Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Description
CLASSIFICATION
Classication
The number of juniper species is in dispute, with two re- showing the narrow growth rings of the species.
cent studies giving very dierent totals, Farjon (2001)
accepting 52 species, and Adams (2004) accepting 67
species. The junipers are divided into several sections, which species belong to which sections is still far from
though (particularly among the scale-leaved species) clear, with research still on-going. The section Juniperus
3
is an obvious monophyletic group though.
Juniperus sect. Juniperus: Needle-leaf junipers.
The adult leaves are needle-like, in whorls of three,
and jointed at the base (see below right).
Juniperus sect. Juniperus subsect. Juniperus:
Cones with 3 separate seeds; needles with one
stomatal band.
Juniperus communis - Common Juniper
Juniperus communis subsp. alpina Alpine Juniper
Juniperus conferta - Shore Juniper (syn.
J. rigida var. conferta)
Juniperus rigida - Temple Juniper or Needle Juniper
Juniperus sect. Juniperus subsect. Oxycedrus:
Cones with 3 separate seeds; needles with two
stomatal bands.
Juniperus brevifolia - Azores Juniper
Juniperus cedrus - Canary Islands Juniper
Juniperus deltoides - Eastern Prickly Juniper
Juniperus formosana - Chinese Prickly
Juniper
Juniperus lutchuensis - Ryukyu Juniper
Juniperus navicularis - Portuguese Prickly
Juniper
Juniperus oxycedrus - Western Prickly Juniper or Cade Juniper
Juniperus macrocarpa (J. oxycedrus
subsp.
macrocarpa) - Large-berry
Juniper
Juniperus sect. Juniperus subsect. Caryocedrus: Cones with 3 seeds fused together; needles with two stomatal bands.
Juniperus drupacea - Syrian Juniper
Juniperus sect. Sabina: Scale-leaf junipers. The
adult leaves are mostly scale-like, similar to those
of Cupressus species, in opposite pairs or whorls of
three, and the juvenile needle-like leaves are not
jointed at the base (including in the few that have
only needle-like leaves; see below right). Provisionally, all the other junipers are included here, though
they form a paraphyletic group.
Old World species
Juniperus chinensis - Chinese Juniper
Juniperus chinensis var. sargentii Sargent's Juniper (Japanese:
)
Juniperus chinensis L. var. tsukusiensis Masummune (Chinese:
)
Juniperus
chinensis
Kaizuka
(Japanese: )
Juniperus chinensis var. Procumbens
(Japanese: )
Juniperus
chinensis
Globosa
(Japanese: )
Juniperus chinensis Aurea' (Japanese:
)
Juniperus convallium - Mekong Juniper
Juniperus excelsa - Greek Juniper
Juniperus excelsa polycarpos - Persian Juniper
Juniperus foetidissima - Stinking Juniper
Juniperus indica - Black Juniper
Juniperus komarovii - Komarov's Juniper
Juniperus phoenicea - Phoenicean Juniper
Juniperus pingii - Ping Juniper
Juniperus pingii var. chengii
Juniperus pingii var. miehei
Juniperus pingii var. wilsonii
Juniperus procera - East African Juniper
Juniperus procumbens - Ibuki Juniper
Juniperus pseudosabina - Xinjiang Juniper
Juniperus recurva - Himalayan Juniper
Juniperus recurva var. butanica
Juniperus recurva var. coxii - Cox's
Juniper
Juniperus sabina - Savin Juniper
Juniperus sabina var. davurica Daurian Juniper
Juniperus saltuaria - Sichuan Juniper
Juniperus semiglobosa - Russian Juniper
Juniperus squamata - Flaky Juniper
Juniperus thurifera - Spanish Juniper
Juniperus tibetica - Tibetan Juniper
Juniperus wallichiana - Himalayan Black
Juniper
Many of the earliest prehistoric people lived in or near juniper forests which furnished them food, fuel, and wood
for shelter or utensils. Many species, such as J. chinensis (Chinese Juniper) from eastern Asia, are extensively
used in landscaping and horticulture, and as one of the
most popular species for use in bonsai. It is also a symbol
of longevity, strength, athleticism, and fertility.
Some junipers are susceptible to Gymnosporangium rust Juniper berries are steam distilled to produce an essential
disease, and can be a serious problem for those people oil that may vary from colorless to yellow or pale green.
growing apple trees, the alternate host of the disease.
Some of its chemical components are alpha pinene,
Some junipers are given the common namecedar,in- cadinene, camphene and terpineol. Leaves and twigs of
cluding Juniperus virginiana, thered cedarthat is used Juniperus virginiana are steam distilled to produce oil of
widely in cedar drawers. Eastern redcedaris the cor- juniper. Middle Tennessee and adjacent northern Alrect name for J. virginiana. The lack of space between abama and southern Kentucky are the centers for this acthe words redand cedarindicate that this species tivity. The U.S. Forest Service has provided plans for the
is not a true cedar, Cedrus.
apparatus required. This work is typically done during
5
periods of cold weather to reduce the loss of essential oil
to evaporation, which is greater in warmer weather, and
to take advantage of a time of year when labor might be
more readily available.
Juniper in weave is a traditional cladding technique used
in Northern Europe, e.g. at Havr, Norway.* [10]
Footnotes
References
Adams, R. P. (2004). Junipers of the World: The
genus Juniperus. Victoria: Traord. ISBN 1-41204250-X
Farjon, A. (2001). World Checklist and Bibliography
of Conifers. Kew. ISBN 1-84246-025-0
Farjon, A. (2005). Monograph of Cupressaceae and
Sciadopitys. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. ISBN 184246-068-4
Mao, K., Hao, G., Liu J., Adams, R. P. and R. I.,
Milne. (2010). Diversication and biogeography
of Juniperus (Cupressaceae): variable diversication rates and multiple intercontinental dispersals.
New Phytologist 188(1): 254-272.
6 External links
Junipers of the world
Gymnosperm Database - Juniperus
Arboretum de Villardebelle Photos of cones and foliage of selected species
"Juniper".
1911.
7.1
Text
Juniper Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juniper?oldid=650801087 Contributors: RobLa, Nonenmac, Collabi, Ahoerstemeier, Jimfbleak, Bogdangiusca, Hike395, Marshman, Nv8200p, Donarreiskoer, Robbot, WormRunner, Scythian99, Lupo, MPF, Matt Crypto, Gadum, LiDaobing, Yath, Quadell, Kvasir, JoJan, Burschik, Fanghong, Mike Rosoft, Rich Farmbrough, Paul August, Swid, MBisanz, El C,
Kwamikagami, Summer Song, BrokenSegue, Man vyi, RaKojian, Hesperian, Stephen G. Brown, Amorymeltzer, Woohookitty, Richard
Barlow, Bunchofgrapes, Rjwilmsi, FlaBot, Eubot, Chobot, Gdrbot, YurikBot, Phantomsteve, Monkey Tennis, Limulus, Eleassar, Curtis
Clark, Dysmorodrepanis, Zwobot, CorbieVreccan, CLW, IceCreamAntisocial, Eno-ja, Extreme Unction, SmackBot, Melchoir, KocjoBot,
Hardyplants, Edgar181, Rkitko, BullRangifer, Andrew Dalby, Dale101usa, Sannab, Peter Horn, MTSbot, BranStark, ChazYork, Trelio,
Sababu, Victoriagirl, Pfagerburg, Ntsimp, AniMate, Thijs!bot, Dawnseeker2000, Silver Edge, Nipisiquit, Chill doubt, Mutt Lunker, JAnDbot, Fractaloctal, Deective, Krasanen, .anacondabot, Magioladitis, Bongwarrior, VoABot II, Lucyin, Tinucherian, 28421u2232nfenfcenc,
Pere prlpz, MartinBot, R'n'B, CommonsDelinker, J.delanoy, Maproom, Acalamari, M-le-mot-dit, Ferahgo the Assassin, Hmsbeagle,
Idioma-bot, Spazzman06, Deor, Indubitably, Philip Trueman, Fcb981, Lamro, Jocmnkelknoincm, BotanyBot, Truthanado, SieBot, QualiaBot, John Ivans, Wilson44691, Martarius, De728631, ClueBot, Pointillist, Seanwal111111, PixelBot, Fuzz22, Lartoven, Mweites, Doprendek, XLinkBot, Diamond-blonde, Abercrombiegirl123, Dsimic, Addbot, Cuaxdon, GD 6041, CanadianLinuxUser, LaaknorBot, Beburg66, Yousayyesisayno, Flakinho, Lightbot, Jhscott89, Luckas-bot, Persian Gulf 4ever, Bjoertvedt, KamikazeBot, Ijl53, AnomieBOT,
JackieBot, Bob Burkhardt, Xqbot, Itineranttrader, Hamamelis, Empayton, Ali Mohammad Khilji, Aslam Kassi, LSG1-Bot, FrescoBot,
Longrim, Pinethicket, RedBot, Dryas, Jauhienij, FoxBot, ZhBot, Enauspeaker, EmausBot, WikitanvirBot, PBS-AWB, Stainless steel cat,
Erianna, Alcatraz ii, Anonimski, Hatifnatter, Blas3nik, ChuispastonBot, Terraorin, , ClueBot NG, Baloch Baba, Helpful
Pixie Bot, Electriccatsh2, Tholme, Plantdrew, BG19bot, Gomada, Justincheng12345-bot, Graphium, Secret Frog, Luciferismysavior666
and Anonymous: 113
7.2
Images
7.3
Content license