockedgrainwithamediumtocoarsetexture.
COLOR: Sapwoodwhiteto palebrown.Heartwood isgoldenbrown todark
brown.
DENSITY: Wood is heavy with a specific gravity of 0.85 and a calorific
valueof 5000 kca1/kg.
STRENGTH: Hard and strong, resilient.
USES: Fodder, furniture, fuel and charccal, medicinal (rootsandbark),
railway carriages,sportinggoods, farm implements,and shade.
59
Delonix regia Raf.
COMMON NAME: Gui Mohar, Gold Mohur.
DESCRIPTION: A small to medium sized tree that attains heights of 12 to
15 mwith diameters of 30 to 35 cm. Although it sheds its leaves in
winter,orthe dry season, it is nevertotally leafless.Thetree has
a wide crown of 15 m or more. The grow is erect at first and then turns
outward causing an umbrella shaped crown. The alternatively arranged
leavesarelarge,doublecompound (bipinnate), andlong,upto20to60
cr. The bark is gray, smooth, splitting or exfoliating. The bole is
short andsometimesbuttressed.
Flowersare 10 cmacross, bright scarlet in lax terminal andaxillary
racemes. They are extremely showy. Flowering occurs after the cold
seasonbetweenMayand June.The fruitisalargewoodypod 50 cm long
and 5 cm wide containing flattened beans. Pods and seed are persistent.
DISTRIBUTION: The tree is native to Malagasy and has been planted in much
of Asia and Africa. It is a common ornamental in Karachi, Hyderabad and
Lahore.
HABITATANDECOLOGY: Thetree grows on almostany well drainedsoil. It
is an intolerant,but is sensitiveto frostespeciallywhenyoung.
REPRODUCTION: Itisreproducedfrcmseed.Theseedsarelarge,yellowish
andmottled.
PRODUCTIVITY: This is a fast growing tree.
freeof hard frosts.
A fast growing ornamental in areas that are
WOOD PROPERTIES:
GRAIN: Straight.
COLOR: Whitishgray.
DENSITY: Medium.
STRENGTH: Durable.
USES: Ornamental and shade.
60
Derris indica Bennet.
(Leguminosae, subfamily Papilionoideae)
COMMON NAMES: Pongam, Ponga Oil Tree.
DESCRIPTION: Amedium size, deciduous tree, 20 to 25 m in height. The
branches are spreading and drooping. The leaves are compound with
leaflets ingroupsof 5to9.The leafletsarelimegreenturningdark
greenwithage. Thebark is soft,grayishbrown.
The flowers occur in hangingbunchesand are 1.3 cmlong. The flowers
arewhitetingedwithviolet,appearingbetweenAprilandMay.Thepods
are small, 3to 5cm long and woody.The pods ripen fromMarchtoMay
of the followingyear.There is usuallyone seedperpod.
DISTRIBUTION: The tree is native to the subcontinent along tidal rivers
banksand tidal forests. It is successfullyplanted inaridregionsof
Pakistan andIndia.
HABITATANDECOLOGY: This tolerant tree grows on a variety of sites
includingsaline, sodicandwaterloggedsoils. Itcantoleratesalt
conditions (pH9.8) andcangrowwithitsrootsinsaltwater.It is
adapted to asub-humid tropical climateat elevationsupto 1200 m
in areas that receivebetween 500 Pnd 2500mm ofprecipitation. It
is considereddroughthardyandhasatemperaturerangeof0to50
0
C.
It can stand light frost.
means. The seed will remain viable for one year if its carefully
stored.
PRODUCTIVITY: This is afastgrowing treethatattains itsmatureheight
in 4to 5years.
MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS: Because of its fast growth and ability to grow
on saline, and doughty site this tree is valuable for both reclaiming
saline problem areas and in controlling erosion. It has been
successfully used in dune stabilization. It is an excellent farm
forestrytreeespeciallyin the Sindh.
WOOD PROPERTIES:
GRAIN: Coarsetextured,beautiful, butdifficulttowork.
COLOR: Yellowishwhite.
DENSITY: Woodis heavywith aspecificgravityof 0.75 and acalorific
value of 4600 kcal/kg.
STRENGTH: Hardandstrong.
USES: Fodder, wheels and axles, oil (from seeds), furniture, fuel,
medicinal (oilused forskindiseases), insectrepellant (driedleaves
in grainstoragesheds) and ornamental.
61
Ehretia serrata Roxb.
(Boraginaceae)
COMMON NAMES: Puran, Punna.
DESCRIPTION: A medium sized deciduous tree, 10 m to 12 m tall and with a
diameterof 0.4 to 0.5 m.Leaves aresimple, oblong in shape, and the
edgessharplytoothed.Theleavesarepointed,8to 15 cmlongand4to
7cm wide.Thetop ofthe leaves areshiny.Thebark isdarkgrayand
withvertical fissures.
The small, white flowers are fragrant, occur in large cone shaped
bunches,andmaturebetweenMarchandMay.Thefruit,adrupe, is small
androunded, andmaturesbetweenSeptemberand November.
DISTRIBUTION: The tree is native to Pakistan and India. In Pakistan it
grows in the sub-Himalayan tract from Azad Kashmir westward to
Rawalpindi, Islamabad, Murree, IHazara, Swat. It hasbeen successfully
plantedin areas aroundLahore.
HABITAT AND ECOLOGY: An intolerant tree that grows on a variety of shallow
soils, even on boulder formation. It requires aprecipitationzone
of 750 to 1250 mm/yrormore. It prefersacool sub-tropical to a
humid sub-humidmonsoon climatewith atemperature rangeof -10 to
40'Catelevationsupto 1500m.Itcoppiceswell, is frosthardyand
has no insectordiseaseproblemsof significance.
means.
PRODUCTIVITY: A moderately fast growing tree. Diameter growth increments
of 0.73 to 0.83 cm/yrhavebeen recorded.
MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS: A very frost hardy tree that has limited value
for commercial timber.It can be plantedon
sites. The leaves can be used as fodder.
semi-arid, harshdegraded
It is an excellent farm
forestrytree forerosioncontrol.
WOOD PROPERTIES:
GRAIN: Coarse.
COLOR: Light brown.
STRENGTH: Hard, strong.
USES: Fuel, fruit, implements, erosion control, furniture, and gun stocks.
62
Elaeagnus hortensis M. Bieb.
(Elaeagnaceae)
COMMON NAME: Sanjata, Russian olive.
DESCRIPTION: A small deciduous tree. Leaves are elliptic, oblong, greenish
ontheuppersurface,silverybeneathwithscatteredscales.Flowersare
small, scentedanddull yellowish-white.FlowersbetweenAprilandMay
andareborneintheaxilsofleaves. Fruitisadrupewithastonyseed
2cmlong red and sweetwhenripe.
DISTRIBUTION: Distributed throughout temperate and sub tropical climates.
Grows along water courses in the Northern Areas (Gilgit, Skardu,
Chitral) andin moistplaces inKaghanandBalochistan.
SILVICAL CHARACTERS:
HABITATANDECOLOGY: Anintoleranttreethatgrowswell inmoistplaces,
slopesandvalleys and along naturalstreams. Itwillgrow in almost
any soil but thrives in calcareous soils. Rainfall zone is 200 to 500
mm and temperature range of minus zero to 30
0
C. It has no known
insects problems.
REPRODUCTION: Itcanbe reproducedbothfromseedandbycuttings.Seed
is alsodisseminatedbybirds.
PRODUCTIVITY: Aratherslowgrowingtree.
MANAGEMENT: This tree is planted for fodder and fruit and is lopped for
fuel.
WOOD PROPERTIES:
GRAIN: Porous.
COLOR: Sapwoodnarrow,heartwooddarkbrown.
DENSITY: Soft.
STRENGTH: Mild.
USES: Fruitjamandjellies, fodder,fuel, wildlifehabitat,windbreaks,
and nursecropfortimbertrees.
63
Erythrinasuberosa Roxb.
(Leguminosae,
sub family Caesalpinoideae)
COMMON NAMES: Gul-i-Nishter,
Coral Tree.
DESCRIPTION:
A medium size tree, 12 to 15 m in height. The leaves are
compound with leaflets in threes. The leaflets are 10 to 20 cm long and
broad.Leavesmaybearmed afewscatteredprickles.Thebarkis corky
and deeply cracked. The branches and bark are armed with yellowish,
whitethorns.
The flowerswhichappear in Februaryaredeepred. Thepodsarelarge
12 to 16 cmlong andmature inJuneandJuly.
DISTRIBUTION:
The tree is native to the subcontinent.
In Pakistan it is
distributed
in the Punjabwest ofthe RaviRiver.
HABITATAND ECOLOGY: This intolerant
treegrowson sandy loamssoils in
amoistsub-tropical
climatewhereprecipitation
exceed800mm/yrat
anelevation upto 800 m.It hasatemperature
rangeof 2to 40'C.
REPRODUCTION:
both from seed or by vegetative
means.
PRODUCTIVITY:
Afastgrowing tree thatattainsdiameters ofonemin40
years.
MANAGEMENT
IMPLICATIONS:
Because of its fast growth and nitrogen fixing
properties
it would be considered
a good farm forestry tree. It is
highlyregardedasalandscapeimprovement
tree.Ithasnoknowninsect
ordiseaseproblems.
WOOD PROPERTIES:
GRAIN: Smooth, straight.
COLOR: Light.
DENSITY: Woodis lightandhasacalorificvalueof4800 kcal/kg.
STRENGTH:
Softandnotdurable,but fibrousandtough.
USES: Fuel, nitrogen fixing, ornamental
and medicinal
(bark as a
febrifuge).
64
Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn.
(Myrtaceae)
COMMON NAMES: Sufeda, Lachi, Red River Gum.
DESCRIPTION: A large, evergreen tree, up to 40 m tall with a diameter of
1to2m.The crownis spreadingand irregular.Theleavesaresimple,
narrow and lance shaped, 6to 30 cm long and 0.8 to 2cm wide. The
leaveshaveauniqueeucalyptussmellwhencrushed.Thebarkis smooth
and stem may be crooked. The bark is whitish, pale gray with mottle
reddish patches. Pieces of the bark will shed in long strips or
irregular flakes.
The flowers, which occur in groups of fives and tens, bloom usually
between May and June. The fruit is a capsule containing many small
seeds,and is shapedlikeahalfglobe0.7cmindiameter.Thecapsules
maturebetweenSeptemberandOctober.
DISTRIBUTION: The tree is native to Australia. It is widely planted in
aridareasthroughouttheworld.InPakistanit issuccessfullyplanted
throughoutthe plainsand in thehills.
HABITAT AND ECOLOGY: Avery intolerant tree thatgrows on avariety of
soils. It doeswell on saline, sodicandwaterlogged sites. It is
adapted to aprecipitation zone of 200 to 1250 mm/yr ormore. It
prefers a semi-arid, warm hot, sub-tropical winter/monsoon rain
climatewith atemperature rangeof -5to40'C at elevationsup to
1400 m.It coppices well and can be grown in mixed stands. It is
frosthardyandcantoleratehotdroughtyconditionsif irrigatedor
if there is a shallow water table. Young tree may be attack by
termites,butwithage it is pestfree.
Seed sealed in air tight containers will remain viable for long
periods incold storage.
PRODUCTIVITY: It growsveryfast.Heightgrowthratesof0.3m/monthfor
young stands have been reported. MAI of 10 to 25 m
3
/ha/yr is not
uncommon.
MANAGEMENTIMPLICATIONS: This is a good tree for reforestation projects
becauseof its fastgrowthandwoodvalue. Farmerslike itbecauseof
its fastgrowth.Thereis someevidencethatthistreemaycompetewith
crops for moisture. It is an excellent farm forestry tree ideally suited
forplantingon saline, sodicandwaterlogged farmsites.
WOODPROPERTIES:
GRAIN: Twistedand interlocked,mediumcoarse,uneventexture.
COLOR: Sapwood is light gray, heartwood is reddish brown.
DENSITY: Specificgravityof0.71 andacalorificvalueof4900kcal/kg.
STRENGTH: Hard,elasticandresilient.
USES: Carriages, fuel, charcoal, furniture, oil (leaves), shelterbelt,
apiculture,pulp,and fiberboard.
65
Eucalyptus
citriodora Hook.
(Myrtaceae)
COMMON NAMES: Sufeda, Lemon Scented Gum.
DESCRIPTION:
A large, evergreen
tree, to m with
of
up 40 tall
diameters
1to2m. Thecrownisthinandirregular.
Theleavesare simple, narrow
andlanceshaped,10 to20cmlongand1to2.5cmwide.Theleaveshave
aunique lemonsmellwhen crushed.Thebarkis ;moothandthestem is
straight.
Thebarkiswhitish,tosilvergrayorbluishwithadimpled
appearance.
The flowers,whichoccur in groupsof threesand fives, usuallybloom
betweenFebruaryandMarch.Thefruitisacapsulecontaining
manysmall
seeds, and is shaped like ahalf globe. The capsulesmature between
September
andOctober.
DISTRIBUTION:
The tree is native to Australia.
It is widelyplanted in
aridareasthroughout
theworld.InPakistanitissuccessfully
planted
throughout
theplainsand in thehills.
HABITATANDECOLOGY:
Avery intolerant
tree thatgrows on avariety of
soils, includingpoorgravelysoilsaslongas they are well drained.
It is adaptedto aprecipitation
zoneof 600 to900 mm/yrormore,
butcan tolerateadryseasonof 5to6months. It prefersasemi-
arid, warm hot, sub-tropical
winter/monsoon,
climate with a
temperature
range of 5to 40
0
Cat elevations
up to 2000 m. It can
withstand
a light frost, it coppices easily, and can be grown in
mixed stands. Young treemaybe attackedby termites,
bptwithage
theybecomepest free.
REPRODUCTION:
It is reproduced
bothfrom seedandbyvegetative
means.
Seedsealed in airtight containers
will remainviable for several
years incold storage.
PRODUCTIVITY:
Itgrowsveryfast.Heightgrowthratesof0.3 m/monthfor
young stands have been reported.
MAI of 10 to 15 m
3
/ha/yr on an 8
year rotationhasalsobeenrecorded.
MANAGEMENT
IMPLICATIONS:
This is agoodtreeforreforestation
projects
becauseof its fast growthand woodvalue.Farmers like it becauseof
its fastgrowth.Thisis aexcellent
farmforestrytree.
WOOD PROPERTIES:
GRAIN: Twistedand interlocked,
mediumcoarse,uneventexture.
COLOR: Sapwoodis lightgray,heartwood
is lightbrown.
DENSITY: Specificgravityof0.78andacalorific
valueof4800kcal/kg.
STRENGTH: Hard, elasticandresilient.
USES:
Fuel, charcoal,
furniture,
perfume (leaves),
shelterbelt,
apiculture,
pulp,fiberboard,andtool handles.
66
Euca!jptus
microtheca
F. Muell.
(Myrtaceae)
COMMON
NAMES: Sufeda, Flooded Box.
DESCRIPTION:
Asmall tomediumsized,evergreen
tree,10to20mtallwith
diameters
upto 1m.Thecrown is bushyandspreading.
Theleaves are
simple,narrowand lanceshaped, 7to 12 cmlongand 1to 2.5cmwide.
The flowers, whichoccurin groupsofthrees and fives, usuallybloom
between June and July. The fruit is acapsule containing
many small
seeds, and is shaped like a half
The globe.
capsules
mature in
September.
DISTRIBUTION:
The tree is native to Australia.
It is widely planted in
aridareasthroughout
theworld.InPakistan
itis successfully
planted
throughout
theplains and in thehills.
HABITAT ANDECOLOGY:
A very intolerant
treethatgrows on avariety of
soils, including
poorgravelysoilsaslongastheyarewelldrained.
It can stand inundation
at leastpart oftheyearandwill dowell
on flood plains and around swampsand lagoons.
It is adapted to a
precipitation
zoneof 200to 1000mm/yrormore,butcantolerate
a
dryseasonofupto7months.Itprefersasemi-arid,
warmhot,sub-
tropical
winter/monsoon,
climate with atemperature
range -,f0to
40
0
C at elevations
up to 700 m. It can stand a light frost, it
coppices
easily, and young tree are less likely to be attack by
termites thanotherEucalyptus
species.
REPRODUCTION:
It is reproduced
bothfromseedandbyvegetative
means.
Seed sealedin airtight containers
will remainviable forseveral
years incoldstorage.
PRODUCTIVITY:
It grows slow. With irrigation
height growth
be can
increased
to approximately
3 m/yr. MAI of 5 to 10 m/ha,'yr on a 8
yearrotation
underirrigation
hasbeen recorded.
MANAGEMENT
IMPLICATIONS:
Thisis a good tree for reforestation
projects
becauseof itsabilitytotolerate
droughtconditions.
Farmerslike it
becauseof its shelterbelt
potential.
It is aexcellent
farm forestry
tree.
WOODPROPERTIES:
GRAIN: Twistedandinterlocked,
mediumcoarse,uneventexture.
COLOR: Wood is blackto darkbrown.
DENSITY:
Specific
gravity of 0.89.
STRENGTH:
Hard,elasticandresilient.
USES: Fuel, charcoal,
poles and fence post, shelterbelt,
apiculture,
shade, andtoolhandles.
67
Eucalyptus tereticornis Sm.
(Myrtaceae)
COMMON NAMES: Sufeda, Lachi, Mysore hybrid.
DESCRIPTION: A large, evergreen tree, up to 40 m tall with diameters of
1to 2m.It hasastraightstemand thecrown is spreadingand open.
The leavesare simple, narrowand lanceshaped, 15 to20 cmlong. The
leaveshaveauniqueeucalyptussmellwhencrushed.Thebarkissmooth,
whitishandmoreorless deciduous.
The small, white flowers, which occur in clusters, usually blooms
betweenJanuaryandApril.Thefruitisacapsulecontainingmanysmall
seeds, and is shaped like ahalf globe. The capsules mature between
AugustandSeptember.
DISTRIBUTION: The tree is native to Australia. It is widelyplanted in
aridareasthroughouttheworld.InPakistanit issuccessfullyplanted
throughouttheplainsand in thehills.
HABITAT AND ECOLOGY: Avery intoleranttree that grows on avariety of
soils. It doeswell on saline, sodic andwaterlogged sites. It is
adaptedto aprecipitation zone of 800 to 1500 mm/yr or more. It
prefersasemi-humidwarmhot, sub-tropicalwinter/monsoon,climate
withatemperaturerangeof 0to40
0
Catelevationsupto 1500m.It
coppiceseasilyandcanbegrown inmixedstaids.It is frosthardy
andcantoleratehotdraughtyconditionsif irrigatedorif thereis
ashallowwatertable.Youngtreemaybeattackbytermites,butwith
age becomepest free.
REPRODUCTION: It is reproducedbothfrom seedandbyvegetativemeans.
Seed sealed in air tight containers will remain viable for long
periods in coldstorage.
PRODUCTIVITY: Itgrowsveryfast.Heightgrowthratesof0.3 m/monthfor
young standshave been reported.MAI of 12 to 25 m
3
/ha/yrhasbeen
reportedovera15 yearrotation.
MANAGEMENTIMPLICATIONS: This isagoodtreefor reforestation projects
becauseof its fastgrowthandwoodvalue. Farmerslike it becauseof
its fastgrowth.This isaexcellentfarm forestrytree ideallysuited
forplantingonsaline,sodicandwaterloggedsites.Itcouldbeplanted
onwastelandsand forerosioncontrol.
WOODPROPERTIES:
GRAIN: Twistedand interlocked,mediumcoarse, uneventexture.
COLOR: Wood is red to reddish brown.
STRENGTH: Hard,elasticandresilient.
USES: carriages, fuel, charcoal, furniture, shelterbelt, apiculture, pulp,
fiberboard,anderosioncontrol.
68
Ficus religiosa Linn.
(Moraceae)
COMMON NAME: Pipal.
DESCRIPTION: A large deciduous tree that is leafless or nearly so for a
shortperiodduringhotseasons.The leavesare simple,large10 to15
cmby 6to 12 cmand arebroadlyovate,abruptly lanceolate,andshiny
on the top side. The bark is gray and smooth with small irregular scales
whenold.
It flowers in April andMay. The fruit (fig) grows in the axil of the
lower leaves and are 1.2 cm in diameter. Seeds are verysmall. Fruit
matures fromOctobertoNovember.
DISTRIBUTION: The tree is common in the sub-Himalayas but probably is not
native. It is cultivatedthroughoutthe plains.
HABITATANDECOLOGY: Averyintoleranttreethat iscultivatedonalarge
varietyof sites, butdoesbest on sandyclaysoils. It is adapted
to an elevation zone of 0 to 1200 mwith a precipitation range of 800
to 1000 mm/yr. It grows well within a temperature range of 0 to 40
0
C
in asemi-arid,warm, sub-tropical climate.
REPRODUCTION: It is reproducedbothfrom seed andbyvegetativemeans.
It will coppice. Seeds are very small and are sometimes spread in
birddroppings.
PRODUCTIVITY: The growth rate of this tree is fast. Height growth of 1
m/yrhasbeen reported.
MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS: The tree has value as an avenue tree and is
plantedalongwatercourses. It is agood foddertree. Becauseof its
fodder and fig potential it could have importanceas afarm forestry
tree.
WOOD PROPERTIES:
GRAIN: Spiral.
COLOR: Whitishgray.
DENSITY: Medium.
STRENGTH: Soft.
USES: Ornamental, fodder, food (figs), small timber,andmedicinal.
69
Fraxinus hookeri Wenzing.
(Oleaceae)
COMMON NAMES: Sum, Ash.
DESCRIPTION: Alarge, deciduous tree 18 to 30 m tall with diameters of 0.6
to 1.0m.Thecrown is oval shapedanddense.The leavesarecompound,
withthe leaflets in threes. Leaves are 3to 25 cm long. The bark is
smoothandstemstraight.Thebark is light to darkgray.Roughnessof
the barkincreaseswithage.
The small, white flowers, are arranged in bunches and usually bloom
betweenAprilandMay.The fruitis awingedseed, 3to3.5 cmlong and
6to8cmwide.The seedmaturesbetweenMayandOctober.
DISTRIBUTION: Thetree is native tothe subcontinent includingPakistan.
In Pakistanit is found fromSwattoAzadKashmirand Hazara.
HABITATANDECOLOGY: Atoleranttreethatgrowsonavarietyofrich,deep
soils. It is adaptedtoaprecipitationzoneof 600to 1200m/yr.It
prefersahumid cool temperate,sub-tropicalwinter/monsoon,climate
with atemperature range of12 to 35
0
C at elevations between 1200 and
2700m.It coppices easily, and is frost anddrought sensitive. It
has noknown insector diseaseproblems.
REPRODUCTION: It is reproducedbothfrom seedandby vegetative means.
The seedsare small and wingedandunder naturalconditionscan be
transportedgreatdistances.
PRODUCTIVITY: It grows fast. MAI diametergrowthof 0.2 cm/yrhasbeen
observed.
MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS: This is a good tree for reforestation projects
because of its wood value for sporting goods items. This wood has
proprieties similar to European ash and should
planting. This is aexcellent farm forestry tree
plantingonhighhilly farm sites.
be recommended
ideally suited
for
for
WOOD PROPERTIES:
COLOR: Wood is whitish.
STRENGTH: Hard,heavy and resilient.
USES: construction, fuel, tool handles,oars,andsportinggoods.
70
Fraxinus xanthoxyloides (G.Don) D.C.
(Oleaceae)
COMMON NAMES: Shang, Ziarat Ash.
DESCRIPTION:
A shrub or small deciduous tree 3 to 7.5 m tall with
diameters of 0.3 to 0.6 m. The leaves are compound, with the leaflets
in threes.Leavesare 8to 12 cm long.
The flowers are arranged in dense bunches. They may be unisexual or
bisexual andbloom betweenMarchandApril.Thefruitisawingedseed,
thatmaturebetweenMayandAugust.
DISTRIBUTION: The tree is native to the subcontinent including Pakistan,
Afqhanistan, and India. In Pakistai it is found in Gilgit agency,
Clitral, Dir, Swat,flazara, Kurram,and Balochistan.
HABITAT AND ECOLOGY: A tolerant tree that grows on a variety of
calcareous, loamy, rich, deep soils. It is adapted to a
precipitationzoneof 250 to 1000m/yr. Itprefersanaridtosemi-
arid, cool to cold temperate, Mediterranean climate withatempe-
rature range if -20 to 35'C at elevationsbetween 1000 and2500 m.
It coppices easily, and is frost and drought resistant. It has no
known insect ordiseaseproblems.
REPRODUCTION: It is reproducedboth fromseed and byvegetativemeans.
The seeds are small andwingedand under naturalconditionscan be
transportedgreatdistances.
PRODUCTIVITY: Itgrows very slow. MAI of 0.25 cm/yr is common.Oneyear
oldcoppice shootsare 0.25 to 0.9mtall.
MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS: This is agoodtreefor reforestationprojects
indenudedwatersheds.Thewoodisoflimitedvalue,butcanbeusedfor
fuel and fodder.
WOOD PROPERTIES:
STRENGTH: Hard,heavyand resilient.
USES: Construction,fuel, toolhandles,fodder,andwatershedprotection.
71
Gleditsia triacanthos Linn.
COMMON NAMES: Dozakh, Honey Locust.
DESCRIPTION: A large deciduous tree with a spreading crown. Heightsof
25marenotuncommon;diameterwill rangefrom0.6 to1m. Leavesare
compoundbetween 12.5 and 17.5 cm long. Twigs and branchesare armed
withthorns.
The flowers are greenish and occur as hanging bunches with the
individual flowersarranged along the central axis. Floweringusually
occurs in MayandJune. The fruit is alerge pod, 50 cm in length and
3.7 cm inwidth.Thepodis pulpyandencasesthe seed.Seedripensin
SeptemberandOctober.
DISTRIBUTION: The tree is native to the United States of America, but has
been successfully planted in Africa, Australia, New Zealand, South
America,Pakistanandothercountries of theworld.InPakistan, it is
found as a roadside tree and in gardens, and in the plains of Punjab and
NWFP.
HABITATANDECOLOGY: An intolerant,deeprooted tree that is adapted to
semi-arid,warmtohotsub-tropicalclimatesthatarecharacterized
bywintermonsoons.Undercultivationthetreecansurviveonvaried
sites includingbothalkalineandacid soils. It rowsbest ondeep
alluvial soilsof limestone originand in precipitationregimesof
500 to 1500 mm/yr. It is frosthardy, and occurs in atemperature
rangeof -2to 35
0
C.
Undercoldstorageseedwill remainviable for2years.Hotwateror
acidtreatmentis need toovercome seedcoatdormancy.
PRODUCTIVITY: MAI inthecentralplainsoftheUnitedStatesisrecorded
as 4.6 m
3
/yr over a period,of 18 to 35 years. Height growth is
approximately0.5m/yr.
MANAGEMENT IMPLEMENTATIONS:
This tree is drought resistant with no
observeddiseaseor insectproblems.It is ideallysuitedfor planting
on eroded sites if its protected from grazing. Since it is a good fodder
tree it couldbe adaptedto farmforestryprograms.
WOOD PROPERTIES:
GRAIN: Course.
COLOR: Dark.
DENSITY: Hard, tough, anddifficulttowork.
STRENGTH: Strong.
USES: Postsandsupports, furniture,shade,apiculture,and fodder (pods
are 29% sugar).
72
Gmelina arborea Roxb.
(Verbenaceae)
COMMON NAMES: Gumhar, Yemane.
DESCRIPTION: A medium to large sized, deciduous tree. It reaches heights
of 20 to 30 mwith average diameters of 60 cm. Large trees may have
clear boles of 6to 9m. Open grown trees have wide crowns, heavy
branchesandtapered boles. Its largeleaves are simple, alternate,7
to 15 cm longwith longstalks.Theleavesareheartshaped (cordate).
The bark is corky, smooth, gray to creamcolored.On older trees the
barkwill peeloff in largepiecesgivingtheboleapatchyappearance.
The reddish brown or yellow flowers are borne when the trees are
leafless.Theyaretubularin shape,2.5 cmacrossandoccurinbunches
attheendsofthebranches.The fruitsis asucculentdrupe3cmlong.
It flowers in Februaryto April, and its fruitmaturesbetweenMayand
June. Eachdrupecontainsahardstone (seed).
DISTRIBUTION: The tree is native to the moist forests of India, southeast
Asia and as far east as southern China. In Pakistan there may be natural
stands in Mirpur and Azad Kashmir. It has been successfully cultivated
in the plains and in irrigated plantations. It appears to be well
established inpartsof theSindh.
HABITATANDECOLOGY: An intolerant treethatgrowsonavarietyondeep,
well drainedsoils, including acidorcalcareous loams. Thin soils
will retardgrowth rate, and itwill notgrowonwaterloggedsites.
It is adapted to a precipitation zone of 1000 to 2500 mm/yr, although
it can stand periods of extended drought. It has a temperature range
of 5 to 40
0
C but is very susceptible to frost damage. It prefersa
humidto sub-humid, hot tropicalclimate, usuallyat elevationsup
to 1000m.It i.s susceptibleto root andstemrotsaswell asshoot
destroying insects.
REPRODUCTION: It can be reproduced both from seed and vegetatively.
Seeds lose theirviabilityafterayearofstorage.
PRODUCTIVITY: Arelative fast growing treewith reportedvolume yields
of 25 to 35 m
3
/ha/yron rotations of 5to8years.
MANAGEMENTIMPLICATIONS: Atree potentially used in irrigated plantation
in Sindh and Punjabandas an ornamental. Withgoodmanagement its an
excellentwood producer.The fruit is edibleand the flowers areused
by honeybees.Agood farm forestrytree in manyareasof Pakistan.
WOOD PROPERTIES:
GRAIN: Straight, interlocked, mediumcoarsetextured.
COLOR: Lightyellowtobrown.
DENSITY: Specificgravityof0.48andacalorificvalueof4763Kcal/kg.
STRENGTH: Hard,strong,and elastic.
USES: Construction,particleboard,matchsticks,pulp,pitprops,fodder,
furniture, cordage,plywood, apiculture, fruit, andmedicinal.
73
Grevillea robusta A. Cunn.
(Proteaceae)
COMMON NAMES: Reshmi Oak, Silver Oak.
DESCRIPTION: A medium to large, deciduous tree 12 to 20 m'tall or more,
withdiametersof 30 to 90 cm. Thecrownis conicaland long.The fern
like, leaves are compound, 15 to 30 cm long, with 1 to 21 pairs of
leaflets4to 9cm long.Theleavesaregreenand hairlessonthe tops
with silky, whitish or ash-colored hairs underneath. The bole is
straightand thebark is light todarkgraywithmanydeep furrows.
The flowers are in clusters 7 to 18 cm long, very showy yellow to orange
in color. The flowers bloom between February and April. The fruit is pod
like, boat shaped slightly flattened, 2 cm long, containing 1to 2
wingedseeds. The seedmaturesApril throughJune.
DISTRIBUTION: The tree is native to Australia and is successfully
cultivatedin manypartsof theworld. In Pakistan ithas beenplanted
alongroads, and in gardensboth in thehillsand plains.
HABITAT AND ECOLOGY: An intoleranttree thatgrows on avarietyof sites
including acidic soils. It will not do well on wet or waterlogged
sites. It is adapted to aprecipitation zoneof 600 to 1500 mm/yr
in a temperature range of -10 to 40
0
C. It can withstand drought
periodsof 2to 6monthsand is moderately frosthardy. It prefers
a warm temperate to sub-tropical temperate climate within an
elevation range of 0 to 2300 m. Nodisease or pest problems have been
observed in Pakistan.
REPRODUCTION: It is reproduced from seed. Seed is viable for ashort
period,unless the aredried and stored under refrigeration.Under
refrigerationseedwill last 2yearsormore.
PRODUCTIVITY: A fast growing tree attaining heights of 20 m. MAI of 15.5
m
3
/ha/yrhas been reported in plantationson a14 yearrotation.
MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS: This tree has potential in farm forestry
programsaswell as in irrigatedplantations.Thewood is valuableand
the growth rate is very fast. Caution is warranted as this tree is
aggressiveandhas becomeaproblemin some areas.
WOOD PROPERTIES:
GRAIN: Fine.
COLOR: Sapwood is grayishwhiteand heartwoodbrightreddishbrown.
STRENGTH: Moderatelyhard, heavy, strong.
USES: Fuel, various wood products including furniture, apiculture,and
ornamental.
74
Grewia optiva Drum. ex Burret.
(Tiliaceae)
COMMON NAMES: Dhamman, Pharawa.
DESCRIPTION: Amoderately fast growing, small to medium sized, deciduous
tree. It reaches heights of 10 to 12 m with diameters of 3 to 4 cm. The
leavesaresimple3.5to 10cmby2to6.5cm.Theyareslightlypointed
andtheedgesare toothed.Each leafhas 3distinctveins. ihebarkis
white-grayandsmoothwhenyoungbecoming furrowedwithage.
The flowers which grow out the branches opposite the leaves are
fragrant, white, yellow to red in color. The fruit is alobed drupe,
each lobe 4 to 6mm in diameter. The fruit is dark green turning to
black when ripe. Flowers occur from April to September, while fruit
maturesbetweenJuly andDecember.
DISTRIBUTION: The tree is native to Pakistan, India and Nepal. In Pakistan
it is common on both sides of the Indus. Natural stands are found in the
hillsofBalochistan,NWFP,Punjab,andAzadKashmir.It has alsobeen
successfully cultivatedin theplains.
HABITATANDECOLOGY: Astrongly intoleranttree that grows well onwell
drained sandyto sandy loamsoils and can toleratedraughtysites.
It is adapted to a precipitation zone of 750 to 1200 mm/yr with
prolonged periods of draught. It has atemperature rangeof -10 to
40'C and is frosthardy. It prefers asub-humid,cool tosemi-arid,
warmsub-tropicalwinter/monsoon climate, usually at elevations from
500 to 2500 m. It appearsto be diseaseand insect free.
REPRODUCTION: It is reproduced from cuttings and root suckers, and
rarely fromseed. Seedshaveavery lowviability.
PRODUCTIVITY: Diameter growth of 0.7 cm/yr has been observed.
MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS: This is a very valuable tree as it produces
both food and fodder and will grow on poor,and draughtysites. It is
sometimesconsideredan "evergreen"becauseas theoldleavesdropnew
leavesdevelop.Itis acriticalsourceof fodderin thecolderperiods
of theyear. The fodderis highly palatableand is used for forage in
thesub-mountainousrecions.Becauseofanundesirableodorthewoodis
notused as fuel. The innerbarkis alsousedtomakerope.Agoodfarm
forestrytree.
WOOD PROPERTIES:
GRAIN: Spiral.
COLOR: Whitish gray.
DENSITY: Calorificvalueof 4835kcal/kg.
STRENGTH: Moderatelyhard,andstrong.
USES: Tool handles, agriculture implements, fodder, food (fruit), and
cordage.
75
Heterophragma adenophyllum Seem.
(Bignoniaceae)
COMMON NAMES: Sanp Phali, Mostan Phul.
DESCRIPTION: A moderate sized deciduous tree. Leaves are compound, large
0.3 to0.6 mlong.Usuallythereare 5to 7leafletsper leaf.
The flowers are large, brownish yellow, 6.35 to 7.62 cm across. It
flowers in November.The fruit is a large capsule 0.3 Lo 0.9 mlong
cylindricalribbed,andtwistedmaturingbetweenJanuaryandFebruary.
DISTRIBUTION: The tree
the northern parts
is native to
of Malaya.
the
It
eastern Himalayas through Burma
is planted as an ornamental
to
in
Pakistan.
HABITATANDECOLOGY: An intolerant tree that requires full sunlight to
developtoamaturetree. Itgrowswell inmoistsituationsondeep
soilsthatarewelldrained. It requiresaprecipitationzoneof at
least 800 mm/yr. It prefers a sub-humid, tropical climate with a
temperature range of 0 to 40
0
C. It has no known insect or pest
problems.
REPRODUCTION: It can be reproduced from seed.The seed is viable only
when fresh.
PRODUCTIVITY: It grows approximately Imin heightevery2years.
MANAGEMENTIMPLICATIONS: Becauseofitslargeflowers ithassomevalue
as alandscapeornamental.
WOOD PROPERTIES:
GRAIN: Straight, fine textured, even grained.
COLOR: Sapwoodis lightyellowand theheartwoodisorangeyellowwith
occasionaldarkstreaks.
DENSITY: Calorificvalueof 4800kcal/kg.
STRENGTH: Hard,strongresilient.
USES: Furniture, fuel, and ornamental.
76
Jacaranda ovalifolia D. Don.
(Bignoniaceae)
COMMON NAMES: Jacaranda, Nila Gul Mohar.
DESCRIPTION: A small sized deciduous tree (may appear to be evergreen at
lower elevations). Heights of 12 m are not uncommon. Leaves are
compound, 25 cm long. Usually there are 15 to 20 paired leaflets per
leaf. The bark is creamy brown, furrowed vertically and cracked
horizontallyinto narrowscales.
The bell like flowers are blue violet and have a fragrance of honey. The
flowersoccurindenseclustersinMarch,butmayflowermorethanonce
ayear. The fruit is a large capsule, or pod 7.6 to 5cm long, oval
whichcontainsnumerousseed.Podsmayhangonthetreefor2years.The
fruit maymature twiceayear.
DISTRIBUTION: The tree is native to Central and South America and has been
cultivatedintropicalAfrica,AsiaandtheMediterr=.nean.Itisplanted
as r.n ornamental in Pakistan.
HABITAT AND ECOLOGY: An intolerant tree that require full sunlight to
developtoamaturetree. Itgrowswell inmoistsituationson deep
soilsthatarewell drained.It requiresaprecipitation zoneofat
least 800 mm/yr. It prefers asub-humid, tropical climate with a
temperature range of 5 to 40
0
C but is fiost hardy.It is susceptible
tomealybug infestations.
REPRODUCTION: It can be reproduced from seed.The seed is viable only
for oneyear.
PRODUCTIVITY: Itgrowsapproximatelyim in heighteveryyear.
MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS: Because of its large flowers it has some value
as alandscapeornamental.
WOOD PROPERTIES:
GRAIN: Tw."sted.
COLOR: Creamish.
DENSITY: Calorificvalueof 4700 kcal/kg.
STRENGTH: Resilient.
USES: Fuel, andornamental.
77
Juglans regia Linn.
(Jugandaceae)
COMMON NAMES: Akhrot, Walnut.
DESCRIPTION:
Alarge,deciduous
tree, 15 to30 mtall withdiameters
of
1to 1.5 m. The crown is broad, spreading
and rounded.The leavesare
compound,
with l(aflets 7to 20 cmlong and 5to 10 cmwide,oval to
oblon7, pcinted and the edges not usually toothed. The bark is 71ay
becomingdarkerwithage.Theyoungerbarkhaslongverticalstriations
thatdeepenwithage. Olderbarkwillalso becrackedtransversely.
It is monoecious.
Male flowers are in bunches 5to 12 cm longgrowing
on last year's shoots. Female flowers occur as singles or in two :
threesbetweenFebruaryandApril.Thefruitisafleshydrupe,greenish
yellowspotted,oblong in shape 5cmlong. Insidethedrupe is thenut
in ahard,wrinkledshell. The fruitingperiod isJune toOctober.
DISTRIBUTION:
Thetree is nativeto India, Pakistan,
Nepal,Afghanistan,
upper Burma, China and Japan. It is cultivated
in many parts of the
world becauseof its nuts. In Pakistan
it is found in NorthernAreas,
Dir, Swat,Hazara,Murree Hills, and Azad Kashmir.It is also planted
in gardensandalong streets in cities.
HABITATANDECOLOGY: Amoderately
tolerant treethatgrowsondeep,rich,
moistsoils,butprefersmoist,shady sites.Its precipitation
zone
is750 to1500mm/yrormoreinahumid,cool, temperate
climatewith
atemperature
range of -10 to 35
0
Cat elevations
between 1000 and
3300m.It coppicesatanearlyage.Thetreeis attackedbyvarious
fruitandwoodborersand is susceptible
to leafymistletoe.
REPRODUCTION:
It is generally
reproduced
from seed,
can but also be
reproduced
byvegetative
means.Seedcanbesuccessfully
coldstored
fortwo years inairtightcontainers.
PRODUCTIVITY:
Diameters
of 1 min 60 years havebeenrecorded.
MANAGEMENT
IMPLICATIONS:
An important
and valuable component
of the
coniferous
forest but planting programs may be needed to preserve itand
insureitspositionasamemberoftheconiferous
forest.Becauseofits
fruitand highvaluewood itcouldbe partofafarm forestryprogram.
Its slowgrowthrate precludes
rapidacceptance
by farmers.
WOOD PROPERTIES:
GRAIN: Straight and very fine even-textured.
COLOR: Sapwoodisgrayishwhite,heartwood
isgrayishbrownwithdarker
streaks. Coloris quitevariable.
DEN3I1Y: Specific gravity of 0.61.
STRENGTH:
Heavy, hard, resilient.
USES: Fruit, gun stocks, furniture,
fodder, wood carving,
burls, and
medicinal
(barkas an anthelmintic,
leavesas an astringent,
fruitto
cure rheumatism).
78
Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb.
(Cupressaceae)
COMMON NAMES: Obusht, Himalayan Pencil Cedar.
DESCRIPTION: A medium-sized, evergreen tree, 9 to 15 m tall with diameters
of 0.6 to 0.8 m. It has a conical crown. The leaves are scale like.
There are two leaf shapes, one sharp and needle like and the other flat
and feather like.
It is monoecious. The male flowers or cones are located at the tips of
the branches while the female cones are on shorter branchlets. The
flowers appear between May and June. The fruit is a woody cone 0.7 cm
in diameter. Each cone contains 2 to 5 seeds. The cones mature between
September andOctober.
DISTRIBUTION: rrhe tree is native to the Subcontinent and southeastern
Europe. In Pakistan it is found in the dry inner valleys of Balochistan,
Kurram, Chitral, Northern Areas, and Kaghan.
SILVICAL CIARACTERISTICS:
HABITAT AND ECOLOGY: A very intolerant tree that grows on a variety of
fertileto rocky soils. It is found growing in puregroups. It re-
quiresaprecipitationzone of200 to 2500mm/yrormore,withmuch
of the precipitation falling as snow. It prefers an arid cold, tempe-
rate climate with a temperature range of -30 to 30
0
C at elevations
from 2000 to 4000 m. It is both droughtand frosthardy. It hasa
very well developed, spreading root system. It is susceptible to bark
beetles, especially in a stressed condition and is attacked by dwarf
mistletoe, Arceuthobium oxycedri.
REPRODUCTION: It is reproduced mainly from seed. Under natural conditions
layering has ben reported. 5qeed viability is approximately 5
percent. it has to be : own immediatel.y after collection to get good
germination. Tn the nursnry beds, the seed keeps on germinating for
2 years, the first germination starting within 2 mnnths after sowing.
Seed| ings are pricked in poly bags when 4-5 months old in the beds.
Field planting is successfull when plants are 2 years old in the
nursery.
PRODUCTIVITY: A vrry slow growing tree, it will reach maturity in 240 to
700 years. Attains 2.5 cm diameter and one m height in 50 years.
MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS: This is a very important tree for watershed
protection throughout most of its range. in many areas it has been
harvested for fuel without any thought of reqeneration. A major effort
is npe(Thd to reforest these valuable watershed with this tree and its
associates.
WOOD PROPERTIES:
GRAIN: Twisted.
COLOR: Grayish white.
STRENGTH: Light, soft.
USES: Fuel, pencils, gin (berries), medicinal (oil from fruit is
carminative, stimulants, diuretic).
79
(Lam.) de Wit.
(L6giFiio ,saeslub fini-Iy Mimosoideae)
COMMON NAMES: Subabul, Ipil Ipil..
DESCRIPTION:
A fast growing, evergreen shrub or small tree 5 to 20 m tall.
Diametersto 20 cmarecommon,dependingon whethertreeor shrublike
form. Foliage is feathery-like
and the leaves are compound. Leaves are
7 to 15 cm long, while the leafletsare small, 3 cmlong.
The flowers are small, white, look l ike "powdrrpuffs",
and occur between
June and November. The pods are in bunches, flat and long. They are
brownwhenripe anid mature between September and December.
DISTRIBUTION:
The tree is native to Mexico. It has been successfully
planted throughout tropical parts of the world. Pakistan
is
In
it
cultivated in the plains and foothill areas.
HABITAT AND ECOLOGY: This aggressive, tolerant tree grows on a variety of
sites. It is quite adaptable, growing on steep hill sides with
shallow soils and marginal mountainous
gravelly and sandy soils. It
will also grow on saline and acid soils (p1. 6.5 and above) . It
requires a summer precipitation
zone of 500 to 1000 mm/yr. It prefers
a moist tropical climate with a temperature
range of 2 to 45C at
elevations up to 500 m. Grazing can be a problem. Seedlings tolerant
light frost. No known pests or diseases have been reported in
Pakistan.
However a defolii!tor,
Psylid spp., is creating serious
problemswith Leucaena in other parts of world. the
REPRODUCTION:
It cF.n be reprn(liced both seed from ani by vegetative
means. Seed can be stored witiout special. considerations
for several
years and maintains its viabi lity. Pre-treatment
of seed with a water
soak will speed up germinati)n.
PROD CTIVITY: It is fast growinq and highly productive.
Yields of 30
m/ha/yr have been recorded for rotations of 10 years. Growth in
irrigated plantations
has been excellent.
MANAGEMENT
IMPLICATIONS:
This tree is adapted to varinty sites
a of and
soils. Both acid and alkali soils are suitable for this tree. It
coppices readily, is an good itrogen fixer, and is a good tree for
irrigated plantations.
It is a useful tree in farm forestry programs.
Young plants need protection from grazing and frost. Because of its
tolcrance and seed habit it can quicklybecomeaweedproblem.
WOOD PROPEPTIES:
GRAIN: Straight grained with medium fine texture.
COLOR: Sapwood is whitish, heartwood is yellow-brown.
DENSITY: Dense with a specific gravity 0.56 anC a calorific value of
4600kcal/kg.
STRENGTH: Very strong, resilient.
USES: Fodder, fuel, nitrogen fixing, poles and construction,
agricultural
implements,
apiculture,
furniture, and soil stabilization.
80
Mangifera indica Linn.
(Anacardiaceae)
COMMON NAMES: Aam, Mango.
DESCRIPTION: A large evergreen tree 12-21 m tall. The crown is broad,
closed, oval shaped with stem diameters of 25 to 48 cm. Leaves are
simple,alternate,oblong to lance shaped, large18 cm longand4to 8
cm wide. The leaves are dark green, leathery, shiny and tend to cluster
at the ends of branches. The bark is thick, rough and dark gray.
The flowers are small, greenish-yellow and are arranged in dense
bunches, about 16 cm long, appearing between February and April. The
fruit is a fleshy drupe with one seed. The drupes will vary in size from
5to 12 cmor more in length andmaturebetweenMay andJuly.
DISTRIBUTION: The tree is native to Pakistan, India, Nepal, and Bhutan. It
is cultivated in many tropical parts of the world. In Pakistan it is
found in the river valleys of the Chenab and Ravi near Sialkot and
throughout the irrigated portions of the Sindh.
HABITAT AND ECOLOGY: A moderately shade tolerant tree that grows on a
variety of well drained sites. It is quite adaptable, but does best
ondeeploamysoils.It requiresaprecipitationzoneof750to 1500
mm/yr. It prefers a humid hot, sub-tropical to tropical, monsoon
climate with a temperature range of -3.5 to 40
0
C at elevations up to
600 m. Tt is frost sensitive when young. Felled logs are susceptible
towoodborers.
means.
PRODUCTIVITY: Growth is slow. Average height growth for 7 years is 4 m.
MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS: It is highly valued for fruit production. The
wood is also in demand. It is used in various farm forestry cropping
systems as aduel purposetree.
WOOD PROPERTIES:
GRAIN: Interlocked, sometimes straight.Texture is moderately fine to
coarse.
COLOR: Sapwood and heartwood are not distinct, gray to grayish-brown,
reddish brownon exposure, lustrous.
DENSITY: Dense, with a specific gravity of 0.55 and a calorific value of
4600 kcal/kg.
STRENGTH: Strong and durable.
USES: Fruit, lumber and construction, chipboard,ornamental,
medicinal
(ripe fruit is a laxative, seeds are astringent and vermifuge), and food
(pickles).
81
Melia azedarach Linn.
(Mefiaceae)
COMMON NAMES: Bakain, Persian Lilac.
DESCRIPTION:
A medium to small sized, deciduous tree, 6 to 12 m tall and
with diameters of 0.57 to 0.70 m. The crown is spreadingand rounded.
The leaves are compoundup to 60 cm icng. Thebark is darkgraywith
longitudinal
ridges.
Theflowersaresmall, lilaccoloredarid fragrant.Theflowersoccurin
dense, hangingbunchesappearingbetweenMarchand May.The fruit is a
drupecontaining
4to 5seeds.The fruiting period is JunetoJanuary.
DISTRIBUTION:
The is to lower
tree native the Himalayas
including,
PakistanandNepal. In Pakistanit isextensively
planted in theplains
of the PunjabandNWFP.Ithas beensuccessfully
planLi in manyother
partsof the world.
HABITATANDECOLOGY: An intoleranttree thatgrowson avarietyof well
drained soils in valleys and ravines. It requires a precipitation
zone of 600 to 1000 mm/yror more. It prefers a tropical to sub-
topical temperate climate with a temperature
range of -5 to 40
0
C
withinanelevationrangeof 900to 1700m.It isnot frosthardyas
aseedlingbutoldertreesaredroughtresistantand frosthardy.It
coppiceseasily and is relatively insectand diseasefree.
REPRODUCTION:
It is reproduced both from seed and by vegetative means.
Approximately
70 %of the seed will be viable. Theseed can be stored
forapproximately
ayearwithout loss ofviability.
PRODUCTIVITY:
Growth ratesare high. Yields of 17.5 m
3
/ha/yr have been
recorded.
MANAGEMENT
IMPLICATIONS:
This is a good tree for reforestation
projects
becauseof its fast growth.it is also used forroadsideplantingsand
in irrigatedplantations.
Itisagood farm forestry tree.
WOOD PROPERTIES:
GRAIN: Straight, uneven textured.
COLOR: Sapwood is yellowishwhite, heartwoodis reddishbrown.
DENSITY: Specificgravityof0.56andacalorificvalueof5100 kcal/kg.
STRENGTH: Light, moderatelyhard, resilient.
USES: Furniture, fodder, ornamental,
timber,construction,
agricultural
implements,
boxes and packing crates, sports equipment, veneer and
plywood,and medicinal (flowersand leavesas poultice for headaches,
juiceof leaves as ananthelmintic
and diuretic).
82
Millingtonia hortensis Linn.
(Bignoniaceae)
COMMON NAMES: Nim Chameli., Indian Cork Tree.
DESCRIPTION: A tall erect evergreen tree attaining a height of 25 to 30
m. Leavesare large, opposite, 2to 3pinnateupto1 m long.Leaflets
are 2.5 to 5 cm long and acununate. Bark is patchy and fissured.
Flowers are white, fragrant and appear between February and March in
many flowered pannicles.
DISTRIBUTION: The tree is believed to be native to Burma and Malaysia. It
is common in gardens and around resthouses in Pakistan.
HABITAT AND ECOLOGY: It qrows on a variety of soils including soils formed
of weathered sandstone. In good soil.its growth is phenomenal. It has
astraight, cylindrical stem.
REPRODUCTION: It is reproducedprimarily fromrootsuckers.
PRODUCTIVITY: Growth rates are high. It can grow in height up to 2 m in
one season.
MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS: In Pakistan this tree has only been cultivated
as an ornamental. It has no observed insector pestproblems.
WOOD PROPERTIES:
GRAIN: Even.
COLOR: Light.
DENSITY: Medium.
STRENGTH: Brittle.
USES: Ornamental, fuel.
83
Morifga pterygosperma Gaertn.de.Fruct
(Moringeceae)
COMMON NAME: Sohanjna, Horseradish Tree.
DESCRIPTION: A larqe deciduous tree. The tripinnate, compound leaves are
large 30 to 70 cm long. Leaflets areopposite. Thebark is corky.
The flowersare 2.4 cmacross, white, stronglyhoney scented in large
panicles. Flowers develop between February and April. The fruit is a
large capsules 25 to 50 cm long. The three angled, winged, seed matures
in Augustand is 2.4 cm long.
DISTRIBUTION: The tree is native to Pakistan in the Sub-H1imalayan tract.
Cultivated in the plains fromRawalpindi eastward.
HABITAT AND ECOLOGY: A very intolerant tree that is cultivated on a large
variety of sites, but does bost on well drained soils. It can
withstand periods of drought, grows on eroded sites, and coppices.
PRODUCTIVITY: The growth rate is moderate.
MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS: Th- tr(,, hasvalue as an avenue tree or planted
alongwatercourses. It is 3,joodfoddertree especially for camels.
WOOD PROPERTIES:
GRAIN: Straight.
COLOR: Light.
DENSITY: Medium.'
STRENGTH: Soft, spongy,weak.
USES: Ornamental, fodder, food (leaves, flowers and fruits), seed oil
(lubricationand perfume), andgum (bark).
84
Morus alba Linn.
(Moraceae)
COMMON NAMES: Tut, Mulberry.
DESCRIPTION: A medium sized, deciduous tree, 9 to 15 m tall and diameters
of 0.6 to 0.8 m. The crown is spreading and rounded. The leaves are
simple,but varied in shape, 5 to 15 cm long and 4 to 12 cmwide.The
bark is darkgrayish brownwithvertical ridges or fissures.
It is monecious.The male flowers are in 1 2 long catkin like
to cm
bunches. The female flower.,are in solitary, rounded heads0.5 to 1cm
in diameter. The flowers are greenish appearing between February and
April. Thefruit isa berrycontaining5to 15 small seeds, 0.7to 1cm
long. The berries arewhite to pinkish to purple to red to black. The
fruiting period is betweenMarchandJune.
DISTRIBUTION: The tree is native to Pakistan, China, Central Asia and
Afghanistan. It has been planted in many parts of the other
world.
HABITATANDECOLOGY:
A moderately intolerant tree that grows on a variety
of well drained, rich soils. It requires a precipitation zone of 750
to 1250 mm/yr or more, and prefers a semi-arid, cool to cold
subalpine temperate, sub-tropicaI winter/monsoon, climate with a
temperature range of -10 to40
0
C at elevationsupto 3300m. It will
coppice risi1y, can he grown in mixedstands, is frost hardy, and can
tolerate hot draughty conditions if irrigated. It has numerous
insects and pest enemies including porcupines, defoliators, powdery-
mildew, root rots, and die back.
Insecticide treated seed can be stored.
PRODUCTIVITY: It grows very fast and MAL of 5to 8.5 ml/ha/yr is not
uncommon. D)iameters of c60cm are recorded for 15 year old trees.
MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS: This is a good tree for reforestation projects
because of its fast growth and value. Also it is as
wood
important
silkworm feed. Silkworm growers have a tendency to reduce the quality
of thn wood, by over lopping the branches and foliage, subsequently
reducing tree growth. This is a good farm forestry tree. The sport goods
irind,7try's needs for its wood presents an opportunity for farmers to
have a direct link with industrial markets.
WOOD PROPERTIES:
GRAIN: Straight,medium coarseuneven texture.
COLOR: Sapwood is yellowish to yellowish white, heartwood is bright
yellowish brownchanging tndull brownwith age.
DENSITY: Specific gravityof0.69 andacalorificvalueof5100kcal/kg.
STRENGTIh: Hard, elasticand resilient.
USES: Silk worm food, fodder, fruit, carriages, sports equipment, veneer
and plywood, furniture, medicinal (Bark is a veitmifuge and purgative,
fruitis a laxative),
and shoIte.belts.
85
Olea ferruginea Royle
(Oleaceae)
COMMON NAMES: Kahu, Indian O1 ive.
DESCRIPTION: A small, evergreen tree 9 to 12 in tall with diameters of 0.3
to 0.6 m. The leaves are simple, 3 to 10 cm long.
The whitish, flowers are arranged in bunches. They bloom bot:ween March
and September. The fruit is a drupe 8 mm long, that mature between May
and December.
DISTRIBUTION: The tree is native to the subcontinent including Pakistan,
Afghanistan, and India. In Pakistan it. is found on the lower hills of
Azad Kashmir, Punjab, NWIF'P, Balochistan and in the hills on the west
side of the Indus in th1e Sifndh.
HABITAT AND ECOLOGY: A tolerant tree that grows on a variety of
calcareous, loamy, to gravel sandy soils. it is adapted to a
precipitation zone of 250 to 1000 mm/yr. it prefers an arid to semi-
arid, cool-cold temperate, sub-hu1mid semi -arid, cool warm sub-
tropical climate with a temperature range of -10 to 40
0
C at
elevations from 500 to 2: 0 m. It coppices easily, and is frost and
drought resis.tant. It has no known insect or disease problems.
REPRODUCTION: It is reproduced borh from seed and by vegetative mean.-.
'T'h- seds should be planted immediately after collection, as stored
seed Ioes its ',iabil ity rapidily. One year old poly hag plants are
suitable for f ield planting.
PRODUCTIVITY: It crows very r-1ow. HIAI nf 0.25 cm is common. One year old
coppice shoots are 0.25 to 0. 30 in tall. Trees with heights of 3.5 m
and diameters of 3 cm in a r i> year period have been reported.
MANAGEMENT IMPLICArIONS: ilhiis is a good tree for roforest ! ion projects
in arid areas. it also has potential as an oil and fruit tree. Attempts
to graft better varieties could increase I
.
,th oil and fruit production.
The wood is of value, and can be used for Iuel , while the foliage makes
gocd fodder.
WOOD PROPERTIES:
GRAIN: Close, even.
COLOR: Sapwood is white, heartwood varies from light brown to nearly
black.
DENSITY: Specificgravity of 1.125.
STRENGTH: Hard, heavyand resilient.
USES: Construction, fuel, tool handles, fodder, watershed protection, and
fruitand oil.
86
Parkinsonia aculeata Linn.
COMMON NAMES: Parkinsonia, Jerusalem Thorn.
DESCRIPTION: A small nvergreen tree or shrub. It is often crooked with a
broadcrown.At maturity it reachesheights of 5to 9manddiameters
ofapproximately 0.3 m. Twigsand branches are armedwith thorns.The
leaves are compoundwith the tiny leaflets borneon long flat leaves,
15 to 35 cm long that look like blades of grass. Thebark is smooth and
hasagreenish color.
The yellow flowersoccurinMay in hangingbuncheswiththe individual
flowers arranged along a central axis. The fruit is a pod 7 to 10 cm
long, maturing inJuneandJuly.
DISTRIBUTION: The tree is native to vast areas of America extendir.g from
Texas,NewMexicoand Arizonasouth toArgentina. In Pakistan it is a
verycommonsighton G.T.Road as anavenue plant.
HABITAT AND ECOLOGY: An intolerant tree that can adapt to varied soil
conditions includingsalinity. It is successfully planted in areas
below1300mwhereprecipitationis between200and 1000mm/yr.It is
drought resistant and can exist in a temperature range between -3 to
36"C. It grows poorly on waterlogged sites.
REPRODUCTION: It is easily reprodubced from seed or by vegetative means.
The seed can be stored up to a year without loss of viability. Pre-
treatmentof seed is needed toovercomeseed coatdormancy.Awater
soak for 3to 4days is usuallyadequate.
PRODUCTIVITY: A relatively fast growing tree.
MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS: A drought resistant tree that may be damaged by
termites. It is ideal for erosioncontrol in arid areas if protected
from grazing.It canbe used forhedges, windbreaksandornamentalsin
farm forestryprograms.
WOOD PROPERTIES:
GRAIN: Coarse.
COLOR: Grayish.
DENSITY: Heavy with a specify gravity of 0.6.
STRENGTH: Hard, heavy and very brittle.
USES: Fuel, ornamental, charcoal, fodder, living hedges, wind and shelter
breaks, anderosioncontrol.
87
Peltophorum pterocarpum
(Leguminosae)
COMMON NAME: Zard fawwar, Golden Shower.
DESCRIPTION: A small sized tree, 7 to 10 m high with diameters up to 30
cm. The leaves are compound each with 10 to 20 cm long leaflets forming
adense greencrown.
Theyellowflowersarebornein longbunches (spikes)atthe topofthe
tree crown. The dense green foliage accents the flower's color. Flowers
develop in May through August, while fruit and seed are produced in the
autumn.
DISTRIBUTION: The tree is native to the Philippines but has been
successfully grown in many parts of the tropics and sub-tropics. In
Pakistan it has beenplantedas an avenuetree in Karachi and Lahore.
HABITATANDECOLOGY: The tree grows on well drained sites in a warm
climate. It is sensitiveto frostespeciallywhenyoung.
REPRODUCTION: It is reproduced from seed.
PRODUCTIVITY: It is a fastgrowingtree.
MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS: It is a showy flowering and shade tree well
suitedasagarden or avenue tree. It needs protection from frost during
its earlyyears.
WOOD PROPERTIES:
GRAIN: Closed.
COLOR: Gray.
DENSITY: Medium.
STRENGTH: Durable, hard.
USES: Ornamental, andshade.
88
Phoenix dactylifera Linn.
(Palmae)
COMMON NAME: Khajur, Date Palm.
DESCRIPTION: A tall evergreen tree attaining a height of 30 to 35 m. The
stem is covered with the stumps of old leaves from the bottom to the top
except for the space occupied by existing whorls of large frond like
gray leaves. Leaflets make an acute angle with the rachis and are up to
2.5 mlong. Base of stem is surroundedby suckers.
Male flowersarewhite, in shortcompactpinnacles15 to22 cmlong. It
flowers between March and April. The fruit is full of nourishment, sweet
and tasty, upto 5cm long.
DISTRIBUTION: The tree has reportedly been introduced to the Subcontinent
by muslims from Middle East countries. It has become naturalized in
several southern districts of Punjab and NWFP, and in parts of Sindh and
Balochistan.
HABITATANDECOLOGY: The tree grows well in an arid climate in saline
soils but requires plenty of moisture. It can withstand temperatures
up to 45
0
C. It has no known insect or fungi problems but the fruit
mustbe coveredwith netsto save it frombirds andsquirrels.
REPRODUCTION: It is reprnrlne1 from seed or suckers which are plentiful
around the base of the main stem.
PRODUCTIVITY: Its growth is slow especiallywhen yourg. It takes about
10 years toattain aheightof 2m.
MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS: The tree grows naturally in its habitat and
spreads by suckers and seed distributed by birds. Several edible
varieties have been developed whichare managed as gardentrees or in
agroforestry systioms.
WOOD PROPERTIES:
GRAIN: Interlocked.
COLOR: Grayish white.
DENSITY: If igh.
STRENGTH: [lard but non-durable.
USES: Rafters, supportposts, and fruit.
89
Phyl anthus emblica Linn.
(Euphorbiacea)
COMMON NAMES: Amla, Indian Gooseberry.
DESCRIPTION: A medium-sized, deciduous tree, 25 to 33 m tall with
diameters of 0.3 to 0.6 m. The crown is large, oval and dense. The
leaves are compound, and look like feathers. The leaflets are small, 0.5
to 1.6 cm long and 0.1 to 0.3 cm wide. The bark is smooth, greenish gray
andpeels off in sheets.
The flowers are small almost inconspicuous,greenishyellow in color,
appearing between March and May. The fruit is small, round, fleshy, 2.5
cm in diameter, containing 6 seeds. The fruiting period is June to
February.
DISTRIBUTION: The tree is native from the Indus in Pakistan east to South
China. In Pakistan it is planted in the plains and in gardens on both
sidesof the Indus.
HABITATANDECOLOGY: An intoleranttreethatgrowsonavarietyofsoils,
but prefers deep, moist alluvium. It can successfullybe grown on
alkaline or poor soils. It roquires aprecipitationzone of 750to
1200 mm/yr or more. It profei-, a sub-humid cool-warm sub-tropical
monsoon climate with a tompciture range of -5 to 40
0
C at elevations
up to 180 m. It is susce;t ihle to both frost and drought conditions,
especially when young and will coppice readily. It has no known
insector diseaseproblemsof significance.
PRODUCTIVITY: A moderately fast growing tree. It has been reported that
in 5 years, a plantation will have an average diameter of 2.7 cm. At
40 years the same plantationshas an average diameter of 20.5cm.
MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS: This tree has potential for use in farm
forestry programs, especially in the Bruner, Ilazara, Rawalpindi, and
Jhelumarea. The fruit is valuable.
WOOD PROPERTIES:
GRAIN: Straight, closed grain.
COLOR: Red.
DENSITY: Specificgravityof 0.7 to 0.8 and acalorificvalue of 5200
kcal/kg.
STRENGTH: Hard, strong,splitson drying,durableunderwater.
USES: Fuel, furniture, construction, charcoal, fruit (200 kg from a 15
year old tree), medicinal (fruit is a laxative, diuretic, astringent),
and pickles.
90
Picea smithiana (Wall) Boiss
(Pinaceae)
COMMON NAMES: Kachal, Himalayan Spruce.
DESCRIPTION: A large, evergreen, tree 30 to 45 m tall with diameters of
0.8 to 1.1m. In the openthe branches extend totheground forminga
conical crown. In dense stands it self-prunes leaving a clear bole.
Branchesarewhorledwithadroopingappearance.Theleavesareneedle-
like2.5to4cmlong,arrangedaroundthebranch.Thebarkisgrayish-
brown forminginto plate like scaleswithage.
It ismonoecious.Themale flowersorconesaresolitaryontheendsof
branches. The female flowers are erect at the ends of the branches,
pendulouswhenmature, 10 to15 cmlongand 2.5 to5cmwide.Thecones
bloombetweenApril andMay.Thefruit is the femalecone.As thecone
ripensitturnstoabrowncolor.Theseedintheconetakesafullyear
to mature after pollination and a full 2years for the reproductive
cycle to be completed. There are two winged seed beneath each cone
scale. Seed is shed in October.
DISTRIBUTION: The tree is native to the Himalayas in Pakistan, India,
Afghanistan,andNepal. It is foundathighelevationsinAzadKashmir,
MurreeHills,Ilazara, Swat, Dir,KurramAgencyandChitral.
HABITAT AND ECOLOGY: A modprat-oly intolerant tree that grows in some
shade. It grows on avariety of soils from sandy loams to loams,
which have formed from various parent materials, mica schists,
shales, gneissandlimestoneonsteep,cool, northernexposuresand
in valleys. It is adapted to aprecipitation zone of 1000 to 2500
mm/yr.It prefers ahumid semi-arid, cold temperateclimatewith a
temperaturerangeof -20 to 35
0
Cat elevationsbetween 2100to 3600
m. It is susceptibleto anumber of wood rotting fungi and needle
rust and is sometimes gnawedby squirrelsandporcupines.
REPRODUCTION: It iFreproduced from seed. Seed viability is variable
from22 to65percent.Seedwillremainviableforanextendedperiod
in coldstorage.Goodseed yearsare infrequent.
PRODUCTIVITY: Ityields 4to 6m
3
/ha/yr.
MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS: Itsavaluablememberotheconiferousforest.
Thewoodisindemandresultingin overcutting.Naturalregenerationis
difficulttoobtainandplantingisnecessarytoinsurethatitremains
amemberof future forests.
WOODPROPERTIES:
GRAIN: Straight,mediumfine andeventextured.
COLOR: Wood is white or lightbrown.
DENSITY: Specificgravityof 0.46andacalorificvalueof4900kcal/kg.
STRENGTH: Light,moderatelyhard.
USES: Construction, fuel, railway sleepers, packing cases, pulp, and
mulch.
91
Pinus brutia Ten.
(Pinaceae)
',OMMONNAMES: Cyprus pine.
DESCRIPTION: A mediumto largetree 12 to24 mtallwithdiametersof0.4
m.Thecrownisthin, irregularand spreading.Theneedlearein twos,
11 to 15 cm long, and 0.5 to 1.5 mmwide. The needles are greenwith
whitish lines.Thestem is straightand thebark is brownish-grayand
furrowed.
It is monoecious. The male flowers or cones are many, crowded in
headlike clusters, elliptical 6to 7mm long and reddish yellow in
color.Thefemaleflowersare erect,2to4sometimes6in ringsat the
endsofthebranches.Theconesareveryshort-stalkedtostalklessand
upto10 cmlong.TheconesbloombetweenFebruaryandMarch.The fruit
isthefemalecone.Asthecone -ipensitturnstoashinyreddish-brown
color,remainingattachedandclosed.Theseedin theconetakesafull
yeartomatureafterpollinationorafull 2yearsforthereproductive
cycle to be completed. There are two winged seed beneath each cone
scale. Seedis shed in September.
DISTRIBUTION: The tree is nativeto the easternMediterranean region in
Turkeyfrom the BlackSea, south toLebanonandwest toGreece.Found
on Cyprus, Crete and in Northern Iraq. In Pakistan it has been
successfullyplanted in BalochistanandNWFP.
HABITAT ANDECOLOGY: An intoleranttreethatgrowsonavarietyofsoils
fromhighlimecontenttoacidpodzols.Itgrowsbestonwelldrained
soils withaprecipitation zone of 1000 to 2500 mm/yr.On coastal
lowlandsite it can survive on 250 mm/yr. It prefers asemi-arid,
mild temperate climate with a temperature range of 0 to 45
0
C at
elevationsupto 2600 m.It is frostand fire resistant.It hasno
insectordiseaseproblems.Itgrowswellonhot,dry,doughtyhill
sides.It can stand 5to 6month of prolongeddrought.
REPRODUCTION: It is reproduced from seed. Seeds are small and can be
storedfor 1to 2yearsat roomtemperatures.
PRODUCTIVITY: It yields 2to 6m
3
/ha/yr. Heightgrowthwill average 0.2
to 0.3 m/yrupto 50 years.
MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS: This is a valuable tree for reforestation and
afforestationofdenudedhill sides. Itwould be ideal forreclaiming
denuded areasin Balochistan,UpperKaghan,Gilgitand Skardu.
WOOD PROPERTIES:
GRAIN: Straight,mediumfineand eventextured.
COLOR: Wood is light brownish-white witharesinousodor.
STRENGTH: Moderately hard, heavy.
USES: Construction, fuel, railway sleepers, packing cases, pulp,
transmissionpoles,resin, andwindbreak.
92
Pinus gerardiana Wall. Ex Lamb.
(Pinaceae)
COMMON NAMES: Chalghoza pine.
DESCRIPTION: A medium sized tree 12 to 18 m tall with diameters of 0.4 m.
Thecrown is short and rounded. The branches are flat or curved.The
needle are in threes,3.6 to 12 cmlong andare darkgreen.
headlikeclusters.Thefemaleflowersareerect.Theconesbloombetween
June andJuly.The fruit is the female cone. As it ripens it turnsa
shinyreddish-browncolor,remainsattachedandclosed.Theseedinthe
cone takes afull year tomature afterpollinationand afull 2years
forthe reproductivecycleto be completed.Thereare twowinged seed
beneath eachconescale.Seed is shed in SeptemberthroughOctober.
DISTRIBUTION: The tree is nativeto theWesternHimalayas,theHindukush
mountains of Pakistanand Afghanistanextendingsouth to theSulaiman
range in Balochistan. It is foundin the innerdryvalleysofChitral,
Kurram,UpperSwat,Astore, Shingarand in theNorthernAreas.
HABITATANDECOLOGY: Anintoleranttreethatgrowsonavarietyof soils
and textures. It prefers well drained soils and will not grow on
heavy or wet sites. It is drought hardy and is well adapted to a
precipitation zone of 370 to 750 mm/yr.Itprefersasemi-arid,cool
temperate climate with a temperature range of -20 to 35
0
C at
elevations between 2000 to 3000 m. It is frost hardy and grows in
pure stand, in small groups, oras scattered individual trees. The
tree is attacked by cone borers and bark beatles. Grazing and
collectionof the edibleseedhas limitednaturalregeneration.
REPRODUCTION: It is reproduced fromseed.Seedsare lowin viability.
PRODUCTIVITY: It is aslowgrowingtreethatis adapted toharshsites.
Atree 21.3mtall and 1.45min diameterhas been recorded.
MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS: This is a valuable tree for reforestation and
afforestationof denudedhill sides.Becauseofits abilitytogrowin
semi-arid cold temperate climates this tree would be ideal for
reclaimingdenudedareasofBalochistan,UpperKaghan,GilgitandSkardu
in Pakistan. Because of the valueoftheedibleseed,naturalregenera-
Lionis almostimpossible.Thefutureofthis valuable tree will depend
onthe developmentof protectedseedsources.
WOOD PROPERTIES:
GRAIN: Straight,medium fineandun-eventextured.
COLOR: Sapwood is white to yellowish white and heartwood is light
reddishbrowntodarkbrown, resinous.
STRENGTH: Moderatelyhard,heavy.
USES: Construction,fuel, food (pinenuts), andmedicinal (pinenuts).
93
Pinus halepensis Miller
(Pinaceae)
COMMON NAMES: Aleppo pine, Quetta pine.
DESCRIPTION: A medium sized tree 12 to 27 m tall with an average diameter
of 0.4 m.The crown is rounded, diffuse withspreading branches.The
needleare in twos, 6.25to 15 cm long.
headlike clusters. The female flowers are erect and clustered at the
endsofbranches.TheconesbloombetweenApril andJune.The fruitis
the femalecone.Asitripensitturnsashinyreddish-browncolor.The
seed in the cone takes afull year to mature after pollination or 2
years forthereproductivecycletobecompleted.Therearetwo,winged
seedbeneath eachcone scale. Seed is shedSeptemberthroughOctober.
DISTRIBUTION: ThetreeisnativetotheMediterraneanbasin.Howeverit is
notfoundineitherLibyaorEgypt.InPakistanithasbeensuccessfully
plantedinNWFPandBalochistan,especiallyinQuettawithhandwatering.
HABITATAND ECOLOGY: Anintoleranttreethatgrowson avarietyofsoils,
including shallow,eroded and soils low in nutrients. Although it
growsbest onwell drainedsoils it will not growon salineor wet
sites. This is one of the few pines that does growon heavy clay
soil.It isdroughthardyandiswelladaptedtoaprecipitationzone
of 250 to 800mm/yr and can survive 7to 8months of drought. It
prefers a semi-arid, cool temjPerate mediterranean climate with a
temperaturerange of -20 to 40Cat elevationsupto 2000 m.It can
withstandshortperiodsofhard frosts. Thetreeis freeofdisease
and insectproblems.
REPRODUCTION: It is reproduced fromseed. Seedscropsare frequentand
seedcanbestoredinsealedcontainersinarefrigeratedenvironment
foranumberof years.
PRODUCTIVITY: This is consideredafastgrowingtree.Yields of 3 to 12
m
3
/ha/yrhavebeenrecordedondifferentqualitysites.Heightgrowth
of 0.3 to 0.5m/yrhasbeen recordedoverafiftyyearperiod.
MANAGEMENTIMPLICATIONS: This is avaluabletree for reforestation and
afforestation of denuded areas of Pakistan thathave aMediterranean
typeclimate.
WOODPROPERTIES:
GRAIN: Straight,mediumfine andun-eventextured.
COLOR: Woodis lightbrownishwhite with an resinous odor.
STRENGTH: Moderatelyhard, heavy.
USES: Construction,fuel, resin,erosioncontrol, andpackingcrates.
94
Pinus roxburghii Sargent
(Pinaceae)
COMMON NAMES: Chir pine, Nakhtar.
DESCRIPTION:
A large tree 21 to m tall with an average
of
33
diameter 0.6
m.Thecrown is rounded. Theneedlesare in threes, 20 to30 cm long.
The bole is straight,erect.
headlike clusters, 1.3 to 1.8 cm long. The female flowers are erect
solitarywith 2to 5clusteredattheendofbranches.Theconesbloom
betweenJanuaryandApril. The fruitis the femalecone.As it ripens
itturnsashinyreddish-brown
color.Theseedin theconetakesafull
yeartomatureafterpollinationand2years forthereproductivecycle
tobecompleted.Thereare two,winged seedsbeneatheachcone scale.
Seedis shedSeptemberthroughOctober.
DISTRIBUTION:
The tree is native toPakistan, Bhutan,Nepal, India, and
Afghanistan.In Pakistan it is found in theHimalayasspecifically
in
AzadKashmir,Murree,Ilazara, Swat,Dir, Bajaur,Khyber,Malakand,and
OrakzaiAgencies. It is easilycultivatedin thenorthernareasofthe
Punjab and the NWFP. Large plantations have been raised in Mansehra,
Abbottabadand Balakoteareasof NWFP.
HABITATAND ECOLOGY: An intnlerant tree that grows on a variety of soils,
including shallow soils and soils originating from limestones,
granites,andsandstone. It io droughthardyand iswelladaptedto
aprecipitation
zone of 450 to 1625 mm/yrand can survive 2to 4
months of drought. It prefers a humid sub-humid, cool-moderately
coo]., sub-tropicalmonsoonclimatewithatemperaturerangeof-5to
40
0
C at elevationsbetween500 to 2500m.It is frosthardyand fire
resistant.The treeis freeof diseaseand insectproblems.Natural
regenerationoccursreadilyop baremineralsoil.
REPRODUCTION:
It is reproduced from seed. Seedcrops are erraticbut
seedcanbestoredinsealedcontainersinarefrigeratedenvironment
for anumberofyears.
PRODUCTIVITY: This is consideredafastgrowingtree. Yieldsof 7 to 14
m
3
/ha/yrare recordedon sitesofdifferentquality.
Thisis avaluabletree forreforestation
and
afforestation
of denuded areas in the foothills of Pakistan. Native
standshavebeenheavilyovercutandwillneedtobe replanted.
WOOD PROPERTIES:
GRAIN: Straight or spiral, medium fine and un-even textured.
COLOR: Sapwood white, heartwood light red turning to reddish or
yellowishbrownwithage.
STRENGTH: Moderately hard, heavy.
USES: Construction,
fuel, resin,erosioncontrol,sleepers,food (edible
seed), various wood products (furniture, match sticks, etc.), tar
(roots), andtannin.
95
Pinus wallichiana
A.B. Jackson
(Pinaceae)
COMMON NAMES: Kail, Biar, Blue pine.
DESCRIPTION:
A large tree 30 to 45 m tall with a diameter of 1 to 1.5
Thecrown is conical. The needles
m.
are in fives, 10 to 20 cm long and
bluishto graygreen incolor.Thebole is straight,
erect.
It is monoecious.
The male flowers or cones are many, crowded in
headlikeclusters,
1cm long.The female flowersare solitaryor 2to
3clustered
at the ends of branchesandbloombetweenApril andJune.
The fruit, female cone, is 15 to 30 cm long whenmature. Seed in the
conetakesayeartomatureafterpollination
or2yearstocompletethe
reproductive
cycle.Therearetwo,wingedseedsbeneatheachconescale.
Seed is shedSeptember
throughOctober.
DISTRIBUTION:
The tree is native to Pakistan,
Bhutan, Nepal, India, and
Afghanistan.
In Pakistanit hasbeenCivided intotwovarieties:
Var.wallichiana
isolated inthemoisttemperate
zoneofMurree-Galiat
andAzadKashmir.Artificial
plantations
arebeingraisedinKaghanand
ofsoils, butdoesbestonfertile,welldrainedsandyclaytosandy
swat.
Var. karakorama
isolated in the dry temperate
Areas, Takhte-Sulaiman,
Swat, Dir, Chitral,
Plantations
are beingraised in Kaghanand Swat.
zone of
Tirah,
the
and
Northern
Kurram.
HABITATANDECOLOGY: Amoderately
intolerant
tree that grows on a variety
clay loams. It is adapted to aprecipitation
zone of 300 to 1500
mm/yrin atemperature
rangeof-20 to 35
0
C.Itprefersahumidcool
temperate/arid
coldtemperateclimateatelevations
between1200and
3700m.It occurs in purestand oras partof themixed coniferous
forest.Fire,porcupines
andbearscauseconsiderable
damageto it.
It is susceptible
to redring rot (Phellinus
pini), dwarfmistletoe
(Arceuthobium
minutissimum),
and snowdamage.
REPRODUCTION:
It is reproduced
fromseed. Seed cropsare frequentand
seedcanbestoredinsealedcontainers
inarefrigerated
environment
forat least2years.
PRODUCTIVITY:
It is considered
afast growing tree. Yields of 5to 8
m
3
/ha/yrarerecordedon different
qualitysites.
MANAGEMENT
IMPLICATIONS:
This is one of the most valuable
trees of
Pakistan.
Native stands have been heavily overcut and need to be
replanted.
Caremust be takentomatch the seed and seedlings
to the
appropriate
ecological
zone.
WOODPROPERTIES:
GRAIN: Straight,
mediumfine anduneventextured,
easilyworked.
COLOR: Sapwood is white and heartwood
is pink.
STRENGTH:
Moderately
hard,moderately
heavy.
USES: Construction,
fuel,sleepers,
andvariouswoodproducts (furniture,
match sticks,
window
frames,
etc.).
96
Pistacia integerrima Bunge
(Anacardiaceae)
COMMON NAMES: Kangar.
DESCRIPTION: Amedium sized deciduous tree 10to 15 m tall. The crown is
spreading with stem diameters of 38 to 48 cm. Leaves are compound,
large 16 to25cm long.
It is dioecious.The female flowersarein long,15 to25 cm,bunches.
The tree flowersbetweenMarchandMay.
DISTRIBUTION: The tree is nativeto Pakistan, India, Afghanistanand is
cultivatedin manypartsof theworld. In Pakistanit is foundin the
foothillsofAzadKashmir,theNorthernAreas,Murreehills,Rawalpindi,
Hazari, Peshawar,Swat,Chitral, theSaltrangeandBalochistan.Quite
commonas avenue tree in Islamabad.
HABITAT AND ECOLOGY: A moderately tolerant tree that grows well on
shallow, calcarious, stony, and sandy soils. It isdroughthardyand
will grow on steep hill sides with hot aspects. It requires a
precipitation zone of 400 to 1250 mm/yr. It prefers ahumid sub-
humid,coolsub-tropicalmonsoontosemi-aridwinter/monsoonclimate
withatemperaturerangeof-5to 40
0
Catelevationsbetween400and
1250m.It hasnoobserved insect ordiseaseproblems.
means.
PRODUCTIVITY: Its growth is slowwith adiametergrowth of 0.5 to 0.75
cm/yr. It reachesmaturitybetween50 and 60 yearsof age.
MANAGEMENTIMPLICATIONS: Thistree has been over harvested because of
itsdesirablefuelcharacteristics.Itisavaluablememberofthemixed
coniferousforest andshould beprotected. Ithaspotential for large
scale,mixed plantingswithChirpinetoprotectwatersheds.
WOOD PROPERTIES:
GRAIN: Twisted with medium fine, somewhat uneven grain.
COLOR: Sapwood is light brown and heartwood is dark, reddish brown with
blackstreaks.
DENSITY: Densewithaspecificgravityof 0.68 and a calorific value of
5100kcal/kg.
STRENGTH: Hard,heavy,andstrong.
USES: Nuts,ornamental,fodder,furnitureandwoodcarving,andmedicinal
(gallsareconsideredanexpectorant).
97
Pistaria khinuk
(Anacardiaceae)
COMMON NAME: Khanjak, Guli-pist.
DESCRIPTION: A tree 6 to 12 m in height. Young foliage has a beautiful
dark tinge. Flowers between April and May. Gall formation is quite
common.
DISTRIBUTION: A tree of very wide distribution, extending from Pakistan
throughMediterraneantoSpain. Natural in Balochistan.
SILVICAL CHARACTERS:
HABITATANDECOLOGY: Growsindryandharshclimateintheopen.Canstand
tempratures of less than OCand grows with as little as 250 mm
rainfallannually. Ithas no knowninsectsproblems.
REPRODUCTION: It is easilyreproduced fromseed.
PRODUCTIVITY: Growth is slow.Seedlingsgrow in heightat therate of 8
cm/yr.
MANAGEMENT: Grows naturally as scattered trees and has never been
managed as standsoftrees. Seedlingsraised in nurserieswereplanted
in Ziarat with 50% success in the fielddue to biotic and climatic
factors.
WOOD PROPERTIES:
GRAIN: Close.
COLOR: Darkbrown.
DENSITY: Quite high.
STRENGTH: Very hard, durable.
USES: Fruit, fodder,fuel, medicinal(oil,resin), dyeandtannins',leaves).
98
Pithecolobium
dulce (Roxb.) Benth.
(Leguminosae,
COMMON NAMES: Jangal Jalebi, Manila Tamarind.
DESCRIPTION:
An almost evergreen,
thorny, medium sized tree, 20 m tall.
Thecrownis broadandspreadingto30mindiameter.Thestemisshort
and is upto 31cm indiameter.Foliageis feathery-like
andtheleaves
are compound, 1to 2.5 cm long. The bark is smoothgray with small,
yellowish
white spots.
The flowers are small, greenish white and are arranged in long bunches.
It flowersbetweenOctoberandApril. Thepodsare flat, 10 to 12.5 mm
long andmaturebetweenApril andJune.
DISTRIBUTION:
The tree is native to Mexico, southern California,
and south
into Central and South America. It has been successfully
planted
throughout
sub-tropical
partsoftheworld.InPakistanitiscultivated
in the Punjab andSindh.
HABITATANDECOLOGY: Anaggressive
toleranttreesthatisquiteadaptable
and will grow on mostsoils fromclays tosands includingareasof
brackish water tables and saline soils. It requires a summer
precipitation
zone of 400 to 600 mm/yr and is considered
drought
hardy. It prefers a warm sub-tropical
to tropical climate with a
temperature
range of 7 to 45CC at elevations
up to 1500 m. Grazing
can be a problem but, once established,
it is very difficult to
eradicate.
Insect and disease problems include leaf spot and
defoliators
plus it is a favoredhost of the thornbug.
REPRODUCTION:
It is reproduced
both from seedandbyveqetative means.
The seed remains viable for Long periods of time. Pretreatment
of
seed with a watersoakwill speedup germination.
PRODUCTIVITY:
It is a fast growing tree. On favorable sites it has
reachedheightsof 10 m in 5to 6years.
MANAGEMENT
IMPLICATIONS:
This tree is adaptedto avarietyofsitesand
soils. It coppices readily. It is agoodnitrogenfixer.It is auseful
farm forestry tree. Young plantsneedprotection
fromgrazingandfrost.
It can beplantedonsaline,sodicsites. Becauseof itsseed habitit
can quicklybecomeaweedproblemand is difficult
toeradicate.
WOOD PROPERTIES:
GRAIN: Straight grained.
COLOR: Sapwood iswhitishand heartwood is reddishbrown.
DENSITY: Densewithaspecificgravityof 0.65 andacalorificvalueof
5600kcal/kg.
STRENGTH: Very strong,resilient.
USES: Fodder, fuel nitrogenfixing,polesandconstruction,
agricultural
implements,
apiculture,
furnitureand soilstabilization.
99
Platanus orientalis Linn.
(Platanaceae)
COMMON NAMES: Chinar, Plane Tree.
DESCRIPTION: A large, deciduous tree 20 to 25 m tall with diameters of 1
to 3m.The crown is oblong. The leavesare simple 12 to 20 cm long,
with5to 7deeplobes.
Itismonoecious.Themaleflowersaredenselycrowdedroundheads.The
female flowersaresimilartothemale flowersandbloombetweenMarch
and May. The fruit is a rounded head, 2.5 to 7.5 cm in diameter,
containingnumeroussmall1-seedednuts(achenes).TheseedmaturesJune
throughAugust.
DISTRIBUTION: Thetreeis nativetosouthwesternAsia. In Pakistanithas
been successfully planted in the Northern Areas, NWFP, Balochistan,
Peshawar,IslamabadandLahore.
HABITATANDECOLOGY: Anintoleranttreethatqrowsonsandy,acidicsoils,
onwetsitesandalongstreambanks.Itisadaptedtoaprecipitation
zoneof 1000 to2000 mm/yrin atemperaturerangeof20 to 40
0
C.It
prefersan arid, cool temperateclimateat elevatio-ns up to 3000m.
Thetreeissusceptibletomanyinsects,whichcanbecontrolledwith
insecticides.
REPRODUCTION: It is reproduced from seed and by vegetative means. Seed
isverysmallanddifficultto collect.
PRODUCTIVITY: Diameter growth of 2 cm a year is notunusual.
MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS: This tree could be planted with conifers on
denuded sites. Its fast growth
stabilizingerodibleslopes.
rate makes it quite useful for
WOODPROPERTIES:
GRAIN: Straight, medium fine and un-even textured.
COLOR: Wood is lightto grayish brown.
STRENGTH: Moderatelyhard,heavy, strong.
USES: Construction,fuel,variouswoodproductsincludingfurniture,and
erosioncontrol.
100
Populus caspica Bornm.
(Salicaceae)
COMMON NAMES: Chitta Sufeda, white poplar.
DESCRIPTION:
A medium to large, deciduous tree 12 to 20 m or more tall,
with diameters of 30 to 50 cm. The trunk is erect and the crown
spreading.The leaves are simple, 3to 5 lobed, 5to 10 cm long and
broad.Thebarkis smooth, lightgraytogreenishwhitein color.
It is dioecious. Themale catkins are 5to 10 cm longand the female
catkins are 5cm long. Flowering and seed production occurs between
MarchandMay.
DISTRIBUTION:
Thetree is nativetoEurope,NorthAfrica,theMiddleEast
and Asia. In Pakistan it grows in the Himalayas,Karakorumand Hindu-
kush. It has beensuccessfully
plantedin the Peshawarvalleyandthe
hillsof the Punjab.
HABITATANDECOLOGY: An intolerant tree that grows best on deep moist
soils, but can grow on a variety of sites. It is adapted to a
precipitation
zone of 750 to 1250 mm/yror more, in a temperature
range of -3 to 35
0
C. It prefers ahumid,cool cold temperate,sub-
tropicaltemperatesemi-arid,cooltemperate,Mediterranean
climate.
It can be coppiced. The foliage, when attack by rust and powdery
mildew,can beconsiderably
damage.
REPRODUCTION:
It is reproducedfrom seed and byvegetativemeans. The
seedis small, lightand winddisseminated.
PRODUCTIVITY:
Growth is relatively fast. Diametergrowth of 1.5 to 2.0
cmayear isnot uncommon.
MANAGEMENT
IMPLICATIONS:
This tree has the potential to control erosion
on steep hillsides. It shouldbe used in the hill regions on problem
watersheds,
becauseofitsgrowthrateandeaseofreproduction.
Growth
on the plainshasnotbeengood.
WOOD PROPERTIES:
GRAIN: Veryfine, straight, eventextured.
STRENGTH: Moderatelylight, soft.
USES: Fuel, packing cases and crates, matches, erosion control and
reforestation,
plywood,andfodder.
101
Populus ciliata Wall. Ex. Royle
(Salicaceae)
COMMON NAMES: Palach, Himalayan poplar.
DESCRIPTION: A large, deciduous tree 18 to 21 m tall, with diameters of
60 to 80 cm. The trunk is erect and the crown spreading. The leaves are
simple, 7.5to 17.5 cm long.
It is dioecious.Themalecatkins are7.5to10 cmlongand the female
catkins are 15 to 30 cm long. Flowering and seed production occurs
betweenMarchandJune.
DISTRIBUTION: The tree is native to the Subcontinent, North and Central
Asia,andNorthAmerica. InPakistanitgrows inAzadKashmir,Northern
Areas,Gilgit,MurreeHills, Hazara,Swat,Dir, ChitralandTirah.
HABITAT AND ECOLOGY: An intolerant tree that grows best on deep moist
soils,butcangrowon avarietyof sitesandsoils includingrocky
exposed, land slide areas. It also grows best on alluvium, stream
beds and/or sandy loams. It is adapted to a precipitation zone of 750
to 1250 mm/yr or more, in a temperature range of -20 to 35
0
C. It
prefersahumid, semi-aridcool, coldtemperate,climate.Ithas no
observedinsectordiseaseproblemsinPakistan.It doesnotcoppice
exceptwhenyoung.
REPRODUCTION: It is reproduced from seed and by vegetative means. The
seed is small with long silky hairs, light and wind disseminated.
Viability is low.
3
/ha/yr
havebeenrecorded.
MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS: This tree has the potential to control erosion
on. steep hillsides. It shouldbeusedin problemwatersheds,becauseof
its growth rate and ease of reproduction. It is a component of the
coniferous forest and can be easily regenerated by cuttings. It is also
useful forcontrollingstreambankerosion andland slideareas.
WOOD PROPERTIES:
GRAIN: Very fine, straight,eventextured.
COLOR: Sapwoodiswhite,heartwoodpale to brownishgray.
reforestation,
plywood,pulp,and fodder.
102
Populus deltoides Bartr.
(Salicaceae)
COMMON NAMES: Sufed Poplar, Northern Cottonwood.
DESCRIPTION: A large, deciduous tree 25 to 30 m tall, with diameters of
40 cm or more. The trunk is erect and the crown broad and spreading. The
leavesaresimple,7.5 to 12.5cm long.Thebarkonoldertreesisgray
to gray black and rough. On younger trees the bark is smooth and shiny.
It is dioecious.Themale catkinsare7.5 to 10 cm longandthe female
betweenJuneandAugust.
DISTRIBUTION: The tree is native to North America. In Pakistan it has been
successfully planted in the plains as well as in the hills. Several
clones ofthis specieshavebeentested in differentpartsof Pakistan
andthe bestones suited to local conditionshavebeenidentified.
HABITAT AND ECOLOGY: An intolerant tree that grows on sandy loams and
alluvialsoils.Itrequiresconsiderableamountsofwatertomaintain
growth and is adaptedto aprecipitationzone of 750 to 1250mm/yr
or more, in a temperature range of -20 to 35
0
C. It prefers a semi-
humid to semi-arid, cool, sub-tropical temperate climate. It does
coppice. It is susceptible to many insect and disease problems
especiallywhenstressed.
REPRODUCTION: It is reproducedboth fromseed and by vegetativemeans.
The seed is small with silky hairs (cotton), light and wind
disseminated.Seedviability is low.
PRODUCTIVITY: It is fast growing. Yields of 20 to 40 M3/ha/yrhave been
recorded. Clonessuch as AY-48, $7C2, S7C3, S7C4, S7C20, 1-63/51,
1-72/51, 1-24/64, 1-72/58, 1-69/55, 1-262 and ST-92 have given
excellentperformance.
MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS: This is a good farm forestry tree. It has been
extensivelyplanted and intercropped on farms in Pakistan.Undersome
conditions it will compete with crops for water. It is also agood
shelterbelttree becauseof it rapidgrowth.
WOOD PROPERTIES:
GRAIN: Very fine, straight, eventextured.
COLOR: Sapwood is white,and heartwoodpaletobrownishgray.
reforestation,plywood,pulp,fodder,and roadside tree.
103
Populus euphratica Olivier
(Salicaceae)
COMMON NAMES: Bahan, Euphrates Poplar.
DESCRIPTION: A small to medium, deciduous tree 7.5 to 15 m tall, with
diameters of 30 to 70 cm. The trunk is twisted or crooked and forked
while the crown is broad and somewhat spreading. The leaves are simple,
lobed 5to 15 cm long.
It is dioecious.Themalecatkinsare 2.5 to 15 cmlong and the female
catkinsare5to7cmlong.Floweringandseedproductionoccursbetween
JanuaryandJune.
DISTRIBUTION: The tree is native to the Middle East, southern Russia, the
Subcontinent and east to China. In Pakistan it is found in hot arid
areasalong rivers coursesorwhere thereis sub-surfacewater.
HABITATANDECOLOGY: A tolerant tree that grows on a variety of sites
including waterlogged and saline soils. This is the only poplar that
willgrowon saline soils. It is adapted to aprecipitationzone of
750 to 1250 mm/yr or more, in a temperature raqrge of -10 to 45
0
C. It
prefersaarid, semi-arid, sub-tropical climate.It is considereda
riverainspecies and in theseareas its growthdoes notdependupon
rainfall. It is frost hardy, can withstand drought and periodical
inundation. Ithas aelevational range from belowsea level to the
tree lineat 4000m. It doescoppice.It hasno significantdisease
or insectproblems in Pakistan.
PEPRODUCTION: It is reproduced bothfrom seed andbyvegetativemeans.
The seed is small light and wind disseminated. Seed viability is
high.
3
/ha/yr
havebeenrecorded. Diameter growth of 3 to 17 cm/yr can be expected.
MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS: This is a good farm forestry tree. In natural
areas within Pakistan it hasbeenutilized tothe point of extinction,
and should receive at least limited protection. It should be given
greater emphasis in farm forestryprogramsespecially in the reverain
tracts.
WOOD PROPERTIES:
GRAIN: Interlocked and irregular, fine, and even textured.
COLOR: Sapwood is white, and heartwood is reddish brown.
USES: Timber, packing cases and crates, matches, erosion control and
reforestation, plywood, pulp, fodder, roadside tree, used to clean
teeth, andmedicinal (barkis avermifuge).
104
Populus euramericana
C V-1-214 (Dade) Guinier
(Salicaceae)
COMMON NAMES: Doghla Poplar, Hybrid Poplar.
DESCRIPTION:
A tall tree often attaining a height of 30 m with a diameter
of 50 cm.The leavesare broadlytriangularwithlongpetioles.
It is afemalepoplar,ahybridcultivarderivedfromPqpulusdeltoides
and Populusniqraat the Institute of CasaleMonferrato,
Italy. Ithas
no burrs. Budsarepointedand floweringoccursbefore leafing.
DISTRIBUTION:
The tree was widely grown all over Europe after the Second
World War and now throughout the world. It was introduced into Pakistan
in themid fifties.
HABITATANDECOLOGY: An intolerant
tree that grows on deep soilswhich
have large quantities
of water.However, it performs poorly under
waterlogged
and saline conditions.
can It withstand
freezing
temperatures
but is damaged when temperatures
exceed 40 to 45C. It
should thereforenotbe plantedin southernpartsof thePunjaband
Balochistan
as well as in Sindh.
REPRODUCTION:
It is reproduced
byvegetative
means (stemcuttings).
PRODUCTIVITY:
It is very fast growing hybrid. MAI of 40 m
3
/ha/yr has
been recorded. Height of 17 m with diameter of 15 cm in 5 years are
common.
MANAGEMENT
IMPLICATIONS:
This is a good farm forestry tree. It requires
deep soil' working and continuois
weed control. If stressed, it is
susceptible
to insect and disease problems including defoliators
and
borers.
WOOD PROPERTIES:
GRAIN: Fine ormedium,eventextured.
COLOR: White, greenish brown when dry.
DENSITY: Specificgravitybetwen0.28 and0.52.
STRENGTH: Fairlystrong.
USES: Timber,fuel, packingcasesandcrates,housing,furniture,
matches,
plywood,pulp,chipvoard, shuttering
poles, and fodder.
105
Populus nigra Linn.
(Salicaceae)
COMMON NAMES: Siah poplar, Lombardy poplar.
DESCRIPTION: A large, deciduous tree 15 to 27 mtall with diameters of 60
to90cm. Thetrunkis straightwith fastigiatebranchingandthecrown
is cylindrical.The leavesaresimple, lobed5to 10 cm long.
It is dioecious.Themalecatkinsare 2.5to 7.5cmlongandthe female
betweenJanuaryandJune.
DISTRIBUTION: The tree is native to western and central Europe, the Middle
East,andtheSubcontinent.In Pakistanit isplanted inallprovinces,
theNorthernAreas, andAzadKashmir.Ithasbeensuccessfullyplanted
in the plains.Thebestspecimenare available in theNorthernAreas.
HABITATANDECOLOGY: An intolerant tree that grows on a variety of well
drainedsitesalongwatercourses.It is adaptedtoaprecipitation
zone of 650 to 900 mm/yrormore, in atemperaturerange of-20 to
45
0
C.Itprefersaarid,cool-cold,sub-tropical climate.Itis frost
hardy.Ithasaelevationrangefrom900to3750m. Itdoescoppice.
Thereare nosignificantdiseaseor insectproblemswhenplantedon
afavorablesite; howevor if the treeis stresseditcanbeattacked
by a number of defoliators. Gall formation by insects has been
observed.
REPRODUCTION: It is reproducedbothfrom seed andbyvegetativemeans.
However, ,nost individuals are the result of root suckers or cuttings.
Seedhas notbeenreadilyused topropagate thistree in Pakistan.
3
/ha/yr
havebeenrecorded.
MANAGEMENT IMPLiCATIONS: This is a good farm forestrv tree because of
its fast growth and large size. The wood is valuer' and can provide fuel
as well as timber in areas where forests have beendestroyed by over
harvest.
WOOD PROPERTIES:
GRAIN: Straight,fine, andeventextured.
COLOR: Sapwood is white and heartwood is pale to olive brown.
STRENGTH: Moderately light, soft.
reforestation, plywood, pulp, fodder, roadside tree, and general
construction.
106
Prosopis cineraria (Linn.) Druce.
COMMON NAMES: Jand, Kandi.
DESCRIPTION: An almost evergreen, thorny, large shrub, small sized tree
12 m tall. The crown is open and spreading. The stem is short with
diameters up to 31 cm. Foliage is feathery-like and the leaves are
compound, 1to 2.5 cm long. Leaf fall occurs forshortperiods before
flowering.Thebark is rough,gray, andexfoliating in thin flakes.
The flowersare small, creamywhiteto paleyellowandarearrangedin
smallbunches,1to2.5cmlong,floweringbetweenDecemberandMay.The
pods are flat, 12 to 25 mm long and contain on the average 10 to 15
seeds, maturingbetweenAprilandAugust.
DISTRIBUTION: The tree is native to Pakistan, India, Afghanistan, and
other parts of the Middle East. In 'Pakistanit is found in the dry
plainsandhills of the Sindh, Punjab, Balochistan,andNWFP.
HABITATANDECOLOGY: Anaggressivetoleranttreethatgrowsonavariety
ofdrysites includingmost soilsfromclaystosands. Italsodoes
well on highly alkaline sites (ph 9.8). It requires a summer
precipitation zone of 75 to 650 mm/yr and is considered very drought
hardy. It prefers a hot arid, semi-arid to sub-tropical climate with
a temperature range of -6 to 45
0
C at elevations up to 450 m.
Seedlingscanbedamagod by frost,andgrazingcan beaproblembut
once it is established itis verydifficult to eradicate.Anumber
of insectsattack itbut theyare of littlesignificance.
REPRODUCTION: It is reproduced both fromseed andbyvegetativemeans.
The seed can be stored for long periods. Pretreatment of seed by
nicking the seed coat, or a water or acid soak will speed
germination.
PRODUCTIVITY: It is fa growing with reportedyieldsof3 to5 m
3
/ha/yr.
on favorablesitesitwill reachheightsof 7min 11 years.
soils, coppices readily, and is a good nitrogen fixer. Since framers
like it because its root system does not compete with crops and it fixes
nitrogen,it isagoodfarmforestrytree.Youngplantsneedprotection
fromgrazingand frost.
WOOD PROPERTIES:
GRAIN: Interlocked,closegrained.
COLOR: Sapwood is whitish, and heartwood is purple-brown.
DENSITY: Dense, with a specific gravity of 0.61 and a calorific value of
5000 kcal/kg.
STRENGTH: Very strong,resilient,not durable.
USES: Fodder,fuel,nitrogenfixing,polesandconstruction,agriculture
implements,apiculture, furniture,andsoil stabilization.
107
Prosopisjuliflora(Swartz) D.C.
COMMON NAMES: Mesquite.
DESCRIPTION: An almost evergreen, thorny, shrub or small sized tree 10 m
tall. Thecrownisopenandstemdiametersof 20cmhavebeenreported.
Foliageis feather-likeandthe leaves arecompoundupto 1.8 cmlong.
Leaf fall occurs fora shortperiodbefore flowering.
The flowers are small, greenish-yellow,
arranged in small, dense
bunches,andappearbetweenMarchandJune.Thepodsarefleshy, flat,
16 to 23 cm longand containon the average 10 to 18 seeds. The straw
coloredpodsmaturebetweenMayandJuly.
DISTRIBUTION: The tree is native to the West Indies, the southwestern
United States, Central and South America. In Pakistan it is found in the
dryplainsandhillsof theSindh, Punjab,Balochistanand NWFP.
HABITAT AND ECOLOGY: An aggressive intolerant tree that grows on a variety
ofdrysitesincludingmostsoils fromclaystosands. It alsodoes
wellon highlyalkalinesites (ph9.8). It requires a precipitation
zone of 150to 750 mm/yr and is considered very drought hardy because
of its large tap root and extensiveroot system. It prefers a hot
arid,semi-aridtosub-tropicalclimatewithatemperaturerangeof -
2 to 45
0
C atelevationsup to 1200 m. It is fairly frosthardy, and
7razing is nota problemsincecattleavoidit. Onceestablishedit
is very difficult to eradicate. A numberof insects attack it but
theyareof little significance.
The seed can be stored for long periods. Pretreatment of seed by
nicking the seed coat, or a water or acid soak will speed
germination.
PRODUCTIVITY: Yield of 3 to 5 m
3
/ha/yr has been recorded. On favorable
sites it produces 50 to 60 tons/habiomass on a 10 yearrotation.
soils, coppicesreadily,and is a goodnitrogen fixer. It canbe used
onsaline,sodicsites.Becauseof itsseed habitit canbecomea weed
problemthuscare shouldbetakensoitdoesnotescapecultivation.It
is considereda noxiousweed in partsof Pakistan.
WOOD PROPERTIES:
GRAIN: Spiral.
COLOR: Heartwood is rich brown,sometimesred.
DENSITY: Dense with a specific gravity of 0.70, and a calorific value of
4500 kcal/kg.
STRENGTH: Verystrong,resilient,notdurable.
USES: Fodder,fuel, nitrogenfixing,polesandconstruction,agricultural
implements,apiculture, furniture,andsoil stabilization.
108
Prunus cornuta (Wall. Ex. Royle) Steud.
(Rosaceae)
COMMON NAMES: Kala Kat, Bird Cherry.
DESCRIPTION: A medium sized deciduous tree 15 to 18 mtall with diameters
of 50 to 60 cm. The leaves are simple, 10 to 15 cm long. The barkis
smoothbrowntopurple in color.
The white flowers grow in 10 to 15 cm long brunches or groups and bloom
between April and June. The fruit is small 0.6 to 1 cm in diameter and
matures fromJune toOctober.
DISTRIBUTION: The tree is native to South Eastern Europe, the Middle East
andAsia. In Pakistan it occurs inAzadKashmir,Hazara,MurreeHills,
Kurram,Chitral andSwat.
HABITATANDECOLOGY: A tolerant tree that grows on sandy loam soil that
is well drained, but prefers a moist site. It is adapted to a
precipitation zone of 750 to 1500 mm/yrormore, in atemperature
range of-lO to 25
0
C. It prefers ahumid, cool cold temperate, sub-
tropical monsoonclimate. It is easilycoppice.It has noobserved
insectordiseaseproblemsofsignificance.Onceplanted it spreads
rapidlybymeansofrootsprouts.Birdswilleatthefruitandspread
the seed.
REPRODUCTION: It is reproducedboth from seedandbyvegetativemeans.
PRODUCTIVITY: Yields of 3 to 6 m
3
/ha/yrhas beenrecorded.Heightsof 20
mwithdiametersof 75 cmhave alsobeenobserved.
onsteephillsides.Itshouldbeusedin problemwatersheds,becauseof
itsgrowthrateandeaseofreproduction.Ithasbeendestroyedinsome
areas of its natural range through heavy lopping. Special care is needed
toensure thatit is retained in its natural range.
WOOD PROPERTIES:
GRAIN: Veryfine, straight,even textured.
COLOR: Sapwood is white,andheartwood is reddishbrown.
STRENGTH: Moderately hard, heavy, strong.
USES: Fuel, agricultureimplements, furniture,erosioncontrol,textile
bobbins,wheelsandcarts,and fodder.
109
Pyrus pashia Ham. Ex D.Don.
(Rosaceae)
COMMON NAMES: Batangi, Wild pear.
DESCRIPTION: A small to medium size deciduous tree 6 to 10 m tall with
diametersof 50cm.Thecrownis smallandoval shaped.The leavesare
simple, 5to10 cmlong.
Thewhiteflowers grow in brunches or groups and bloom between March and
May. The fruit is 1 to 3 cm in diameter and matures from May to
December.
DISTRIBUTION: The tree is native to the Himalayas of Pakistan, India,
Bhutan and Nepal. In Pakistan it occurs in Azad Kashmir, Hazara, Murree
Hills, Chitraland Swat.
HABITAT AND ECOLOGY: A tolerant tree that grows on sandy loam soil that
is well drained. It is adapted to a precipitation zone of 750 to 1500
mm/yr or more, in a temperature range of -10 to 35
0
C. It prefers a
humidtosub-hlimidcool sub-tropical monsoonclimate.The fruitand
leaves are susceptibleto a"scab" infection.Once planted it will
spreadrapidlybymeansof root sprouts.
REPRODUCTION: It is reprrd),:oi1 both from and by vegetative seed
means.
Seed stored under refrirjirated conditionswill remainviable for 2
to 3years.
PRODUCTIVITY: Diameter growth of 30 cm in 8 years has been recorded.
onsteephill sidesin additionto providingafruitcrop.
WOOD PROPERTIES:
GRAIN: Veryfine, straight,eventextured.
COLOR: Wood is light, reddish brown.
STRENGTH: Hard, heavy,strong.
USES: Fuel, agriculture implements, root stock for grafting, erosion
control, food (fruit), and fodder.
110
Quercus baloot Griff.
(Fagaceae)
COMMON NAMES: Bunj, Holy Oak.
DESCRIPTION:
A small-medium
evergreen tree 2 to 12 tall with a m
diameter
of 0.5 to0.6m.The leavesaresimple,andcanhave smoothmarginsor
be toothed lobed. The bark is rough, and light-gray to dark-gray to
black.
It is monoecious.
Themale flowersorcatkinsarehangingbunches 3to
5cm long. The female flowers are erect bunches 2to 4cm long. The
flowersoccurbetweenAprilandMay. The fruitis an acornornut, 1.2
to 1.3 cm in diameter. The fruiting period is 12 to 18 month after
pollination.
DISTRIBUTION:
The tree is native to India, Pakistan, and Afghanistan
throughtheMediterranean
northintoEurope.InPakistanit is foundin
theHimalayasand theHindukushmountains.Specifically
it is found in
Dir, Chitral, Swat, lazara,Tirahand Kurram.
HABITATAND ECOLOGY: Amoderatelyintoleranttreethatgrowsonavariety
of soils, including dry, stony and arid sites. It requires a
precipitation
zoneof 200 to 1000 mm/yrormore. It prefers asub-
humid, semi-aridtemperateMediterranean
climatewithatemperature
range of -20 to 35
0
C at elevations between 1500 and 3000 It will m.
coppice readily and is attacked by powdery mildew and leafy
mistletoe.
REPRODUCTION:
It is reproducedboth fromseedandbyvegetativemeans.
The fruit, anut, is solitaryanddoes notstorewell.
PRODUCTIVITY: Slow growing, it has been reported to have a MAI of 0.25 cm
in diameter.Coppice shootshavebeen recordedto growto 25 cm in
height in one season.
MANAGEMENT
IMPLICATIONS:
This tree is well suited for planting in
watershed areas to help control erosion and has potential as afarm
forestry tree. Currently it is being exploited, and is in danger of
extinction.Itshouldbeincludedinartificialreforestation
programs.
WOOD PROPERTIES:
GRAIN: Straighttovery fine even-textured.
COLOR: Heartwood is red to reddish brown.
DENSITY: Specificgravityof0.94andacalorificvalueof 5100kcal/kg.
STRENGTH: Heavy, hard, resilient.
USES: Fuel,handles,agricultureimplements,fodder,charcoalandtannin.
il1
Quercus dilatata Royle
(Fagaceae)
COMMON NAMES: Barungi.
DESCRIPTION: Alargeevergreentree,24 to30mtallandwithadiameter
of 0.7 to 1.5 m.Thecrown is very dense.The leaves are simple,with
smoothmargins,4to 12 cm long.
It is monoecious.Themale flowersorcatkinsarehangingbunches3to
5cm long. The female flowers are short, erect bunches. The flowers
occurbetweenApril and May. The fruit is an acorn or nut, 2.5 cm in
diameter. The fruiting period is May to October, a year after
pollination.
DISTRIBUTION: The tree is native to India, Pakistan, Afghanistan and
Nepal. In Pakistan it is found in the Himalayas mountains. Specifically
it is in Dir, Chitral, Swat, Hazara, Tirah, Kurram agency, Murree Hills,
andAzad Kashmir.
HABITAT AND ECOLOGY: Amoderately intolerant tree that can stand shade
better thanmost oaks. It grows ondeep, rich moist, well drained
soilsand prefersmoist shadysites. It is prone towind throw. It
requiresaprecipitationzoneof 500to 1200 mm/yrormore, prefers
ahumidtosub-humid,cool-cold,temperateclimatewithatemperature
rangeof -20 to 35
0
Catelevations between1600 and 2900m.Itwill
coppice readily. The coppice shoots are heavily browsed and the tree
is attackedby leafymistletoe.
REPRODUCTION: It is reproducedbothfrom seedandbyvegetativemeans.
The fruit, anut, is solitaryandhas averylowviability.
PRODUCTIVITY: Slow growing, it has been reported to have a MAI of 0.4 cm
in diameter.Coppiceshootshavebeen recordedto obtainheightsof
0.75 min 5years and3min 15 years.
MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS: This tree is an important component of the
coniferousforest.Inordertomaintaindiversityattemptsmustbemade
toensurethat it is regeneratedwith the coniferousspecies.
WOOD PROPERTIES:
GRAIN: Straightto very fine even-textured.
COLOR: Sapwood is gray, and heartwood is reddish gray with darker
streaks.
STRENGTH: Heavy, hard, resilient.
USES: Fuel,handles,agricultureimplements,fodder,charcoal,tanninand
sled runners.
112
Quercus glauca Thurb.
(Fagaceao)
COMMON NAMES: Banni, Barin Oak.
DESCRIPTION:
A small ormedium sized evergreen tree, 20 m tall with a
diameterof75 cm.The leavesare 10cmby 3cm,oblongacuminate.The
barkis smoothand gray incolor.
Male flowers are catkins and the female flowers on short axillary
pedunder. The flowers occur between March and April. The fruit is an
acornornut, 2cm long.
DISTRIBUTION:
The tree is native to India, Pakistan, Afghanistan and
Nepal.
HABITATANDECOLOGY: Thistreeprefersmoistravinesinamoisttemperate
climate with freezing temperatures
in winter, 900 mm/yr rainfall
annually and an elevationrangebetween 800 and 2000 m.It is not
gregarious andhas no known insectordiseaseproblems.
REPRODUCTION:
It is reproduced from seed.
PRODUCTIVITY: Slow growing.
This tree is managed only for fuel wood but the
branches are lopped for fuel and fodder.It is graduallydisappearing
from its natural habitatduetoheavybioticpressure.
WOOD PROPERTIES:
COLOR: Dark.
DENSITY: Hard.
STRENGTH: Very strong and durable.
USES: Fuel, fodder and timber.
113
Quercus incana Roxb.
(Fagaceae)
COMMON NAMES: Rein, White Oak.
DESCRIPTION: A medium to large evergreen tree, 18 to 24 m tall and with
a diameter of 0.8 to 1.0 m. The crown is rounded. The leaves are simple,
oblong to ovate, 6to 15 cm long.The bark is grayto grayishbrown,
silverywhenyoungandpeelsoffin roundedflakes.
It ismonoecious.Themale flowersorcatkinsarehangingbunches6to
14 cmlong.Thefemaleflowersaresolitary,1to2cmlong.Theflowers
occurbetweenApril and May. The fruit is an acorn ornut, 2.5 cm in
diameter.The fruitingperiod isNovembertoJanuary.
DISTRIBUTION: The tree is native to India, Pakistan, Nepal and upper
Burma.InPakistan itis foundintheHimalayasmountains.Specifically
it is foundin Swat,Hazara,MurreeHills, andAzad Kashmir.
HABITATANDECOLOGY: It is a moderately intolerant tree that grows on
deep,richmoist,well drainedsoilsandprefersmoistshadysites.
It requires aprecipitation zoneof 1000 to 2300mm/yrormore. It
prefers ahumid to sub-humid, cool-cold, temperate climate with a
temperature range of -10 to 35
0
Cat an elevation range of 1600 to
2400 m. It coppices readily and the coppice shoot may be heavily
browsed.The treeis attackedby leafymistletoe.
REPRODUCTION: It is reproduced bothfromseed andbyvegetativemeans.
The fruit, a nut, is solitary, viability is low and storage is
difficult.
PRODUCTIVITY: Slow growing, it has been reported to attain 10 cm in
diameter in 30 years. Aplantationhas been recorded as producing
upto21 m
3
/ha in 70 years.
MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS: This tree is an important component of theChir
Pine forest. In orderto maintaindiversity,attemptsmustbe madeto
insure that it is regeneratedwith the coniferousspecies. Because of
heavy exploitation, plantingprograms may be needed to preserve this
tree.
WOOD PROPERTIES:
GRAIN: Straighttoveryfine, even-textured, lustrelow.
COLOR: Heartwood is reddishbrown.
STRENGTH: Heavy,hard, resilient.
USES:Fuel, handles,agricultureimplements, fodder,charcoal andtannin.
114
(Fagaceae)
COMMON NAMES: Banjar, Brown Oak.
DESCRIPTION: A large evergreen tree, 25 to 30 m tall and with a diameter
of 1m.The leaves are 5to 12 cm by 2.5 to 7cm, elliptic oblong,
glabrous and darkgreen above, rusty orbrown tomentous beneath.The
barkisdarkgray.
Themaleflowersorcatkinsare5to15 cmlong.Thefemaleflowersare
short spikes.The flowers occurbetweenMay andJune. The fruit is an
acornornut, 2.5 cm indiameterand ripensbetweenJulyandAugust.
DISTRIBUTION: The tree is native to India, Pakistan, Afghanistan and
Nepal.
HABITATANDECOLOGY: Thistreeprefersamoisttemperateclimatewithan
annualrainfall of1000mmand freezingtemperaturesatanelevation
rangebetween2500and3800m.It isgregariousandcanextendupto
the tree linewhere it is often seenwith conifers and otherbroad
leaved associates. It hasnoknown insectordiseaseproblems.
REPRODUCTION: It is reproduced fromseed.
PRODUCTIVITY: Slow growing.
MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS: The tree grows in pure stands or in association
withconifers.Itisgraduallydisappearingfromitsnaturalhabitatdue
toheavyloppingfor fodderandfuelwood.
WOOD PROPERTIES:
GRAIN: Closed grained.
COLOR: Light, pinkish brown.
DENSITY: Hard.
STRENGTH: Strong.
USES: Fodder,fuelwoodandcharcoal.
115
Rhizophora mucronata Lam.
(Rhizophoraceae)
COMMON NAMES: Kamo, Kunro, Bhora, Timmar, Asiatic Mangrove.
DESCRIPTION: A small to large evergreen tree 25 m tall with a diameter of
70cm.Thecrownis spreadingandsupportedbystiltedroots.Theleaves
aresimple, elliptical to oblong 8to 15 long and5to 10
cm
cmwide.
The leaf tips are sharply pointed while the basesare short pointed,
withwavy (entire)margins.The thick, leatheryleavesare darkgree
andhairlessontopandblackdottedgreenunderneath.Thebarkisbrowl,
orblackish,smoothorwithhorizontal fissures.
Thereare 3to8small flowers 15 mmlong, toacluster.Theyarebell
shaped,yellowandfragrant.TheflowersbloombetweenJulyandOctober.
The fruit is berry, eggshaped 5to 7cm long and leathery. The seed
matures fromAugustthroughSeptember.
DISTRIBUTION: The tree has a verywide range from East and South Africa
throughSouthAsiato the islandsof theSouth Pacific.In Pakistan it
is found on mud flats and alongsalt water creeks on the Lasbelaand
Makrancoasts.
HABITATANDECOLOGY: An intolerant tree that growson silty, mud soils
withinthetidalzone.Itdoeswellonsalineandbrackishsilts. It
is adaptedto aprecipitation zoneof 125 to 1700mm/yrormore, in
a temperature range of 1to 40
0
C. It prefers ahumid to arid, hot
sub-tropical to tropicalmaritimeclimate. It has noknowndisease
or pestproblemsof any importance.
REPRODUCTION: It is reproducedfromviviparousseed.In nature the seed
germinateson the treeand then falls tothe ground.
PRODUCTIVITY: Aslowgrowingtree.Heightsof8to10 manddiameters of
1to 10 cm overa 15yearperiodhavebeen reported.
MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS: Because of over harvesting the tree appears to
bethreatenedwithextinctionin some areasandshouldbe protected.
WOOD PROPERTIES:
GRAIN: Veryfine, straight.
COLOR: Wood is orange redchanging toreddishbrown.
STRENGTH: Hard, heavy,strong.
USES: Fuel includingcharcoal, tannin,postandpoles,medicinal (bark),
and fodder.
116
Robinia pseudoacacia
Linn.
COMMON NAMES: Black Locust, Robinia.
DESCRIPTION:
A medium sized to large, deciduous tree 30 m in height with
anopencrownandastraight bole.Thereareavarietyofgrowthforms
someofwhichmaybethorny.The leavesarecompound 18 to 15 cmlong.
The bark is thick, rough,brown andhas longitudinal fissures.
The flowers are small and occur in long hanging bunches. They are
yellowishtowhiteand fragrant,appearingbetweenMarchandJune.The
podsaresmall, 2.5 to3cm longand 0.5cmwide.Thepodsarehard and
usually break open while on the tree scattering the seed. The pods
maturebetweenAugust andOctober.
DISTRIBUTION:
The tree is native to the southeast and central United
States. Because of its adaptabilityit is grownthroughouttemperate
zones in the world. In Pakistan it has been successfully established in
the plains and in the hills of the Punjab and NWFP. Plantations are
being raised inGilgitand some otherpartsofNorthernareas.
HABITAT AND ECOLOGY: An intolerant: tree that grows on a variety of soils
but prefers well drained sites and not grow on
will
waterlogged
sites. The tree is frost tolerant and will grow in areas with
temperatures down to -20
0
C. It grows from sea level to 2500 m within
a precipitation
range of 700 to 1000 mm/yr. It is surprisingly
drought hirdy and can wit.hstand dry periods of 2 to 6 months. The
tree is relatively free of disease and insect problems. In the United
States it can be heavily damaged by borers such as Megacyllene
robiniae and Cyllene robiniae.
REPRODUCTION: It is easily reproduced both from seed and by vegetative
means. Good seed crops are produced annually and stores well seed
for
several years. Pretreatmentof seedwill improvegermination.
PRODUCTIVITY: It has a rapid growthrate for 30 years thenslows and by
age 50 growth almost ceases. Growth of 4 to 8 m
3
/ha/yr in 44 year old
standhas beenreported.
A useful and fast growing tree in the Chir Pine
zone of Pakistan. The wide spreading root systemmakesit an ideal tree
for erosioncontrol and soil stabilization.
It fixesnitrogenand its
foliageandseedareusefulas fodder.Anexcellentfarmforestrytree.
WOOD PROPERTIES:
GRAIN: Straight.
COLOR: Sapwood is white,andheartwood isyellowish orreddishbrown.
DENSITY: Specificgravitybetween0.75and0.80, andacalorificvalue
of 4800 kcal/kg.
STRENGTH: Hard, heavy,and resilient.
USES: Fodder, fuel and charcoal, shade, erosion control, fence posts,
apicultureand ornamental.
117
Salix acmophylla Boiss.
(Salicaceae)
COMMON NAMES: Bisee, Willow.
DESCRIPTION: Asmall, deciduous tree up to 9 m tall with a diameter of 50
to 70 cm. The trunk is straight and the crown is rounded, with
pendulousbranches.Theleavesaresimple,5to 12.5cmlongand0.5to
2cmwide.
It is dioecious.Themale catkinsare 2.5 to 5cm longand the female
catkinsare 2.5 to 5cmlong.Thecatkinsappearafterthe leaveshave
flushed. Flowering and seed production occurs between February and
April.
DISTRIBUTION: Thetreeis nativetopartsoftheMiddleEast,andtheSub-
Continent.InPakistanitisfoundintheKarakorum,andintheHimalaya
and Sub-himalayan tract. It is specific to AzadKashmir, SaltRange,
Murree Hills, Hazara, Swat, Chitral, Northern Areas, Kurram and the
mountains of Balochistan. It has been successfully planted in the
plains,usuallyalongwatercourses.
HABITATANDECOLOGY: An intoleranttree that growsonavarietyofwell
drainedsitesalongwatercourses. It is adaptedtoaprecipitation
zone of750to 1250mm/yrormore, inatemperature rangeof-20 to
35
0
C.Itprefersaarid,cool-cold,sub-tropicalclimateandis frost
hardy within an elevation range of 300 to 1600 m. It does not
coppice.It has nosignificantdiseaseor insectproblems.
REPRODUCTION: It is reproduced from seed and by vegetative means.
Howevermosttreeresultfromrootsuckersorcutting.Seedviability
is low.
PRODUCTIVITY: It is relativelyfast growing. Diametergrowth of 0.7 to
2.5 cm/yrhasbeenreported.
MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS: Itsfastgrowthandlargesize make this
desirable
sites. It
tree for
is also
use in
a good
farm
tree
forestry programs
to use on fragile
especially
hills to
a very
on wet
control
erosion.
WOOD PROPERTIES:
GRAIN: Straight, fine, and even textured.
COLOR: Whitishgray.
USES: Fuel, dye, erosioncontrol andreforestation,pulp,andfodder.
118
Salix babilonica Oinn.
(Salicaceae)
COMMON NAMES: Majnu, Weeping Willow.
DESCRIPTION: A small to medium sized, deciduous tree. The trunk is
straight,withspreading,pendulousbranchesand thecrownis rounded.
The leavesaresimple, long andnarrow,8to18 cmlongand 1cmwide.
The leaf margins are finely tooth with pointed tips. The bark is
fissured, roughand ridged.
It is dioecious.Themale and female catkinsare yellowish, 2to 3cm
long. The catkins appearafter the leaves have flushed. Floweringand
seed productionoccursbetweenFebruaryandMarch.
DISTRIBUTION: The tree is native to central China. It is now grown
extensively in many parts of the world as an ornamental. In Pakistan it
is fo,,nd in theHimalayasValleysalongwatercourses. It is specific
to Azad Kashmir, Kaghan, and Swat. It has been successfully planted in
the plains,usuallyalongwatercourses.
HABITATAND ECOLOGY: A moderately intolerant. tree that grows on a variety
of rich, sandy loamsoilsthatarewell drained. It is adaptedtoa
precipitation zone of 750 to 2250 mm/yr or more, in a temperature
rangeof-2to4J
0
C. It prefors asub-humid, semi-arid, sub-tropical,
monsoon climate and is fr n!;t. hardy. It does coppice. Rust and powdery
mildew are not uncommnn on the foliage and can become epidemic.
Ganodermawood rot is alsoacommonproblem.
REPRODUCTION: It is reproduced from seed and by vegetative means.
Howevermosttreesresult from rootsuckersorcuttings.
PRODUCTIVITY: It is relatively fast growing. Diametergrowthof 1to 2
cm/yrhas been reported.Heightgrowthwill average 1to 2m/yr.
MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS: Its fast growth and size make this a very
desirable tree for use in a farm forestryprograms especiallyon wet
sites. It is alsoagoodtreetouseonmoistdenudedhillsandgullied
areasto checkerosion.
WOOD PROPERTIES:
GRAIN: Straight,fine, andeven textured.
COLOR: Lightbrownto purplish brown.
USES: Fuel, match sticks,paperpulp,basketmaking,fodderand tannin.
Landscaping.
119
Salix tetraspe-ma Roxb.
(Salicaceae)
COMMON NAMES: Bed-i-Laila, Indian Willow.
DESCRIPTION: A small to medium sized, deciduous tree, 6 to 12 m tall with
diametersof 0.4 to1.0 m.Thetrunkiserect,withalargecrown.The
leaves are simple, 5to20 cm long.
It isdioecious.Themaleandfemalecatkinsareborneonleafyshoots.
Themalecatkinsare2.5to12.5long,whilethe femalecatkinsare2.5
to12.5mlong.FloweringandseedproductionoccursbetweenFebruaryand
May.
DISTRIBUTION: The tree is native to the sub-continent including Pakistan.
Itoccurs inswampyareas,on riverislands,andon thebanksof water
courses. In Pakistan it is foundin the Murreehills, Kahuta,Hazara,
Swat,AzadKashmir,Quetta,Kurram,andGilgit.Ithasbeensuccessfully
plantedin the plains ofAfghanistanand in thePeshiwarvalley.
HABITATANDLCOLOGY: An intoleranttree thatgrowson a varietyof rich,
sandy loam soils that are well drained. It is adapted to a
precipitationzone of 750to 1250mm/yrormore,withinaelevation
range of 300to 1600mandwithinatemperaturerangeof -10to 40
0
C.
It prefersasub-humid,semi-arid,sub-tropical,monsoontotemperate
climateand is frosthardy.Itdoescoppice.Rustandpowderymildew
maycausedamageto the foliage.
REPRODUCTION: It is reproducedboth from seed andbyvegetativemeans.
Seedaresmallandwinddisseminated. Howevermosttreesresultfrom
rootsuckersorcuttings.
PRODUCTIVITY: It is relatively fastgrowing. Diametergrowthof 0.7 to
2cm/yrhas beenreported.
MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS: Because of its fast growth it should be
consideredan ideal treeforusein afarm forestryprogramespecially
onwetsites. Useful in soil conservationprograms.
WOODPROPERTIES:
GRAIN: Straight, fine, andeventextured.
COLOR: Lightreddish brown to purplish brown.
USES: Fuel, match sticks, paper pulp, basket making, fodder, tannin,
crates,cricketbats,andplanking.
120
Salvadora oleoides Dene.
(Salvadoraceae)
COMMON NAMES: Van Pilu.
DESCRIPTION: A large evergreen shrub or tree, sometimes growing into a
ratherlargetree.Theleaves are 3.8 to7.8cmlong. Barkis grayand
slightlyrough.
The flowersare 2.35 cmacross.The fruitisadrupe 5cm indiameter,
sub-sessile, globose and yellow in colorwhen ripe. Flowers occur in
MarchandApril.Theseedmatures in summer.
DISTRIBUTION: The tree is native to Pakistan and occurs throughout the
plainsof the Punjab. It isrestrictedtohot, dryareasofthePunjab
waste lands.
HABITAT AND ECOLOGY: An intolerant cree that grows as scattered
individualsorgroupsinthedesert.OccurswithProsopiscineraria
and Capparis agphylla on a variety of well drained sandy soils. It is
adapted to a precipitation zone of 100to 250 mm/yr, in a temperature
rangeof 10 to 50
0
C.Itprefersanarid,dry, sub-tropical,tropical
thorntypeclimateand isverysusceptibletofrost. In itsnatural
rangeit is diseaseand insect free.
REPRODUCTION: It is reproduced from seed. Poly bag raised 1-year old
seedlingscanbesuccessfullyplantedout.
PRODUCTIVITY; It grows about 6 cm/year in height.
MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS: The tree iscurrently being heavily lopped for
fodderand fuel. Effortsshouldbemadeto initiateaplantingprogram
aswell asaprotectionprogramforexistingindividualsandgroupsof
individuals.It is agood foddertreeforharshsites,but it needs to
be managed. The tree would become extinct if newplantations are not
raised in its natural ecological zone i.e. desertsof Thal, Cholistan
andTharparkar.
WOOD PROPERTIES:
GRAIN: Straight, fine, and even textured.
COLOR: Heart wood small, irregular, purple.
DENSITY: Calorificvalueof5100 Kcal/kg.
STRENGTH: Light, hard.
USES: Fuel, fruitmedicinal (leavesforcoughs, rootbarkas vesicant,
fruit extract for spleen), wheels, building materials, fodder, boat
buildingknees,tools.Oil fromseed.
121
Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn.
(Sapindaceae)
COMMON NAMES: Ritha, Soap Nut.
DESCRIPTION: A deciduous tree that sometimes grows to a rather large size
withheights from 15 to 20manddiametersof 60 to80 cm. Theleaves
are compound, alternativelyarranged with each leaf 15 to 45 cmlong
with 5to 10 pairs of leaflets. There is no terminal leaflet on the
leaf.The leafletstendtobecomesmallertowardsthetop ofthe leaf.
Theyareleathery,lanceshaped,pointedandhaveshortstalks.Thebark
ofyoungtreesis lightcoloredwithmanysmall bumps.Oldertreeshave
agray-brownbarkwith irregularscalesthatpeel off.
Thegreenishyellowflowersarefringedwithhairsandborneinterminal
panicles. The fruit is a drupe, 1.5 to 2.5 cm in diameter. Flowers
occurs in MayandJunewhile fruitmaturesbetweenJuneandJanuary.
DISTRIBUTION: The tree is native to China and is cultivated in Japan,
Bangladesh,India,andPakistan.In Pakistanit is foundingardens.It
hasbeensuccessfulplantedinAzadKashmirandHazaraanddoeswell in
the foothill regions.
HABITATANDECOLOGY: An intoleranttree that requires deep, moist soils.
It is adaptedtoaprecipitationzoneof 1000 to 1750mm/yrormore
in a temperature range of -0 to 40
0
C. It prefers a sub-humid, cool,
sub-tropical monsoon climate on elevations up to 600m. It appears to
be diseaseand insect free.
REPRODUCTION: It is reproduced from seed or branch cuttings.Theseed
canbe storedforup toayearandstill maintain90% viability.
PRODUCTIVITY: Treeswithheight o"9 mand diameter of 10 cm have been
recorded in 5years.
MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS: A valuable
its foliage which is used as fodder.
tree in the foothillregions.
tree because of
It has potential
its
as
soap nuts and
a farm forestry
WOOD PROPERTIES:
GRAIN: Straight, fine.
COLOR: Greenish, light yellow.
DENSITY: Compact, heavy.
STRENGTH: Moderatelyhard.
USES: Fodder and nuts for soap.
122
Sapium sebiferum (L.) Roxb.
(Euphorbiaceae)
COMMON NAMES: Tarcharbi, Chinese Tallow Tree.
DESCRIPTION: A small-sized deciduous tree 6 to 12 m tall with a diameter
of 0.2 to 0.3 m. The crown may range from low spreading and multi-forked
toslendercolumnarwithsmallpendantbranches.Theleavesaresimple,
heart-shapedand2to7.5 cmacross.Thebarkis roughandlight-gray.
It can be monecious but in some cases the flowers have bothmale and
femaleparts.Theyellow flowersoccur in small,droopingbunches5to
20 cm long. The flowers occurbetweenMay andOc.ober.The fruit is a
capsuleandthe fruitingperiodis betweenNovemberandJanuary.
DISTRIBUTION: The tree is native to China and Japan. In Pakistan it is
planted in thoplains and ingardens.Growsnaturallyalongstreambeds
in Abbottabad.Usedextensively in Islamabad forlandscaping.
- SILVICAL CHARACTERISTICS:
HABITAT AND ECOLOGY: An intolerant tree that grows on a variety of soils,
including wet and saline sites. It can be successfully grown on
alkalineorpoor soils. It requires aprecipitation zoneof 500 to
1200 mm/yror more. Itprefers asub-humidto semi-arid,cool-warm
sub-tropical monsoon climate with a temperature range of -10 to 40
0
C,
up to an elevation of 1200 m. It is frost hardy and coppices readily.
It has no known insectordiseaseproblems.
REPRODUCTION: It is reproduced bcth from seed and by vegetative means.
PRODUCTIVIlY: A moderately fast growing tree, it has been reported to
have a diameter growth MAI of 0.85 cm. In a plantation it is reported
to have produced 22 m
3
/ha/yr cver a 4 year period.
MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS: This is a potentially useful tree in farm
forestry programs. It can also be planted in watershedareas tohelp
control erosion.
WOOD PROPERTIES:
GRAIN: Straight to rather deeply interlocked to wavy; lustre low,
texturemedium.
COLOR: Lightyellowbrown.
DENSITY: Specificgravityof0.5 andacalorificvalueof 4100 kcal/kg.
STRENGTH: Weak, soft.
USES: Fuel, candlesandsoap (fromwaxon seedcoat)ornamental,erosion
control, apiculture,and cratesandboxes.
123
Schinus molle Linn.
(Anacardiaceae)
COMMON NAMES: Kali mirch, The Pepper Tree.
DESCRIPTION: A large shrub or small evergreen tree. The leaves are
compound 12 to 20cmlongwith15 to 27 leafletsormoreon eachleaf.
The leafletsaresmall and lanceshaped.
The flowers arevery small and appearbetweenFebruary andMarch.The
fruit is a
September.
drupe, 0.8 mm in diameter. It ripens from August to
DISTRIBUTION: The tree is n
it is commonly planted
Islamabad andPeshawar.
ative
as
to Mexico,
an avenue
Chile
tree
and
in
Brazil.
Lahore,
In Pakistan
Rawalpindi,
HABITAT AND ECOLOGY: Undercultivationit canbegrownonverydrysites
with arainfall of as low as 250 mm/yr.Windstresswill result in
abushygrowthform.
REPRODUCTION: Growneasily fromseed.It canbecoppiced.
PRODUCTIVITY: Fairly rapidgrowing.
MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS: A good avenue shade tree but trees may be
damaged durin the collectionof the fruit. Although the fruit looks
like aspice ithasno foodor spicevalue.
WOOD PROPERTIES:
GRAIN: Twisted,mediumfine, somewhatuneven.
COLOR: Light.
DENSITY: Heavy.
STRENGTH: Strongand Hard.
USES: Ornamental,medicinal, fuel.
124
Sesbania sesban (Linn.) Merrill
COMMON NAMES: Jantar, Sesbania.
DESCRIPTION: A small tree, almost evergreen, attaining a height of up to
6mand adiameterof 15 cm. Leavesaregreenandpinnate.
Theflowersarepaleyellow,slenderandoccurinthespringaswellas
in the autumn. Seed is produced in slightly twistedpods up to 25 cm
longwhichcontainmanyseeds.
DISTRIBUTION: Thetree is nativetoEgyptandhasnow found its way into
Africa andAsia. It iswidelyplanted in all parts of Pakistan.
HABITATANDECOLOGY: Grows in awide variety of climatic and edaphic
conditions primarily with irrigation. It can be grown on saline
sites. Youngplantsmaybe attackedby insectdefoliatorsand stem
borers.
REPRODUCTION: Grownveryeasily fromseedwhich is sowndirectly.
PRODUCTIVITY: Can attainaheight of 5m in ayear. Yield recorded in
Indiawasmore than 5tons/haonaone yearrotation.
Tt is fast growing but short lived tree that
canbegrown inplantations.It respondstopruningbutgraduallydies
backunder excessivepollarding.It is oftenused as greenmanureand
its annual variety is extensively used forbiological ameliorationof
salinesoils.Ahighlydesirable farmforestrytreebecauseof its fast
growthrate,itsnitrogenfixingpropertiesandthemarketopportunities
forits products.
WOOD PROPERTIES:
GRAIN: Opentextured.
COLOR: Light.
DENSITY: Low.
STRENGTH: Weak.
USES: Fuel, fodder, windbreak, support stakes for vegetables, soil
improvementand fertilizer.
125
Syzgium cumini (Linn.) Skeels
(Myrtaceae)
COMMON NAMES: Jamun, Jaman, Black Plum.
DESCRIPTION: A large evergreen tree up to 40 m tall with a diameter of 1
to 2m. The crown is spreading and dense. The leaves are simple,
variable in size and shape, oval to oval-lance like 7to 15 cm long,
darkgreen, toughandleathery.The barkis smoothandthestemmaybe
crooked.Thebark is lightto darkgray,withslightdepressions.
The small white flower!; have Lsels and a sweet scent. They are
arranged in bunches of threes and bloomusually between February and
March.The fruit is asmooth, round fleshyberrythat is purpleblack
when ripe.Theberrycontainsasingleseed.Theberriesareedibleand
maturebetweenJune andAugust.
DISTRIBUTION: Thetree is native tothe subcontinentincluding Pakistan.
Ithasbeensuccessfullyplantedinmanyareasoftheworld.InPakistan
it is foundin theplainsandlowerhillsof thePunjab,NWFP,andAzad
Kashmir.
HABITATANDECOLOGY: Avery intolerant tree that grows on avarietyof
soils, from sands to loams as long as theyare well drained. It is
adapted to aprecipitation zone of up to 1250 mm/yr. It prefers a
semi-humid warm hot, sub-tropical winter/monsoon climate with a
temperaturerangeof -5to 40'C at elevationsup to 1500 m.It will
coppiceeasily.Thetreeis frosthardyandcantoleratehotdraughty
conditionsif irrigated.Ithasnoknowninsectordiseaseproblems.
REPRODUCTION: It is reproducedboth from seedandbyvegetativemeans.
Theseedsaresmallandshouldbeplanted immediateaftercollecting
andde-pulping.Theylose viabilityrapidlyanddo not store.
PRODUCTIVITY: It growsvery fast. Height growthrates of 0.75 m/yrfor
young stands have been reported. MAI of 10 to 12 m
3
/ha/yr is not
uncommonoverrotationsof 20 years.
MANAGEMENTIMPLICATIONS: It is agood tree for reforestation projects
becauseof its fast growthand wood value. It will do well on water-
logged sites, andprovidesanumberofusefulproducts includingfruit
and firewood. It is aexcellent farm forestrytree ideallysuitedfor
plantingonwaterloggedfarmsites.
WOOD PROPERTIES:
GRAIN: Interlocked,texturemoderatelyfine.
COLOR: Wood is reddishgraytobrownishgray.
DENSITY: Specificgravityof 0.70andacalorificvalueof4800kcal/kg.
STRENGTH: Hard, heavyand resilient.
USES: Construction,fuel, fruit,medicinal (fruitis acarminative,seed
for treatment of diabetes), tannin, shelterbelts, apiculture, paper
pulp,shade, fodderand roadsideplanting.
126
Tamarindus indica Linn.
COMMON NAMES: Imli, Tamarind.
DESCRIPTION: Amoderate to large-sized evergreen tree. At maturity heights
to 25 mand diameter of 3 m have been recorded. On large trees the trunk
is buttressed. The crown is wide, rounded and dense. The leaves are
compound, 15 cm long and divided into 9to 12 pairs of leaflets.The
leafletsaregray-green,smooth,lineartooblongapproximately1.5 cm
long and have short stalks.The bark is gray, cracked and scaly. The
trunk is often forked intonumerous largestems.
The flowersaresmall, yellowishwithpinkstrips. Theyoccurin loose
bunchesaroundacentral axisbetweenMarchandMay.Thefruitisapod
7.5 to 20 cm long, 2.5 cm wide, 1cm thick and slightly curved. The
colorof thepod is agrayishbrown. Itmatures fromJunetoJuly.
DISTRIBUTION: The tree is nativeto tropicalAfricaandhasbeenplanted
extensivelyintropicalareasofAsia.ItwasintroducedtoPakistanand
Indiaby Arabtraders. It is well established in the Sindh and in the
Punjab as farnorthasJhelum.
HABITAT AND ECOLOGY: An intoleranttree that is adaptedto awiderange
ofprecipitationandsoilconditions.Itgrowsbestondeepalluvium
soilsbutdoeswellas drysandysoils.Itis foundinhothumidand
dr' tropical to sub-tropical climates with temperature as high as
40WCanda precipitation zone of 250 to 1250mm/yr.Itdoesnotgrow
above600melevatior,and is susceptibleto frostdamage. Ithasno
knowninsect ordiseaseproblems.
REPRODUCTION: It is easilypropagatedbyseedandbyvegetativemethods.
should beanexcellentfarmforestrytreeintheSindh,Balochistanand
It beginstoproduce fruitaboutage 10 to12.
PRODUCTIVITY: It is long lived but slowgrowing.
treesis approximately0.5 to 0.8m/yr.
Height growth of young
MANAGEMENTIMPLICATIONS: A long lived, drought resistant tree that
southernpartsof the Punjab.
WOOD PROPERTIES:
GRAIN: Closedgrainedwith radiatingramifications.
COLOR: Sapwood isyellowish-white with reddish streaks. Heartwood is
darkpurplish-brown.
DENSITY: Veryhard, with aspecificgravity -,F 0.91 to 1.28. It has a
calorificvaluebetween4909 and4969 kcals/kg.
STRENGTH: Strongand resilient.
USES: Implement handles, fuel, charcoal, furniture, wheels and axles,
fodder,food (curriesandpickles)medicinal (pulpisamildlaxative),
apicultureandornamental.
127
Tamarix aphyHa (L.) Karst.
(Tararicaceae)
COMMON NAMES: Frash, Ghaz, Khaggal, Tamarisk.
DESCRIPTION: An erect medium to large sized evergreen tree. It reaches
heights of 10 to 18 m with diameters of 1 m, and has a non-spreading
crown.The leavesareminuteandscalelike.
Thewhite,minuteflowersarebornein spikesandarrangedinpanicles.
FlowersoccursbetweenAprilandSeptember,whileseedmaturesbetween
DecemberandJanuary.
DISTRIBUTION: The tree is native to the Middle East includingPakistan,
centralAsia,NorthAfricaandArabia. In Pakistan it iscommontothe
plains of thePunjab,Sindh,BalochistanandNWFP.Extensivelyplanted
in the sanddune area ofThal desert.
HABITATANDECOLOGY: Astrongly intoleranttree that growswell on well
drainedsandy soilsand can tolerate highlysaline/sodic sites. It
isadaptedtoaprecipitationzoneof100to500mm/yrwithprolonged
periodsofdraught. Ithas atemperature rangeof -1to 50
0
Candis
frost hardy. It prefersaarid to hot sub-tropicalwintermonsoon
climateand usuallyoccursatelevationsbelow600 m.It is disease
and insect free with the exception of some minor gall forming
insects.
REPRODUCTION: It is reproduced from cuttings and root suckers, rarely
from seed. Seed is small and produced in large numbers. Natural
regeneration is commonandverydense.
PRODUCTIVITY: Diametersupto30 cmhavebeenattainedin 12 years. Wood
productionof 5to 10 m
3
/ha/vrhas beenreported.
MANAGEMENTIMPLICATIONS: Thisis averyvaluabletreeinaridareas. It
canwithstandextremetemperaturesandsaline/soilandwaterconditions.
It is also useful for the stabilization of sand dunes and in shelter
belts. A simple coppice system can be used to produce considerable
amountsof firewoodunderarotationof 20 years.
WOODPROPERTIES:
GRAIN: Straight to twistedfibrous,coarse and uneventextured.
COLOR: White,with ayellowishtinge.
STRENGTH: Moderatelyhard,heavyand nondurable.
USES: Carpentry, agriculture implements, fuelwood, shelter belts,
charcoal, tannin,erosioncontrol, and sanddune stabilization.
128
Tecomella undulata Seem.
(Bignoniaceae)
COMMON NAMES: Lahura, Forest fire.
DESCRIPTION: A small-sized deciduous tree. Heights of 12 m and diameters
of 0.5to 0.8mare notuncommon.Leavesareopposite,simpleand 3to
9.5 cmlong.
The flowers are pale yellow to orange and appear in dense clusters from
February to May. The fruit is acapsuleor pod 17 to 34 cm long. The
podsmaturebetweenApril andJuly.
DISTRIBUTION: The tree is native to Pakistan, India and Afghanistan. In
Pakistan it occurs in Punjab, Sindh, Balochistan and NWFP. Planted along
raodsandcanals.
HABITATANDECOLOGY: Amoderatelyintoleranttreethatgrowsonavariety
of soils and sites. Its requires a precipitation zone of 200 to 1200
mm/yr.Itprefersanarid,semi-arid,hotsub-tropicalwintermonsoon
climatewith atemperature range of 0to 45
0
Con elevationsup to
1200 m. It is frost and drought hardy. It has no known insect or
diseaseproblems.
REPRODUCTION: It can be reproduced fromseed. The seeds are winged, 2
cmlongand broad.
PRODUCTIVITY: It is a very slow growing tree. Diameters of 5 to 8 cm in
fiveyearsarenot uncommon.
MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS: This very drought resistant tree has potential
as a commercial cover crop on arid and semi-arid tracts of land that are
nowwithoutvegetation.It is anattractiveornamental.
WOOD PROPERTIES:
GRAIN: Straight,mediumcoarseand somewhateven-textured.
COLOR: Grayishto yellowishbrown.
DENSITY: Specificgravityof 0.57 to 0.83.
aTRENGTH: Strong,resilient.
USES: Fuel, ornamental, furniture and carving,medicinal (flowersas a
vermifuge)and agricultural implements.
129
Terminalia arjuna (Rox. Ex D.C.) Wight &Am.
(Combretaceae)
COMMON NAMES: Arjun.
DESCRIPTION: A large evergreen tree 21 to 30 m tall with a diameter of 1
to 2.5 m.It hasan open,spreadingcrownwithdroopingbranches. The
leaves are simple with smooth margins, and are oblong or elliptic 10 to
15 cmlong.Thetruckisbuttressedwithpronouncedridges.Thebarkis
thick,pinkishgreentogray andpeelsoff in largethinsheets.
The flowers are yellowish white and occur in bunches 3to 6cm long
between April and May. The fruit is a wood capsule 2.5 to 5 cm long. The
conesmaturein MayandJune.
DISTRIBUTION: The tree is native to the subcontinent. In Pakistan it has
beenplantedthroughouttheplains,in gardensandasaroadsidetree.
HABITAT AND ECOLOGY: A shade tolerant tree that grows on a variety of moist
sites if they are well drained. It will growon saline, sodicand
waterlogged sites. It requiresaprecipitation zone of 750 to 3800
mm/yr. It prefers a humid, hot tropical, sub-tropical monsoon climate
with a temperature range of 0 to 45cC on elevations up to 600 m. The
treeisnotfrosthardy.Ithasnoknown insectordiseaseproblems.
means.
PRODUCTIVITY: It is afastgrowingtreethatcanproduceyieldsbetween
10 and 12 m
3
/ha/yr. Heights of 5 to 8m have been recorded in a 5 year
period.
MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS: This fast growing tree can grow on waterlogged
and saline sites. It isvaluable for fuel and otherwood products. It
is also useful for erosion control. The leaves are used for winter
fodderandcanalsobeusedto feed tasarsilkworms.An excellentfarm
forestrytree forareaswhere thereare sodic, saline and waterlogged
conditions.
WOOD PROPERTIES:
GRAIN: Wavy, coarse and even-textured.
COLOR: Sapwood is reddish white and heartwood is brown withstreaks.
DENSITY: Specificgravityof 0.9 andacalorificvalueof5000 kcal/kg.
STRENGTH: Hard, heavy, resilient.
USES: Fuel,implements,erosioncontrol,wheels,spokesandaxles,fodder,
medicinal (bark is a astringent and cardiac stimulant), timber and
ornamental.
130
Terminalia belerica (Gaertn.) Roxb.
(Combretaceae)
COMMON NAMES: Bahera, Beleric Myrabolam.
DESCRIPTION: Alarge deciduous tree 24 to 30 m tall with a diameter of 0.6
to 2.5m.It has amassivespreadingcrown. The leavesare simplebut
clustered near the ends of the branches. The leaves are oblong or
elliptic 8 to 20 cm long and leathery. The trunk is buttressed with
pronouncedridges. Thebarkis thick,bluishorash graywithvertical
furrows.
The flowers are qreenish yellow with an offensive odor and occur in
bunches 7 to 15 cm long. it is monoecious with the flower bunches
divided into separatemaleand female flowers. The female flowersare
in the lower j..irts of the bunch with the males in the upper portion. The
flowers appearbetween April andJune. The fruit is afleshynut 3cm
long. Thenutsmature in December.
DISTRIBUTION: The tree is native to the subcontinent. In Pakistan it is in
thesub-himalayantracteastofRawalpindi,toSialkotandAzadKashmir.
Ithasbeenplantedthroughouttheplains,ingardensandasaroadside
tree.
HABITAT ANDECOLOGY: An intolerant tree that grows on a variety of moist
soilsif they arewell drained.It requiresaprecipitationzoneof
750 to 1750 mm/yr. It prefers ahumid, hot tropical, sub-tropical
monsoonclimatewithatemperaturerangeof -5to40
0
Con elevations
up to 900 m. The tree is not frost hardy. There are a number of fungi
thatattackit butthey donot causesignificantdamage.
means.
PRODUCTIVITY: it is a fast growing tree. Diameter growth MAI of 0.24 to
0.69 cmhavebeenrecorded.
MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS: This is a fast growing tree, valuable for fuel
and otherwoodproducts. Thenut is afavorite food formanyanimals.
Itwill coppice.It is an excellent farm forestrytree.
WOOD PROPERTIES:
GRAIN: Straight,coarseand even-textured.
COLOR: Yellowishgray.
STRENGTH: Hard,heavy, resilient.
USES: Fuel, imliements, boats, tannin, fodder (nuts) medicinal (fruit is
alaxative)timber,nut intoxicateandornamental.
131
Ulmus wallichiana Planch.
(Ulmaceae)
COMMON NAMES: Kain, Himalayan Elm.
DESCRIPTION: Alarge sized deciduoustree.It reachesheights of 24 to 27
mwithdiameters of 1.2 to 1.5 m.Large treeswill have an ascending
crown.The leaves aresimple, alternate, 7to 15 cm long.Thebark is
rough,gray todarkgrayand deeplyfurrowed.
The flowers are in congested bunches on the leafless branches. The
fruits are 12 to 15 mm long. It flowers in MarchtoApril while fruit
matures betweenAprilandJune.
DISTRIBUTION: Thetreeis nativetoPakistan.IndiaandNepal. InPakistan
it is foundin Swat,flazara, Murree,AzadKashmirand Balochistan.
HABITATAND ECOLOGY:Atoleranttreethatbecomesmoreintolerantwithage.
It growson deep,well drainedsoilsand prefersmoist ravines and
broadleaved forests. It is adapted to aprecipitation zoneof 750
to1250 mm/yr.Ithas atemperaturerangeof -10 to35
0
C.Itprefers
asub-humid,cool to semi-arid,warmsubtropical,temperateclimate
usuallyat elevations of 1000 to 3000 m.Although it is sometimes
attackedbywood borersthey cause little economicdamage.
REPRODUCTION:It is reprodur-od fromseed.Seedsaresmalland lose their
viabilityshortlyafter ripening.
PRODUCTIVITY: Diametergrowthof 0.85 cm/yearhas been observed.
MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS: The tree has value as it produces wood, fodder
andcordage.It canbesuccessiullycultivatedaroundvillagesand has
potentialasaornamental. It haspotentialas afarm forestrytree in
agroforestrysystems in highelevationareas.
WOOD PROPERTIES:
GRAIN: Straight,coarseanduneven-textured.
COLOR: Grayish brown.
STRENGTH: Hard, strong, andheavy.
USES: Toolhandles,agricultureimplements, fodder, furniture and cordage.
132
Zizyphus mauritiana Lam.
(Rhamnaceae)
COMMON NAMES: Ber, Chinese date.
DESCRIPTION : A spiny deciduous or evergreen shrub or small tree 12 m tall
with a diameter of 40 cm. The crown is spreading with drooping branches.
Theleavesaresimpleellipticaltorounded2.5to 6cmlongand1.5to
5cmwide. The leaf tips are slightly roundedwith finelywavy-tooth
margins.Theleavesareshinygreenandhairlessonthetopswithdense
whitishhairs underneath. Spines are curved, brownish, and 3to 6mm
long. On harsh site- it is adense shrub 3to 4m tall. The bole is
straight andthebark is lighttodarkgraywithmanydeepfurrows.
The flowers aresmall 5mm across in clustersand arequite fragrant,
yellow,denselyhairyandbloombetweenAprilandOctober.Thefruitis
shiny orange-red or reddish-brown and edible, 2 to 2.5 cm long. The seed
matures from DecemberthroughMarch.
DISTRIBUTION: The tree is native to South Asia including Pakistan. It has
beensuccessfullycultivated inmanypartsof theworld.Itcanbeseen
throughout Pakistan but it grows best at lower elevations in the Punjab,
NWFP, Sindhand Balochistan.
HABITATANDECOLOGY: An intolerant tree that has no particular soil
requirements and grows on a variety of sites. It prefers a warm
temperate to sub-tropical to tropical climate and is adapted to a
precipitationzone of 600 to 1500 mm/yrwithinatemperaturerange
of -5to 50
0
C.It canwithstanddroughtperiodsand is frosthardy.
It prefers an elevation range up to 600 m. It is susceptible to fruit
flies and defoliating insects. These pests can be controlled by
timelyspraying of insecticides.
REPRODUCTION: It is reproduced fron, seed and by vegetative means. Seed
can be stored up to 3 years without refrigeration and maintain
viability.Crackingthehardseedcoatbeforeplantingwillincrease
germination. Seed is kept in cowdung for 10 days to hasten
germination.
PRODUCTIVITY: A fast growingtreewhereheight growthof 7m in afive
yearperiodhasbeen reported.
MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS: In the past this tree has been planted on farms
forits fruit,butalsohaspotentialforuse inreforestationprojects
anderosioncontrolondenudedwatersheds.Thefruitisvaluable.Ithas
excellentpotential as afarm forestrytree.
WOOD PROPERTIES:
GRAIN: Very fine.
COLOR: Wood is reddish brown.
STRENGTH: Hard,heavy, strong.
USES: Fuel, charcoal, agricultural implementsand fruit.
133
REFERENCES
Anon.1955.TreeSeedNotes.FAOForestryDevelopmentPaperNo.5.
354 p.
Anon. 1956. AHandbookof Hardwoods.Departmentof Scientificand
Industrial Research. Forest Products Research, Charles House,
5-11 RegentStreet,London. S.W.269 p.
Anon. 1956. A Note o-n the Plants of Medicinal Value found in
Pakistan.Medicinal PlantBranch, Pakistan Forest Institute,
Abbottabad.55 p.
Anon. 1957. TreePlantingPracticesinTropicalAsia.FAO Forestry
DevelopmentPaperNo. 11. 172 p.
Boas, 1.11. 1947. CommercialTimbers of AustraliatheirProperties
and Uses. CSIR,Australia. 344 p.
Brandis,Detrich. 1906. IndianTreesin theBritishIndianEmpire.
ArchibaldConstableand Co. Ltd., London. 768 p.
Gamble, J.S. 1902. A Manual of Indian Timbers. Sampson, Low,
Marstonand Co. Ltd., London.856 p.
Hoomer,J. D. 1982. Flora of BritishIndia,Vol. V. 636 p.
Little Jr., E.L. nd. Common Fuelwood Crops. Communi-Tech
Associates,McClain PrintingCompany,WestVirginia. 354 p.
Menninger,EdwinA. 1962. FloweringTreesof theWorldforTropics
and Warm Climates. Ilearthside Press Incorporated, New York.
767 p.
NationalAcademyofSciences. 1980.FirewoodCrops- ShrubandTree
Species for Energy Production. Office of Science and
Technology,Bureau forDevelopmentSupport, USAID.236 p.
NationalAcademyofSciences. 1983. FirewoodCrops- ShrubandTree
Species forEnergyProductionVolume2.Officeof Scienceand
Technology,Bureau for DevelopmentSupport,USAID.92 p.
Parker, R.N. 1956. A Forest Flora of the Punjabwith flazara and
Delhi.GovernmentPrintingPressLahore.ThirdEdition.584p.
Sheikh,M.I.1962.TipsonavenueplantinginWestPakistan.W.Pak.
For. Deptt. RecordNo. 8, 67 p.
Sheikh,M.I. &Mohammad Khan1965. Forestry inWestPakistan.A
Handbook. Deptt. of Agri.W.Pak. 77 p.
134
Sheikh,M.I. 1967.:Flora ofGovernmentHouse,Lahore. Deptt.of
Agri: Govt.of Pak. 163 p.
Sheikh,M.I. & MohammadlHaleez. 1977. Forestsand Forestry in
Pakistan.]land-book. 199p.
Sheikh,M.I. 1985. Afforestationinaridandsemi-aridareas: FAO
FieldDocument 13. Food andAgricultureOrganization,Rome.
PakistanForest Institute,Peshawar. 154p.
Sheikh,M.I. 1985. Afforestatior in juniperforests of
Balouchistan.Pak. For. Instt., Peshawar. 43p.
Sheikh,M.I. 1986. Energyplantationtechniquesformarginal lands
and problematicareas - GCPRAS/III/NET. Field doc.5. FAO,
Bangkok: 82p.
Sheikh,M.I. 1987. Utilizationof forest products in small scale
rural enterprise in Pakistar. RAPA Publication 1987/3 FAO,
Bang\ok: 88p.
Sheikh, M.I. 1987. Forest and forestry in Pakistan. GTZ & pak. For.
Instt. PSR: SpinzerPrinting Press. 25p.
Sheikh, M.I. 1987. Monograph on Dalbergia sissoo GOP/III/NET Field
Doc. 2/FAOBangkok.
7
9p.
Sheikh, M.I. 1989. Monograph on Acacianilotoica, its production,
management and utilization GOP/IIInet Field Doc. 20 FAO,
Bangkok. 45p.
Sheikh, M.I. 1990. Manual for plantingof poplars. Forestry
Plann. & Dev. Proj., GOP-USAID.28p.
Sheikh, M.I. 1992. Suitabletree species for differentecological
regions and civil division of Pakistan. For. Plann & Dev.
Proj. Tech Note11. 24p.
Sheikh,M.I. 1991. Somefoddertreesof Pakistan.For.Plann&Dev.
Proj. TechNote 4. 25p.
Siddiqui, K.M., M. Ayyaz and I. Mahmood. 1986. Properties and
UsesofPakistanTimbers.PakistanForestInstitute,Peshawar.
78 p.
Singh, R.V. 1982. Fodder Trees of India. Oxford &IBH Publishing
Co. Pvt. Ltd., NewDelhi. 663 p.
Yusuf, Shaukat&M.I. Sheikh 1986. Manual for landscape
horticulture.Pak. For. Instt., 183p.
135
APPENDICES
/g2 -
APPENDIX - I1
GLOSSARY OF TERMS
Buttressed- Swollenatthebase.
Deciduous- Leaves fall annually.
Dioecious- Maleand femaleflowersondifferenttrees.
Intolerant- Treerequires exposureto directsunlightto grow.
Monoecious- Maleandfemale flowers areseparatebuton the sametree.
Phyllodes - Flat expanded petiole that replaces the blade of a foliage
leaf.
Tolerant- Treewillgrowin shade.
ViviparousSeed- Seedgerminatesonthetree.
136
APPENDIX
- II
LIST OF TREES BY NATIVE AND EXOTIC SPECIES
NativeSpecies
ExoticSpecies
Abiespindrow
Acaciaalbida
Acacia catechu
Acacia aneura
Acacia modesta
Acacia cyclops
Acacia nilotica
Acacia farnesiana
Acacia senegal
Acacia saligna
Acer caesium
Acacia seyal
Acer oblongum
Acacia tortilis
Aegle marmelos
Ailanthus altissima
Aesculus indica
Ailanthus excelsa
Albizzia lebbek
Albizziaprocera
Alnus nitida
Alstonia scholaris
Avicennia marina
Bishofia javanica
Azadirachta indica
Bauhiniapurpurea
Callistemon viminalis
Batihiniavariegata
Betula utilis
Ceratonia siliqua
Bombax cieba
Butea frondosa
Cupressus arizonica
Buxus wallichiana
Delonixregia
Cassia fistula
Derris indica
Cedrela serrata
Elaeagnus hortensis
Cedrela toona
Cedrus deodara
Celiseriocarpa
Ceriops tagal
Cordia myxa
Ficus religiosa
Crataevareligiosa
Dalbergia sissoo
Gmelina arborea
Ehretia serrata
Grevillea robusta
Erythrinasuberosa
Fraxinus hookeri
Fraxinus xanthoxyloides
Grewiaoptiva
Millingtonia hortensis
Juglansregia
Parkinsonia aculeata
Juniperusexcelsa
Peltophorum pterocarpum
Mangifera indica
Phoenixdactylifera
Meliaazedarach
Pinus brutia
Pinus halepensis
Morus alba
Pitheclobium dulce
Oleaferruginea
Platanus orientalis
Phyllanthus emblica
Populus deltoides
Piceasmithiana
Pinus gerardiana
Prosopisjuliflora
Pinus roxburghii
R, iniapseudoacacia
Pinus wallichiana
Saut babilonica
Pistacia integerrima
Saphdus mukorossi
Pistacia khinjuk
Sapium sebiferum
Populus caspica
Schi,'usmolle
Populus ciliata
Sesbania sesban
Populuseuphratica
Timarindusindica
Populusnigra
Prosopis cineraria
Prunus cornuta
137
NativeSpecies
Pyruspashia
Quercus baloot
Quercus dilatata
Quercus glauca
Quercus incana
Rhizophora mucronata
Salixacmophylla
Salixtetrasperma
Salvadora oleoides
Syzygium cumini
Tamarixaphylla
Tecomela undulata
Terminalia arjuna
Terminalia belerica
Ulmus wallichiana
Zizyphus mauritiana
138
APPENDIX - III
LIST OF TREES BY COMMON AND SCIENTIFIC NAMES
Commonname
Scientificname
Aam
Mangifera indica
Akhrot
Juglansregia
Alder
Alnus nitida
Aleppo pine
Pinus halepensis
AmaItas
Cassia fistula
Amla
Phyllantlius embica
Arizona cypress
Cupressus arizonica
Arjun
Terminalia arjuna
Ash
Fraxinus hookeri
Asiatic mangrove
Rhizopiora mucronata
Asmani
Ailanthus altissina
Australian Kikar
Acacia aneura
Babu1
Acacia nilotica
Bae1
Aegle marielos
Bahan
Populus euphratica
Bahari Kachnar
Bauhinia variegata
Bahera
Terminalia belerica
Bakain
Melia azedarach
Ban Khor
Aesculus indica
Banjar
Banni
Quercus glauca
Barin oak
Quercus glauca
Barna
Crataeva religiosa
Barungi
Quercusdilatata
Batangi
Pyrus pashia
Batkhar
Celtis eriocarpa
Bed-i-laila
Salixtetrasperma
Beefwood
Beleric myrabolam
Terminalia belerica
Ber
Zizyphus mauritiana
Bhoj Patra
Betula utilis
Bhora
Rhizopiora mucronata
Biar
Pinus wallich/ana
Birch
Betula utilis
Bird cherry
Prunus cornula
Bisee
Salixacmophylla
Bishopwood
Bislofia/avanica
Black siris
Albizzia lebbek
Blacklocust
Rob/i/a pseudoacacia
Black plum
Syzygium cum/in
Blue pine
Pinus wallich/ana
Botal bursh
Callistemon virn/nalis
Bottle brush
Callistemon virninalis
Boxwood
Buxus wallichiana
Brown oak
Bunj
Quercus baloot
Carob tree
Ceratonia siliqua
Casuarina
Chalghoza pine
Pinus gerardiana
Chattian
Alstonia scholaris
Chinar
Platanus orientalis
Chinesedate
Zizyphus mauritiana
ChineseTallowtree
Sapium sebiferum
Chir pine
P/nus roxburghi
139
Commonname
Chitta Suf-'da
Coral tree
Cutch tree
Cyprus pine
Date palm
Deodar
Dhak
Dhamman
Diar
Dita Bark Tree
Doghla poplar
Dozakh
Dravi
Ethiopian teak
Euphrates
poplar
Flame of the forest
FloodedBox
Forest fire
Frash
Ghalab
Ghaz
Goldmohur
Goldenwreathwattle
Golden Shower
Gu-Kikar
Gul mohar
Gul-i-Nishter
Gulabi Saru
Guli-pista
Gum Arabic
Gumhar
Hill Toon
Himalayancedar
Himalayanpoplar
Himalayanspruce
Hima]ayan Pencil Cedar
Himalayan
Elm
Holy oak
Honey locust
Horse chestnut
Horseradish
Tree
Hybrid poplar
Iml i
Indian olive
Indian willow
Indiancorktree
Indian Laburnum
IndianGooseberry
Ipil Ipil
Irum
Jacaranda
Jaman
Jamun
Jand
JangleJalebi
Jantar
Jerusalem
thorn
Kachal
Kachnar
Kaghzi toot
Scientific
name
Populus caspica
Erythrina suberosa
Acacia catechu
Pinus brutia
Phoenixdactylifera
Cedrus deodara
Butea frondosa
Grewia optiva
Cedrus deodara
Alstonia scholaris
Cedrela serrata
Populus euphratica
Butea frondosa
Teconella undulata
Tanarix aphylla
Tamarix aphylla
Delonixregia
Acacia saligna
Peltophorumpterocarpum
Acacia farnesiana
Delonix regia
Erytlirina suberosa
Cupressus arizonica
Pistacia khinjuk
Acacia senegal
Gmelina arborea
Cedrela serrata
Cedrus deodara
Populus ciliata
Picea smithiana
Juniperus excelsa
Ulmus wallichiana
Quercus baloot
Aesculus indica
Tamarindus indica
Olea ferruginea
Salixtetrasperma
Millinqtonia hortensis
Cassia fistula
Phyllanthus emblica
Bishofialavanica
Syzygium cumini
Syzygium cumini
Prosopis cineraria
Pithecolobium dulce
Sesbania sesban
Picea smithiana
Bauhiniapurpurea
140
Commonname Scientificname
Kahu
Kaii
Oleaferruginea
Pinuswallichiana
Kain Ulmus wallichiana
Kala sirin Albizzia lebbek
Kala kat Prunus cornuta
Kalimirch Schinus molle
Kaliar
Kamo
Kandi
Kangar
Katha
Bauhinia variegata
Prosopis cineraria
Pistacia integerrina
Acacia catechu
Khagga1
Khair
Tamarix aphylla
Acacia catechu
Khajur
Khanjak
Khumbat
Kikar
Phoenixdactylifera
Pistacia khinjuk
Acacia senegal
Acacia nilotica
Kirmola
Kirrari
Kunro
Lachi
Lachi
Lahura
Acer oblongum
Ceriops tagal
Tecomella undulata
Lasura
Lemon Scented Gum
Lombardy poplar
Maharukh
Cordia myxa
Populusnigra
Ailanthus excelsa
Majnu
Salixbabilonica
Mango
Manila Tamarind
Mangifera indica
Pithecolobium dulce
Maple
Margosa tree
Acer caesium
Azadirachta indica
Mysore hybrid
Mesquite
Mostan Phul
Mulberry
Prosopisjuliflora
Morus alba
Nakhtar
Neem
Pinus roxburghii
Azadirachta indica
Nettle tree
Nila gul mohar
Celtis eriocarpa
NimChameli
Northern Cottonwood
Obusht
Palach
Palosa
Millingtoniahortensis
Populusdeltoides
Juniperus excelsa
Populusciliata
Acacia modesta
Paludar
Panhgor
Paper mulberry
Parkinsonia
Abiespindrow
Acer oblongum
Broussonetiapapyrifera
Partal
Persian lilac
Abiespindrow
Melia azedarach
Pharawa
Phulai
Grewia optiva
Acacia modesta
Pipal
Plane tree
Ficus religiosa
Platanus orientalis
Ponga oil
Pongam
tree Derris indica
Derris indica
Punna
Ehretia serrata
Puran
Ehretia serrata
Purplebauhinia Bauhiniapurpurea
141
Commonname
Scientificname
Quettapine
RedRiverGum
Rein
Religious tree
Reshmi oak
Ritha
Robinia
Rooikrans
Rosewood
Russian Olive
Sada sabz
Samor
Sanjata
Sanp phali
Sebasenplum
Sesbania
Shamshad
Shang
Sharol
Shisham
Shittim
Siah poplar
Silk Cotton Tree
Silverfir
Silver oak
Simal
Soap nut
Sohanjna
Subabul
Sudanikikar
Sufed sirin
Sufed poplar
Sufed Kikar
Sufeda
Sufeda
Sufeda
Sufeda
Sum
Sunehri Har
Tagal mangrove
Tahli
Ta1h
Tamarind
Tamarisk
Tarcharbi
Thepeppertree
Timar
Timmar
Tivar
Tree of Heaven
Trekhan
Tun
Tut
Umbrella thorn
Van Pilu
Vi],iYati Kikar
Walnut
Weeping willow
White siris
White poplar
White a
Wild pear
Willow
Yemane
Zard fawwar
Ziarat ash
Pinus halepensis
Quercusincana
Crataeva religiosa
Grevillea robusta
Sapindus mukorossi
Robiniapseudoacacia
Acacia cyclops
Dalbergla sissoo
Elaeagnus hortensis
Ceratonia siliqua
Acacia tortilis
Elaeagnus hortensis
Cordia myxa
Sesbania sesban
Buxus wallichiana
Fraxinusxanthoxyloides
Alnus nitida
Dalbergia sissoo
Acacia seyal
Populus nigra
Bombax cieba
Abiespindrow
Grevillea robusta
Bombax cieba
Sapindus mukorossi
Leucaenaleucocephala
Acacia albida
Albizzia procera
Populus deltoides
Acacia albida
Fraxinus hookeri
Acacia saligna
Ceriops tagal
Dalbergia sissoo
Acacia seyal
Tamarindus indica
Tamarix aphylla
Sapium sebtferum
Schinusmolle
Avicennia marina
Avicennia marina
Ailanthusaltissima
Acer caesium
Cedrela toona
Morus alba
Acacia tortilis
Salvadora oleoides
Acacia farnesiana
Juglans regia
Salixbabilonica
Albizzia procera
Populus caspica
Quercus incana
Pyrus pashia
Salixacmophylla
Gmelina arborea
Peltophorumpterocarpum
Fraxinusxanthoxyliodes
142

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TREES OF PAKISTAN

Mahmnood Iqbal Sheikh

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