Crop Protection Guide: For Nursery and Landscape Plants

CROP PROTECTION GUIDE
FOR NURSERY AND LANDSCAPE PLANTS

2019
Publication 840
Discard old editions of this publication. Each year
the appropriate sub-committee of the Ontario Pest Supplemental Labels
Management Research and Services Committee reviews You MUST obtain a supplemental label and follow all the
the pesticides listed in this publication. To the best label directions when PMRA approves new uses for a
knowledge of the committee, at the time of printing, the registered pesticide that do not appear on the current label.
pesticide products listed in this publication were:
Examples of when you must use a supplemental label include:
• federally registered
• Emergency Use Registration
• classified by the Ministry of Environment, • Minor Use Label Expansion
Conservation and Parks (MECP)
You can obtain a copy of a supplemental label from the
The information in this publication is general pesticide manufacturer or pesticide vendor, the grower
information only. The Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food association that sponsored the emergency registration
and Rural Affairs (OMAFRA) does not offer any warranty or or minor use, from OMAFRA or from PMRA’s Pest
guarantee, nor does it assume any liability for any crop loss, Management Information Service.
animal loss, health, safety or environmental hazard caused For more information on the federal registration status,
by the use of a pesticide mentioned in this publication. check the PMRA website at www.healthcanada.gc.ca/pmra
This publication lists a number of brand names of or call 1-800-267-6315.
pesticides. It is neither an endorsement of the product
nor a suggestion that similar products are ineffective. Regulation of Pesticides in Ontario
The MECP is responsible for regulating pesticide sale, use,
The Pesticide Label transportation, storage and disposal in Ontario. Ontario
Consult each product label before you use a pesticide. regulates pesticides by placing appropriate education,
The label provides specific information on how to use the licensing and/or permit requirements on their use, under
product safely, hazards, restrictions on use, compatibility with the Pesticides Act and Regulation 63/09.
other products, the effect of environmental conditions, etc. All pesticides must be used in accordance with
requirements under the Pesticides Act and Regulation
63/09, which are available on the e-laws website at
The pesticide product label is a legal Ontario.ca/e-laws or by calling ServiceOntario Publications
document. Follow all label directions. toll-free number: 1-800-668-9938 or 416-326-5300.
Classification of Pesticides
Federal Registration of Pesticide Products The Ontario Pesticides Advisory Committee (OPAC) is
The Pest Management Regulatory Agency (PMRA) of Health responsible for reviewing and recommending to the MECP,
Canada registers pesticide products for use in Canada based the classification of pesticide products before they can be
on following an evaluation of scientific data to ensure that the sold or used in Ontario. Once approved by the MECP,
product has value, and the human health and environmental classified products are posted on the MECP website:
risks associated with its proposed use are acceptable. ontario.ca/pesticides.
1. Full Registration Certification and Licensing

Pesticide registrations are normally granted for a period
Certified Farmers and Their Assistants
of 5 years, subject to renewal.
For information about certification for growers and training
2. Conditional Registration
for assistants, check the Ontario Pesticide Education
Conditional registration may be granted for a specified,
Program website: www.opep.ca or call 1-800-652-8573.
limited time period, where the registrant agrees to
produce additional scientific or technical information. Commercial Applicators (Exterminators) and Their
3. Emergency Registration Assisting Technicians
An emergency registration is a temporary, time-limited For more information about exterminator licensing and
registration of no more than 1 year, approved to deal with technician training, visit:
serious pest outbreaks that have limited control options. • The Ontario Pesticide Training and Certification website
at www.ontariopesticide.com or call 1-888-620-9999 or
Maximum Residue Limits 519-674-1575
The PMRA has established maximum residue limits • The Pesticide Industry Council’s
(MRLs) for pesticides. Processors or retailers may demand Pesticide Technician Program website at
more restrictive limits. Growers should seek the advice www.horttrades.com/pesticide-technician or call
of their intended market to determine if more restrictive 1-800-265-5656 or e-mail pic@hort-trades.com
limitations apply. Keep accurate and up-to-date records on • The Pesticide Industry Regulatory Council (PIRC) at
pesticide use in each crop. www.oipma.ca.
Cette publication est aussi disponible en français.
CROP PROTECTION GUIDE
FOR NURSERY AND LANDSCAPE PLANTS
2019
Publication 840
Acknowledgements
The information contained in this publication is supplied by Crop Specialists of OMAFRA’s Agriculture
Development Branch.
OMAFRA Publication 840, Crop Protection Guide for Nursery and Landscape Plants 2019, and Publication 841,
Guide to Nursery and Landscape Plant Production and IPM, together replace OMAFRA Publication 383, Nursery &
Landscape Plant Production and IPM.
OMAFRA Publication 840 contains information about pesticide products that have been registered as of
December 31, 2018, on outdoor ornamentals. Any supplements to this publication will be posted at ontario.ca/crops.
OMAFRA Publication 840 is a companion to OMAFRA Publication 841, Guide to Nursery and Landscape Plant
Production and IPM. Publication 841 contains more comprehensive information on pest management, nutrition and
water quality and includes colour photos for many common pests.
Need technical or business information?

Contact the Agricultural Information Contact Centre at
1-877-424-1300
or
info.omafra@ontario.ca
If you are looking for nursery and landscape plant information on the Internet, check
ontario.ca/crops.
It’s one-stop shopping for factsheets, articles and photos about the
production and maintenance of woody plants.
Supplements to this publication will be posted at ontario.ca/crops.
If you are looking for timely information on the production and maintenance of outdoor
ornamentals, check out the Nursery and Landscape Blog at www.onnurserycrops.wordpress.com.
Subscribe by entering your e-mail address and selecting “Follow” to receive e-mail notifications of new posts.
Cover Images
FRONT COVER PHOTOS:

Top: Various evergreen and deciduous plug-grown seedlings in fall
Bottom Left: Field grown maple trees in summer
Bottom Centre: Take It Easy™ shrub rose in summer
Bottom right: Container grown cedar in summer
BACK COVER:
Top left: Pot-in-pot production of honeylocust trees in fall
Top centre: Close up of red oak leaves in fall with slight frost
Top right: Polyhouse with young deciduous container-grown shrubs
Bottom: Field grown junipers in winter
Contents
1. Using Pesticides in Ontario A Compendium of Pests and Diseases with

Federal Registration of Pesticides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Recommended Management Practices —
Regulation of Pesticides in Ontario . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 as of January 1, 2019 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16
Classification of Pesticides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 ABIES — fir . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16
Certification and Licensing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 ACER — maple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Certified Farmers and Their Assistants . . . . . . . . . . 2 AESCULUS — horsechestnut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Class 12 Requirements for Growers . . . . . . . . . . . 2 AMELANCHIER — serviceberry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Commercial Applicators (Exterminators) BETULA — birch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

and Their Assisting Technicians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 BUXUS — boxwood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Exception Uses Under the Cosmetic CARAGANA — pea shrub . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Pesticide Ban . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 CARYA — hickory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25
Pesticide Application Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 CHAENOMELES — quince . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Restricted Entry Intervals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 CLEMATIS — clematis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Days to Harvest Intervals for Food Crops CORNUS — dogwood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26
(Pre-harvest, Pre-grazing and Feeding Intervals) . . . 4
CORYLUS — corkscrew hazel, filbert . . . . . . . . . . 27
Buffer Zones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4
COTONEASTER — cotoneaster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Protect the Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 CRATAEGUS — hawthorn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Protect Water Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 EUONYMUS — euonymus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29
Bee Poisoning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 FAGUS — beech . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Manage Drift . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 FORSYTHIA — forsythia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Waste Management (container disposal) . . . . . . . . . 7 FRAXINUS — ash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32
Empty Pesticide and Fertilizer Containers Up GLEDITSIA — honeylocust . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
to 23 L . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7
HEDERA — ivy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Empty Pesticide Containers Greater Than 23 L . . . . 7
HEMEROCALLIS — daylily . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37
Empty Seed and Pesticide Bags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS — various . . . . . . . . . 37
Surplus Spray Mix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8
HYDRANGEA — hydrangea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Surplus Pesticide Disposal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
JUGLANS — butternut, walnut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Storing Pesticides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8
JUNIPERUS — juniper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Pesticide Spills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
LARIX — larch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43
2. Crop Protection: Insects, Mites and Diseases LIGUSTRUM — privet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44
Using Pesticides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11 LIRIODENDRON — tuliptree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Classification of Pesticides for Sale LONICERA — honeysuckle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
and Use in Ontario . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11 MAGNOLIA — magnolia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Toxicity Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 MALUS — apple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Prevent Bee Poisoning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11 ORNAMENTAL TREES AND SHRUBS — various . . . 51
Chemical Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12 PACHYSANDRA — pachysandra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
iii
Crop Protection Guide for Nursery and Landscape Plants 2019
PHLOX — phlox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52 A Compendium of Herbicides with Their

PICEA — spruce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Recommended Uses in Ontario —
as of January 1, 2019 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .101
PINUS — pine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57
Notes on Herbicides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
PLATANUS — London plane, sycamore . . . . . . . . . 63
Preplanting Treatments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
POPULUS — poplar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63
dazomet
POTENTILLA — potentilla . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64
BASAMID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .102
PRUNUS — black cherry, chokecherry, flowering
metam sodium
cherry, pin cherry, peach, plum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
VAPAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .103
PSEUDOTSUGA — Douglas fir . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
chlorthal dimethyl
PYRACANTHA — firethorn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69 DACTHAL W-75 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104
PYRUS — pear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .70 dichlobenil
QUERCUS — oak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72 CASORON G-4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104
RHODODENDRON — rhododendron, azalea . . . . . 74 dimethenamid-p
RIBES — currant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75 FRONTIER MAX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .105
ROBINIA — locust . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .76 flazasulfuron
KATANA 25 WG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106
ROSA — rose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .76
flumioxazin
SALIX — willow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79
BROADSTAR G, SUREGUARD WDG . . . . . . . . . . 107
SORBUS — mountain ash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81
Indaziflam
SYRINGA — lilac . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82 SPECTICLE G . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .109
TAXUS — yew . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .84 isoxaben
THUJA — eastern white cedar, arborvitae . . . . . . . 85 GALLERY 75 DF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .110
TILIA — linden, basswood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 napropamide
TSUGA — hemlock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .89 DEVRINOL 2 G, DEVRINOL 10 G,
ULMUS — elm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .89 DEVRINOL 50 DF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .110
VIBURNUM — viburnum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .92 oxadiazon

RONSTAR 2 G . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .112
3. Crop Protection: Weeds pendimethalin
Chemical Weed Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 PROWL H2O . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .113
Herbicide Licensing Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . .93 propyzamide
Applying Chemical Herbicides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 KERB 50 WSP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .114
Herbicide Drift . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .93 pyroxasulfone, sulfentrazone

AUTHORITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .114
When to Use Herbicides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94
s-metolachlor
Application Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94
DUAL II MAGNUM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .115
Care and Use of Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
simazine
Cleaning the Sprayer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .97 PRINCEP NINE-T, SIMADEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
Sprayer Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .98 trifluralin
Determining Amount of Herbicides Needed . . . . . 99 BONANZA 480 EC, RIVAL EC, TREFLAN EC . . . . . 116
Materials, Mixing and Mixtures . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
iv
Postemergence Treatments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
amitrole
Tables
AMITROL 240 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .117 1. Using Pesticides in Ontario
carfentrazone-ethyl Table 1–1 . Requirements for
AIM EC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .118 Pesticide Storage Facilities . . . . . . . . . . 8
clopyralid
LONTREL 360 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .119 2. Crop Protection:
Insects, Mites and Diseases
fluazifop-p-butyl
VENTURE L . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .119 Table 2–1 . Relative Toxicity of Pesticides
to Honeybees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12
glyphosate
various products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .120 Table 2–2 . Insecticides and Fungicides
Used to Protect Ornamentals
oxyfluorfen
(as of January 1, 2019) . . . . . . . . . . . 13
GOAL 2XL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .121
paraquat 3. Crop Protection: Weeds
GRAMOXONE-200 SL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .122 Table 3–1 . Herbicides Registered for
triclopyr Nursery Crops in Ontario
GARLON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .122 (by Trade Name) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Crop Tolerance and Efficacy of Herbicides Table 3–2 . Herbicides Registered for
Registered on Nursery Crops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 Nursery Crops in Ontario
(by Common Name) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
4. Appendices Table 3–3 . Herbicides Registered for
Appendix A: Advisory Staff for Nursery and Landscape Use on Woody Plants . . . . . . . . . . . 124
and Agricultural Information Contact
Table 3–4 . Weed Susceptibility and
Centre, Ontario Ministry of Agriculture,
Herbicides — Broadleaf Annuals . . . 129
Food and Rural Affairs . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Appendix B: Additional Resources . . . . . . . . . . . .134
Herbicides — Broadleaf Perennials . . 130
Appendix C: Suppliers of Pest Monitoring Equipment
and Biological Control Agents . . . . . . 135
Herbicides — Annual Grass . . . . . . . 131
Appendix D: Safety Supply Companies . . . . . . . . . 137
Appendix E: Diagnostic Services . . . . . . . . . . . . .138
Appendix F: Ontario Ministry of the Environment,
Conservation and Parks – Regional
Contact Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
Appendix G: Other Contacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Appendix H: The Metric System and Abbreviations 142
Appendix I: Pest Monitoring Record Sheet . . . . . 145
v
vi
1. Using Pesticides in Ontario
The information in this chapter is updated The pesticide label is a legal document. Follow all
regularly. For up-to-date information, visit label directions. Labels for all registered pesticides
ontario.ca/usingpesticides. Some of the information are under “Search Pesticide Labels” on the PMRA
in this generic chapter may not apply to all crops. website at pr-rp.hc-sc.gc.ca/ls-re/index-eng.php.
Ensure you have the most current label and are
Read the label before use. aware of any re-evaluation decisions. Emergency
registrations are temporary registrations (one year
Product labels may change.
or less) for pesticides needed by growers to manage
Review the Grower Pesticide Safety Course Manual. a new invasive pest or pest outbreak. Know the
www.opep.ca/certification/grower-pesticide- expiration date for pesticides you are using under
safety-course/
an emergency registration.
Keep detailed spray records.
REGULATION OF PESTICIDES IN ONTARIO
FEDERAL REGISTRATION OF PESTICIDES The Ministry of the Environment, Conservation
Before a pesticide (pest control product) can be sold and Parks (MECP) is responsible for regulating the
or used in Ontario, it must be registered under the sale, use, transportation, storage and disposal of
federal Pest Control Products Act (PCP Act) and be pesticides in Ontario. Ontario regulates pesticides
classified under the provincial Pesticides Act. The by placing appropriate education, licensing and/
Pest Management Regulatory Agency (PMRA) of or permit requirements on their use, under the
Health Canada registers pesticides for use in Canada Pesticides Act and Regulation 63/09. All pesticides
following an evaluation of scientific data to ensure must be used in accordance with requirements
that any human health and environmental risks under the Pesticides Act and Regulation 63/09,
associated with its proposed uses are acceptable, which are available on the e-laws website at
and that the products have value. ontario.ca/e-laws or by calling ServiceOntario at
1-800-668-9938 or 416-326-5300.
The PMRA re-evaluates registered pesticides
to determine whether today’s health and Classification of Pesticides
environmental protection standards are still met Before a federally registered pesticide can be sold
when the pesticide is used according to the label. or used in Ontario, it must be classified under the
The PMRA also assesses whether the pesticide provincial Pesticides Act. The Ontario pesticide
still has value. Re-evaluations are initiated every classification system consists of 12 classes.
15 years. Outcomes of a re-evaluation can be: Ontario’s Pesticides Advisory Committee (OPAC) is
responsible for assessing new pesticide products
• no change to the registration
and recommending to the MECP the classification of
• amendments to the label (e.g., changes to
these products. Pesticide products are classified on
personal protective equipment requirements,
the basis of their toxicity, environmental and health
restricted entry intervals, buffer zones)
hazard, persistence of the active ingredient or its
• modifications to existing Maximum Residue
metabolites, concentration, usage, federal class
Limits (MRLs)
designation (e.g., domestic, commercial, restricted)
• elimination or phasing-out of certain uses
and registration status. The provincial classification
or formulations
system provides the basis for regulating the
• discontinuation of the registration
distribution, availability and use of pesticide
A special review of a registered pesticide can be products in Ontario. Once approved by the MECP,
initiated at any time by the PMRA if the PMRA has classified products are posted on the MECP website
reason to believe its use may pose unacceptable at ontario.ca/pesticides.
risk to human health or the environment or the
pesticide no longer has value. Special reviews focus
on a specific concern (e.g., pollinator health).
1
CERTIFICATION AND LICENSING For information about requirements under the

Certified Farmers and Their Assistants Pesticides Act and Regulation 63/09, for golf courses
Growers must be certified through the Grower and other excepted uses for turfgrass, including
Pesticide Safety Course in order to buy and use mandatory golf course IPM accreditation, go to
Class 2 and 3 pesticides on their farms. They do not ontario.ca and search for:
require this certification to buy and use Class 4, 5, 6
• Pesticides and Golf Courses
or 7 pesticides, however, a grower needs to provide
• Specialty Turf and Specified Sports Fields
his/her Farm Business Registration Number or a
signed “Farmer Self Declaration to Enable Purchase of For more information about requirements in
a Class 4 Pesticide” form to the vendor when buying the Pesticides Act and Regulation 63/09 for the
Class 4 pesticides. For information about certification exception regarding the use of pesticides to
for growers and training for assistants to growers, maintain the health of trees, go to ontario.ca and
visit the Ontario Pesticide Education Program website search for:
at www.opep.ca or call 1-800-652-8573.
• Tree Care Specialists
Class 12 Requirements for Growers
Starting on July 1, 2015, new requirements will For more information about pesticide regulations,
be phased in for growers who plan to purchase or certification and licensing, see:
plant neonicotinoid-treated corn (silage or grain) or
• Inside front cover of this publication
soybean seed in Ontario. For more information on
the training and reporting requirements for growers, • Pest Management Regulatory Agency (PMRA)
visit the MECP website at ontario.ca/pesticides, website: www.healthcanada.gc.ca/pmra
then click on “Neonicotinoid regulations.” • PMRA Pest Management Information Service:
1-800-267-6315 or TTY 1-800-465-7735
Commercial Applicators (Exterminators) (from within Canada) or 1-613-736-3799
and Their Assisting Technicians (from outside Canada)
For more information about exterminator licensing • Ontario Ministry of the Environment,
and technician training, visit: Conservation and Parks (MECP)
website: ontario.ca/pesticides
• the Ontario Pesticide Training and Certification
• Regional MECP Pesticides Specialist (See
website at www.ontariopesticide.com/ or call
Appendix C. Ministry of the Environment,
1-888-620-9999 or 519-674-1575 Conservation and Parks — Regional Contact
• the Pesticide Industry Council’s Pesticide Information, on page 188.)
Technician Program website at horttrades.com/ • Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs
pesticide-technician or call 1-800-265-5656 or (OMAFRA) website: ontario.ca/omafra
e-mail pic@hort-trades.com • Ontario Pesticide Education Program
• the Pesticide Industry Regulatory Council (PIRC) (University of Guelph, Ridgetown Campus)
at www.oipma.ca website: www.opep.ca
• Ontario Pesticide Training & Certification
Exception Uses Under the Cosmetic website: www.ontariopesticide.com
Pesticide Ban • Pesticide Industry Council’s Pesticide
Technician Program website at www.horttrades.
Pesticides listed in this publication are meant com/pesticide-technician
for Exception Uses (e.g., agriculture) under the
• IPM Council of Canada
Cosmetic Pesticide Ban unless the active ingredient website: www.ontarioipm.com
is listed under Class 11 pesticides in Ontario or www.ipmcouncilcanada.org
Regulation 63/09.
• Pesticide Industry Regulatory Council (PIRC)
at www.oipma.ca
2
PESTICIDE APPLICATION INFORMATION Restricted Entry Intervals
When you decide to use a pesticide, choose the Restricted Entry Interval (REI) is the period of time
most appropriate formulation and application after a pesticide has been applied that agricultural
method for your situation. Use only properly workers or anyone else must not do hand labour
calibrated sprayer equipment. Choose less toxic tasks in treated areas. The REI allows the pesticide
and less volatile alternatives when possible. Take residues and vapours to dissipate to safe levels for
all possible precautions to prevent the exposure of work to be done.
people and non-target organisms to the pesticide.
Read the most current pesticide label thoroughly An REI can range from 0 hours to several days.
before application. The label provides important A pesticide label may state different REIs that
information, such as: are specific to a crop and post-application task
(e.g., scouting, harvesting). If the REI is not stated
• directions for use (e.g., rates of application, on a label for agricultural crops, use a 12-hr REI.
crops/ sites it can be used on, target pests, crop For golf courses and residential turf applications,
rotation restrictions, total number of applications, the spray solution must be dry before re-entry
droplet size/nozzle type, application equipment, can occur.
timing, appropriate weather conditions)
• required personal protective equipment (PPE) Hand labour tasks involve substantial worker contact
• hazard symbols and warnings with treated surfaces such as plants, plant parts or
• restricted entry intervals soil. Examples of these activities include planting,
• pre-harvest intervals harvesting, pruning, detasseling, thinning, weeding,
• buffer zones scouting, topping, sucker removal, mowing, roguing
• precautionary statements and packing produce into containers in the field or
• steps to be taken in case of an accident greenhouse. You can only do these tasks after the
• disposal REI has passed. Hand labour generally does not
include operating, moving or repairing irrigation or
For more information on hazards, consult the Safety water equipment, except for hand-set irrigation.
Data Sheet (SDS) or contact the manufacturer.
A Certified Farmer or Licensed Commercial
Applicator (i.e., a holder of the appropriate
For more information on pesticide application, see: Exterminator License, such as an Agriculture
Exterminator Licence or a Greenhouse/Interior
• Sprayers 101 at www.sprayers101.ca Plant Exterminator Licence) may need to re-enter
• OMAFRA Factsheet Pesticide Drift from Ground a treated area to do short-term tasks before the
Applications end of the REI. In these cases, the Certified Farmer
• Ontario Pesticide Education Program or Licensed Commercial Applicator may re-enter 4
(University of Guelph, Ridgetown Campus) hr after the application wearing a NIOSH-approved
videos at www.opep.ca/resources/ respirator and any other protective clothing (PC)
• OMAFRA Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada and the personal protective equipment stated on
booklet Best Management Practices — the label for mixing and loading. This Certified
Pesticide Storage, Handling and Application, Farmer or Licensed Commercial Applicator
Order No. BMP13 (exterminator) must not be in the treated area
• OMAFRA Factsheet Pesticide Contamination of during the REI for more than a total of 1 hr in any
Farm Water Supplies — Recommendations on 24-hr period.
Avoidance, Clean-up and Responsibilities
See Figure 1–1 for an example of a 24-hr REI on a
pesticide label.
3
Buffer Zones
Buffer zones, or no-spray areas, are areas left
untreated to protect an adjacent sensitive area,
such as sensitive terrestrial and aquatic habitats.
Generally, a buffer zone is the downwind distance
separating the point of direct pesticide application
from the nearest boundary of a sensitive
habitat. For soil fumigation, a buffer zone is an
area established around the perimeter of each
application block.
Pesticide labels indicate the required buffer zone

between the treatment area and adjacent sensitive
area. Buffer zones vary depending on the method
Figure 1–1. Example of a 24-hr REI on a pesticide label. of application (e.g., aerial, field boom, air blast,
nozzle type, the type of sensitive area and the
crop sprayed).
Certified Farmers and Licensed Commercial
Applicators should plan pesticide applications Sensitive terrestrial habitats include hedgerows,
around work tasks so that no one needs to re-enter grasslands, shelterbelts, windbreaks, forested areas
treated areas before the restricted entry interval and woodlots.
has passed.
Sensitive freshwater habitats include lakes, rivers,
Days to Harvest Intervals for Food Crops streams, creeks, reservoirs, marshes, wetlands
(Pre-harvest, Pre-grazing and Feeding Intervals) and ponds.
These intervals state the minimum time that must Health Canada’s PMRA has an online spray drift
pass between the last pesticide application and the calculator that may allow applicators to modify
harvesting of the crop or the grazing and cutting the buffer zones specified on the product label
of the crop for livestock feed. If you harvest a crop based on weather conditions, the category of
before the pre-harvest interval (PHI) has passed, the spray equipment and the droplet size. For
there may be pesticide residues in excess of the more information, see the Buffer Zone Calculator
maximum residue limits (MRLs) set by PMRA. at www.hc-sc.gc.ca/cps-spc/pest/agri-commerce/
drift-derive/calculator-calculatrice-eng.php.
“Up to the day of harvest” means the same as 0
days PHI; however, the REI may be more restrictive
(e.g., a 12-hr restricted entry interval) and must be Setback Distances for Water Bodies
observed for harvesting that occurs on the day of
It is an offence under the federal Fisheries Act to
pesticide application. introduce into water any material that may be harmful to
fish or fish habitat, and under the Species at Risk Act, to
impact endangered or threatened fishes and fresh water
To avoid exceeding the maximum residue limits, mussels. To protect these waters, applicators must
always follow the directions on the label. determine a suitable setback distance between the area
to be protected and the area where pesticide treatments
are planned (if the setback distance is not specified on
the pesticide label). The protected area includes the
water body as well as adjacent riparian (riverbank) areas
that contribute to fish food and habitat.
4
PROTECT THE ENVIRONMENT Bee Poisoning
Protect Water Sources Honeybees, native bee species (e.g., bumble
According to the British Crop Protection Council bees, squash bees) and other pollinating insects
(BCPC), 40%–70% of surface water pesticide are important pollinators for many Ontario crops.
contamination comes from mixing and filling areas. Insecticides, some of which may negatively affect
bees, require careful management to achieve
Where possible, load or mix pesticides on both pollination and insect control. Growers and
impermeable surfaces located safely away from licensed commercial applicators can protect bees by
watercourses or environmentally sensitive areas. following these suggestions:
Collect drainage and run-off and dispose of it safely
(Your Guide to Using Pesticides, BCPC 2007). • Time insecticide applications to minimize bee
exposure (e.g., apply post bloom). Daytime
Clean your spray equipment away from wells, treatments, when bees are foraging, are most
ponds, streams and ditches. Apply the diluted rinse hazardous. Insecticide applications in the evening
water (usually at a ratio of 10:1) to the treatment are the safest, unless there is evidence of a strong
area (crop), but do not exceed the pesticide rate temperature inversion or high humidity. Under
recommended on the label. normal circumstances, spraying after 8 pm allows
the spray to dry before the bees are exposed to it
Do not make a direct connection between any water the next day. Spraying during early morning is the
supply (e.g., public supply, wells, watercourse or next best time, when fewer bees are foraging, but
pond) and a spray tank. Use an anti-backflow device pesticide residues may still be present. Spraying
or intermediate system to prevent back-siphoning should be completed well before 7 am. While
that could contaminate the water supply. honeybees and most other pollinating insects
do not usually forage at temperatures below
Immediately contain and clean up any spills to 13°C, bumblebees do. If you plan to spray in the
prevent contamination to water sources. morning, contact beekeepers who have bees within
5 km of your crop and spray site. The beekeepers
Check the pesticide label for specific instructions on may then have the option of taking any possible
protection of water sources. protective action.
• Do not apply insecticides while fruit trees are in
For more information on protecting water sources, bloom. The Bees Act makes it an offence to do so
see ontario.ca/crops: in Ontario. Do not spray any flowering crop on
which bees are foraging.
• OMAFRA Factsheet Pesticide Contamination of
Farm Water Supplies — Recommendations on • To prevent drift toward nearby hives, do not
Avoidance, Cleanup and Responsibilities apply insecticides on windy days or when there is
• OMAFRA Factsheet Groundwater — An evidence of a strong temperature inversion.
Important Rural Resource: Protecting the
• Bees and other pollinators may be poisoned by
Quality of Groundwater Supplies
visiting flowering weeds, trees and cover crops
• OMAFRA Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada that have come into contact with an insecticide
booklet Best Management Practices — via spray drift or drift of insecticide-contaminated
Pesticide Storage, Handling and Application,
dust during planting. Avoid spray drift to flowering
Order No. BMP13
weeds that are adjacent to or within the target
field. Where possible, mow down flowering
cover crops or flowering weeds in and bordering
target fields prior to spraying to help safeguard
the bees. Control dandelions and other flowering
weeds within fields before spraying or planting
seeds treated with an insecticide. Take measures
to reduce movement of dust from insecticide
seed treatments to flowering trees, weeds and
5
water sources that are in or adjacent to the • Do not spray when wind direction is changeable,
target field. For more information on reducing or wind speeds are high or gusty. These
dust movement, see PMRA’s Pollinator Protection conditions increase the potential for off-target
and Responsible Use of Treated Seed — Best drift. While most pesticide labels indicate
Management Practices at www.hc-sc.gc.ca/cps- allowable wind speeds some do not.
spc/pubs/pest/_fact-fiche/pollinator-protection-
• Regularly monitor wind conditions during
pollinisateurs/treated_seed-semences_traitees-
spraying, preferably in the field with a handheld
eng.php.
wind meter at nozzle height. Record the wind
• Systemic insecticides may also pose a high risk speed and direction. As conditions change,
to bees and other insect pollinators. Bees can be make adjustments to manage drift potential.
exposed to insecticide residues in or on flowers, Adjustments may include a Coarser droplet size,
leaves, pollen, nectar and/or surface water. Do minimizing nozzle-to-target distance, slowing
not apply insecticide or allow it to drift onto travel speed, changing nozzle technology, using
blooming crops or off-site habitat if bees are a drift reducing spray additive or discontinuing
foraging in or adjacent to the treatment area. spraying until conditions improve.
• In crop settings where pesticide use is highly likely, • Do not spray during periods of dead calm. Periods
beekeepers should remove honeybee colonies as of dead calm may occur between late evening
soon as pollination and bloom are complete in the and early morning and can result in the Vapor
crop and before any insecticides are applied post or Fine spray droplets remaining aloft, like fog.
bloom. In emergency situations, if the colonies Spray-filled air can move unpredictably over great
cannot be removed in time, beekeepers can place distances several hours after the spray event
burlap or cloth soaked in water at the entrance is completed.
of the hive to disrupt the flight of the bees for up
Temperature inversions create problems for spray
to 12 hr and provide more time for spray to dry.
applicators because pesticide spray can:
To help prevent overheating of the hive during
this time, keep an opening of 2.5 cm on each side
• remain suspended and active in the air above the
of the hive entrance so bees can still get out and
target for long periods of time
ventilate the hive. Also, the water on the burlap or
• move with light breezes in changeable and
cloth will help cool the colony.
unpredictable directions
• Not all pesticides are equally toxic to bees. If • move down slopes and concentrate in low-
there is a risk of honeybee poisoning, try to lying regions
choose an insecticide that is not highly toxic to
bees. When there is a choice, choose a product Field air temperatures are often very different from
formulation that is less hazardous to bees. local or regional forecasts, so the most reliable
method of detecting inversion conditions is to
• Always read the most current pesticide label for
measure temperatures at, and several metres
guidance. Some pesticides cannot be used when
above, the ground. Commercial hand-held inversion
bees are active in the crop.
detectors are now available. Spray applicators
Manage Drift can also recognize a temperature inversion from
Pesticide drift is the aerial movement and environmental cues, such as when:
unintentional deposit of pesticide outside the
target area. Drift results in wasted product and may • there is a big drop from daytime to
compromise crop protection and also may adversely nighttime temperature
affect nearby sensitive environmental areas, crops • wind dies down by early evening and night
and wildlife. The following strategies can help • far away sounds can be heard clearly
reduce the risk of pesticide drift: • odours seem more intense
• daytime cumulus clouds collapse toward evening
• overnight cloud cover is 25% or less
• smoke or dust hangs in the air and/or moves
laterally in a sheet
6
Temperature inversions start to form about 3 hr For more information about spray drift, see:
prior to sunset, become stronger as the sun sets
• Sprayers 101: www.sprayers101.ca
and continue until sunrise when the surface warms
and air mixing begins. If you suspect there’s an • OMAFRA website: ontario.ca/spraydrift
inversion, don’t spray. Often, warnings for the risk • OMAFRA Factsheet Pesticide Drift from Ground
of inversions are stated right on the product label. Applications
• OMAFRA Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada
• Use the sprayer output specified on the booklet Best Management Practices —
pesticide label. Pesticide Storage, Handling and Application,
Order No. BMP13
• Use a nozzle that will produce the droplet size
specified on the pesticide label or delivers • Ontario Pesticide Education Program (University
droplets appropriate for the job. of Guelph, Ridgetown Campus) videos
How to Manage Spray Drift and Spray Drift
• Where practical, use air induction nozzles, Reduction Through Air Induction, available
which significantly reduce drift compared to at https://youtu.be/LeO9aFoJ1qU
conventional nozzles.
• Minimize the distance between nozzle and
target as much as possible while still maintaining
spray uniformity. WASTE MANAGEMENT (CONTAINER DISPOSAL)
Empty Pesticide and Fertilizer Containers Up
• Establish buffer zones for the protection to 23 L
of adjacent sensitive areas. Some pesticide Never re-use empty pesticide containers.
labels will state buffer zone setbacks; follow
these carefully. The Ontario Empty Pesticide and Fertilizer Container
• Use drift reduction technology, such as hoods, Recycling Program, an industry-led program, is
shrouds, screens or air curtains. available free of charge to growers and commercial
applicators. Through this program, you can return
• If appropriate, use drift-reducing adjuvants triple-rinsed or pressure-rinsed plastic pesticide and
in the spray tank. The intense agitation in fertilizer containers up to 23 L to container collection
airblast sprayers has been shown to reduce the depots located throughout the province. Remove the
effectiveness of drift-reducing adjuvants. Certain cap and booklet from the pesticide container before
combinations of drift-reducing adjuvants and air- recycling. To locate the closest container collection
induction nozzles have been shown to increase depot, visit www.cleanfarms.ca, call your local dealer
the incidence of Fine droplets. or contact CleanFARMS at 416-622-4460 (toll-free at
• When possible, use non-volatile pesticide 877-622-4460) or info@cleanfarms.ca.
formulations or products.
Empty Pesticide Containers Greater Than 23 L
Growers and commercial applicators should return
pesticide containers that are greater than 23 L in
size to the point of sale or to the manufacturer for
disposal. Contact your local dealer for details on
disposal of these containers, or contact CleanFARMS
at 416-622-4460 (toll-free at 877-622-4460)
or info@cleanfarms.ca.
Empty Seed and Pesticide Bags

Growers can return their empty seed and pesticide
bags to select retail locations. Contact your local
dealer for details on disposal of these empty
seed and pesticide bags, or contact CleanFARMS
at 416-622-4460 (toll-free at 877-622-4460)
or info@cleanfarms.ca.
7
Surplus Spray Mix STORING PESTICIDES

The best approach is to plan the spray job accurately Ontario’s Pesticides Act and Regulation 63/09
to avoid creating a surplus. provide details on storage requirements for
pesticide storage facilities. As shown in Table 8–1,
When this is unavoidable, dispose of excess spray the storage requirements that must be followed are
mix by spraying it on other crops that require an dependent on which classes of pesticides you store.
application of this pesticide. Before spraying, check
the label to make sure the pesticide is registered for Table 1–1. Requirements for
use on that other crop. Pesticide Storage Facilities
Pesticide Classes
If you cannot find another allowable crop to spray, Class Class Class 4,
then dilute the remaining spray mix by adding Storage requirements 2 3 5, 6 & 7
10 parts of water for each 1 part of spray mix. No contact with food or drink YES YES YES
The diluted solution can be safely applied to the Not an impairment to health and YES YES YES
original treated area as long as you do not exceed safety
the pesticide rate recommended on the label. Be Clean and orderly YES YES YES
sure to check the label for any restrictions about Warning sign G posted* YES YES YES
crop rotation, days to harvest or disposal of surplus Emergency telephone numbers YES YES YES
spray mix. posted**
Vented to outside YES YES NO
Never re-spray the treated field with undiluted spray Limited access (locked) YES YES NO
mix. Spraying an area twice at the same pesticide No floor drain YES YES NO
rate will double the labeled pesticide rate. This may
Respiratory protection and YES YES NO
cause illegal pesticide residues in the harvested protective clothing kept readily
crop or harmful residues in the soil that can cause available
crop damage. Area used primarily for pesticides YES NO NO
Surplus Pesticide Disposal Note: Sufficient precautions are needed in your storage area
Be sure to safely dispose of pesticides that you to prevent the pesticide from entering the natural environment.
do not need or cannot use. Options for proper Ensure your floor drain does not enter the natural environment.
disposal include: * See ontario.ca for requirements for warning sign G (Search
for sample warning signs for pesticide use). These signs can be
purchased from your pesticide dealer/vendor.
• Contact the supplier. It is sometimes possible to ** Emergency contact numbers must include telephone
return unused pesticide if it is still in its original, numbers for the local fire department, hospital and poison
unopened container. control centre. The number for the MECP Spills Action
• Hire a licensed waste hauler who is licensed Centre (1-800-268-6060) should also be readily available.
under Part V of the Environmental Protection Act
to carry hazardous wastes. Look in the Yellow
For more information about storing pesticides, see:
Pages of your telephone directory under Liquid
Waste Removal.
• CleanFARMS operates a free Obsolete Pesticide • OMAFRA Factsheet Farm Pesticide
and Animal Health Product Collection Program Storage Facility
throughout the province every three years. To • OMAFRA Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada
locate the closest collection point and date, visit booklet Best Management Practices —
the CleanFARMS website (www.cleanfarms.ca), Pesticide Storage, Handling and Application,
contact CleanFARMS at 416-622-4460 (toll free at Order No. BMP13
877-622-4460) or info@cleanfarms.ca or contact • Ontario Pesticide Education Program (University
your local dealer for program details. of Guelph, Ridgetown Campus) Grower
• Contact your municipality to see if any hazardous Pesticide Safety Course Manual, available at
waste collection days are scheduled and verify www.opep.ca. Select “Learning.”
whether quantities of agricultural pesticides will
be accepted.
8
PESTICIDE SPILLS The clean-up guidelines above may not be
appropriate for all spill situations. Once you have
If a pesticide spill causes, or is likely to cause, an contained the spill, follow directions from the
adverse effect that is greater than that which would manufacturer and regulatory authorities on
result from the proper use of the pesticide, you must cleaning the contaminated area.
notify the Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and
Parks Spills Action Centre at 1-800-268-6060 (24 hr a Some of the information contained in this chapter
day, 7 days a week) and your municipality. is not authoritative. It is derived from the Pesticides
Act, Ontario Regulation 63/09 and the federal Pest
Control Products Act, Fisheries Act and Species at
A spill is defined as a discharge of pollutant that Risk Act and is for informational purposes only.
is abnormal in quality or quantity, from or out of Efforts have been made to make it as accurate as
a structure, vehicle or other container into the possible, but in the event of a conflict, inconsistency
environment. An incident such as an overturned or error, the requirements set out in the referenced
pesticide sprayer that results in the loss of the spray legislation take precedence. For specific legal
solution to the environment is an example of a spill. A details, please visit ontario.ca/laws (for Ontario
pesticide container that ruptures and leaks its contents legislation) and www.laws.justice.gc.ca (for federal
is another example of a spill. The discharge or spraying legislation) and consult your lawyer if you have
of a pesticide in an unapproved area is also considered questions about your legal obligations.
a spill.
Before you begin to clean up a spill of any nature,

For information on preventing spills, see:
remember to protect yourself against pesticide
exposure. Wear the proper protective clothing and • OMAFRA Factsheet Ways to Avoid
personal protective equipment. If the spill occurs Pesticide Spills
inside an enclosed area (e.g., a pesticide storage
• OMAFRA Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada
area or a vehicle during transport), ventilate the booklet Best Management Practices —
area first. Once you have protected yourself and Pesticide Storage, Handling and Application,
removed other persons or animals from the spill Order No. BMP13
site, take additional measures to stop the spill at
• Ontario Pesticide Education Program (University
the source and prevent it from spreading and/or of Guelph, Ridgetown Campus) Grower
contaminating watercourses. Specific precautions, Pesticide Safety Course Manual, available at
emergency contact information and first aid www.opep.ca. Select “Learning.”
procedures may be found on the label.
For minor spills, it may be possible to rectify

the problem: For pesticide poisonings and pesticide injuries, call:
• For a liquid spill — Cover the spill with a thick Poison Information Centre: 1-800-268-9017
layer of absorbent material such as kitty litter,
(TTY) 1-877-750-2233
vermiculite or dry soil. Sweep or shovel the
material into a waste drum and dispose of the For more information, see Emergency and First
contents as you would a hazardous waste. Aid Procedures for Pesticide Poisoning on inside
• For a dust, granular or powder spill — Sweep or back cover.
shovel the material into a waste drum and dispose
of the contents as you would a hazardous waste.
For major spills, it is essential to stop the spill

from spreading.
9
10
2. Crop Protection:
Insects, Mites and Diseases
USING PESTICIDES LD50 is the number of milligrams of a pesticide per

Classification of Pesticides for Sale and Use kilogram of body weight that will kill 50% of the
in Ontario tested subjects. LD50 is commonly measured as the
The Cosmetic Pesticides Ban Act, 2008, and Ontario Acute Oral LD50, which means the chemicals are
Regulation 63/09 came into effect in 2009 from ingested through the mouth or nose. In addition,
the Ministry of Environment, Conservation and toxicity values for penetration through the skin
Parks (MECP). Under this act, pesticides cannot be (Dermal LD50) can usually be found on the material
used for cosmetic purposes on lawns, vegetable safety data sheet (MSDS) and are available from
and ornamental gardens, patios, driveways, the manufacturer.
cemeteries, or in parks and schoolyards. In these
areas, biopesticides and alternatives to pesticides can Prevent Bee Poisoning
be used. Pesticides can be used for some excepted Honeybees, as well as other bees and insects, are
uses such as agriculture, which includes nursery important pollinators of crops. Many crops also
production. Pesticides are now classified for sale and offer bees important sources of nectar for honey
use under 12 different classes. For more information production. For more information on the prevention
on the legislation, see ontario.ca/pesticides. of bee poisoning, see Bee Poisoning on page 5. Most
organophosphate and carbamate insecticides are
Toxicity Information highly toxic to bees. Examples of insecticides used in
The “relative toxicity” of a pesticide is expressed greenhouse and outdoor ornamental crop production
in the LD50 value. The higher the LD50 value of a that are toxic to bees are listed in Table 2–1, Relative
pesticide, the less toxic the product is to humans. Toxicity of Pesticides to Honeybees.
Read each pesticide label

for specific precautions regarding bees.
11
Table 2–1. Relative Toxicity of Pesticides Table 2–1. Relative Toxicity of Pesticides
to Honeybees to Honeybees
For more detailed information on the toxicity of specific For more detailed information on the toxicity of specific
pesticides to honeybees, see the pesticide label. pesticides to honeybees, see the pesticide label.
Trade Name Active Ingredient Trade Name Active Ingredient
Group 1 — Highly toxic. Group 3 — Pesticides relatively non-toxic to bees.
Severe losses may be expected if the following materials Acelepryn chlorantraniliprole
are used when bees are present at treatment time or Actinovate SP Streptomyces lydicus
within a few days thereafter.
Aliette T&O fosetyl AL
AceCap 97 acephate
Apollo SC clofentezine
Actara, Flagship 25 WG thiamethoxam
BioProtec CAF Bacillus thuringiensis
Admire 240 imidacloprid
Bravo 500 chlorothalonil
Ambush 50 EC permethrin
Confirm 240 F tebufenozide
Avid 1.9% EC abamectin
Daconil 2787 chlorothalonil
Cygon 480 dimethoate
Decree 50 WDG fenhexamid
DeltaGard deltamethrin
Dipel 2X DF Bacillus thuringiensis
Diazinon diazinon
Elevate 50WDG fenhexamid
Dursban, Lorsban chlorpyrifos
Folpan 50 WP, Folpan 80 WDG folpet
Dyno-Mite pyridaben
Forbid 240 SC spiromesifen
Ima-jet imidacloprid
Funginex DC triforine
Imidan 50 WP phosmet
Insecticidal soap potassium salts of fatty acids
Lagon 480 dimethoate
Kontos, Movento spirotetramat
Lorsban 4 E chlorpyrifos
Lorsban NT chlorpyrifos
Malathion malathion
MilStop potassium bicarbonate
Orthene 75 SP acephate
Nova 40 W myclobutanil
Pounce 384 EC permethrin
Pristine WG boscalid + pyraclostrobin
Pyrate 480 EC chlorpyrifos
Rhapsody ASO Bacillus subtilis
Silencer 120EC lambda-cyhalothrin
Rovral 50 WP iprodione
Sevin carbaryl
Senator 70 WP thiophanate-methyl
Success spinosad
Serenade Bacillus subtilis
Group 2 — Moderately toxic.
Shuttle 15 SC acequinocyl
These can be used around bees if dosage, timing and
method of application are correct, but do not apply them Subdue Maxx metalaxyl
directly on bees, in the field or at the colonies. TreeAzin azadirachtin
Floramite SC bifenazate
Horticultural oil mineral oil CHEMICAL FAMILIES
Landscape Oil mineral oil Most agricultural chemicals belong to a chemical
Maestro 80 DF captan “family” which is a group of substances that share
Purespray Green Spray Oil mineral oil
important characteristics. To prevent pests from
becoming resistant to a particular product, rotate
Supra Captan 80 WDG captan
between pesticides from different chemical families.
Tristar 70 WSP acetamiprid
Table 2–2. Insecticides and Fungicides Used to

Protect Ornamentals, lists pesticide products in
alphabetical order. This reference table can be used
to help make decisions (e.g., pesticide resistance
management) about pesticide applications by
providing information on toxicity, chemical family
and classification.
12
Table 2–2. Insecticides and Fungicides Used to Protect Ornamentals (as of January 1, 2019)
LEGEND: I = insecticide; F = fungicide and/or bactericide; R = rodenticide; A = acaricide (miticide); M = molluscicide; – = no information
Oral LD50 Ontario
Product Name Type Common Name (mg a.i./kg) Chemical Family Group* Classification
AceCap 97 I acephate 1,030 organophosphate 1B 3
Acelepryn I chlorantraniliprole > 5,000 diamide 28 2
Acrobat 50 WP F dimethomorph 2,939 cinnamic acid amides 40 3
Actara 25WG I thiamethoxam > 5,000 neonicotinoid 4A 3
Aliette F fosetyl-AL 2,860 phosphonate 33 3
Altus I flupyradifurone >2,000 butenolides 4D 3
Apollo SC A clofentezine > 5,000 mite growth inhibitor 10A 3
Aprovia Top 195 EC F benzovindiflupyr, difenoconazole 550 pyrazole-carboxamides, 3, 7 3
triazole
Arbotect 20-S I thiabendazole > 5,000 benzimidazole B1 4
Banner MAXX F propiconazole 4,340 triazole 3 3
Beleaf 50SG I flonicamid > 2,000 chordotonal organ 29 4
modulators
BioProtec I Bacillus thuringiensis > 15,000 biological 11A 3
BlightBan A506 XXXX F Pseudomonas fluorescens (strain A506) > 5,000 biological – 4
non-toxic biological
BlightBan C9-1 F Pantoea agglomerans (strain C9-1) non-toxic biological – 4
Bloomtime Biological F Pantoea agglomerans (strain E325) non-toxic biological – 4
Captan 50-WP F captan > 5,050 phthalimide M4 3
Citation 75WP I cyromazine 4,460 moulting disruptor 17 3
Closer I sulfoxaflor >5000 sulfoximines 4C 3
Compass 50WG F trifloxystrobin > 5,050 strobilurin 11 3
Confirm 240F I tebufenozide > 5,000 diacylhydrazines 18 3
Copper F copper sulphate 481 inorganic M1 3
Copper Spray F copper oxychloride 1,600 inorganic M1 3
Daconil 2787 F chlorothalonil 4,200 chloronitrile M5 4
Deadline M-PS M metaldehyde > 5,000 – – 4
Decree F fenhexamid > 2,000 anilide 17 3
Delegate I spinetoram >5,000 spinosyns 5 3
Dipel I Bacillus thuringiensis > 5,000 biological 11 3, 4
Dithane F mancozeb > 5,000 dithiocarbamate M3 4
Dragnet FT I permethrin 998 synthetic pyrethroid 3A 4
Dursban T I chlorpyrifos 135 organophosphate 1B 3
Dutch Trig F Verticillium albo-atrum strain WCS850 – biological – 4
Dygall F Agrobacterium radiobacter strain K84 – biological – 3
Dyno-Mite A, I pyridaben 1,930 METI acaricides and 21A 4
insecticides
Endeavor 50 WG I pymetrozine > 5,000 pyridine azomethine 9B 3
Equal 65WP F dodine 1,456 guanidines U12 4
Ferbam 76 WDG F ferbam > 5,000 dithiocarbamate M3 4
Flagship 25WG I thiamethoxam > 5,000 neonicotinoid 4A 3
Flint F trifloxystrobin >3,000 strobilurin 11 3
Floramite SC A bifenazate > 5,000 bifenazate 20D 4
* Pesticide Group classifies the compound according to mode of action. This system helps the user rotate among pesticides with different
modes of action in order to reduce the risk of resistance to a specific pesticide product.
13
Oral LD50 Ontario
Folpan F folpet > 5,000 phthalimide M4 1, 4
Foray I Bacillus thuringiensis > 5,000 biological 11A 3, 4
Forbid I spiromesifen > 2,000 lipid biosynthesis 23 3
inhibitor
Funginex F triforine 3,487 piperazine 3 3
Ground Force R chlorophacinone >5000 anticoagulant – 4
Guardsman Copper F copper oxychloride 1,700 inorganic M1 3
Oxychloride
Heritage MAXX F azoxystrobin 1,714 strobilurin 11 3
Heterohabditis I Heterohabditis bacteriophora (H.b.) non-toxic biological – –
bacteriophora
Heterohabditis megidis I Heterohabditis megidis (H.m.) non-toxic biological – –
Ima-jet I Imidacloprid > 1,600 neonicotinoid 4A 3
Imidan 50 WP I phosmet 300 organophosphate 1B 3, 4
Insecticidal soap I potassium salts of fatty acids > 5,000 insecticidal soap – 4
and botanical
Inspire Super F difenoconazole, cyprodinil 5,000 triazole, anilino 3, 9 3
pyrimidines
Intercept 60 WP I imidacloprid 1,858 neonicotinoid 4A 4
Kanemite 15 SC I acequinocyl > 5,000 naphthaquinone 20B 3
derivative
Kasumin F kasugamycin > 5,000 hexopyranosyl 24 3
antibiotic
Kontos I spirotetramat > 2,000 tetramic acid 23 4
Lagon 480 E I dimethoate 425 organophosphate 1B 3
Landscape Oil I mineral oil > 15,000 horticultural oil – 4
Lannate I methomyl 23 carbamate 1A 2
Lorsban I chlorpyrifos 300 organophosphate 1B 3, 4
Maestro 80 DF F captan 5,000 phthalimide M4 3
Mako I cypermethrin 760 pyrethroid 3A 3
Malathion I malathion 1,400 organophosphate 1B 4
Medallion F fludioxonil > 5,000 phenylpyrrole 12 2
Met 52 I Metarhizium anisopliae strain F52 > 2,000 biological – 4
Micora F mandipropamid >5000 cinnamic acid amide 40 3
MilStop F potassium bicarbonate 2,700 inorganic – 4
Mimic 240 LV I tebufenozide > 5,000 insect growth regulator 18 3
Movento 240SC I spirotetramat > 2,000 tetramic acid 23 4
Nova F myclobutanil > 2,500 triazole 3 3
Opal Insecticidal Soap I potassium salts of fatty acids > 5,000 insecticidal soap and – 4
botanical
Orthene I acephate 1,494 organophosphate 1B 3
Phostrol F phosphorous acid and salts > 5,000 phosphonates 33 4
Palladium F cyprodinil > 5,000 anilino-pyrimidine 9 2
fludioxonil phenylpyrrole 12
Polyram F metiram > 5,000 dithiocarbamate M3 4
Pounce I permethrin 3,129 pyrethroid 3A 4
14
Oral LD50 Ontario
Presidio F fluopicolide > 2,000 pyridinylmethyl- 43 2
benzamides
Previcur F propamocarb 2,000 carbamate 28 3
Pristine WG F boscalid > 1,490 pyridine carboxamide 7 2
pyraclostrobin methoxy carbamate 11
Purespray Green Spray Oil I mineral oil > 5,000 horticultural oil – 6
Pyganic I pyrethrin >2,000 pyrethrins 3A 3
Pyrate I chlorpyrifos 409 organophosphate 1B 3
Ramik Brown, Ramik Green R diaphacinone > 7 anticoagulant – 4
Ratak+ R brodifacoum 0.27 anticoagulant – 4
Regalia Maxx F Reynoutria sachalinensis > 5,000 biological – 3
Rhapsody F, B Bacillus subtilis > 5,000 biological 44 4
Bacillus subtilis QST 713
Rimon 10EC I Novaluron 3914 benzoylureas 15 3
Ripcord 400 EC I cypermethrin 760 pyrethroid 3A 3
Rodent Bait, Rodent R zinc phosphide 910 phosphide – 3
Pellets
Rootshield F Trichoderma harzianum – biological – 3, 4
Rovral F iprodione > 2,000 dicarboximide 2 3
Rozol R chlorophacinone – anticoagulant – 1, 4, 6
Sanmite A, I pyridaben 1,930 METI acaricides and 21A 4
insecticides
Senator 70 WP F thiophanate-methyl 7,500 benzimidazole 1 4
Serenade Max F Bacillus subtilis – biological 44 4
Shuttle 15 SC M acequinocyl > 5,000 naphthaquinone 20B 3
derivative
Silencer 120 EC F lambda-cyhalothrin 98 pyrethroid 3A 3
Sluggo M ferric phosphate > 5,000 mineral – 4, 6
Streptomycin F streptomycin sulphate >5000 glucopyranosyl antibiotic 25 4
Subdue MAXX F metalaxyl-M and S-isomer 2,965 acylalanines 4 3
Success I spinosad > 2,000 spinosyn 5 4
Sulphur (various) F sulphur > 5,000 inorganic M2 4
Supra Captan 80 WDG F captan 5,000 phthalimide M4 4
Thiram F thiram 1,800 dithiocarbamate M3 1, 3
Thuricide I Bacillus thuringiensis > 15,000 biological 11 3, 4
Tivano F, B citric acid, lactic acid none known biological – 4
Torrent F cyazofamid > 5,000 cyano-imidazole 21 4
TreeAzin I azadirachtin > 2,000 uncertain UN 4
Tristar 70 WSP I acetamiprid 1,064 neonicotinoid 4 3
Trounce I potassium salts of fatty acid > 5,000 insecticidal soap and 3A 4
and pyrethrin botanical
Truban F etridiazole 1,077 thiadiazole 14 4
Vectobac I Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis > 5,000 biological 11 3, 4
Vendex A fenbutatin oxide > 5,000 organotin 12 1, 4
Waxed Mouse Bait R zinc phosphide 45 phosphide 24A 3
15
A COMPENDIUM OF PESTS AND DISEASES WITH RECOMMENDED MANAGEMENT PRACTICES —

AS OF JANUARY 1, 2019
Common pests and diseases found on nursery crops are listed below. The list is organized according to the
host plant genus. The pesticide products listed appear alphabetically within the tables and the order in which
products appear does not constitute a preference ranking.
If no product is listed in the compendium, either a pesticide application would not be effective, or there is no
product registered at the time of printing for this publication. The “Notes” column contains information on pest
biology and monitoring and additional remarks about the use of registered pesticides.
See Table 2–2. Insecticides and Fungicides Used to Protect Ornamentals, on page 13–15, for a list of pesticides
registered on outdoor ornamentals and their chemical properties, such as toxicity.
ABIES — FIR
Pest Product Rate Notes
INSECTS AFFECTING ABIES
Balsam gall midge Movento 240SC 585 mL/ha A pest of Christmas trees in Eastern Canada. Balsam gall midge
(Paradiplosis damage appears on current-year needles as early as late June and
tumifex) persists until fall. The larvae initiate the formation of galls, which
appear as swollen growths at the base of the needles; several galls
can be seen on a single needle. Each gall contains a larva, which feeds
on the internal tissue of the needle. Galled needles turn yellow and
dry out, causing them to drop prematurely in the fall. Repeated severe
infestations can cause tree growth loss but does not result in mortality.
The appearance of the adults in May coincides with the development
of fir buds. The female lays her eggs between the tight needles of the
opening buds. Each newly hatched larva crawls to the base of a needle,
where it settles and begins to feed, initiating the growth of gall tissue,
which ultimately completely encloses the larva, thus forming the gall.
The larva leaves the gall in the fall and drops to the ground where it
overwinters.
First application of Movento should be timed for egg hatch stage when
adult emergence has peaked. This normally occurs after bud break
when needles start flaring. Maximum number of applications: 2.
Interval between applications: 7 days.
Balsam twig aphid Admire 240 250 mL/ha The eggs overwinter on bark and hatch into first-generation nymphs
(Mindarus Closer 200 mL/ (“stem mothers”) in early spring when bud caps begin to loosen, but
abietinus) 1,000 L water before new growth emerges. Second-generation nymphs feed on newly
developing needles, causing the needles to become distorted and
Endeavor 50 WG 193 g/ha discoloured.
in 275 L water
Monitor for stem mothers by tapping twigs on a dark surface and look
Malathion 500 EC 1.4-3 L/ for tiny, off-white aphids. Treat when stem mothers first hatch (about
1,000 L water 180–250 GDD Base 10°C) which coincides with bud swell. Second-
Tristar 70 WSP 3 solupaks generation nymphs are more difficult to manage due to their protective,
waxy covering.
Cutworms Confirm 240 F 0.5 L/ha Cutworms are moth larvae (caterpillars) that hide in shallow soil
(various species) Pounce 45–90 mL/ha burrows during the day and crawl up plant stems to harvest plant parts
at night. Injury appears as chewed or girdled stems on woody species
(and clipped stems on herbaceous plants). Larvae are greyish-brown in
colour, often with black spots along their sides and stripes along their
body. They have three pairs of true legs, four pairs of fleshy prolegs
and one pair of “claspers” at the end of their abdomen. They can be
up to 3 cm long. Late instar larvae overwinter and pupate in spring.
Use insecticides to reduce cutworm populations at the first sign of
feeding injury. Treat plants with insecticides in the evening since the
larvae feed at night.
Applications of Confirm should be made with a high-volume spray and
sprayed to run-off (for greenhouse use). Applications of Pounce should
be made under warm, moist conditions when larvae are small.
16
ABIES — FIR
INSECTS AFFECTING ABIES (cont’d)
Spruce budworm Dragnet 160 mL/ Larvae have a black head and brownish body with four light spots
(Choristoneura 1,000 L water on the back of each segment. This pest is a widespread, important
fumiferana) Foray 48 B 1.6–2.4 L/ha defoliator of balsam fir and spruce. Tiny overwintering larvae begin
to feed as buds break and continue feeding until late spring. Larvae
Malathion 85 E 2.93 L/ can often be found feeding inside emerging shoots from suspiciously
1,000 L water persistent bud caps. There is 1 generation per year.
Mimic 240 LV 290 mL/ha Apply Mimic to control early instar larvae; allow 3–7 days for larval
Pounce 45–90 mL/ha mortality. A second application may be required. Apply a general
coverage spray for broad-spectrum insecticides in mid-May to reduce
larval populations.
Spruce spider mite Cygon 480 E 1.25 L/ Overwintered eggs hatch in early May, when Amelanchier laevis and
(Oligonychus 1,000 L water Magnolia x soulangiana are in full bloom. Mites prefer older needles
ununguis) Floramite SC 625 mL/ as feeding sites. To monitor for mites, use a hand lens to check the
1,000 L water undersides of twigs and needles for tiny reddish eggs or brown mites
with black backs. Shake a branch over a white sheet of paper and look
horticultural oil 20 L/ for crawling specks. Apply miticides when mites first appear.
1,000 L water
Kanemite is effective against mobile life stages but may also reduce
insecticidal soap see label egg viability.
Kanemite 15 SC see label Use horticultural oil as a dormant treatment in early spring to target
Lagon 480 1.25 L/ eggs and newly hatched nymphs. Do not use horticultural oil (including
1,000 L water Landscape Oil) on white pine. Horticultural oil (including Landscape
Oil) can be used when plants are dormant. Landscape Oil can be used
Malathion 500 EC 1.4–3 L/
in summer when leaves are fully expanded and hardened off. See
1,000 L water
product label. Permanent discolouration of foliage will occur to blue
Orthene 75 SP see label cultivars of both Juniperus and Picea. To prevent foliar discolouration
Pyrate 480 EC 375–500 mL/ on blue Colorado spruce, use only wettable powders and avoid
1,000 L water horticultural oil. If populations are still significant, make 2 applications
of other miticides at 10-day intervals when mites exist in spring.
Vendex 50 W 50–100 g/
100 L water Many predatory mites co-exist with pest mite populations. To conserve
predatory mites, try miticides that are less toxic to these beneficials,
such as Vendex and Floramite.
Tarnished plant bug Actara 25 WG, 210–280 g/ha These are small (5-mm) yellowish-brown insects. Adults have wings
(Lygus lineolaris) Flagship 25 WG that are folded in an X pattern. Tarnished plant bugs feed by inserting
Ripcord 400 EC 172 mL/ha their mouthparts inside leaf tissue and sucking out the contents,
leaving the lower and upper epidermis behind. The resulting injury
appears as small, clear “windows” on leaf tissue of broad-leaved
plants. On conifers, feeding often causes terminal growth to yellow
and become distorted and bushy.
Treat in spring and early summer to manage populations of this insect.
White grubs: Larval management: These beetle larvae are referred to as “white grubs.” They chew fibrous
European chafer Acelepryn 5.6–8.8 mL/ roots and girdle underground stems of many woody ornamentals
(Rhizotrogus 100 m2 (including Cornus sp.).
majalis)
Lorsban 4E 4.5 L/ Before planting, cultivate infested fields to expose grubs to natural
June beetle (rescue treatment 1,000 L water predators.
(Phyllophaga sp.) for shipping) Apply Intercept 60 WP once per year, during the mating period/egg-
Intercept 60 WP 467 g/ha laying period and up to egg hatch (usually late June/early July in
southern Ontario). In the field, sufficient irrigation (5–10 mm) should
Adult management: occur within 24 hr after application; avoid overwatering.
Imidan 50 WP 1.25 kg/ Apply Acelepryn any time that larvae are present or during the mating
1,000 L water period/egg-laying period to egg-hatch.
17
ABIES — FIR
DISEASES AFFECTING ABIES
Botrytis Rovral WDG 1.5–2 kg/ During very humid conditions (e.g., storage), a fuzzy, grey growth may
1,100 L water develop on succulent plant parts.
Treat twigs and buds in spring before leaves develop. Treat conifer
seedlings at the onset of botrytis. Remove all fading and diseased
plant parts promptly, especially when wet weather is predicted. Do not
crowd plants. Maintain adequate sunlight and good air circulation.
Damping off, root Heritage Maxx 0.4 L/ Stem rot and root rot cause rapid dieback and mortality and are often
rot and stem rot 1,000 L water characterized by reddish-brown discolouration of the cambium.
(Phytophthora, Presidio 60–119 mL/ Subdue MAXX can be used as a drench or a pre-incorporated
Pythium) 380 L water treatment for media to help protect conifer seedlings and transplants
Previcur see label from Pythium and Phytophthora. Subdue MAXX can be used on conifer
seedbeds, plugs and 2-0 transplants only. See product label.
Subdue MAXX 1.2 L/ha in
200 L water
(drench)
Torrent 400SC see label
Needlecast Banner MAXX 350 mL/ This is principally a nursery disease. It is caused by several fungi
(various fungi) 1,000 L water with 2-yr life cycles. Symptoms develop early in the second season.
Copper Spray 4 kg/ Infected needles turn brown and drop. Badly infected plants have only
1,000 L water current season needles.
Daconil 2787 F 2.4–4.8 L/ Spray after new growth begins and again 10 days later.
100–1,000 L
water
ACER — MAPLE
INSECTS AFFECTING ACER
Aphids Altus 500–750 mL/ha Treat when aphids first appear and repeat as required. Check leaves
(various) Beleaf 50 SG 0.12–0.16 kg/ha for honeydew and sooty mould. Aphids have many natural predators
(e.g., ladybugs, hover flies, lacewings), so monitor for beneficial
Closer 200 mL/ insects before making pesticide applications. Orthene may damage
1,000 L water sugar maple leaves.
insecticidal soap see label * Do not apply Kontos insecticide during bloom as this product is
*Kontos see label toxic to bee brood.
Malathion 500 EC 1.4–3L/
1,000 L water
Orthene 75 SP see label
Pyrate 480 EC 375 mL/
1,000 L water
Tristar 70 WSP 3 solupaks
Trounce 50 L/
1,000 L water
Asian long-horned Ima-jet see label Asian long-horned beetle is a serious pest of deciduous trees; it
beetle bores into stems and trunks and weakens trees, leading to dieback
(Anoplophora and mortality. Make Ima-jet applications when the pest has been
glabripennis) detected in your area (or within 24 km) and trees still appear healthy.
This cerambycid borer is mostly found on maple species, especially
Acer negundo, Manitoba maple. For trees that may be visited by
pollinators, applications of Ima-jet must be made post-bloom, as this
product is toxic to bees and bee brood.
18
ACER — MAPLE
INSECTS AFFECTING ACER (cont’d)
Cottony maple scale horticultural oil 20 L/ The mature female scale with white egg sac resembles a partially
(Pulvinaria 1,000 L water popped corn kernel. This scale infests maple, linden, elm, beech, oak,
innumerabilis) insecticidal soap see label and other trees and shrubs. It is found only on twigs.
Malathion 500 EC 1.4–3L/ Use horticultural oil as an early-spring dormant treatment. Do not use
1,000 L water horticultural oil on sugar or Japanese maples.
Orthene 75 SP see label Nymphs are active in late June/early July, about when Philadelphus
and Tilia cordata are in bloom. Direct insecticidal spray to the lower
Pyrate 480 EC 2 L/ leaf surface. Repeat application 10 days later. Do not use Malathion
1,000 L water on Crimson King maple. Orthene may damage sugar maple leaves.
Forest tent caterpillar Dipel WP 125–250 g/ Forest tent caterpillar larvae are hairy with a series of keyhole-
(Malacosoma disstria) 400 L water shaped white spots along their backs. Larvae are present early in the
Dragnet 230 mL/ season. Larvae feed in colonies. Forest tent caterpillar larvae do not
1,000 L water form a tent on their host. Larvae may completely defoliate broadleaf
trees, particularly poplars.
Foray 48 B 1.0–1.6 L/ha
Treat foliage in mid-to-late May to reduce populations of larvae.
Orthene 75 SP see label Orthene may damage sugar maple leaves.
Pounce 90 mL/ha
1,000 L water
Thuricide see label
Greenstriped There is no product registered Larvae have a cherry-red head and yellowish body with seven dark
mapleworm at the time of this publication. lines running the entire body length. Preferred hosts are maple, oak
(Dryocampa and box elder. Insecticidal applications are usually not required. Eggs
rubicunda) hatch over an extended period.
If necessary, spray insecticides when larvae are present (from
mid-June to late July).
Gypsy moth AceCap 97 773 mg/ Gypsy moth larvae are dark, hairy caterpillars with five pairs of blue
(Lymantria dispar) cartridgespots (tubercles) followed by six pairs of red ones along their backs.
1 cartridge/They feed in the spring and early summer, reaching about 6 cm long
10.16 cm at maturity. They consume foliage of many trees and shrubs, most
Dipel see label notably basswood, birch, hawthorn, oak, poplar and willow. Adult
females lay eggs in brown, fuzzy masses in July and August.
Dragnet 230 mL/
1,000 L water Remove and destroy egg masses before they hatch. Newly hatched
larvae produce webs in order to disperse via wind to other hosts. Wait
Foray 48 B 2.4–4 L/ha until larvae settle on hosts and begin feeding before applying Dipel or
Imidan 50 WP 1.25 kg/ Foray.
1,000 L water A folded burlap cloth wrapped around a tree provides a daytime
Orthene 75 SP see label shelter for larger larvae or pupae. Collect them from these shelters
and destroy them.
Success 25 mL/
1,000 L water AceCap 97 applications must be made post-bloom as this product is
toxic to bees and bee brood.
Thuricide HPC 7.14–12 L/
1,000 L water Orthene may damage sugar maple leaves. Success may be applied
to larvae at any time during larval development. Dipel and Foray are
most effective when sprayed before larvae become mature (before
the head capsule turns yellow).
19
ACER — MAPLE
Leafhopper Actara 25 WG, 105 g/ha Leafhoppers are tiny, yellowish-green to pale-coloured insects that
(several species) Flagship 25 WG jump quickly when disturbed. Wingless nymphs will often “side step”
Altus 500–750 mL/ha quickly to hide from potential predators. Leafhoppers have piercing-
sucking mouthparts that cause yellowish flecks on the leaf surface.
Check regularly for infestation of nursery crops when neighbouring
farms are cutting alfalfa or hay. Hang yellow sticky traps in the canopy
to monitor for leafhoppers. Check by disturbing plants or looking
at the leaf bottoms for leafhopper nymphs or molted skins. Injury
appears as leaf distortion with blackened leaf margins. Older leaves
will appear bronze coloured or stippled. Treat as required.
Lecanium or horticultural oil 20 L/ When adults are mature in late spring/summer, they appear as a
European fruit 1,000 L water large, reddish-brown, spherical scale usually found on the underside
lecanium insecticidal soap see label of twigs. This scale infests many deciduous trees and shrubs.
(Lecanium corni)
Malathion 500 EC 1.4–3 L/ Use horticultural oil as an early-spring dormant treatment to reduce
1,000 L water populations of overwintering nymphs. To suppress crawlers, spray
insecticides when the Sambucus canadensis begins blooming.
Pyrate 480 EC 2 L/ Do not use Malathion on Crimson King maple. Orthene may damage
1,000 L water sugar maple leaves.
Trounce 50 L/
1,000 L water
Maple bladder gall mite horticultural oil 20 L/ Maple bladder gall mite causes globular, wart-like galls on the upper
(Vasates quadripedes) 1,000 L water surface of silver and red maple leaves. Heavy infestations may
Maple spindle gall mite Malathion 500 EC 1.4–3 L/ completely deform leaves but seldom injure trees seriously.
(Vasates 1,000 L water Maple spindle gall mite produces slender fusiform galls 5 mm long on
aceriscrumena) the upper surface of sugar and silver maple leaves. There are several
generations per year.
Crimson erineum mite
(Eriophyes regulus) Crimson erineum mite causes red granular, velvety patches on both
sides of sugar, silver and red maple leaves.
Use horticultural oil as an early-spring dormant treatment. Do not
use oil on sugar maple or Japanese maples. Apply Malathion in the
spring when the temperature is 2°C or higher. Do not use Malathion on
Crimson King maple.
Maple petiole borer There is no product registered The larvae bore inside leaf stems (petioles), causing petioles to
(Caulocampis at the time of this publication. turn black, shrivel and break near the blade, causing leaf drop.
acericaulis) Collecting and destroying fallen leaves will not reduce the population
of this pest. Larvae remain in petioles that are still attached to the
tree, where they complete their life cycle. The adult is a tiny, amber-
coloured sawfly that emerges as leaves are starting to emerge.
Management with insecticides is usually not necessary.
Maple spider mite horticultural oil 20 L/ These tiny mites look very similar to spruce spider mite: brown
(Oligonychus aceris) 1,000 L water bodies and legs with black backs. Mites overwinter as reddish-brown
eggs close to bud scars on the previous year’s growth. Eggs hatch in
spring, and mite numbers can build up by early summer. Mites feed
on the undersides of leaves, causing stippling and bronzing. Maple
spider mites are most common on silver-red hybrids.
Maple trumpet There is no product registered at the This pest is normally a minor problem. It attacks sugar, red and
skeletonizer time of this publication. silver maples. It spins a long trumpet-like tube of silk and frass on
(Epinotia aceriella) the underside of a leaf, which folds around it. The maple trumpet
skeletonizer feeds from within this tube, skeletonizing the part of the leaf
covered by the web. This causes the leaf to crumple. This pest may also
attack hawthorn and beech. Larvae exist from late July to September.
Where necessary, apply control to bottom leaf surfaces from mid-July
to mid-August.
20
ACER — MAPLE
Sugar maple borer There is no product registered at the This borer is usually a landscape problem, especially on stressed
(Glycobius speciosus) time of this publication. trees. It is a robust, black, long-horned beetle with five yellow bands
on the wing covers. The fleshy white larva cuts deep channels in
the wood. Cracked, swollen areas resembling cankers indicate
infestation. The borer has a 2-year life cycle. Females cut a slit into
the bark and lay eggs in late July and into August.
Keep trees healthy in order to help them withstand infestations.
Western flower thrips Success 50 mL/ Western flower thrips can feed openly on new leaves or from inside
(Frankliniella 1,000 L water terminal vegetative buds and flower buds. They have piercing-sucking
occidentalis) mouthparts that suck out plant juices of immature leaves and
flowers, resulting in major distortion and colour flecking when flowers
and foliage emerge. Injury may be confused with that of leafhoppers.
Do not make more than 3 applications of Success 480 SC per year.
Whitemarked tussock Dragnet 160 mL/ The caterpillars are large (up to 3 cm long), with a multi-coloured body
moth 1,000 L water marked by 2 tufts of black hairs behind the head and white hairs
(Orgyia leucostigma) Mimic 240 LV 290 mL/ha along the sides of the abdomen. Caterpillars are found throughout
the growing season on many species of deciduous and evergreen
trees.
Apply Mimic to control early instar larvae; allow 3–7 days for larval
mortality. A second application of Mimic may be required.
DISEASES AFFECTING ACER
Anthracnose Banner MAXX 28 mL/ Leaves are infected as they emerge in the spring. This disease
(Gloeosporium 100 L water causes irregular brown lesions, often in between veins. Leaves may
apocrytum) Heritage Maxx 0.8–1.6 L/1000 be distorted.
L water Collect and destroy fallen leaves in autumn, as they are a source of
inoculum the following spring. Often, the second flush of growth will
cover up this disease. Where disease pressure is high, protect newly
emerging leaves with fungicides before leaf wetness periods.
Tar spot Banner MAXX 28 mL/ Emerged leaves are infected in spring during cool, wet weather.
(Rhytisma acerinum) 100 L water This disease causes irregular, black, tar-like spots on Norway and
Compass 50 WG 14–21 g/ sugar maple by late summer. The tar spot fungus overwinters on
100 L water fallen leaves.
Apply fungicides before rain events to protect foliage during leaf
emergence (during and after bloom). Compass 50 WG gives
suppression of tar spot and can only be applied once per season.
Banner MAXX can be applied up to 4 times per season.
Collect fallen leaves in late summer and autumn and destroy.
Removing fallen leaves from all infected neighbourhood trees
may help reduce disease incidence the following year.
Verticillium wilt There is no product registered at the This is a soil pathogen that enters trees via roots and travels
(Verticillium dahliae) time of this publication. systemically to the crown, resulting in crown wilt and dieback.
Infection causes the sapwood to darken into a greenish black. This
disease is often followed by frost cracks and associated cankers.
Prune wilted branches back to healthy wood. Thin the remainder
of the crown. Fertilize and water to promote vigour, especially
root growth. Organic amendments to soil may help decrease soil
Verticillium populations and improve tree growth.
PHYSIOLOGICAL DISORDERS AFFECTING ACER
Leaf scorch A pesticide application would not Physiological leaf scorch is a common symptom of desiccation on
be effective. broadleaf decidous urban or roadside trees during hot, dry summers.
Look for brown, dry leaf margins and areas in between leaf veins.
It is often misdiagnosed as a foliar disease. Supplemental irrigation
can help reduce stress on symptomatic trees.
21
AESCULUS — HORSECHESTNUT
DISEASES AFFECTING AESCULUS
Anthracnose Daconil 2787 F 2.5 L/ Protect leaves with fungicides during cool, wet springs. Encourage
(Glomerella 1,000 L water good air circulation through the canopy. Do not crowd plants.
cingulata)
Leaf blotch Daconil 2787 F 2.5 L/ Symptoms include large, blotchy, reddish-brown lesions surrounded by
(Guignardia aesculi) 1,000 L water a yellow halo. Lesions appear on leaves by mid-summer. Leaves often
(Botryosphaeria curl and distort. A tree may show symptoms of leaf blotch, scorch and
aesculi) anthracnose.
Protect leaves with fungicides during cool, wet springs. Encourage
good air circulation through the canopy. Do not crowd plants.
PHYSIOLOGICAL DISORDERS AFFECTING AESCULUS
Leaf scorch Application of a pesticide will not be Physiological leaf scorch is a common symptom of desiccation on
(physiological) effective on this disorder. broadleaf decidous urban or roadside trees during hot, dry summers.
Look for brown, dry leaf margins and areas in between leaf veins.
Leaf scorch is easily confused with the fungal disease anthracnose
(see above). Supplemental irrigation can help reduce stress on
symptomatic trees.
AMELANCHIER — SERVICEBERRY
INSECTS AFFECTING AMELANCHIER
Western flower Success 50 mL/ Western flower thrips can feed openly on new leaves or from inside
thrips 1,000 L water terminal vegetative buds and flower buds. They have piercing-sucking
(Frankliniella mouthparts that suck out plant juices of immature leaves and flowers,
occidentalis) resulting in major distortion and colour flecking when flowers and
foliage emerge. Injury may be confused with that of leafhoppers.
Do not make more than 3 applications of Success per year.
DISEASES AFFECTING AMELANCHIER
Gymnosporangium Nova 40 W 250–340 g/ Spores from Juniperus hosts can infect rosaceous plants (Malus,
rusts 1,000 L water Crataegus, Amelanchier, etc.).
Pristine WG 1–1.6 kg/ha Treat when sporulation begins on the alternate host (Juniperus), in
early-to-mid-spring when foliage is emerging and still tender. Repeat
fungicidal application every 10–14 days if needed. Rotate registered
fungicides with other chemical families to avoid resistance.
Powdery mildew Heritage Maxx 0.4–1.6 L/ Fungal infection appears as white, powdery growth on the upper
1,000 L water leaf surface.
Nova 40 W 113 g/ Use Nova 40 W at the first sign of powdery mildew to manage this
1,000 L water disease on Saskatoonberry. Use Nova 40 W no more than 3 times
Palladium WG 100 g/ per season.
100 L water
22
BETULA — BIRCH
INSECTS AFFECTING BETULA
Aphids Altus 500–750 mL/ha Calaphis betulaecolens, a large green aphid, feeds only on birch.
(Calaphis Beleaf 50 SG 0.12–0.16 kg/ha Euceraphis punctipennis, a black-and-green aphid, leaves a cottony-
betulaecolens), white wax on birch and alder. Hamamelistes spinosus feeds on birch
Closer 200 mL/
(Euceraphis and on Hamamelis (witch hazel). Feeding nymphs cause corrugated
1,000 L water
punctipennis), swellings between veins on leaves.
(Hamamelistes Cygon 480 E 625 mL/
Treat when adults first appear and repeat as required. Check the
spinosus) 1,000 L water
underside of leaves for honeydew and sooty mould. Many natural
insecticidal soap see label predators feed on aphids (e.g., ladybugs, hoverflies, lacewings).
Trounce 50 L/
1,000 L water
Birch leafminer AceCap 97 773 mg/ Larval mines look like a brown blotch sometimes covering half or more
(Fenusa pusilla cartridge of each leaf. Foliage of heavily infested trees looks scorched. There
and many other 1 cartridge/ are 2 generations of leafminer per year; the second flush of growth
species) 10.16 cm is also attacked. The adult is a small black sawfly that emerges from
the soil when the first leaves are half grown. First mines appear when
Cygon 480 E 500 mL/ Spiraea x vanhouttei blooms.
1,000 L water
When mines appear, use any listed control in mid-May and about
Imidan 50 WP 1.25 kg/
6 weeks later (when the second flush of leaves is attacked).
1,000 L water
AceCap 97 and Treeazin applications must be made post-bloom as
Lagon 480 500 mL/
these products are toxic to bees and/or bee brood.
1,000 L water
1,000 L water
Treeazin see label
Birch skeletonizer There is no product registered at the This pest is generally not a significant problem. Small yellowish-green
(Bucculatrix time of this publication. larvae attack birches and some alders. Larvae feed on the bottom of
canadensisella) leaves from mid-to-late summer.
Collect and destroy fallen leaves to remove overwintering pupae.
Thoroughly spray the underside of leaves about mid-August.
Bronze birch borer Pyrate 480 EC 500 mL/ This beetle attacks injured and weakened birch trees. The elongated
(Agrilus anxius) 1,000 L water white larvae make long, winding tunnels just under the bark. Tunnels
show up as spiral ridges around the branches and trunk. Larvae
develop over 2 years and emerge as adults from June to August,
through a D-shaped hole. The adult is a slender, olive-bronze beetle.
Remove and destroy weakened and dying branches before mid-May.
Good tree health reduces infestation risks. Birch roots do not compete
well with lawn grasses. Deeply water the root zone several times
during the growing season. Manage birch leafminers to reduce stress.
Apply Pyrate as a direct spray at the trunk and branches.
Gypsy moth Dipel 132 ES 1.6–2.4 L/ha Gypsy moth larvae are dark, hairy caterpillars with five pairs of blue spots
(Lymantria dispar) Dragnet 230 mL/ (tubercles) followed by six pairs of red ones along their backs. They feed
1,000 L water in the spring and early summer, reaching about 6 cm long at maturity.
They consume foliage of many trees and shrubs but prefer basswood,
Foray 48 B 2.4–4 L/ha
birch, hawthorn, oak, poplar and willow.
Adult females lay eggs in brown, fuzzy masses in July and August.
1,000 L water
Remove and destroy egg masses before they hatch. Newly hatched larvae
Orthene 75 SP see label produce webs in order to disperse via wind to other hosts. Wait until
Success 25 mL/ larvae settle on hosts and begin feeding before applying Dipel or Foray.
1,000 L water A folded burlap cloth wrapped around a tree provides a daytime
Thuricide HPC 7.14–12 L/ shelter for larger larvae or pupae. Collect them from these shelters
1,000 L water and destroy them.
Orthene may damage sugar maple leaves. Success may be applied to
larvae at any time during larval development. Dipel and Foray are most
effective when sprayed before larvae become mature (before the head
capsule turns yellow).
23
BUXUS — BOXWOOD
INSECTS AFFECTING BUXUS
Boxwood Citation 75WP 188 g/ha Larvae overwinter in leaves and pupate in spring. The adult is a
leafminers Cygon 480 E 1 L/ gnat-like fly that lays eggs into newly emerged foliage in spring. Newly
(Monarthropalpus 1,000 L water hatched larvae mine new leaves in spring and throughout the summer.
buxi, M. flavus)
Lagon 480 1 L/ Treat newly emerged foliage when adult midges appear to reduce
1,000 L water successful egg hatch and larval development.
Malathion see label Citation is used as a foliar spray to target larvae. Citation interferes
with the moulting process, resulting in failure of larvae to complete
their life cycle.
Boxwood psyllid insecticidal soap see label Tiny, orange eggs overwinter in bud scales and are difficult to detect.
(Psylla buxi) Overwintering eggs hatch as buds begin to break in spring. Young
nymphs are light green and develop a white, woolly protective mass
as they get older. Nymphs feed on developing leaves. Leaves become
cupped, enclosing the nymphs.
Treat young psyllids after egg hatch, as leaves are emerging.
DISEASES AFFECTING BUXUS
Cylindrocladium Daconil 2787 2.5 L/ Look for small, black, rod-shaped, discontinuous cankers along older
Blight 1,000 L water stems. Shoot dieback and browning will occur on cankered stems.
(Cylindrocladium Compass 50WG 150 g/ Most of the twig dieback will occur on the lower stems, resulting in
buxicola) 1,000 L water significant leaf drop. Under high humidity (propagation, plastic bag)
white fuzzy masses of spores may be observed on infected stems
Medallion 1.2 L/ and leaves.
1,000 L water
Protect healthy tissues with fungicide applications where warm, humid
conditions persist and there is a risk of Cylindrocladium infection.
Disease spread has been linked to the movement of infected plants,
cuttings, and boxwood debris (especially fallen leaves). Another
significant way this disease spreads is through contaminated tools
and worker footwear/clothing. Sanitation and scouting are imperative
to preventing the Introduction of Cylindrocladium blight. Dip tools for
10 seconds in ≥70% isopropyl alcohol, 10% sodium hypochlorite or
0.5-1.5% quarternary ammonium.
To date, this disease is not established in Ontario but has only
been detected on import of infested stock, which was subsequently
destroyed. Fungicides are registered for growers to use on incoming
nursery stock from potentially infested areas outside of Ontario.
CARAGANA — PEA SHRUB

INSECTS AFFECTING CARAGANA
Volutella blight Daconil 2787 see label Outer stem tissue becomes purplish-black between nodes, stems
and canker usually turn brown and die from the canker to the tip of the shoot.
(Volutella buxi) Under high humidity (propagation, plastic bag), orange-pink fungal
fruiting bodies will form on cankered stems. This blight can be a
problem in propagation areas where cuttings are being taken from
infested, older stock plants.
Always inspect cuttings and rooting beds for signs of canker and
dieback. Remove and destroy infested cuttings immediately as a
sanitation measure. Higher temperatures and well-drained media
will accelerate rooting and decrease incidence of this disease in
propagation (e.g., summer propagation). Remove and destroy infected
leaves and stems in established plants (container, field).
24
CARAGANA — PEA SHRUB
INSECTS AFFECTING CARAGANA (cont’d)
Leafhopper Actara 25 WG, 105 g/ha Leafhoppers are tiny, yellowish-green to pale-coloured insects that jump
(several species) Flagship 25 WG quickly when disturbed. Wingless nymphs will often “side step” quickly
Altus 500–750 mL/ha to hide from potential predators. Leafhoppers have piercing-sucking
mouthparts that cause yellowish flecks on the leaf surface.
Check regularly for infestation of nursery crops when neighbouring
farms are cutting alfalfa or hay. Hang yellow sticky traps in the canopy
to monitor for leafhoppers. Check by disturbing plants or looking at the
leaf bottoms for leafhopper nymphs or molted skins. Treat as required.
Two-spotted spider Apollo SC 80 mL/ha TSSM overwinters as adult mites in the soil or media around host plants.
mite (TSSM) Dyno-Mite 284 g/ha It becomes active during warm weather (late spring in the field). Attacked
(Tetranychus 1,000 L water leaves become dull-coloured, stippled or bronzed. Check the undersides
urticae) of leaves for mites and webs. These mites are very tiny. A hand lens will
Floramite SC 333 mL/ be needed to see the two faint black spots on their backs.
1,000 L water
Treat leaf undersides with miticides/insecticides when mites appear,
Forbid 30 mL/ and repeat as needed. Monitor for mites by examining lower leaf
100 L water surfaces with a hand lens or vigorously shaking a branch over a sheet
insecticidal soap see label of white paper and looking for tiny, moving specks.
Kanemite 15 SC 0.21–0.46 L/ Apollo SC acts primarily on mite eggs but has an effect on young mobile
500 L water stages as well. It is not effective against adult mites. Apollo SC should
be applied when mite populations are predominantly in the egg stage,
Vendex 50 W 50–100 g/
with few young nymphs present. Do not make more than 1 application
100 L water
of Apollo SC per season.
Apply Dyno-Mite when mites first appear. Apply Dyno-Mite a maximum of
2 times per season at an interval of 28 days.
Apply Kanemite as mites appear. Kanemite may reduce the viability of eggs.
Two-spotted spider mite does not overwinter on the plant, and
populations are not reduced with a dormant horticultural oil treatment.
CARYA — HICKORY
INSECTS AFFECTING CARYA
Hickory gall adelgid Malathion 500 EC 1.25 L/ This pest produces nearly round galls on hickory twigs and leaf stems.
(Phylloxera 1,000 L water Galls are about 16 mm in diameter. Girdled twigs die and break at the
caryaecaulis) Pyrate 480 EC 375 mL/ location of a gall.
1,000 L water Overwintering eggs hatch as buds break. Apply insecticides at that
Tristar 70 WSP 3 solupaks time. Treatment is ineffective once galls appear. Infestations will not
kill the tree.
Walnut caterpillar Malathion 500 EC 2.5 L/ Larvae are black with long grey hairs. This caterpillar feeds on walnut
(Datana 1,000 L water and hickory. Caterpillar colonies descend tree trunks and molt, leaving
integerrima) a conspicuous clump of grey cast skins on the trunk. Adult moths lay
eggs in early July, and larvae feed until the end of August.
Spray when larvae first appear, usually in July. Spray or remove larvae
clustering on trunk.
CHAENOMELES — QUINCE
Disease Product Rate Notes
DISEASES AFFECTING CHAENOMELES
Fire blight Kasumin 2L 5 L/ Fire blight infects succulent vegetative growth. Dead, dry leaves
(Erwinia amylovora) 1,000 L water persist on infected branches. Spray bactericidal products at early
(see label) bloom, full bloom and petal fall when the weather is warm and humid
Serenade Max 2–3 kg/ha and fire blight is a recurring problem.
Avoid excessive pruning and nitrogen fertilization in spring. During
dormancy, prune out infected branches about 30 cm below the
cankered area when the tree is dry.
25
CLEMATIS — CLEMATIS
INSECTS AFFECTING CLEMATIS
Two-spotted spider Apollo SC 80 mL/ha TSSM overwinters as adult mites in the soil or media around host plants.
mite Dyno-Mite 284 g/ha in It becomes active during warm weather (late spring in the field). Attacked
(Tetranychus 1,000 L water leaves become dull-coloured, stippled or bronzed. Check the undersides
urticae) of leaves for mites and webs. These mites are very tiny. A hand lens will
Floramite SC 333 mL/ be needed to see the two faint black spots on their backs.
1,000 L water
Treat leaf undersides with miticides/insecticides when mites appear, and
Forbid 30 mL/ repeat as needed. Monitor for mites by examining lower leaf surfaces
100 L water with a hand lens or vigorously shaking a branch over a sheet of white
insecticidal soap see label paper and looking for tiny, moving specks.
500 L water stages as well. It is not effective against adult mites. Apollo SC should
Vendex 50 W 50–100 g/
with few young nymphs present. Do not make more than 1 application of
100 L water
Apollo SC per season.
Apply Kanemite as mites appear. Kanemite may reduce the viability of
eggs.
populations are not reduced with a dormant horticultural oil treatment.
occidentalis) resulting in major distortion and colour flecking when flowers and
foliage do emerge. Injury may be confused with that of leafhoppers.
CORNUS — DOGWOOD
INSECTS AFFECTING CORNUS
Aphids Altus 500–750 mL/ha Aphids appear as new growth emerges in the spring. Repeated
(various) Beleaf 50 SG 0.12–0.16 kg/ha applications of insecticidal soap will be required to reduce aphid
populations.
Closer 200 mL/
1,000 L water *Do not apply Kontos insecticide during bloom, as this product is toxic
to bee brood.
insecticidal soap see label
*Kontos see label
Trounce 50 L/
1,000 L water
White grubs: Larval management: These beetle larvae are referred to as “white grubs.” The larvae
European chafer Acelepryn 5.6–8.8 mL/ chew fibrous roots and girdle underground stems of many woody
(Rhizotrogus 100 m2 ornamentals (including Cornus sp.).
majalis)
Lorsaban NT 4.5 L/ To expose grubs to natural predators, cultivate infested fields
June beetle 1,000 L water before planting.
(Phyllophaga sp.) (rescue Apply Intercept 60 WP once per year, during the mating period/egg-
treatment for laying period and up to egg hatch (usually late June/early July in
shipping southern Ontario). In the field, sufficient irrigation (5–10 mm) should
Intercept 60 WP 467 g/ha occur within 24 hr after application. Avoid overwatering.
Adult management: Apply Acelepryn any time that larvae are present or during the mating
Imidan 50 WP 1.25 kg/ period/egg-laying period to egg-hatch.
1,000 L water
26
CORNUS — DOGWOOD
DISEASES AFFECTING CORNUS
Anthracnose Banner MAXX 28 mL/ Leaves develop brown lesions in spring, often between veins. Leaves
(Glomerella 100 L water may become deformed and fall off. This fungus infects leaves as they
cingulata), Heritage Maxx 0.8-1.6 L/ are emerging in the spring.
(Colletotrichum 1,000 L water Where disease pressure is high, protect newly emerging leaves with
gloeosporioides)
Palladium WG 150–300mL/ fungicides before leaf wetness periods in spring.
1,000 L water
Nova 40 W 340 g/
1,000 L water
Leaf spot Daconil 2787 F 2.5 L/ This disease is caused by several different fungi. Avoid overhead
1,000 L water irrigation late in the day or at night. Do not crowd plants. Maintain
Nova 40 W 340 g/ adequate sunlight and good air circulation. Protect new leaves with
1,000 L water fungicides at the first sign of disease.
Powdery mildew Heritage Maxx 0.4–1.6 L/ This disease appears as a white, powdery fungal growth on the tops of
1,000 L water leaves.
MilStop 2.8–6.5 kg/ MilStop will help suppress powdery mildew when applied preventively.
100 L water
Palladium WG 100 g/
1,000 L water
Twig blight There is no product registered at the This disease is caused by several different fungi. Cankers appear at
time of this publication. the base of dead twigs.
Prune infected twigs and branches back to healthy wood. Improve
cultural conditions by watering during dry conditions. Do not crowd
plants. Maintain adequate sunlight and good air circulation.
CORYLUS — CORKSCREW HAZEL, FILBERT

DISEASES AFFECTING CORYLUS
Eastern filbert Copper Spray 3–9 kg/ Filbert blight causes branch dieback and small, crescent-shaped, black
blight 1,000 L water cankers on killed stems.
(Anisogramma Flint 140–280 g/ha Prune out cankered branches when the plant is dormant and dry.
anomala) Protect new growth with fungicides from bud swell to leaf emergence.
COTONEASTER — COTONEASTER
DISEASES AFFECTING COTONEASTER
Phytophthora Presidio 60–119 mL/ Infected roots become water-soaked and turn brown. Infected stems and
root rot 380 L water leaves turn brown and die. Diseased leaves often persist on stems. Quite
Previcur see label often the cambium turns from green to reddish-brown. This disease is often
associated with overwatering or low aeration porosity of the media.
27
CRATAEGUS — HAWTHORN
INSECTS AFFECTING CRATAEGUS
Aphids Altus 500–750 mL/ha Aphids are soft-bodied insects that suck plant sap. They can be found on
(various) Beleaf 50 SG 0.12–0.16 kg/ha soft, succulent plant tissue. Feeding causes distorted growth, honeydew
and sooty mould.
Closer 200 mL/
1,000 L water Apply insecticides to reduce populations. Do not make more than
3 applications of Endeavor per year. Do not apply more than 3 kg of
Endeavor 10–20 g/ Endeavor/ha/yr.
100 L water
Trounce 50 L/
1,000 L water
Eastern tent Dipel 132 ES 0.5–1.0 L/ha This caterpillar has one white stripe down its back. Colonies feed early in
caterpillar Dragnet 230 mL/ the season. Silken tents appear in the forks of branches, mainly of apple,
(Malacosoma 1,000 L water cherry and hawthorn trees.
americanum)
Foray 48 B 1.0–1.6 L/ha Prune and destroy overwintering egg masses. These are silver in colour,
about 1–2 cm long in a raised band circling a twig. They hatch when
Malathion 500 EC 1.4–3 L/ buds break in the spring. Treat then or at the first sign of webs. In light
1,000 L water infestations, remove and destroy the tents (which contain larvae).
Orthene 75 WP see label
Pounce 90 mL/
1,000 L water
Success 25 mL/
1,000 L water
Thuricide see label
Hawthorn Malathion 500 EC 1.4–3 L/ This leafminer forms a blotch mine covering half or more of each leaf. Foliage
leafminer 1,000 L water of heavily infested trees looks scorched. The adult is a small, black sawfly that
(Profensua emerges from the soil as the first leaves start to emerge and blossoms begin
canadensis) to open. Adults are active as the leaves begin to unfold.
Treat foliage as it emerges in the spring to reduce larval populations.
Two-spotted Apollo SC 80 mL/ha TSSM overwinters as adult mites in the soil or media around host plants.
spider mite Dyno-Mite 284 g/ha It becomes active during warm weather (late spring in the field). Attacked
(TSSM) leaves become dull-coloured, stippled or bronzed. Check the undersides of
(Tetranychus Floramite SC 333 mL/ leaves for mites and webs. These mites are very tiny. A hand lens will be
urticae) 1,000 L water needed to see the two faint black spots on their backs.
Forbid 30 mL/ Treat leaf undersides with miticides/insecticides when mites appear and
100 L water repeat as needed. Monitor for mites by examining lower leaf surfaces with
insecticidal soap see label a hand lens or vigorously shaking a branch over a sheet of white paper
and looking for tiny, moving specks.
Kanemite 15 SC 0.21–0.46 L/
500 L water Apollo SC acts primarily on mite eggs but has an effect on young mobile
stages as well. It is not effective against adult mites. Apollo SC should be
Vendex 50 W 50–100 g/
applied when mite populations are predominantly in the egg stage, with
100 L water
few young nymphs present. Do not make more than 1 application of Apollo
SC per season.
Two-spotted spider mite does not overwinter on the plant, and populations
are not reduced with a dormant horticultural oil treatment.
occidentalis) resulting in major distortion and colour flecking when flowers and foliage
emerge. Injury may be confused with that caused by leafhoppers.
Do not make more than 3 applications of Success 480 SC per year.
28
CRATAEGUS — HAWTHORN
DISEASES AFFECTING CRATAEGUS
Fire blight Copper Spray 1.25 kg/ Fire blight affects succulent vegetative growth. Dead, dry leaves persist
(Erwinia 1,000 L water on infected branches.
amylovora) Serenade Max 2–3 kg/ha Spray bactericidal products at early bloom, full bloom and petal fall when
weather is warm and humid and fire blight is a recurring problem. Avoid
excessive pruning and nitrogen fertilization in spring. During dormancy,
prune out infected branches about 30 cm below the cankered area when
the tree is dry.
Hawthorn rust Daconil 2787 F 2.5 L/ Symptoms appear as orange spots on leaf surfaces in late spring. In
(Gymnosporangium 1,000 L water the case of G. globosum, finger-like structures appear on leaf undersides
globosum) Nova 40 W 340 g/ by mid-to-late summer. Infections of G. clavipes also appear on fruit and
Quince rust 1,000 L water stems.
(G. clavipes) Apply fungicide before bloom, when the fungus is sporulating on the
alternate hosts (juniper). Remove alternate juniper hosts and/or separate
alternate hosts as far away as possible from Rosaceous hosts (Malus,
Crataegus, etc.).
Leaf blight Dithane DG, 2.75–3.5 kg/ Symptoms appear as small brown spots on leaves in mid-summer. Spray
(Diplocarpon sp.) M-45, 80 WP 1,000 L water fungicides in spring to help protect leaves as they emerge. Do not crowd
Manzate DF 2.75–3.5 kg/ plants. Maintain adequate sunlight and good air circulation. Avoid summer
1,000 L water pruning, which encourages susceptible soft growth.
Leaf spot Daconil 2787 F 2.5 L/ Leaf spot appears as slightly depressed, angular, reddish-brown spots that
(Fabraea sp.) 1,000 L water join together. By mid-summer, dead areas have dark, raised bumps (fruiting
structures).
Collect and destroy fallen leaves. Spray protectant fungicides as flower
buds open. Repeat applications if spots develop. Do not crowd plants.
Maintain adequate sunlight and good air circulation.
Powdery mildew Compass 50 WG 140–210 g/ This fungus appears as a white, powdery growth on the tops of leaves.
1,000 L water Apply fungicides at the first sign of disease to reduce disease spread.
Heritage Maxx 0.4–1.6 L/
1,000 L water
Palladium WG 100 g/
100 L water
EUONYMUS — EUONYMUS
INSECTS AFFECTING EUONYMUS
Black vine weevil, Demand CS 360 mL/ Larvae are small, white, legless grubs that eat fibrous roots or strip bark off
Taxus weevil 1,000 L water larger roots. Infested plants grow slowly or fail to grow. They look dry and off-
(Otiorhynchus colour. Transplants often die without becoming established. Larval control is
Flagship 25WG 10.5–14 g/
sulcatus) difficult.
100 L water
Adults are black snout beetles that hide in soil litter during the day and
Heterohabditis see label cut crescent-shaped notches in needle margins at night. They also attack
bacteriophora arborvitae, hemlock, azaleas, yews and rhododendrons. In container
Met 52 see label production, they are also significant pests of several hosts, including
herbaceous perennials. The beetles have fused wing covers and cannot fly.
Silencer 120 EC 300 mL/
To control adults, treat the foliage, trunk bark and branches during the
1000 L water
last week of June and in early July. Spray in the evening, as adult activity
increases about an hour after sunset. To test treatment safety, treat some
conifer seedlings, especially pine, before treating a larger area.
Entomopathogenic nematodes (e.g., Heterohabditis sp.) are available to
help suppress populations of larvae. Nematodes work very well in infested
containers but with less success in the field. Nematodes can be applied in
late summer/early autumn and in mid-spring to suppress larval populations.
See the product label for complete directions.
To monitor for adults, place a piece of plywood around infested plant bases.
Adult weevils will hide under the wood during the day. Or place a white sheet
under the plant, and shake the plant vigorously to dislodge any adults.
29
INSECTS AFFECTING EUONYMUS (cont’d)
Euonymus scale Cygon 480 E 2 L/ This greyish, pear-shaped scale also affects bittersweet (Celastrus) and
(Unaspis euonymi) 1,000 L water Pachysandra. It produces 2 generations a year; the second generation
horticultural oil 20 L/ appears about 6 weeks after the first.
1,000 L water Examine plants during the dormant season, prune out highly infested
regions and use dormant oil. Apply insecticides as nymphs emerge.
*Kontos 7 mL product/
Catalpa speciosa are beginning to bloom at this time; Kolkwitzia and
100L of growing
Philadelphus are also blooming. Repeat the treatment after 7 days.
media
Landscape Oil (horticultural oil) can be used when plants are dormant
Lagon 480 E 2 L/
or in the summer when foliage is fully expanded and hardened off. See
1,000 L water
product label for rates and tolerant plants. Kontos insecticide can be
Orthene 75 SP see label used as a drench application.
*Do not apply Kontos during bloom, as this product is toxic to bee brood.
Euonymus Dragnet 230 mL/ The larva is a pale yellow caterpillar with black spots along each side.
webworm 1,000 L water Larvae feed on leaves in localized, webbed colonies. Severe defoliation
(Yponomeuta can occur during June.
Pounce 90 mL/
cagnagella)
1,000 L water Monitor deciduous euonymus for webbed colonies in May and June.
Where possible, prune colonies out and destroy them.
spider mite Dyno-Mite 284 g/ha in It becomes active during warm weather (late spring in the field). Attacked
(TSSM) 1,000 L water leaves become dull-coloured, stippled or bronzed. Check the undersides of
(Tetranychus leaves for mites and webs. These mites are very tiny. A hand lens will be
urticae) Floramite SC 333 mL/ needed to see the two faint black spots on their backs.
1,000 L water
Forbid 30 mL/ repeat as needed. Monitor for mites by examining lower leaf surfaces with
100 L water a hand lens or vigorously shaking a branch over a sheet of white paper and
insecticidal soap see label looking for tiny, moving specks.
500 L water stages as well. It is not effective against adult mites. Apollo SC should be
applied when mite populations are predominantly in the egg stage, with few
Vendex 50 W 50–100 g/ young nymphs present. Do not make more than 1 application/season of
100 L water Apollo SC.
2 times/season at an interval of 28 days.
DISEASES AFFECTING EUONYMUS
Anthracnose Daconil 2787 2.5 L/ Symptoms appear as a leaf spot and stem blight that is most prevalent
(Glomerella 1,000 L water on container-grown euonymus. Leaf spots are small, circular and dark
cingulata, Heritage Maxx 0.8–1.6 L/ brown with light brown centres about 0.5–3 mm in diameter. Infected
Colletotrichum 1,000 L water foliage often drops (although extreme temperatures and humidity will
gloeosporioides) also cause leaf drop). Stem lesions appear as brown-to-grey, raised, oval,
Palladium WG 150–300mL/ scabby cankers that lead to dieback of stem and leaves above the canker.
1,000 L water Variegated cultivars of Euonymus fortunei are the most susceptible to
anthracnose.
This fungus is a weak pathogen, and infection is usually facilitated by
mechanical wounds (e.g., pruning) or low-temperature injury and freezing
damage. This fungus infects and grows best during leaf wetness periods
(June, July) with high temperatures and high humidity.
To protect new growth, spray at bud break and through leaf emergence,
especially during high temperatures and humidity. Maintain good air
circulation. To limit leaf wetness periods, irrigate susceptible cultivars
during mid-morning only. Prune out dead and dying twigs, especially in fall.
30
DISEASES AFFECTING EUONYMUS (cont’d)
Crown gall Dygall 160 g/ This gall appears as large, abnormal growths on stems and roots.
(Agrobacterium 50 L water Susceptible plants (Euonymus, Rosa, Salix) must be treated before
tumefaciens) disease exposure or final field placement. Wounding (e.g., pruning)
and damaging plants facilitate entry and infection by this pathogen.
Remove and destroy infected plants and soil. This is a soil-borne
bacteria. Avoid growing susceptible plants at sites with a history
of this disease.
FAGUS — BEECH
INSECTS AFFECTING FAGUS
Aphids Altus 500–750 mL/ha Conspicuous white, cottony threads cover beech blight aphids and
(various) Beleaf 50 SG 0.12–0.16 kg/ha woolly beech leaf aphids. Beech blight aphid appears on twigs and
Beech blight aphid small branches. The woolly beech leaf aphid feeds on leaf undersides.
Closer 200 mL/ While unsightly, woolly beech aphids cause little tree damage unless
(Fagiphagus 1,000 L water very high populations exist.
imbricator,
Grylloprociphilus insecticidal soap see label Treat aphids when they first appear, and repeat as needed. Excessive
imbricator) Malathion 500 EC 1.4–3 L/ fertilization or pruning can cause undesirable succulent growth levels
Woolly beech leaf 1,000 L water that attract these aphids.
aphid Orthene 75 SP see label
(Phyllaphis fagi)
1,000 L water
Trounce 50 L/
1,000 L water
Cankerworm Dipel 132 ES 1.6–2.4 L/ha Green and dark-grey inchworms (loopers, geometrids) can be
(Alsophila Orthene 75 SP see label found feeding on leaf undersides and edges in spring. Unchecked,
pometaria), cankerworm can cause significant defoliation to deciduous trees.
(Paleacrita vernata) Treat with insecticides when larvae are small.
Gypsy moth Dipel 132 ES 1.6–2.4 L/ha Gypsy moth larvae are dark, hairy caterpillars with five pairs of blue
(Lymantria dispar) Dragnet 230 mL/ spots (tubercles) followed by six pairs of red ones along their backs.
1,000 L water They feed in the spring and early summer, reaching about 6 cm long at
maturity. They consume foliage of many trees and shrubs, most notably
Foray 48 B 2.4–4 L/ha basswood, birch, hawthorn, oak, poplar and willow.
Imidan 50 WP 1.25 kg/ Adult females lay eggs in brown, fuzzy masses in July and August.
1,000 L water Remove and destroy egg masses before they hatch. Newly hatched
Orthene 75 SP see label larvae produce webs in order to disperse via wind to other hosts.
Wait until larvae settle on hosts and begin feeding before applying
Success 25 mL/
Dipel or Foray.
1,000 L water
A folded burlap cloth wrapped around a tree provides a daytime shelter
for larger larvae or pupae. Collect them from these shelters and
1,000 L water
destroy them.
31
FORSYTHIA — FORSYTHIA
DISEASES AFFECTING FORSYTHIA
Bacterial blight Clean Crop 6 kg/ Young shoots or leaves turn black between early spring and early
(Pseudomonas Copper Spray 1,000 L water summer, especially during wet, cool weather.
syringae) Apply copper spray once in October and again in January. In addition,
during warm, humid blight conditions in April and May, apply 1 g/L
of active ingredient (2 g 50% wettable powder). Repeat at 7–10-day
intervals.
Avoid overhead irrigation late in the day. Do not crowd plants. Maintain
adequate sunlight and good air circulation. Excessive fertilization or
pruning can cause undesirable succulent growth levels and reduce
natural resistance to disease.
FRAXINUS — ASH
INSECTS AFFECTING FRAXINUS
Ash flower horticultural oil 20 L/ This mite becomes active as male ash flower buds break in the spring. It
gall mite 1,000 L water feeds on the unfolding tissues, causing them to form irregular gall clusters
(Eriophyes Malathion see label of 12 mm diameter.
fraxiniflora) Use horticultural oil as a dormant treatment. Use Malathion when the first
blossoms begin to emerge.
Landscape Oil (horticultural oil) can be used when the plant is dormant or in
the summer when leaves are fully expanded and hardened off. See product
label for rates and tolerant plants.
Ash-lilac borer Pyrate 480 EC 500 mL/ Adults are dark brown, wasp-like moths, present from late May to late July
(Podosesia 1,000 L water (during Syringa vulgaris bloom). Larvae bore into trunks near the base. Lilac,
syringae) mountain ash and privet are also hosts.
Cut and destroy infested wood before May. Stressed trees are more susceptible
to borers. Remove badly infested trees. Use pheromone traps to monitor adult
activity.
Treat trunk and large branches, especially around wounds, with insecticides
when the Syringa vulgaris is in bloom. Repeat twice at 10-day intervals.
Begin applications about 10 days after peak catch numbers.
Ash plant bug There is no product registered at This plant bug feeds on Fraxinus americana and F. pennsylvanica. Young
(Tropidosteptes the time of this publication. nymphs feed on leaf bottoms, causing leaf stippling.
amoenus) To monitor for plant bugs, tap a branch over a sheet of white paper or a
tapping tray. Treat with insecticides when nymphs appear.
Emerald ash borer AceCap 97 773 mg/ This exotic insect was first found in Essex County, Ontario, in 2002. Larvae
(Agrilus cartridge bore into the phloem, making serpentine tunnels just under the bark. Small
planipennis) 1 cartridge/ (8–14 mm), metallic-green, adult beetles emerge through tiny D-shaped
10.16 cm holes in the bark from spring to summer. The larval tunnels in the cambium
kill off sections of the tree, leading to dieback, epicormic (adventitious)
Ima-jet see label branching at the base, and tree mortality. This borer is most commonly
found on Fraxinus pennsylvanica. This is a regulated pest of quarantine
TreeAzin see label significance to the Canadian Food Inspection Agency.
It is difficult to detect infestations of emerald ash borer.
Injectible insecticides are registered to combat this pest. However, trees
with vascular damage due to boring larvae may not translocate insecticide
as well as un-infested trees, so the efficacy may be lower. AceCap 97, Ima-
jet and TreeAzin applications must be made post-bloom as these products
are toxic to bees and bee brood.
Fall webworm Dipel see label Large webs appear in August over branch ends of ash, box-elder, flowering
(Hyphantria cunea) Dragnet 230 mL/ crab and many shade trees. The very hairy caterpillar is pale yellowish
1,000 L water green.
Orthene 75 SP see label Chemical control is rarely needed. Remove webs and caterpillars by hand
Pounce 90 mL/ and destroy.
1,000 L water
32
FRAXINUS — ASH
INSECTS AFFECTING FRAXINUS (cont’d)
1,000 L water in the spring and early summer, reaching about 6 cm long at maturity. They
Foray 48 B 2.4–4 L/ha consume foliage of many trees and shrubs, most notably basswood, birch,
Imidan 50 WP 1.25 kg/ hawthorn, oak, poplar and willow.
1,000 L water Adult females lay eggs in brown, fuzzy masses in July and August. Remove
Orthene 75 SP see label and destroy egg masses before they hatch. Newly hatched larvae produce
Success 25 mL/ webs in order to disperse via wind to other hosts. Wait until larvae settle
1,000 L water on hosts and begin feeding before applying Dipel or Foray.
Thuricide HPC 7.14–12 L/ A folded burlap cloth wrapped around a tree provides a daytime shelter for
1,000 L water larger larvae or pupae. Collect them from these shelters and destroy them.
Lecanium or horticultural oil 20 L/ When adults are mature in late spring/summer, they appear as a large,
European fruit 1,000 L water reddish-brown, spherical scale usually found on the underside of twigs.
lecanium insecticidal soap see label This scale insect infests many deciduous trees and shrubs.
(Lecanium corni)
insecticides when the Sambucus canadensis begins blooming. Do not
Orthene 75 SP see label use Malathion on Crimson King maple. Orthene may damage sugar
Pyrate 480 EC 2 L/ maple leaves.
1,000 L water
Trounce 50 L/
1,000 L water
Leopard moth There is no product registered at The larval stage of leopard moth bores into the branch tips and eventually
(Zeuzera pyrina) the time of this publication. into the heartwood of trees (as larvae grow larger), weakening the tree and
causing dieback and tree mortality. Look for bore holes in branch tips and
large bore holes with sawdust at the base of the trunk. Larvae are large
(up to 50 mm) and cream-coloured with black spots.
Control is difficult once the borer has become established in a tree.
Remove infested trees and destroy. Insert a piece of flexible wire in and
upwards via the bore hole to destroy larvae. Leopard moths are rarely
found in large numbers.
Oystershell scale insecticidal soap see label This scale insect attacks over 125 forest, shade, fruit and ornamental tree
(Lepidosaphes Malathion 500 1.4–3 L/ species. In heavy infestations, greyish scales completely encrust twigs
ulmi) EC 1,000 L water and stems. This can cause branch and tree mortality. Mature females
are 3 mm long and rounded at the rear, resembling oyster shells. Eggs
Orthene 75 SP see label overwinter under dead female shells, rendering them completely resistant
Pyrate 480 EC 2 L/ to pesticides applied in fall or early spring.
1,000 L water Use insecticides when crawlers are present in late May. Apply again
10 days later, about the time Spiraea x vanhouttei is blooming. Ensure
good coverage of trunk, branches and leaf bottoms.
Landscape Oil (horticultural oil) can be used in the summer when leaves
are fully expanded and hardened off. See product label for rates and
tolerant plants.
33
FRAXINUS — ASH
INSECTS AFFECTING FRAXINUS (cont’d)
Sycamore lacebug Malathion 500 1.25 L/ Lacebugs are flat, rectangular insects, 4–6 mm long with broad, transparent,
(Corythucha ciliata) EC 1,000 L water lace-like wing covers. Adults and nymphs feed on the underside of leaves.
Orthene 75 SP see label Leaves become pale and mottled, with white splotches. Lower leaf surfaces
develop black and brownish dots. Heavily infested leaves may turn entirely
brown and fall off. Most lacebug species produce 2 generations per year.
Lacebugs usually occur on a single host, but sycamore lacebug can also be
found on elm, hickory, linden, oak and walnut.
Apply insecticides to leaf undersides when insects first appear.
DISEASES AFFECTING FRAXINUS
Anthracnose Dithane DG, 2.75–3.5 kg/ Symptoms appear as leaf spots, marginal leaf browning and leaf
(Gloeosporium M-45, 80 WP 1,000 L water deformation. Defoliation may occur in late spring and early summer.
aridum) Manzate 200 DF 2.75–3.50 kg/ Apply treatments at 10–14-day intervals, beginning before bud burst and
1,000 L water continuing while wet weather persists in spring. Collect and destroy fallen
Heritage Maxx 0.8–1.6 L/ leaves. Do not crowd plants. Maintain adequate sunlight and good air
1000 L water circulation.
Palladium WG 150–300mL/
1,000 L water
Leaf spot Daconil 2787 F 2.5 L/ Brown spots with yellowish borders appear by late summer. Apply
(Mycosphaerella 1,000 L water fungicides at bud break. Collect and destroy fallen leaves to help reduce
sp.) disease pressure. Do not crowd plants. Maintain adequate sunlight and
good air circulation.
GLEDITSIA — HONEYLOCUST
INSECTS AFFECTING GLEDITSIA
Cottony maple scale horticultural oil 20 L/ Mature female scale insects with white egg sacs resemble a partially
(Pulvinaria 1,000 L water popped corn kernel. This insect infests maple, linden, elm, beech,
innumerabilis) insecticidal soap see label oak, and other trees and shrubs. It is found only on twigs.
Malathion 500 EC 1.4–3 L/ Use horticultural oil as an early-spring dormant treatment. Do not use
1,000 L water horticultural oil on sugar or Japanese maples. Nymphs are active in
late June/early July, about when Philadelphus and Tilia cordata bloom.
Direct the insecticidal spray to the lower leaf surface. Repeat the
Pyrate 480 EC 2 L/ application 10 days later.
1,000 L water
Do not use Malathion on Crimson King maple. Orthene may damage
sugar maple leaves.
Honeylocust plant bug insecticidal soap see label Plant bugs become active as new leaves begin to emerge. Plant bug
(Diaphnocoris feeding causes leaf yellowing, stippling, stunting and deforming early
chlorionis) in the season. Shoot dieback may occur.
To monitor for plant bugs, tap a branch over a sheet of paper or a
tapping tray or use a sweep net. Apply insecticides when nymphs are
active and numerous.
Honeylocust podgall There is no product registered at The adult is a small insect similar to a fruit fly. It lays eggs on new
midge the time of this publication. leaflets, and larvae feed on the inner surface. This causes leaves to
(Dasyneura gleditchiae) curl into a pod-like structure. There are several generations a year.
34
GLEDITSIA — HONEYLOCUST
INSECTS AFFECTING GLEDITSIA (cont’d)
Honeylocust spider horticultural oil see label Adults overwinter on bark. Mites are light orange and very difficult
mite Orthene 75 SP see label to see with the naked eye. Feeding causes stippling, bronzing and
(Eotetranychus discoloured foliage. Heavy infestation may cause defoliation.
multidigituli) Treat when mites appear and again in 10 days. Repeat the procedure
as needed. Landscape Oil (horticultural oil) can be used in the
summer when leaves are fully expanded and hardened off. See
product label for rates and tolerant plants.
Leafhopper Actara 25 WG, 105 g/ha Symptoms of leafhoppers include leaf spotting and stippling and
(Macropsis fumipennis) Flagship 25 WG blackening of leaf margins. Leafhoppers become active as new leaves
Altus 500–750 mL/ begin to develop.
ha Treat leaf bottoms when leafhoppers are active (about mid-June), and
Orthene 75 SP see label repeat as needed. To monitor for leafhoppers, tap a branch over a
sheet of paper or a tapping tray or use a sweep net.
Pyrate 480 EC 1 L/
1,000 L water
Leafrollers Dipel see label Leafrollers are caterpillars that feed while hidden in folded or rolled
(various) leaves. Fruit tree and redbanded leafrollers primarily affect fruit trees
but also attack many shade trees and ornamentals.
Apply insecticide to foliage soon after leaves unfold in early June.
Lecanium or horticultural oil 20 L/ When adults are mature in late spring/summer, they appear as a
European fruit lecanium 1,000 L water large, reddish-brown, spherical scale usually found on the underside
(Lecanium corni) insecticidal soap see label of twigs. This scale insect infests many deciduous trees and shrubs.
insecticides when the Sambucus canadensis begins blooming.
Pyrate 480 EC 2 L/
1,000 L water
Trounce 50 L/
1,000 L water
HEDERA — IVY
INSECTS AFFECTING HEDERA
Aphids Altus 500–750 mL/ha Aphids become numerous as new growth emerges in the spring.
(various) Beleaf 50 SG 0.12–0.16 kg/ha Repeated applications of insecticidal soap will help smother
aphids.
Closer 200 mL/
1,000 L water
35
HEDERA — IVY
INSECTS AFFECTING HEDERA (cont’d)
Black vine weevil, Demand CS 360 mL/1,000 L Larvae are small, white, legless grubs that eat fibrous roots or
Taxus weevil water strip bark off larger roots. Infested plants grow slowly or fail to
(Otiorhynchus sulcatus) Flagship 25 G 10.5–14 g/ grow. They look dry and off-colour. Transplants often die without
100 L water becoming established. Larvae control is difficult.
Heterohabditis see label Adults are black snout beetles that hide in soil litter during the
bacteriophora day and cut crescent-shaped notches in needle margins at night.
They also attack arborvitae, euonymus, hemlock, azaleas, yew and
Met 52 see label rhododendrons. They are a significant pest in container production.
Silencer 120 EC 300 mL/ The beetles have fused wing covers and cannot fly.
1000 L water To control adults, treat foliage, trunk bark and branches during the
last week of June and in early July. Spray in the evening, as adult
activity increases about an hour after sunset. To test treatment
safety, treat some conifer seedlings, especially pine, before
treating a larger area.
Entomopathogenic nematodes (e.g., Heterohabditis sp.) are
available to help suppress populations of larvae. Nematodes work
very well in infested containers but with less success in the field.
Nematodes can be applied in late summer/early autumn and in
mid-spring to suppress larval populations. See product label for
complete directions.
To monitor for adults, place a piece of plywood around infested
plant bases. Adult weevils will hide under the wood during the
day. Or place a white sheet under the plant, and shake the plant
vigorously to dislodge any adults.
Two-spotted spider mite Apollo SC 80 mL/ha TSSM overwinters as adult mites in the soil or media around host
(Tetranychus urticae) Dyno-Mite 284 g/ha plants. It becomes active during warm weather (late spring in the
1,000 L water field). Attacked leaves become dull-coloured, stippled or bronzed.
Check undersides of leaves for mites and webs. These mites are
Floramite SC 333 mL/ very tiny. A hand lens will be needed to see the two faint black
1,000 L water spots on their backs.
Forbid 30 mL/ Treat leaf undersides with miticides/insecticides when mites
100 L water appear, and repeat as needed. Monitor for mites by examining
insecticidal soap see label lower leaf surfaces with a hand lens or vigorously shaking a branch
over a sheet of white paper and looking for tiny, moving specks.
Kanemite 15 SC 0.21–0.46 L/
1,000 L water Apollo SC acts primarily on mite eggs but has an effect on young
mobile stages as well. It is not effective against adult mites. Apollo
Vendex 50 W 50–100 g/
SC should be applied when mite populations are predominantly in
100 L water
the egg stage, with few young nymphs present. Do not make more
than 1 application of Apollo SC per season.
Apply Dyno-Mite when mites first appear. Apply Dyno-Mite a
maximum of 2 times per season at an interval of 28 days.
Apply Kanemite as mites appear. Kanemite may reduce the
viability of eggs.
populations are not reduced with a dormant horticultural oil
treatment.
36
HEMEROCALLIS — DAYLILY
INSECTS AFFECTING HEMEROCALLIS
Western flower thrips Success 50 mL/ Western flower thrips can feed openly on new leaves or from inside
(Frankliniella 1,000 L water terminal vegetative buds and flower buds. They have piercing-
occidentalis) sucking mouthparts that suck out plant juices of immature leaves
and flowers, resulting in major distortion and colour flecking when
flowers and foliage emerge. Injury may be confused with that of
leafhoppers.
DISEASES AFFECTING HEMEROCALLIS
Daylily rust Heritage Maxx 0.8–1.6 L/ Daylily rust appears as orange, raised pustules in late summer
(Puccinia 1,000 L water and autumn. Yellow zones often encircle the pustules and leaves
hemerocallidis) may be killed, especially on very susceptible cultivars. Orange,
dusty spores arise from the pustules and spread by wind and rain
to infect other plant foliage. See the OMAFRA Factsheet Daylily
Rust, at ontario.ca/crops.
Heritage fungicide is for use on daylilies to prevent the infection
of daylily rust whenever spores may be present (usually starting in
September in Ontario). Apply every 14–28 days. Do not make more
than 2 applications per season.
Rhizoctonia stem blight Compass 50 WG 3.8 g/ Apply Compass as a drench at the time of propagation to help
(Rhizoctonia sp.) 100 L water protect Hemerocallis from rhizoctonia stem blight.
Heritage Maxx 0.4 L/
1,000 L water
Medallion 300–600 mL/
1,000 L water
Palladium WG 150–300mL/
1,000 L water
HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS — VARIOUS

INSECTS AFFECTING HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS
Aphids Altus 500–750 mL/ Various species of aphids feed on herbaceous ornamentals. Aphids are
(various) ha small, soft-bodied insects that have piercing-sucking mouthparts to suck
Beleaf 50 SG 0.12–0.16 plant sap. Feeding causes distortion and stunting of foliage.
kg/ha *Do not apply Kontos insecticide during bloom as this product is toxic to bee
Closer 200 mL/ brood. See Kontos label for host sensitivity.
1,000 L water
Endeavor 10–20 g/
100 L water
*Kontos see label
37

INSECTS AFFECTING HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS (cont’d)
Black vine weevil, Demand CS 360 mL/ Larvae are small, white, legless grubs that eat fibrous roots or strip bark off
Taxus weevil 1,000 L water larger roots. Infested plants grow slowly or fail to grow. They look dry and off-
(Otiorhynchus Flagship 25WG 10.5–14 g/ colour. Transplants often die without becoming established. Larvae control is
sulcatus) 100 L water difficult.
Heterohabditis see label Adults are black snout beetles that hide in soil litter during the day and
bacteriophora cut crescent-shaped notches in needle margins at night. They also attack
arborvitae, euonymus, hemlock, azaleas, yew and rhododendrons. They are a
Met 52 see label significant pest in container production. The beetles have fused wing covers
Silencer 120 EC 300 mL/ and cannot fly.
1000 L water To control adults, treat foliage, trunk bark and branches during the last week
of June and in early July. Spray in the evening, as adult activity increases
about an hour after sunset.
containers but with less success in the field. Nematodes can be applied to
suppress larval populations in late summer/early autumn and in mid-spring.
See product label for complete directions.
1,000 L water
Vendex 50 W 50–100 g/
young nymphs present. Do not make more than 1 application of Apollo SC
100 L water
per season.
Western flower Success 50 mL/ Western flower thrips can feed openly on new leaves or from inside terminal
thrips 1,000 L water vegetative buds and flower buds. They have piercing-sucking mouthparts
(Frankliniella that suck out plant juices of immature leaves and flowers, resulting in major
occidentalis) distortion and colour flecking when flowers and foliage do emerge. Injury may
be confused with that of leafhoppers.
38
DISEASES AFFECTING HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS
Botrytis flower Captan 50 W 2 kg/ Botrytis blight appears as a grey, fuzzy mould on succulent plant tissues
blight 1,000 L water (e.g., flowers).
(Botrytis cinerea) Compass 50 WG 7.5–30 g/ Apply fungicides when disease first appears, and repeat at 7–10-day
100 L water intervals.
Daconil 2787 2.5 L/
1,000 L water
Rhapsody 1.0–2.0 L/
100 L water
Rovral WP 10 g/
10 L water
Crown and Heritage Maxx 0.4 L/ Various fungi cause root and crown rots on ornamentals. Many are a
root rots 1,000 L water function of unsuitable environmental conditions and media properties.
Medallion 300–600 mL/ Medallion and Palladium give suppression of Fusarium oxysporum.
1,000 L water Apply Rootshield or Rhapsody as a preventive drench after cuttings are
Palladium 150–300mL/ stuck, seeds are sown or young plants are transplanted. Rootshield can
1,000 L water also be applied as pre-mix granules with media. Rootshield helps suppress
Rhapsody 1–2 L/ soil-borne pathogens such as Pythium, Rhizoctonia and Fusarium. It is
100 L water registered for greenhouse ornamentals only.
Rootshield see label
(Trichoderma
harzianum)
Senator 70 WP 650–850 g/
1,000 L water
Damping-off, Captan 50W 6–15 kg/ Use Captan as a bulb dip before storage of bulbs. Allow the fungicide to dry
bulb rots 1,000 L water on the bulbs prior to storage.
Captan 80 WDG 3.8–9.4 kg/
1,000 L water
Damping-off, Heritage Maxx 0.4 L/1,000 L Pythium and Phytophthora cause stem and root rots in many ornamentals,
root and stem water especially under saturated soil conditions where the media does not offer
diseases — Phostrol see label enough drainage (or aeration).
pythium,
phytophthora Presidio 60–119 mL/ Subdue MAXX can be used on a specific group of ornamentals (see product
380 L water label). Apply Subdue MAXX to the media prior to potting or as a drench after
seeding or transplanting. Irrigate within 1–2 days to ensure the product
Previcur see label reaches the root zone. To avoid fungicide resistance, rotate Subdue MAXX
Subdue MAXX see label with other families/groups of fungicides.
Torrent 400SC see label Phostrol gives preventative suppression of Phytophthora root diseases only.
Downy mildew Acrobat 50 WP 48 g/ Downy mildew is a common disease on several species of herbaceous
(Peronospora 100 L water perennials, and symptoms can vary per host. Most often they appear as
spp.) Heritage Maxx 0.4–0.8 L/ purplish zones on leaves. Downy mildew is most prevalent in warm, humid
1,000 L water conditions.
Micora 300–600 mL/ Fungicides must be applied preventatively, before disease symptoms are
1,000 L water evident, to be effective. Make the first application when conditions are
favourable for disease development.
Presidio 60–119 mL/
380 L water
Leaf spot Folpan 50 WP 2 kg/ Look for distinct, brown spots on herbaceous perennials. Protect new growth
(various fungi) 1,000 L water with fungicides at the first sign of disease. Apply Rhapsody prior to or at the
Rhapsody 10–20 L/ early stages of disease, and repeat every 7 days.
1,000 L water
39

DISEASES AFFECTING HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS (cont’d)
Powdery mildew Compass 50 WG 15–20 g/ Powdery mildew appears as a white, powdery fungal growth on the tops of
100 L water leaves. Early signs include small, circular whitish colonies.
Folpan 50 WP 2 kg/ MilStop and Rhapsody can be used for the suppression of powdery mildew.
1,000 L water Start applications at the first sign of disease.
Heritage Maxx 0.4–1.6 L/ Regalia Maxx gives suppression of Oidium spp. powdery mildew only.
1,000 L water
MilStop 2.8–6.5 kg/
1,000 L water
Palladium WG 100g/
100 L water
Regalia Maxx 500–
1,000 ml/
400 L water
100 L water
Rhizoctonia root Compass 50 WG 3.8 g/ Rhizoctonia causes crown and root rot of several ornamentals.
and crown rot 100 L water Apply Compass as a drench at the time of propagation. Compass may cause
Heritage Maxx 0.4 L/1,000 L injury to petunia, violet and New Guinea impatiens.
water
Medallion 300–600 mL/
1,000 L water
Rovral WP 2 g/
5 L water
1,000 L water
HYDRANGEA — HYDRANGEA
DISEASES AFFECTING HYDRANGEA
Botrytis blight Phyton 27 125–200 mL/ Infected plant parts develop a fuzzy, grey growth under very high humidity.
(Botrytis cinerea) 1,000 L water Remove all fading and diseased plant parts promptly, especially when wet
weather is predicted. Do not crowd plants. Maintain adequate sunlight and
good air circulation.
Cercospora Heritage Maxx 1.6 L/ Look for circular, distinct grey lesions encircled by purplish halos. Apply
leaf spot 1,000 L water fungicides to protect leaves at the first sign of disease symptoms or
(Cercospora preventively during periods of prolonged leaf wetness.
hydrangeae)
Powdery mildew Heritage Maxx 0.4–1.6 L/ Powdery mildew appears as a white, powdery fungal growth on the tops of
(Erysiphe 1,000 L water leaves. Early signs include small, circular, whitish colonies.
polygoni) MilStop 2.8–6.5 kg/ MilStop can be used for the suppression of powdery mildew. Start
1,000 L water application of MilStop at the first sign of disease.
Palladium WG 1 kg/
1,000 L water
Rust Heritage Maxx 0.8–1.6 L/ Look for small, orange pustules on the undersides of leaves in mid-to-late
(Pucciniastrum 1,000 L water summer.
hydrangeae Protect healthy foliage with fungicides where disease incidence is severe.
and others) Rust on hydrangea rarely impacts plant health.
40
JUGLANS — BUTTERNUT, WALNUT
INSECTS AFFECTING JUGLANS
Walnut blister mite There is no product registered at This mite feeds on walnut and butternut leaves, causing yellow or brown
(Eriophyes erinea, the time of this publication. felt-like galls. Overwintering mites become active as new spring growth
Aceria erinea) begins.
Walnut caterpillar Malathion 500 EC 2.5 L/ Larvae are black with long grey hairs. Larvae feed on walnut and hickory
(Datana 1,000 L water foliage. Caterpillar colonies descend tree trunks and molt, leaving a
integerrima) conspicuous clump of grey cast skins on the trunk. Adult moths lay eggs in
early July, and larvae feed until the end of August.
Spray when larvae first appear, usually in July. Spray or remove larvae
clustering on the trunk.
DISEASES AFFECTING JUGLANS
Butternut canker There is no product registered at Dark brown-black cankers appear on branches and/or stems. Cankers
(Sirococcus the time of this publication. are sunken, elongated and diamond-shaped. Dying branches can often
clavigignenti- be seen in the crown. Older cankers may show successive rings of callus
juglandacearum) loosely covered with bark. During spring, thin black fluid oozes from cracks
in the bark and deposits a dried, sooty black stain.
There is no known treatment for this disease.
JUNIPERUS — JUNIPER
INSECTS AFFECTING JUNIPERUS
Juniper midge Cygon 480 E 2.5 L/ This midge is a problem on eastern red cedar, Juniperus virginiana. Tips of
(Contarinia 1,000 L water injured plant shoots turn brown during June and July due to midge larvae
juniperina) feeding from the previous summer. Injury is rarely serious. Adult midges
are active from late May to July.
If needed, treat the foliage at 2–3-week intervals beginning in late June.
Juniper scale insecticidal soap see label Adults appear as a small, circular, white scale with a yellow centre. Needles
(Carulaspis Malathion 500 EC 1.4–3 L/ of juniper and arborvitae will turn yellow. This scale insect can infest all
juniperi) 1,000 L water juniper species, especially Pfitzer and Savin. Juniper scale overwinters
as eggs underneath the dead female shells, which makes dormant oil
treatments ineffective. Sooty mould fungus sometimes develops.
Treat crawlers about mid-June and repeat as needed, starting when
Philadelphus is in full bloom and Catalpa are beginning to bloom. Do not
use Malathion on Savin or Canaertii junipers.
Juniper tip gall There is no product registered at These midge larvae feed inside vegetative buds and cause galls to form
midge the time of this publication. on the ends of shoots. Juniperus scopulorum is particularly susceptible.
(Oligotrophus O. apices causes an enlarged bud gall and O. betheli causes infested bud
apicis, O. betheli) scales to reflex into star-shaped “flower” like structures.
Prune out green galls and destroy them to reduce the number of next-
generation adults that emerge.
Juniper webworm Cygon 480 E 2.5 L/ This webworm appears as a light brown caterpillar about 12 mm long.
(Dichomeris 1,000 L water Larvae feed at the base of needles. Needles are webbed together during
marginella) Lagon 480 2.5 L/ early fall and again the following spring.
1,000 L water Treat foliage when larvae are active (late August and September).
41
JUNIPERUS — JUNIPER
DISEASES AFFECTING JUNIPERUS
Blight (dieback) Copper Spray 4 kg/ This blight appears as a dieback of new shoots. Stressed plants and
(Kabatina juniperi) 1,000 L water wounded shoots are more susceptible.
Dithane M-45, 2.75–3.5 kg/ Avoid overhead irrigation late in the day. Do not crowd plants. Maintain
80 WP 1,000 L water adequate sunlight and good air circulation. If possible, prune out infected
twigs well below the site of the symptoms. Dip pruners in disinfectant as
frequently as possible. Maintain healthy growth, but do not encourage soft,
succulent growth through excessive pruning or over-fertilization.
Shoot blight of juniper can also be caused by the fungus Phomopsis, but
Kabatina is most commonly found in Ontario. Laboratory diagnosis is
needed to distinguish between Kabatina and Phomopsis.
Spray when spring growth starts. Repeat at 10-day intervals until growth
stops.
Cedar-apple rust Nova 40 W 340 g/ Cedar-apple rust and hawthorn rust cause slimy, orange galls on juniper
(Gymnosporangium 1,000 L water twigs in mid-spring. When dormant, cedar-apple rust galls and hawthorn
juniperi-virginianae) rust galls can be located in juniper foliage by their orange horns. Quince
Hawthorn rust rust causes cankers in the twigs.
(G. globosum) Nova 40 W have the same active ingredient. Starting in mid-summer, apply
Quince rust Nova 40 W every 10–14 days when infected alternate rosaceous hosts
(G. clavipes) (Malus, Crataegus, Amelanchier, etc.) are sporulating. To avoid resistance,
rotate Nova with registered fungicides from other chemical families where
possible. Nova can also be tank-mixed with Dithane DG at the rate of
150 g/100 L (1.5 g/ L).
Prune out dormant galls and cankers on infected branches before May.
Separate rosaceous rust hosts from junipers. Plant resistant junipers
where possible.
42
LARIX — LARCH
INSECTS AFFECTING LARIX
Cutworms Confirm 240 F 0.5 L/ha Cutworms are moth larvae that hide in shallow soil burrows during the day
(various species) Pounce 45–90 mL/ha and crawl up plant stems to harvest plant parts at night. Injury appears
as chewed or girdled stems on woody species and clipped stems on
herbaceous plants. Larvae are greyish-brown in colour, often with black
spots along their sides and stripes along their body. They have three pairs
of true legs, four pairs of fleshy prolegs and one pair of “claspers” at the
end of their abdomen. They can be up to 3 cm long. Late instar larvae
overwinter and pupate in spring.
Use insecticides to reduce cutworm populations at the first sign of feeding
injury. Treat plants with insecticides in the evening since the larvae feed
at night.
sprayed to run-off (for greenhouse use). Application of Pounce should be
made under warm, moist conditions when larvae are small.
Larch casebearer Malathion 500 EC 2.5 L/ Larvae feed from within papery cases that resemble a killed needle.
(Coleophora 1,000 L water These straw-coloured larval cases protect larvae while they migrate to new
laricella) feeding sites. Larvae will migrate from overwintering sites and fasten their
cases to newly emerging foliage in the spring. Larvae chew a hole into the
green needle and mine the tissue within. Straw-coloured mined needles
make the tree appear frost-damaged. Larvae feed in needles until late
summer.
Treat emerging needles with insecticides to reduce young larval
populations in early spring.
Larch sawfly Malathion 500 EC 2.5 L/ Larvae are grey with black heads and can be up to 20 mm long. Larvae
(Pristiphora 1,000 L water are active in mid-to-late summer.
erichsonii) Orthene 75 SP see label Monitor for shepherd’s crooks, caused by egg-laying, in the new growth.
Treat foliage in July when larvae are still young.
Tarnished plant bug Actara 25 WG, 210–280 g/ha These are small (5 mm), yellowish-brown insects. Adults have wings that
(Lygus lineolaris) Flagship 25 WG are folded in an X pattern. Tarnished plant bugs feed by inserting their
Ripcord 400 EC 172 mL/ha mouthparts inside leaf tissue and sucking out the contents, leaving the
lower and upper epidermis behind. The resulting injury appears as small,
clear “windows” on leaf tissue of broad-leaved plants. On conifers, feeding
often causes terminal growth to yellow and become distorted and bushy.
Woolly larch adelgid Malathion 500 EC 1.25 L/ Adelgids feed on needles and are covered by waxy, woolly, cottony threads.
(Adelges laricis) 1,000 L water Heavy infestations look like snow. Damaged leaves become bent or
twisted.
Treat foliage thoroughly when adelgids first appear.
43
LIGUSTRUM — PRIVET
INSECTS AFFECTING LIGUSTRUM
Privet rust mite There is no product registered at Mites become active as new leaves emerge, from May to November.
(Aculus ligustri) the time of this publication. Damage appears as leaf russetting.
This insect is more active in cool weather.
Privet thrips Malathion 500 EC 1.4–3 L/ These tiny, narrow insects suck plant sap from inside buds and newly
(Dendrothrips 1,000 L water emerging leaves. Injury appears as yellowish flecks on leaves. Leaves look
ornatus) Orthene 75 SP see label greyish or dusty.
Pyrate 480 EC 500 mL/ Treat at the first sign of infestation and repeat as needed.
1,000 L water
Success 480 SC 50 mL/
1,000 L water
DISEASES AFFECTING LIGUSTRUM
Anthracnose and Nova 40 W 340 g/ Leaves turn brown and remain attached to twigs. Prune and destroy infected
twig blight 1,000 L water branches during dry weather. Spray fungicides to protect emerging shoots in
(Glomerella sp.) spring. Ligustrum amurense, L. x ibolium and L. obtusifolium regelianum do
not appear susceptible to this fungal disease.
Leaf spot Daconil 2787 F 2.5 L/ Symptoms appear as brown spots on leaves, especially after a wet spring.
(several fungi) 1,000 L water Treat plants during prolonged wet conditions. Do not crowd plants. Maintain
Nova 40 W 340 g/ adequate sunlight and good air circulation.
1,000 L water
Rhizoctonia Heritage Maxx 0.4 L/ Rhizoctonia is a fungus that causes crown and root rot on several
root rot 1,000 L water ornamentals. Lab testing will be necessary to confirm diagnosis.
Medallion 300–600 mL/ Protect healthy plants with fungicides at the first sign of disease.
1,000 L water
Compass 50 WG 3.8 g/
100 L water
LIRIODENDRON — TULIPTREE
INSECTS AFFECTING LIRIODENDRON
Tuliptree aphid Altus 500–750 mL/ha This is a green aphid found on the underside of leaves from late June
(Macrosiphum Beleaf 50 SG 0.12–0.16 kg/ to late September.
liriodendri) ha Treat when aphids first appear and repeat as needed. Excessive
Closer 200 mL/ fertilization or pruning can cause excessive, susceptible succulent
1,000 L water growth that is attractive to insects.
Malathion 500 EC 1.25 L/
1,000 L water
Trounce 50 L/
1,000 L water
Tuliptree scale horticultural oil 20–30 L/ This scale insect appears as a dark-brown, rounded scale. Tuliptree
(Toumeyella 1,000 L water scale attacks several deciduous tree species.
liriodendri) Malathion 500 EC 1.4–3 L/ Use horticultural oil as a dormant treatment in early spring. Use any
1,000 L water of the other materials when crawlers appear in August. Landscape Oil
(horticultural oil) can be used when plants are dormant or in summer
when new foliage is fully expanded and hardened off. See product label
for rates and tolerant plants.
44
LONICERA — HONEYSUCKLE
INSECTS AFFECTING LONICERA
Honeysuckle aphid Altus 500–750 mL/ha Feeding injury from this aphid causes early-season curling and dwarfing
(Hyadaphis Beleaf 50 SG 0.12–0.16 kg/ha of terminal shoots. Affected stems eventually die, causing a witches’
tataricae) broom appearance. Injury may completely disfigure heavily affected
Closer 200 mL/1,000 L plants. Dead shoots may be visible the following spring. Prune out
water witches’ brooms (15 cm below the broom) when plants are dormant,
horticultural oil see label before buds begin to break in early spring.
insecticidal soap see label Apply horticultural oil after pruning to suppress overwintering eggs.
Apply treatment when buds begin to break. Repeat at least once
after a 3-week interval. Susceptible varieties include Lonicera x bella
1,000 L water
‘Dropmore,’ L. korolkowii ‘Zabelli,’ L. tatarica ‘Grandiflora,’ ‘Rosea,’
Tristar 70 WSP 3 solupaks ‘Hack’s Red,’ and ‘Red Giant.’
DISEASES AFFECTING LONICERA
Honeysuckle blight Dithane DG 2 kg/ Symptoms appear as new leaves expand in spring. Infected leaves curl
(Herpobasidium 1,000 L water and turn brown. The veins tend to remain green at first. Many species of
deformans) honeysuckle are susceptible.
Spray fungicides when the leaf buds show a green tip or up to 1.25 cm
of green leaf. Repeat applications in 10–14-day intervals. Avoid
overhead irrigation late in the day. Remove and destroy fallen, infected
leaf material in autumn to reduce inoculum the following spring.
Powdery mildew Heritage Maxx 0.4–1.6 L/ This fungus appears as a white, powdery growth on the tops of leaves.
1,000 L water Treat at the first sign of disease and repeat applications to protect
Nova 40 W 340 g/ healthy tissue.
1,000 L water
Palladium WG 100 g/
100 L water
MAGNOLIA — MAGNOLIA
INSECTS AFFECTING MAGNOLIA
Magnolia scale horticultural oil 20–30 L/ Mature scales are large (up to 1 cm) and pinky-orange in colour. Feeding
(Neolecanium 1,000 L water injury causes honeydew, sooty mould and twig dieback on Magnolia
cornuparvum) insecticidal soap see label acuminata, M. x soulangiana and M. stellata. Nymphs are purple in
mid-summer, turning white by late summer. They overwinter as tiny
Malathion 500 EC 1.4–3 L/ nymphs on the current season’s wood.
1,000 L water
Dormant oil applications can suppress overwintering nymphs in fall and/
Orthene 75 WP see label or early spring. Landscape Oil (horticultural oil) can be used when plants
are dormant or in summer when new leaves are fully expanded and
hardened off. See product label for rates and tolerant plants.
45
MALUS — APPLE
INSECTS AFFECTING MALUS
Aphids Altus 500–750 mL/ha Aphids are small, soft-bodied insects that feed by sucking on plant tissue.
(various) Beleaf 50 SG 0.12–0.16 kg/ha They produce honeydew that often attracts other insects (e.g., ants) and
sooty mould growth.
Closer 200 mL/
1,000 L water Treat when adults first appear, and repeat as required.
Cygon 480 E 1.25 L/ *Do not apply Kontos during bloom as this product is toxic to bee brood.
1,000 L water
Endeavor 10–20 g/
100 L water
*Kontos see label
Lagon 480 1.25 L/
1,000 L water
1,000 L water
Trounce 50 L/
1,000 L water
Apple rust mite Dyno-Mite 284 g/ha in Adult females overwinter in bark crevices or cracks in twigs. When leaves
(Aculus 1,000 L water begin to emerge, the overwintered females move to feed on the new leaf
schlechtendali) horticultural oil see label tissue. Apple rust mites feed on both surfaces of host tree leaves, causing
them to turn brown and dry. The first symptom of infestation is an upward
curling of the leaf. Severe infestation can result in all the leaves turning
brown.
Dyno-Mite can be applied as soon as mites appear. Apply Dyno-Mite a
maximum of 2 times per season at an interval of 28 days.
Landscape Oil (horticultural oil) can be used when plants are dormant to
control overwintering females in bark and twig crevices. Bark injury may
occur on Red Delicious, Empire and Mutsu apples. See product label for
rates and tolerant plants.
Apple Clearwing Delegate 420g/ha Delegate is registered for the control of dogwood borer and to reduce the
Moth Borer Rimon 10EC 1,4 L/1,000 L numbers of apple clearwing moth. Apply using a handgun or backpack
(Synanthedon water sprayer only, direct the spray to cover the lower trunk of the tree,
myopaeformis) particularly the graft union and any pruning cuts. Thorough coverage is
Dogwood Borer essential. Apply 1-2 applications at a 14 day interval targeting the 1st
(Synanthedon instar larval stage (in-season/summer). Apply Delegate a maximum of two
scitula) applications per year.
Rimon is registered as a direct application to the tree trunk. Apply 1-2
applications in the summer at a 14 day interval targeting 25-75% egg
laying to prevent egg hatch and 1st instar larvae establishment. Maximum
of 2 applications of Rimon per growing season.
Brown Actara 25 WG, 385 g/ha This brown stink bug is a new pest introduced into North America. This
marmorated Flagship 25 WG plant bug feeds openly on fruit, making them unmarketable. It also feeds
stink bug Malathion 85E 1.22 L/ha on the foliage of over 60 plants (e.g., Acer, Amelanchier, Buddleia, Catalpa,
(Halyomorpha Cercis, Ilex, Juglans, Malus, Prunus, Pyrus, Rosa, Tilia, Viburnum) and
halys) can cause serious economic losses in crops. Although it has not been
detected in Ontario nurseries, it has been intercepted in residential
neighbourhoods (inside homes) in southern Ontario.
Malathion, Flagship and Actara, as foliar treatments, provide suppression
of brown marmorated stink bug.
46
MALUS — APPLE
INSECTS AFFECTING MALUS (cont’d)
Codling moth Confirm 240 F 1 L/ha There is a pheromone lure available for this pest. Apply insecticides just
(Cydia piononella) Delegate 420 g/ha after first sustained moth catch.
Silencer 120 EC 83 mL/ha Apply Confirm at larval hatch. Allow 3–7 days for larval mortality. Repeat
the application of Confirm every 14–21 days, with a maximum of 4
applications per year.
Apply Silencer at larval hatch. Repeat application every 14 days with a
maximum of 3 applciations per year.
For the control of each generation, apply Delegate at first egg hatch based
on pheromone trap catches and degree days after biofix dates. These
pests must be controlled before the larvae penetrate the fruit so early
timing is critical. Repeat at 14 day intervals to maintain control depending
on pest pressure.
Eastern tent Dipel 132 ES 0.5–1.0 L/ha This caterpillar has one white stripe down its back. Colonies feed early in
caterpillar Dragnet 230 mL/ the season. Silken tents appear in the forks of branches, mainly of apple,
(Malacosoma 1,000 L water cherry and hawthorn trees.
americanum)
Foray 48 B 1.0–1.6 L/ha Prune and destroy overwintering egg masses. These are silver in colour,
about 1–2 cm long, in a raised band circling a twig. They hatch when
Malathion 500 EC 1.4–3 L/ buds break in spring. Treat then or at the first sign of webs. Young
1,000 L water larvae (< 2 cm) hide in tents during the day. Where infestations are light,
Pounce 90 mL/ remove and destroy them in early spring.
1,000 L water
Success 25 mL/
1,000 L water
Thuricide see label
European red Dyno-Mite 284 g/ha in These mites overwinter as tiny red eggs on twigs. Apply oil when plants
mite 1,000 L water show 1.25 cm of green tissue. Horticultural oil may cause bark injury on
(Panonychus ulmi) horticultural oil 20–30 L/ Red Delicious, Empire and Mutsu apples.
1,000 L water Apply Dyno-Mite when mites first appear. Apply Dyno-Mite a maximum of
insecticidal soap see label 2 times per season at an interval of 28 days apart.
Kanemite 15 SC 2.07 L/ha Landscape Oil (horticultural oil) can be applied when plants are dormant
and in summer when new leaves are fully expanded and hardened off. Bark
Vendex 50 W 0.5–1.0 kg/ injury may occur on Red Delicious, Empire and Mutsu apples. See product
1,000 L water label for rates and tolerant species.
Fall cankerworm Dipel 132 ES 0.5–1.7 L/ha Cankerworms are greenish-to-black loopers (inchworms) that appear early
(Alsophila Foray 48 B 1.0–1.6 L/ha in the season and feed on the leaves of many deciduous hosts.
pometaria)
Malathion 500 EC 2.5 L/ Place sticky bands around tree trunks, close to the ground, in the spring
Spring 1,000 L water and fall. This traps adult females as they emerge from the ground and
cankerworm crawl up the tree trunk. Treat when larvae appear in mid-May, when Acer
(Paleacrita Pounce 90 mL/ platanoides and Magnolia x soulangiana are blooming.
vernata) 1,000 L water
Thuricide see label
47
MALUS — APPLE
1,000 L water in the spring and early summer, reaching about 6 cm long at maturity. They
consume foliage of many trees and shrubs, most notably basswood, birch,
Foray 48 B 2.4–4 L/ha hawthorn, oak, poplar and willow.
Imidan 50 WP 3.75 kg/ha Adult females lay eggs in brown, fuzzy masses in July and August. Remove
webs in order to disperse via wind to other hosts. Wait until larvae settle
Success 25 mL/
on hosts and begin feeding before applying Dipel or Foray.
1,000 L water
A folded burlap cloth wrapped around a tree provides a daytime shelter for
larger larvae or pupae. Collect them from these shelters and destroy them.
1,000 L water
Japanese beetle Adult management: Japanese beetle adults are metallic green and copper in colour and about
(Popillia japonica) Imidan 50 WP 3.725 kg/har 13 mm long. They are easily recognized by the six tufts of white hair
on each side of the abdomen. As the beetles feed, they consume and
Larval management: skeletonize foliage. Preferred hosts include members of the rosaceous
Intercept 60 WP 467 g/ha family, maple, birch, linden and fruit trees. Spray adulticides when adults
appear in early July, when the Yucca filamentosa is blooming. Larvae are
Lorsban 4 E 4.5 L/
C-shaped milky-white grubs about 25 mm long with brown heads and
1,000 L water
3 pairs of legs. They can be distinguished from other white grubs by a
(rescue
V-shaped arrangement of spines on the underside of the abdomen. Larvae
treatment for
are most commonly found feeding on fibrous roots of turfgrass.
shipping)
Lorsban 4 E is a rescue treatment to allow shipping from infested to
uninfested regions. Apply to soil when grubs are young and actively
feeding near the soil surface. Apply as a coarse spray and irrigate with
1–2 cm of water to wash the insecticide into the underlying soil. For
containerized stock, submerge the root ball into a solution of Lorsban 4 E
(45 mL/10 L water) until all bubbling stops.
Apply Intercept 60 WP once per year, during the mating period/egg-laying
period and up to egg hatch (usually late June/early July in southern
Ontario). In the field, sufficient irrigation (5–10 mm) should occur within
24 hr after application; avoid overwatering.
Leafhopper Actara 25 WG, 105 g/ha Leafhoppers are tiny, yellowish-green to pale-coloured insects that jump
(several species) Flagship 25 WG quickly when disturbed. Wingless nymphs will often “side step” quickly
Altus 500–750 mL/ha to hide from potential predators. Leafhoppers have piercing-sucking
mouthparts that cause distorted foliage with black margins and yellowish
Tristar 70 WSP 5 solupaks flecks on the leaf surface.
Check regularly for infestation of nursery crops when neighbouring farms
are cutting alfalfa or hay. Hang yellow sticky traps in the canopy to monitor
for leafhoppers. Check by disturbing plants or looking at the leaf bottoms
for leafhopper nymphs or molted skins. Treat as required.
Leafrollers: Dipel see label Leafrollers are caterpillars that feed while hidden in folded or rolled leaves.
Fruit tree leafroller Fruit tree and redbanded leafrollers primarily affect fruit trees but also
(Archips attack many shade trees and ornamentals.
argyrospila) Apply the insecticide to foliage soon after leaves emerge in early June.
Redbanded
leafroller
(Argyrotaenia
velutinana)
48
MALUS — APPLE
Oystershell scale insecticidal soap see label This scale insect infests over 125 species of forest, shade, fruit and
(Lepidosaphes Malathion 500 EC 1.4–3 L/ ornamental trees. In heavy infestations, greyish scales completely encrust
ulmi) 1,000 L water twigs and stems and can kill branches and trees. Mature females are
3 mm long and rounded in the rear.
Since this scale insect overwinters as eggs under dead female shells,
dormant treatments in fall and early spring are ineffective. Use insecticides
against crawlers in late May. Repeat in 10 days, when Spiraea x vanhouttei
is blooming. Ensure good coverage of trunk, branches and leaf bottoms.
Tentiform Confirm 240 F see label Use insecticides to control the first generation during the prebloom or calyx
leafminer Tristar 70 WSP 5 solupaks stage. Early mines are only visible from lower leaf surfaces. Later stages are
(Phyllonorycter visible from upper leaf surfaces. There are 3 generations per year.
blancardella) Controlling the first generation is more effective than controlling
subsequent generations.
1,000 L water
Kanemite 15 SC 2.1 L/ha Apollo SC acts primarily on mite eggs but has an effect on young mobile
Vendex 50 W 50–100 g/
100 L water
per season.
occidentalis) resulting in major distortion and colour flecking when flowers and foliage
do emerge. Injury may be confused with that of leafhoppers.
49
MALUS — APPLE
DISEASES AFFECTING MALUS
Apple scab Aprovia Top 195 386–643 mL/ha Scab infection causes purplish blotches on leaves and lesions on fruit.
(Venturia EC Start fungicide applications when leaf buds begin to break and show
inaequalis) Banner MAXX 14 mL/100 L green tip. Repeat throughout bloom and leaf emergence, every 7–10 days
water during spring, especially before rainy weather. Rotate fungicides of different
Captan 50 WP 6 kg/ha chemical families/groups and consider using adjuvents and stckers to
increase efficacy. For more information, see OMAFRA Fruit Productions
Captan 80 WDG 1.25 kg/ Recommendation, publication 360, see table 2–3. Activity of Fungicides on
1,000 L water Apple Diseases.
Compass 50 WG 14–17.5 g/ Usually disease spread diminishes after new leaves harden off, cease
100 L water fungicide treatment. Clean up and remove/destroy fallen leaves In autumn
Daconil 2787 F 2.5 L/ to help reduce winter carry-over. Prune to improve air circulation through
1,000 L water the canopy. Try to use resistant cultivars (e.g., Sugar Tyme).
Dithane see label Nova is a triazole fungicide and should be rotated with fungicides of other
chemical families to manage resistance.
Equal 65 WP 1.08–2.25 kg/ha
Flint 140–175/ha
Inspire Super 836 mL/ha
Maestro 80 DF see label
Manzate DF 6 kg/ha
Microscopic 6.5 kg/
Sulphur 1,000 L water
Nova 40 W 340 g/
1,000 L water
Polyram 80 DF see label
Pristine WG 1.0–1.2 kg/ha
Serenade Max 3–6 kg/ha
Supra Captan see label
80 WDG
Cedar-apple rust Daconil 2787 F 2.5 L/ Orange spots on leaf surface appear in early summer, followed by cream-
(Gymnosporangium 1,000 L water coloured, finger-like structures on the underside of leaves by mid-to-late
juniperi-virginianae) Dithane DG, 2 kg/ summer.
M-45, 80 WP 1,000 L water Remove alternate hosts (junipers) where possible. Treat with fungicides
Ferbam 76 WDG 1.25–2 kg/ when sporulation (slimy orange galls) begins on the alternate host
1,000 L water (Juniperus), in mid-spring. Spores from juniper can infect alternate
rosaceous hosts (Malus, Crataegus, Amelanchier, etc.). Repeat fungicidal
Manzate DF 6 kg/ha applications every 10–14 days if needed.
Nova W 340 g/
1,000 L water
Polyram 80 DF see label
50
MALUS — APPLE
DISEASES AFFECTING MALUS (cont’d)
Fire blight BlightBan A506 370–530 g/ Fire blight affects succulent, vegetative growth. Dead, dry leaves persist on
(Erwinia 1,000–2,000 L infected branches. Some cultivars are resistant to this disease.
amylovora) water Spray bactericidal products at early bloom, full bloom and petal fall when
BlightBan C9-1 370–500 g/ the weather is warm and humid, and fire blight is a recurring problem.
1,000–2,000 L Avoid excessive pruning and nitrogen fertilization in spring. During
water dormancy, prune out infected branches about 30 cm below the cankered
Bloomtime 375–500 g/ area when the tree is dry. Blightban and Bloomtime are biopesticides that
Biological 1,000–2,000 L may help suppress fire blight.
water
Copper Spray 1.25 kg/
1,000 L water
Kasumin 2L 5 L/
1,000 L water
(see label)
Streptomycin 17 600 g/
1,000 L water
Powdery mildew Compass 50 WG 14–17.5 g/ In this disease, a white, powdery substance develops on the tops of leaves
(Podosphaera 100 L water in summer. Powdery mildew may lead to stunting and leaf drop.
leucotricha) Funginex DC 2.5 L/ha Treat with fungicides when symptoms first appear. Repeat every
Heritage Maxx 0.4–1.6 L/ 10–14 days as needed. To avoid resistance to Nova, rotate with registered
1,000 L water fungicides from other chemical families where possible.
Microscopic 6.5 kg/
Sulphur 1,000 L water
Palladium WG 100g/
100 L water
Nova 40 W 340 g/
1,000 L water
ORNAMENTAL TREES AND SHRUBS — VARIOUS

INSECTS AFFECTING ORNAMENTAL TREES AND SHRUBS
Brown marmorated Actara 25 WG, 280g/ha This brown stink bug is a new pest introduced into North America. This
stink bug Flagship 25 WG plant bug feeds openly on fruit, making them unmarketable. It also
(Halyomorpha Malathion 85E See label feeds on the foliage of over 60 plants (e.g., Acer, Amelanchier, Buddleia,
halys) Catalpa, Cercis, Ilex, Juglans, Malus, Prunus, Pyrus, Rosa, Tilia, Viburnum)
and can cause serious economic losses in crops. Although it has not
been detected in Ontario nurseries, it has been intercepted in residential
neighbourhoods (inside homes) in southern Ontario.
Malathion, Actara and Flagship, as foliar treatments, provide suppression
of brown marmorated stink bug.
51
PACHYSANDRA — PACHYSANDRA
INSECTS AFFECTING PACHYSANDRA
Euonymus scale Cygon 480 E 2 L/ This greyish, pear-shaped scale found commonly on euonymus also affects
(Unaspis euonymi) 1,000 L water bittersweet (Celastrus) and Pachysandra. It produces 2 generations a year;
horticultural oil 20 L/ the second generation appears about 6 weeks after the first.
1,000 L water Examine plants during the dormant season, prune out highly infested
insecticidal soap see label regions and use dormant oil. Apply insecticides as nymphs emerge. Catalpa
speciosa are beginning to bloom at this time; Kolkwitzia and Philadelphus
Lagon 480 E 2 L/ are also blooming. Repeat treatment after 7 days.
1,000 L water
Landscape Oil (horticultural oil) can be used when plants are dormant or in
Orthene 75 SP see label the summer when foliage is fully expanded and hardened off. See product
PHLOX — PHLOX
DISEASES AFFECTING PHLOX
Powdery mildew Folpan 50 WP 2 kg/ Powdery mildew appears as a white, powdery fungal growth on the tops of
1,000 L water leaves. Early signs include small, circular, whitish colonies.
Heritage Maxx 0.4–1.6 L/ MilStop and Rhapsody can be used for the suppression of powdery
1,000 L water mildew. Start application at the first sign of disease.
1,000 L water
Nova 40 W 340 g/
1,000 L water
Palladium WG 100g/
100 L water
1,000 L water
Rust (various) Nova 40 W 250–340 g/ In this disease, orange-brown lesions form on leaves. Protect healthy
1,000 L water tissue with fungicide applications, especially during warm, wet conditions.
52
PICEA — SPRUCE
INSECTS AFFECTING PICEA
Bagworm Lagon 480 E 2 L/ This moth pest is a native of North America. It has a wide host range but
(Thyridopteryx 1,000 L water is most commonly found on spruce. Look for masses of dead needles
ephemeraeformis) Orthene 75 SP see label hanging like small bags from the tips of branches. Eggs overwinter inside
the bags. Larvae feed on needles, partially enclosed in a small woven
case. Larvae form bags on branch tips in late summer and pupate inside.
Males emerge and fly to bags containing flightless females to mate. As
many as 1,000 eggs are laid inside each bag.
Remove and destoy bags by early spring. Insecticides may be effective on
young larvae only.
Black vine weevil Demand CS 360 mL/ The weevil larvae are small, white, legless grubs that eat fibrous roots or
Taxus weevil 1,000 L water strip bark off larger roots. Infested plants grow slowly or fail to grow. They
(Otiorhynchus Flagship 25WG 10.5–14 g/ look dry and off-colour. Transplants often die without becoming established.
sulcatus) 100 L water Larvae control is difficult.
Heterohabditis see label Adults are black snout beetles that hide in lower branches and soil litter
bacteriophora during the day and cut crescent-shaped notches in needle margins at night.
They also attack arborvitae, hemlock, azaleas and rhododendrons. The
Met 52 see label beetles have fused wing covers and cannot fly.
Silencer 120 EC 300 mL/ To control adults, treat foliage, trunk bark and branches during the last
1000 L water week of June and in early July. Spray in the evening, as adult activity
increases about an hour after sunset. To test product safety, treat some
Entomopathogenic nematodes (e.g., Heterohabditis sp.) are available
to help suppress populations of larvae. Nematodes work very well in
infested containers but with less success in the field. Nematodes can be
applied in late summer/early autumn and in mid-spring to suppress larval
populations. See label for complete directions.
To monitor for adults, place a piece of plywood around infested plant
bases. Adult weevils will hide under the wood during the day. Or place
a white sheet under the plant, and shake the plant vigorously to dislodge
any adults.
Cooley spruce Malathion 500 EC 1.25 L/ Nymphs of this adelgid feed inside long, plump galls on the current year’s
gall adelgid 1,000 L water shoots of blue Colorado spruce, Engelmann spruce and Sitka spruce.
(Adelges cooleyi) Pyrate 480 EC 375 mL/ Douglas fir is an alternate host. Feeding injury causes needles to twist and
1,000 L water turn yellow. This adelgid does not form a gall on Douglas fir.
Treat in early spring before bud break or in early October. Thoroughly cover
crevices in the bark of terminal twigs and the bases of buds. On blue
spruce, use only wettable powders to prevent foliage discolouration. If
possible, remove and destroy galls in June.
Cutworms Confirm 240 F 500 mL/ha Cutworms are moth larvae that hide in shallow soil burrows during the day
(various species) Pounce 180 mL/ha and crawl up plant stems to harvest plant parts at night. Injury appears
as chewed or girdled stems on woody species (and clipped stems on
herbaceous plants). Larvae are greyish-brownish in colour, often with black
spots along their sides and stripes along their body. They have three pairs
of true legs, four pairs of fleshy prolegs and one pair of “claspers” at the
end of their abdomen. They can be up to 3 cm long. Late instar larvae
overwinter and pupate in spring.
injury. Treat plants with insecticides in the evening since the larvae feed
at night.
sprayed to run-off (for greenhouse use). Applications of Pounce should
be made under warm, moist conditions when larvae are small.
53
PICEA — SPRUCE
INSECTS AFFECTING PICEA (cont’d)
Eastern spruce horticultural oil 20 L/ Nymphs of these adelgids feed inside pineapple-shaped galls at the base
gall adelgid 1,000 L water of current-year shoots on Norway, white, red and black spruce. Old galls
(Adelges abietis) Malathion 500 EC 1.25 L/ remain attached for long periods, turning black and making the tree look
1,000 L water unsightly.
Tristar 70 WSP 3 solupaks With light infestations, remove and destroy galls before midsummer. Use
horticultural oil as a dormant treatment. Use any of the other materials
when adelgids migrate to new shoots in mid-May. On blue spruce, use only
wettable powders to prevent foliage discolouration, and avoid horticultural
oils because they remove the blue hue of blue spruce foliage.
Gypsy moth Dipel 132 ES 1.6–2.4 L/ha Gypsy moth larvae appear as dark, hairy caterpillars with five pairs of blue
(Lymantria dispar) Dragnet 230 mL/ spots (tubercles) followed by six pairs of red ones along their backs. They
1,000 L water feed in the spring and early summer, reaching about 6 cm long at maturity.
They consume foliage of many trees and shrubs, most notably basswood,
Foray 48 B 2.4–4 L/ha birch, hawthorn, oak, poplar and willow.
Imidan 50 WP 1.25 kg/ Adult females lay eggs in brown, fuzzy masses in July and August. Remove
1,000 L water and destroy egg masses before they hatch. Newly hatched larvae produce
Orthene 75 SP see label webs in order to disperse via wind to other hosts. Wait until larvae settle
Success 25 mL/
1,000 L water A folded burlap cloth wrapped around a tree provides a daytime shelter for
1,000 L water Orthene may damage sugar maple leaves.
Success may be applied to larvae at any time during larval development.
Dipel and Foray are most effective when sprayed before larvae become
mature (before the head capsule turns yellow).
Pine needle scale Cygon 480 E 1.5 L/ Pine needle scale causes whitish flecks on pine and spruce needles.
(Chionaspis 1,000 L water Reddish crawlers appear in late May, then turn yellowish. There are
pinifoliae) horticultural oil 20–30 L/ 2 generations per year. Infestations often start on lower branches.
1,000 L water Prune out small infestations in late winter and early spring. Dormant
insecticidal soap see label treatments are ineffective because pine needle scale overwinter as eggs
underneath the dead female shells.
Lagon 480 1.5 L/
1,000 L water Crawlers are active when Syringa vulgaris and Spiraea x vanhouttei are
blooming in late May. Treat at that time and again about 10 days later.
1,000 L water Landscape Oil (horticultural oil) can be applied when plants are dormant
and in summer when foliage is fully expanded and hardened off. Permanent
Orthene 75 SP see label discolouration of foliage will occur to Pinus strobus and blue cultivars of
both Juniperus and Picea. See product label for rates and tolerant plants.
Spruce bud scale horticultural oil 20–30 L/ This scale insect is a rounded, mahogany-brown scale that clusters on
(Physokermes 1,000 L water spruce. Lower branches become ragged, with some dieback.
piceae, insecticidal soap see label Monitor for honeydew and sooty mould. Spray to control the crawlers in
P. hemieryphus)
Lagon 480 E 1.5 L/ mid-July. Repeat 10 days later.
1,000 L water Landscape Oil (horticultural oil) can be applied when plants are dormant
Malathion 500 EC 2.5 L/ and in summer when new leaves are fully expanded and hardened off.
1,000 L water Permanent discolouration of foliage will occur to blue cultivars of both
Juniperus and Picea. See product label for rates and tolerant plants.
54
PICEA — SPRUCE
Spruce budworm Cygon 480 E 1.5 L/ This is a widespread and important defoliator of balsam fir and spruce.
(Choristoneura 1,000 L water It is seldom a problem on landscape trees. Larvae begin to feed as buds
fumiferana) Dipel see label break, and they continue to feed until mid-to-late June. They have a black
Also see under head and brownish body with four light spots on the back of each segment.
Abies. Dragnet 160 mL/ There is 1 generation per year.
1,000 L water
In mid-spring, apply general-coverage spray to control larvae. Use Mimic
Foray 48 B 1.6–2.4 L/ha to control early instar larvae; allow 3–7 days for larval mortality. A second
Lagon 480 1.5 L/ application of Mimic may be needed.
1,000 L water On balsam fir, overwintering larvae become active about 2 weeks before
Lannate 270–540g/ ha bud break. Apply general-coverage spray to control larvae from mid-May to
mid-June.
1,000 L water
Mimic 240 LV 290 mL/ha
Pounce 45–90 mL/ha
Thuricide see label
Spruce Lagon 480 E 1.5 L/ Needleminer larvae bore into the bases of old needles. Young larvae feed
needleminer 1,000 L water in groups, while older larvae feed alone. Larvae build unsightly nests of
(Taniva Malathion 500 EC 2.5 L/ dead needles and frass, held together by fine silk strands. Small grey
albolineana, 1,000 L water moths appear throughout infested plants in late May and June.
Endothenia
albolineana) Orthene 75 SP see label Apply insecticide to foliage about mid-June and repeat in late June. In
the fall, or in spring before buds swell, dislodge nests with a strong stream
of water.
Spruce spider Cygon 480 E 1.5 L/ Overwintered eggs hatch in early May, when Amelanchier laevis and
mite 1,000 L water Magnolia x soulangiana are in full bloom. Mites prefer older needles as
(Oligonychus Floramite SC 625 mL/ feeding sites.
ununguis) 1,000 L water To monitor for mites, use a hand lens to check the undersides of twigs
horticultural oil 20–30 L/ and needles for tiny reddish eggs or brown mites with black backs. Shake
1,000 L water a branch over a white sheet of paper and look for crawling specks. Apply
miticides when mites first appear.
Kanemite 15 SC 0.21–0.46 L/ Kanemite is effective against mobile life stages but may also reduce egg
500 L water viability.
Lagon 480 1.5 L/ Use horticultural oil as a dormant treatment in early spring to target eggs
1,000 L water and newly hatched nymphs. Do not use horticultural oil on white pine
or blue cultivars of Colorado spruce or juniper. Landscape Oil is a brand
of horticultural oil that can be used on labelled plants in summer, when
1,000 L water
leaves are fully expanded and hardened off (see product label). If mite
Orthene 75 SP see label populations are still significant, make 2 applications of other miticides at
Pyrate 480 EC 375–500 mL/ 10-day intervals when mites exist in spring.
1,000 L water Many predatory mites co-exist with pest mite populations. To conserve
Vendex 50 W 50–100 g/ predatory mites, try miticides that have less impact on these beneficials,
100 L water such as Vendex and Floramite.
Strawberry root Met 52 see label Strawberry root weevil larvae are small, white, legless grubs that eat fibrous
weevil Pounce 45–90 mL/ roots or strip bark from larger roots. The reddish-brown flightless adult is
(Otiorhynchus 1,000 L water less than 6 mm long and is much smaller than the black vine weevil. Adults
ovatus) hide during the day and feed at night. Adults are active in late June and early
July, when Wiegela florida and Syringa reticulata are blooming.
Adults injure plants by puncturing or girdling the current season’s shoots while
feeding. Infested plants grow slowly or fail to grow. They look dry and off-colour.
Transplants often die without becoming established. These pests have a large
host range. Commonly injured plants include white cedar, spruce and juniper.
To monitor for adults, wrap a sheet of burlap around infested plant bases.
Adult weevils will hide in the burlap during the day. Place a white sheet
Pounce is registered for use on seedlings. To test treatment safety, treat
some conifer seedlings before treating a larger area.
55
PICEA — SPRUCE
Tarnished plant Actara 25 WG, 210–280 g/ha Plant bugs are small (5 mm), yellowish-brown insects. Adults have wings
bug Flagship 25 WG that form an X pattern when folded closed. They feed by inserting their
(Lygus lineolaris) Ripcord 400 EC 172 mL/ha mouthparts inside leaf tissue and sucking out the contents, leaving the
European chafer Acelepryn 5.6–8.8 mL/ roots and girdle underground stems of many woody ornamentals (including
(Rhizotrogus 100 m2 Cornus sp.).
majalis)
Lorsban 4E 4.5 L/ To expose grubs to natural predators, cultivate infested fields before
June beetle 1,000 L water planting.
(Phyllophaga sp.) (rescue treatment Sevin T&O is registered as a foliar spray for adults.
for shipping)
Intercept 60 WP 467 g/ha period and up to egg hatch (usually late June/early July in southern
Adult management: Ontario). In the field, sufficient irrigation (5–10 mm) should occur within
Imidan 50 WP 1.25 kg/ 24 hr after application. Avoid overwatering. Apply Acelepryn any time
1,000 L water that larvae are present or during the mating period/egg-laying period to
egg-hatch.
White pine weevil There is no product registered at the This is a small, brownish snout beetle that attacks only vertical terminals
(Pissoides strobi) time of this publication. on pines and spruce. It kills at least 2 years’ growth. Attacks cause
crooked, forked or multiple-stemmed trees. Legless, white larvae are found
in the terminal shoots.
Remove and destroy infested, flagging leaders in June and July.
Yellow-headed Dragnet 160 mL/ Sawfly larvae overwinter as late instar larvae in spun cocoons in the soil
spruce sawfly 1,000 L water under the host tree. Adult sawflies are reddish brown and 8–10 mm long.
(Pikonema Pounce 45–90 mL/ha Adults emerge in mid-late spring to mate and lay eggs in the branches at
alaskensis) the base of needles. Larvae are green with lighter longitudinal stripes and
Success 480 SC 25 mL/ yellow-brown heads. They feed on needles for 4–6 weeks.
1,000 L water
Target pesticide applications to young larvae where possible.
DISEASES AFFECTING PICEA
Botrytis Rovral WP 1.5–2 kg/ This disease can be an issue on seedlings in cold storage. Look for grey,
(Botrytis cinerea) 1,100 L water fuzzy mould on tissue. Treat with fungicides at the first sign of disease.
Canker, branch There is no product registered at the This canker is often associated with the death of scattered lower branches.
dieback time of this publication. The first symptoms are browning and needle loss. Norway and Colorado
(Cytospora valsa) spruce are very susceptible.
Prune out diseased branches and twigs when the bark is dry. Maintain
good growing conditions. Avoid damaging the trunk and branches.
Damping off, root Heritage Maxx 0.4 L/1,000 L Stem rot and root rot cause rapid dieback and mortality and are often
rot and stem rot water characterized by reddish-brown discolouration of the cambium.
(Phytophthora, Presidio 60–119 mL/ Subdue MAXX can be used as a drench or a pre-incorporated treatment
Pythium) 380 L water for media to help protect conifer seedlings and transplants from Pythium
Previcur see label and Phytophthora. Subdue MAXX is registered on conifer seedbeds, plugs
and 2-0 transplants only. See product label for rates and application
Subdue MAXX 1.2 L/ha information.
(drench)
56
PICEA — SPRUCE
DISEASES AFFECTING PICEA (cont’d)
Needlecast Banner MAXX 350 mL/ Symptoms of needlecast appear between early spring and early summer
(Rhizosphaera 1,000 L water when needles infected the previous season turn purple or lavender and
kalkhoffii) Copper Spray 4 kg/ stomates turn from white to black. By mid-season, infected needles
Stigmina needle 1,000 L water drop, leaving only current season growth. Blue Colorado spruce is very
cast (Stigmina susceptible.
Daconil 2787 F 9.5 L/
lautii) 1,000 L water Apply the first fungicide treatment in spring when new growth is 1–2 cm
long. Repeat at 3–4-week intervals. Do not crowd plants. Maintain
Flint 240g/ha adequate sunlight and good air circulation.
Needlecast Banner MAXX 350 mL/ Needles infected with Stigmina often remain green, but stomates turn
(Stigmina lautii) 1,000 L water from white to black. Black fruiting structures emerging out of stomates
have small dark appendages, similar to arms on a spider (visible with a
hand lens). In contrast, fruiting structures emerging out of stomates of
Rhizosphaera-infected needles are smooth and black.
Banner MAXX gives preventive control of needlecast diseases when applied
when shoot emergence Is less than 5 cm.
Tip blight Copper Spray 4 kg/ Apply the first treatment in spring when new growth is 1–2 cm long. Repeat
(Sirococcus 1,000 L water at 3–4-week intervals. Do not crowd plants. Maintain adequate sunlight
conigenus) Daconil 2787 F 3.6–6 L/ and good air circulation.
1,000 L water
PINUS — PINE
INSECTS AFFECTING PINUS
Cutworms Confirm 240 F 0.5 L/ha Cutworms are moth larvae that hide in shallow soil burrows during the day
(various species) Pounce 180 mL/ha and crawl up plant stems to harvest plant parts at night. Injury appears
as chewed or girdled stems on woody species (and clipped stems on
herbaceous plants). Larvae are greyish-brownish in colour, often with black
spots along their sides and stripes along their body. They have three pairs of
true legs, four pairs of fleshy prolegs and one pair of “claspers” at the end
of their abdomen. They can be up to 3 cm long. Late instar larvae overwinter
and pupate in spring.
injury. Treat plants with insecticides in the evening since the larvae feed at
night.
sprayed to run-off (for greenhouse use). Applications of Pounce should be
made under warm, moist conditions when larvae are small.
European pine Cygon 480 E 2 L/ These larvae are brown with black heads. They feed inside emerging shoots
shoot moth 1,000 L water in the spring. Feeding injury causes “hooking” of new candles and pitch
(Rhyacionia Lagon 480 E 2 L/ proliferation. The adult is a small, orange-flecked moth, usually active in late
buoliana) 1,000 L water June to early July. Egg hatch coincides with the bloom of Catalpa speciosa.
There is 1 generation per year.
In late April, apply spray to the area between buds on terminals and laterals
when Acer rubrum and Cornus mas are blooming. Spray terminals about
mid-July to prevent injury the following year. Delaying shearing until mid-July
will destroy many eggs. Use pheromone traps to monitor for adult activity.
57
PINUS — PINE
INSECTS AFFECTING PINUS (cont’d)
Northern pine There is no product registered at This weevil can be a problem on all pines, especially nursery production. It
weevil the time of this publication. is often found on Pinus sylvestris. Damage includes flagging and browning of
(Pissoides new shoots and seedlings. Adult feeding injury may result in small, circular
approximatus) wounds at the base of the damage that exude pitch resin.
Remove freshly cut stumps and recently dead and dying trees by late spring
to eliminate adult breeding grounds. Stressed trees are most susceptible.
To control adults, treat the tender bark of seedlings and young shoots of
larger trees in April or late August.
Pales weevil There is no product registered at This is a small, brownish-black weevil that feeds on tender pine twig bark,
(Hylobius pales) the time of this publication. causing branches to turn brown and die. This weevil is a common pest in
nursery production. Larvae bore into stem tissue at the soil line, girdling
the tree. The white, legless larvae have brown heads. Larvae feed in long
underground tunnels along the wood grain and on the outside of major
roots.
Remove freshly cut stumps and recently dead and dying trees by late spring
to eliminate adult breeding grounds. Stressed trees are most susceptible.
To manage adults, treat the tender bark of seedlings and young shoots of
larger trees in April or late August.
Pine bark adelgid horticultural oil 20 L/ This adelgid mainly affects white pine, although other pine species may be
(Pineus strobi) 1,000 L water infested. Adelgids appear covered in white, woolly masses on trunks, stems
Malathion 500 EC 1.25 L/ and branches.
1,000 L water In early spring, use horticultural oil on the trunk and branch bark as a
Orthene 75 SP see label dormant treatment. Horticultural oil may remove the waxy hue of white
pine foliage. Avoid contacting white pine foliage with horticultural oil. Apply
other insecticides to newly hatched nymphs in mid-late May. Repeat the
Tristar 70 WSP 3 solupaks application in 2–3 weeks. Ensure good coverage.
Pine false There is no product registered at This insect is a web-spinning sawfly that feeds on pine. The larvae feed on
webworm the time of this publication. clipped needles from the safety of their webbed and frass-covered masses
(Acantholyda on branches against the trunk (mainly white pine). Pine false webworms
erythrocephala) overwinter as late instar larvae and pupae in soil cocoons below the host.
Adults emerge in early spring.
Adults are large and black; the females have an orange head, while the
males have a yellow face. Adults can be seen flying around foliage in May.
Eggs are laid end-to-end along needles of white pine. Larvae are yellowish-
brown with two dark longitudinal stripes on each side and obvious antennae.
The short thoracic legs and absence of fleshy, abdominal prolegs gives this
insect a very wobbly appearance when it moves around.
Apply a strong stream of water with sufficient pressure to penetrate the
webbing and knock out larvae. In light infestations, hand-pick or prune out
nests.
Pine needle scale Cygon 480 E 1.5 L/ Reddish crawlers appear in late May, and then turn yellowish. Feeding injury
(Chionaspis 1,000 L water causes yellow spots on pine and spruce needles. There are 2 generations
pinifoliae) horticultural oil 20–30 L/ per year. Infestations often start on lower branches.
1,000 L water Prune out small infestations in late winter and early spring. Dormant
insecticidal soap see label treatments are ineffective, because pine needle scale overwinter as eggs
underneath the dead female shells.
Lagon 480 1.5 L/
1,000 L water Crawlers are active when Syringa vulgaris and Spiraea x vanhouttei are
blooming in late May. Treat at that time and again about 10 days later.
1,000 L water Landscape Oil (horticultural oil) can be applied when plants are dormant and
in summer when foliage is fully expanded and hardened off. Discolouration
Orthene 75 SP see label of foliage will occur in Pinus strobus and blue cultivars of both Juniperus and
Picea. See product label for rates and tolerant species.
58
PINUS — PINE
Pine pitch mass There is no product registered at Pinkish-white borer larvae feed inside bark and can be found on established
borer the time of this publication. pine trees in the landscape. Large pitch resin masses appear on trunks.
(Vespamima pini, This moth has a 2–3-year life cycle. Stressed and wounded plants are most
Synanthedon pini) susceptible.
Maintain good tree health, since no registered chemical controls exist.
Larvae and pupae are found under the pitch masses. They can be removed
and killed. Remove severely infested trees.
Pine root collar There is no product registered at This weevil feeds on many species of pine. White, Scots and Austrian
weevil the time of this publication. are most susceptible. Infested trees often appear in isolated pockets or
(Hylobius radicis) on sandy soils. The white, legless, grub-like larvae feed at the root collar,
causing the trunk to swell. Pitch resin masses mixed with soil also appear.
Prune off bottom branches. Pull away fallen needles and other organic
matter to expose a circle of bare soil 60 cm across around the trunk. This
increases light and temperature at the tree base, discouraging adult weevils.
Pine sawflies Cygon 480 E 1 L/ European pine sawfly has a dark-greenish body with dark longitudinal stripes
(open feeding): 1,000 L water and a black head. It appears in late May/June.
European pine Dragnet 160 mL/ Redheaded pine sawfly has a yellow body with six rows of black spots
sawfly 1,000 L water and a reddish head. It feeds on older foliage in July and August. Multiple
(Neodiprion
sertifer) Lagon 480 1 L/ generations can be present at one time and will attack all foliage.
1,000 L water Initial feeding begins in small, easily removed colonies. Spot-treat foliage
Redheaded pine
sawfly Malathion 500 EC 2.5 L/ when small larvae are first observed feeding.
(Neodiprion 1,000 L water
lecontei) Orthene 75 SP see label
Pounce 45–90 mL/ha
1,000 L water
Success 25 mL/
1,000 L water
Pine shoot beetle There is no product registered at This introduced bark beetle was found in Ohio in 1992 and in Ontario in
(Tomicus the time of this publication. 1993. By 1994, it was regulated under the Plant Protection Act. Pines from
piniperda) many areas of the province are subject to quarantine. The primary host is
Scots pine, Pinus sylvestris.
The 3–mm-long adult beetles tunnel within the current season’s growth,
causing flagging and dropping of shoots. Adult beetles overwinter at the
base of trees (within the first 30 cm above the soil), just inside the outer
bark. The adults start to emerge in February–March, when temperatures
reach 10°C. They bore into bark to lay their eggs, causing sap to flow out of
these wounds. The larvae form galleries in the bark, thereby destroying the
cambium and weakening or killing the tree.
Maintain plant health, since no registered chemical controls exist. Do not
plant nursery pines and Christmas trees near abandoned pine plantations.
To discourage egg laying, remove stumps, pine debris, dying trees and
pruned limbs from the area by February 1. Place uninfested “trap logs” (with
a diameter greater than 6 cm) to attract mating adults, and destroy the logs
by May 31.
Contact the Canadian Food Inspection Agency for the Pest Alert Factsheet
on pine shoot beetle.
Pine spittlebug Malathion 500 EC 2.5 L/ Several different pines are susceptible hosts for pine spittlebug, with Scots
(Aphrophora 1,000 L water pine often heavily infested. Young nymphs feed on sap from new growth and
cribrata) Pyrate 480 EC 88–150 mL/ cover themselves with white, foam-like spittle. Several nymphs may be found
1,000 L water in one spittle mass.
This pest rarely causes serious damage. Treat when spittle masses first
appear in mid-to-late May.
59
PINUS — PINE
Pine tortoise horticultural oil 20–30 L/ This reddish-brown oval, convex scale, about 6 mm long, infests several
scale 1,000 L water kinds of pine. It removes plant sap and secretes large amounts of
(Toumeyella insecticidal soap see label honeydew.
numismaticum,
T. parvicornis) Malathion 500 EC 1.4–3 L/ Remove heavily infested limbs and trees in late winter and early spring. In
1,000 L water late June, treat twigs to control nymphs. There are several natural predators.
Landscape Oil (horticultural oil) can be applied when plants are dormant
and in summer when foliage is fully expanded and hardened off. Permanent
discolouration of foliage will occur to Pinus strobus and blue cultivars of both
Juniperus and Picea. See product label for rates and tolerant plants.
Spruce spider Cygon 480 E 1.5 L/ Overwintered eggs hatch in early May, when Amelanchier laevis and Magnolia
mite 1,000 L water x soulangiana are in full bloom. Mites prefer older needles as feeding sites.
(Oligonychus Floramite SC 625 mL/ To monitor for mites, use a hand lens to check the undersides of twigs
ununguis) 1,000 L water and needles for tiny reddish eggs or brown mites with black backs. Shake
horticultural oil 20 L/ a branch over a white sheet of paper and look for crawling specks. Apply
1,000 L water miticides when mites first appear.
insecticidal soap see label Kanemite is effective against mobile life stages but may also reduce
egg viability.
Kanemite 15 SC see label
Use horticultural oil as a dormant treatment in early spring to target eggs
Lagon 480 1.5 L/ and newly hatched nymphs. Horticultural oil (including Landscape Oil) will
1,000 L water discolour foliage of white pine. Permanent discolouration of foliage will occur
Malathion 500 EC 1.4–3 L/ to blue cultivars of both Juniperus and Picea. To prevent foliar discolouration
1,000 L water on blue Colorado spruce, use only wettable powders and avoid horticultural
oil.
Horticultural oil (including Landscape Oil) can be used on other species
Pyrate 480 EC 375–500 mL/
when plants are dormant. Landscape Oil can be used in summer when
1,000 L water
leaves are fully expanded and hardened off. See product label.
Vendex 50 W 50–100 g/
If populations are still significant, make 2 applications of other miticides at
100 L water
10-day intervals when mites exist in spring.
Many predatory mites co-exist with pest mite populations. To conserve
predatory mites, try miticides that have less impact on these beneficials,
such as Vendex and Floramite.
Strawberry root Met 52 see label Strawberry root weevil larvae are small, white, legless grubs that eat fibrous
weevil Pounce 45–90 mL/ roots or strip bark from larger roots. The reddish-brown flightless adult is
(Otiorhynchus 1,000 L water less than 6 mm long and is much smaller than the black vine weevil. It
ovatus) hides during the day and feeds at night.
Adults are active in late June and early July, when Wiegela florida and Syringa
reticulata are blooming. Adults injure plants by puncturing or girdling the
current season’s shoots while feeding. Infested plants grow slowly or fail to
grow. They look dry and off-colour. Transplants often die without becoming
established.
These pests have a large host range. Commonly injured plants include white
cedar, spruce and juniper.
Pounce is registered for use on seedlings. To test product safety, treat some
Tarnished plant Actara 25WG, 210–280 g/ha These are small (5 mm), yellowish-brown insects. Adults have wings that
bug Flagship 25WG are folded in an X pattern. Tarnished plant bugs feed by inserting their
often causes terminal growth to turn yellow and become distorted and
bushy.
60
PINUS — PINE
majalis)
Lorsban 4E 4.5 L/ To expose grubs to natural predators, cultivate infested fields before
(Phyllophaga sp.) (curative Apply Intercept 60 WP once per year, during the mating period/egg-laying
treatment for period and up to egg hatch (usually late June/early July in southern Ontario).
larvae) In the field, sufficient irrigation (5–10 mm) should occur within 24 hr after
Intercept 60 WP 467 g/ha application; avoid overwatering.
Adult management: Apply Acelepryn any time that larvae are present or during the mating
period/egg-laying period to egg-hatch.
1,000 L water
White pine aphid Malathion 500 EC 1.4–3 L/ These are black aphids that often cluster together on shoots. Look for
(Cinara strobi) 1,000 L water honeydew and sooty mould on needles. Treat active stages in May.
1,000 L water
White pine weevil There is no product registered at This is a small, brownish snout beetle that lays its eggs into the bark of
(Pissoides strobi) the time of this publication. vertical terminals of pine and spruce when the Forsythia blooms (late April).
Legless, white larvae feed under the bark from May to July, killing last year’s
and this year’s leader. Attacks cause wilting and dying of terminal.Remove
and destroy infested, flagging leaders in June and early July.
Zimmerman pine Cygon 480 E 2 L/ These grey-green larvae cause pitch resin to collect on pine trunks. Pitch
moth 1,000 L water masses appear at the branch whorls, on the trunk or on shoots near
(Dioryctria Lagon 480 2 L/ terminal branches. Individual branches may die back completely.
zimmermani) 1,000 L water Remove larvae from pitch masses in June and July. Prune damaged shoots
and remove heavily infested trees.
Chemical control is difficult. Spray bark thoroughly in late April to early May
when overwintering larvae are breaking dormancy (when Acer platanoides
is blooming). Treat again in mid-August when larvae hatch. Use pheromone
traps to monitor adult activity.
61
PINUS — PINE
DISEASES AFFECTING PINUS
Brown spot Daconil 2787 F 9.5 L/ Apply treatment in spring when new growth is 12 cm long. Repeat at 3–4-week
(Scirrhia or 1,000 L water intervals. Do not crowd plants. Maintain adequate sunlight and good air
Mycosphaerella) circulation.
Canker Daconil 2787 F 2.4–4.8 L/ This canker may affect many pine species, especially Scots and red pine. Trees
(Ascocalyx 1,000 L water under 2 m are most susceptible. Symptoms appear in spring after infection.
abietina or Bases of infected needles turn reddish brown by May or June. Needles may be
Scleroderris bent. Cool, moist weather encourages infection.
abietina) To reduce spread, prune out lower branches of pine windbreaks around
nurseries. Apply treatment in spring when new growth reaches 1–5 cm. Repeat
at 3–4-week intervals.
Damping off, root Heritage Max 0.4 L/1,000 Stem rot and root rot cause rapid dieback and mortality and are often
rot and stem rot L water characterized by reddish-brown discolouration of the cambium.
(Phytophthora, Presidio 60–119 mL/ Subdue MAXX can be used as a drench or a pre-incorporated treatment for
Pythium) 380 L water media to help protect conifer seedlings and transplants from Pythium and
Previcur see label Phytophthora. Subdue MAXX is registered for conifer seedbeds, plugs and 2-0
transplants only. See product label for rates and application information.
200 L water
(drench)
Diplodia tip blight Copper Spray 4 kg/ New shoots do not elongate in spring. They appear brown and stunted by June.
(Sphaeropsis 1,000 L water Recent research suggests this fungus sporulates all year round.
sapinea or Maintain tree health, since infection is difficult to manage. Apply fungicides
Diplodia pinea) at bud break, using a maximum of 3 applications per year at 2-week intervals
to help protect new shoots. Removing infected branches does not reduce
infection, since spores are also produced on seed cones. Do not crowd plants.
Maintain adequate sunlight and good air circulation.
Lophodermium Copper Spray 4 kg/ This fungus severely defoliates pines, especially Scots and Austrian pine. Only
needlecast 1,000 L water the current season’s needles remain on the tree over winter. The previous
(Lophodermium Daconil 2787 F 2.4–4.8 L/ season’s needles turn red in late winter and early spring. Infected needles drop
seditiosum) 1,000 L water from late spring to early summer. Black, football-shaped fruiting bodies appear
on cast needles in mid-summer.
Dithane DG, 2.5 kg/
M-45, 80 WP 1,000 L water Apply treatment in mid-July to early August before infection occurs. Repeat
at 3–4-week intervals as required. Do not crowd plants. Maintain adequate
Manzate DF 2.5 kg/ sunlight and good air circulation.
1,000 L water
Sweetfern blister There is no product registered at This rust disease affects hard two- and three-needle pines, especially jack
rust the time of this publication. pine (Pinus banksiana). It can cause serious losses in nurseries and young
(Cronartium plantations. Cankers often appear on the trunk, less than 2 m above the
comptoniae) ground. Trees with basal diameters of more than 8 cm seem resistant.
Destroy diseased pines. Eliminate alternate hosts such as sweet fern
(Comptonia peregrina) and sweet gale (Myrica gale) from plantations and from
the immediate vicinity of pine nursery stock.
Tip blight Copper Spray 4 kg/ Apply treatment in spring when new growth is 12 cm long. Repeat at 3–4-week
(Sirococcus) 1,000 L water intervals. Do not crowd plants. Maintain adequate sunlight and good air
Daconil 2787 F 3.6–6 L/ circulation.
1,000 L water
White pine blister There is no product registered at This rust is a serious disease of five-needle pines, especially white pine,
rust the time of this publication. Pinus strobus. It infects the needles, eventually causing a perennial canker on
(Cronartium branches and trunks. It can also cause an insignificant leaf spot.
ribicola) When plants are dormant, prune out girdled pine branches before the canker
reaches the main stem. Prune infected, flagging branches 30 cm below the
cankered area. Separate white pine nurseries and plantations from alternate
host Ribes sp. by at least 600 m.
62
PLATANUS — LONDON PLANE, SYCAMORE
DISEASES AFFECTING PLATANUS
Anthracnose Daconil 2787 F 2.5 L/ As with frost damage, new leaves turn black-brown. Light-brown dead areas
(Apiognominia 1,000 L water appear along the veins of mature leaves. Twigs that are 20–25 cm long may
veneta) Dithane DG, 2.75–3.5 kg/ show signs of cankers and dieback.
M-45, 80 WP 1,000 L water Treat up to 3 times, especially in cool, wet weather: as buds swell, at bud
Manzate DF 2.75–3.5 kg/ break and about 7 days after bud break. Prune out and destroy cankered
1,000 L water twigs and branches. Collect and remove fallen, infected leaves. Do not
crowd plants. Maintain adequate sunlight and good air circulation.
POPULUS — POPLAR
INSECTS AFFECTING POPULUS
Forest tent Dipel 0.5–1.0 L/ha Forest tent caterpillar larvae are hairy with a series of keyhole- or footstep-
caterpillar Foray 1.0–1.6 L/ha shaped white spots along their backs. The larvae are present early in the
(Malacosoma Orthene 75 SP see label season. They feed in colonies. Forest tent caterpillar larvae do not form
disstria) a tent on their host. Larvae may completely defoliate broadleaf trees,
Pounce 90 mL/
particularly poplars.
1,000 L water
Pyrate 480 EC 500 mL/ Treat foliage in mid-to-late May to reduce populations of larvae. Orthene may
1,000 L water damage sugar maple leaves.
Thuricide 1.5–2.0 L/
1,000 L water
Gypsy moth Dipel 132 ES 1.6–2.4 L/ha Gyspsy moth larvae are dark, hairy caterpillars with five pairs of blue spots
(Lymantria dispar) Dragnet 230 mL/ (tubercles) followed by six pairs of red ones along their backs. They feed in the
1,000 L water spring and early summer, reaching about 6 cm long at maturity. They consume
Foray 48 B 2.4–4 L/ha foliage of many trees and shrubs but prefer basswood, birch, hawthorn, oak,
poplar and willow.
1,000 L water Adult females lay eggs in brown, fuzzy masses in July and August. Remove and
Orthene 75 SP see label destroy egg masses before they hatch. Newly hatched larvae produce webs in
order to disperse via wind to other hosts. Wait until larvae settle on hosts and
Success 25 mL/
begin feeding before applying Dipel or Foray.
1,000 L water
Thuricide HPC 7.14–12 L/ A folded burlap cloth wrapped around a tree provides a daytime shelter for
Orthene may damage sugar maple leaves. Success may be applied to larvae
at any time during larval development. Dipel and Foray are most effective when
sprayed before larvae become mature (before the head capsule turns yellow).
Poplar and willow Pyrate 480 EC 500 mL/ This borer is a stout, black, rough-bodied snout beetle with pink outer wing
borer 1,000 L water covers. White, legless larvae honeycomb the trunks and larger branches of
(Cryptorhynchus willows and poplars.
lapathi) Cut and destroy badly infected branches and trees before the end of June.
Treat trunk and branch bark in mid-August and September with insecticides.
63
POPULUS — POPLAR
DISEASES AFFECTING POPULUS
Canker There is no product registered at Most poplar species are susceptible to canker, especially when stressed.
(several different the time of this publication. Prune out and destroy infected branches during dry weather. Remove and
fungi) destroy severely infected trees. Do not wound or injure trees. Do not crowd
Leaf spot Daconil 2787 F 2.5 L/ Brown spots appear on leaves, followed by defoliation. Collect and remove
(several fungi) 1,000 L water fallen, infected leaves. Treat at bud break, then twice more at 10–14-day
Senator 70 WP 1.1 kg/ intervals.
1,000 L water Applications of Senator can be repeated every 10–14 days, with a maximum
of 3 applications per year.
POTENTILLA — POTENTILLA
INSECTS AFFECTING POTENTILLA
Two-spotted Apollo SC 80 mL/ha TSSM overwinters as adult mites in the soil or media around host plants. It
spider mite Dyno-Mite 284 g/ha in becomes active during warm weather (late spring in the field). Attacked leaves
(TSSM) 1,000 L water become dull-coloured, stippled or bronzed. Check the undersides of leaves for
(Tetranychus mites and webs. These mites are very tiny. A hand lens will be needed to see
urticae) Floramite SC 333 mL/ the two faint black spots on their backs.
1,000 L water
Treat leaf undersides with miticides/insecticides when mites appear, and repeat
Forbid 30 mL/ as needed. Monitor for mites by examining lower leaf surfaces with a hand lens
100 L water or vigorously shaking a branch over a sheet of white paper and looking for tiny,
insecticidal soap see label moving specks.
Kanemite 15 SC 0.21–0.46 L/ Apollo SC acts primarily on mite eggs but has an effect on young mobile stages
500 L water as well. It is not effective against adult mites. Apollo SC should be applied when
mite populations are predominantly in the egg stage, with few young nymphs
Vendex 50 W 50–100 g/
present. Do not make more than 1 application of Apollo SC per season.
100 L water
Two-spotted spider mite does not overwinter on the plant, and populations are
not reduced with a dormant horticultural oil treatment.
64
PRUNUS — BLACK CHERRY, CHOKECHERRY, FLOWERING CHERRY, PIN CHERRY, PEACH, PLUM
INSECTS AFFECTING PRUNUS
Aphids Altus 500–750 mL/ha Aphids are small, soft-bodied insects that suck plant sap from stems and
(various) Beleaf 50 SG 0.12–0.16 kg/ha leaves. Injury appears as distorted foliage, and plants may be severely
weakened.
Closer 200 mL/
1,000 L water Treat when aphids first appear, and repeat as required. Excessive
fertilization or pruning can cause undesirable levels of succulent growth.
Endeavor 10–20 g/
100 L water *Do not apply Kontos during bloom as this product is toxic to bee brood.
*Kontos see label
1,000 L water
1,000 L water
Trounce 50 L/
1,000 L water
Apple Clearwing Delegate 420g/ha Delegate is registered for the control of dogwood borer and to reduce the
Moth Borer Rimon 10 EC 1,4 L/1,000 L numbers of apple clearwing moth. Apply using a handgun or backpack
(Synanthedon water sprayer only, direct the spray to cover the lower trunk of the tree,
myopaeformis) particularly the graft union and any pruning cuts. Thorough coverage is
Dogwood Borer essential. Apply 1–2 applications at a 14 day interval targeting the 1st
(Synanthedon instar larval stage (in-season/summer). Apply Delegate a maximum of two
scitula) applications per year.
Rimon is registered as a direct application to the tree trunk. Apply 1–2
applications in the summer at a 14 day interval targeting 25–75% egg
laying to prevent egg hatch and 1st instar larvae establishment. Maximum
of 2 applications of Rimon per growing season.
Eastern tent AceCap 97 see label This caterpillar has one white stripe down its back. Colonies feed early in
caterpillar Dipel 132 ES 0.5–1.0 L/ha the season. Silken tents appear in the forks of branches, mainly of apple,
(Malacosoma cherry and hawthorn trees.
americanum) Dragnet 230 mL/
1,000 L water Prune and destroy overwintering egg masses. These are silver in colour,
about 1–2 cm long, in a raised band circling a twig. They hatch when
Malathion 500 EC 1.4–3 L/ buds break in spring. Treat then or at the first sign of webs. Young larvae
1,000 L water (< 2 cm) hide In tents during the day. Where infestations are light, remove
Pounce 90 mL/ and destroy the tents in early spring.
1,000 L water AceCap 97 applications must be made post-bloom as this product is toxic
Success 25 mL/ to bees and bee brood.
1,000 L water
Thuricide 1.5–2.0 L/
1,000 L water
European red Dyno-Mite 284 g/ha in These mites overwinter as tiny red eggs on twigs. Apply oil when plants
mite 1,000 L water are dormant or show 2.5 cm of green tissue and flowers are in a tight
(Panonychus ulmi) horticultural oil 20 L/ cluster. This can improve control of European red mite.
Vendex 50 W 0.5–1.0 kg/ 2 times per season at an interval of 28 days.
1,000 L water
65
INSECTS AFFECTING PRUNUS (cont’d)
They consume foliage of many trees and shrubs, most notably basswood,
Foray 48 B 2.4–4 L/ha birch, hawthorn, oak, poplar and willow.
Imidan 50 WP 3.75 kg/ha Adult females lay eggs in brown, fuzzy masses in July and August. Remove
webs in order to disperse via wind to other hosts. Wait until larvae settle
Success 182 mL/
1,000 L water
A folded burlap cloth wrapped around a tree provides a daytime shelter
for larger larvae or pupae. Collect them from these shelters and destroy
1,000 L water
them.
Japanese beetle Adult management: The adult beetles are metallic green and copper, about 13 mm long.
(Popillia japonica) Imidan 50 WP 3.75 kg/ha They are easily recognized by six tufts of white hair on each side of the
abdomen. As the beetles feed, they consume and skeletonize foliage.
Larval management: Preferred hosts include members of the rosaceous family, maple, birch,
linden and fruit trees.
Intercept 60 WP 467 g/ha
Spray adulticides when adults appear in early July, when the Yucca
Lorsban 4 E 4.5 L/ filamentosa is blooming.
1,000 L water
(rescue Larvae are C-shaped, milky-white grubs (about 25 mm long) with brown
treatment for heads and 3 pairs of legs. They are distinguishable from other white
shipping) grubs by a V-shaped arrangement of spines on the underside of the
abdomen. Larvae are most commonly found feeding on the fibrous roots
of turfgrass.
feeding near the soil surface. Apply as a coarse spray, and irrigate
with 1–2 cm of water to wash the insecticide into underlying soil. For
Leafrollers: Dipel see label Leafrollers are caterpillars that feed while hidden in folded or rolled
Fruit tree leaves. Fruit tree and redbanded leafrollers primarily affect fruit trees but
leafroller also attack many shade trees and ornamentals.
(Archips Apply insecticides to foliage soon after leaves unfold in early June.
argyrospila)
Redbanded
leafroller
(Argyrotaenia
velutinana)
66
INSECTS AFFECTING PRUNUS (cont’d)
Peachtree borer Delegate 420 g/ha Peachtree borers attack tree/shrub bases of Prunus (e.g., Prunus x
(Synanthedon Rimon 1.4 L/ha cistena) at the soil line. Lesser peachtree borers attack higher limbs and
exitiosa) are found mainly on fruit tree species of Prunus. Adults are clear-winged
Lesser peachtree moths and resemble wasps when flying.
borer Borers overwinter in bark or wood as partly grown larvae. Feeding
(Synanthedon resumes in spring, with gum and frass accumulating near the burrows.
pictipes) Treat in mid-to-late spring, when Philadelphus is blooming. Repeat twice at
3-week intervals. Spray with a gun, covering the trunk and scaffold limbs
thoroughly. Use pheromone traps to monitor adult activity.
Delegate is registered for the suppression of peachtree borer and lesser
peachtree borer, apply 420 grams of Delegate Insecticide per hectare. A
spray volume of 1500–2000 L/ha is recommended. Using a handgun or
back pack sprayer only, direct the spray to cover the tree trunk and any
scaffold limbs from ground level to 1.5 m above ground, particularly the
graft union and any pruning cuts. Thorough coverage is essential.
Target the 1st instar larval stage, beginning 7–10 days after the first adult
trap catch. Repeat applications at 14–21 day intervals. Apply a maximum
of three applications per year.
Rimon is registered as a direct application to the tree trunk and scaffold
limbs. Maximum of 3 applications per growing season. Apply when
economic thresholds are reached. Apply Rimon at 3 week intervals
(21 days) starting 7–10 days after first trap catch.
Pearslug insecticidal soap see label Small, dark, clear-bodied sawfly larvae feed from the undersides of leaves
(Caliroa cerasi) Orthene 75 SP see label and cause significant defoliation.
Treat with insecticides at the first sign of larval damage.
(TSSM) 1,000 L water leaves become dull-coloured, stippled or bronzed. Check the undersides
(Tetranychus of leaves for mites and webs. These mites are very tiny. A hand lens will
urticae) Floramite SC 333 mL/ be needed to see the two faint black spots on their backs.
1,000 L water
100 L water a hand lens or vigorously shaking a branch over a sheet of white paper
insecticidal soap see label and looking for tiny, moving specks.
stages as well. It is not effective against adult mites. Apollo SC should
Vendex 50 W 50–100 g/
100 L water
with few young nymphs present. Do not make more than 1 application of
Apollo SC per season.
Uglynest Thuricide see label These caterpillar larvae are dark yellow-green with black heads. They favour
caterpillar low-growing shrubs as hosts. Larvae feed on choke, pin and black cherry.
(Archips Webbed nests appear at branch ends between May and September.
cerasivorana) Prune out nests when found. Chemical control is seldom used because
insects are so well protected inside the nest.
67
DISEASES AFFECTING PRUNUS
Bacterial canker Copper Spray 6 kg/ This disease often develops after plastic film is removed from cold
(Pseudomonas 1,000 L water frames (container production) and plants experience extreme shifts in
syringae) (dormant rate) temperature.
Apply bactericidal products before autumn rains and again when most
leaves have fallen. Do not crowd plants. Maintain adequate sunlight
and good air circulation. Excessive fertilization or pruning can cause
undesirable succulent growth that is susceptible to this disease.
Black knot Maestro 80 DF 3.75–4.5 kg/ Black knot causes large black swellings up to 10 cm long on branches
(Apiosporina 1,000 L water and small twigs, eventually girdling and killing the branch.
morbosa or Spray fungicide at green tip, pre-bloom and blossom time. In late
Dibotryon winter and early spring, prune and destroy infested twigs and branches
morbosa) 20–30 cm below knots. Eliminate wild or neglected Prunus species from
the area.
Blossom and twig Captan 50 WP 2 kg/ This disease causes blossoms and new shoots to suddenly collapse and
blight 1,000 L water turn brown. Shoot or twig blight appears in early spring. Fruit will turn
(Monilina Captan 80 WDG 1.25 kg/ brown, rot and hang on the tree.
fructicola) 1,000 L water Spray just before blossom buds open. Repeat in 10 days if wet weather
Daconil 2787 F 2.5 L/ persists. Prune out and destroy infected twigs. Remove infected fruit from
1,000 L water the tree and the adjacent ground.
Funginex DC 750 mL/
1,000 L water
(or 2.5 L/ha)
Peach leaf-curl Ferbam 76 WDG 1.75–3.5 kg/ Peach leaf-curl spores lodged in winter buds cause infections during
(Taphrina 1,000 L water spring. As leaves unfold in spring, they become puckered and curled.
deformans) Thickened areas eventually turn pinkish. Infected leaves become
weakened and drop.
Apply fungicide in fall (preferred time) just after complete leaf drop or
apply in early spring just before buds swell.
Powdery mildew Compass 50 WG 14–21 g/ This fungus appears as a white, powdery growth on the tops of leaves.
(various) 100 L water Apply fungicides at the first sign of disease, and repeat applications to
Heritage Maxx 0.4–1.6 L/ protect healthy foliage.
1,000 L water Switch 62.5 WG gives suppression of Sawadea and Erysiphe powdery
Palladium WG 1 kg/ mildews only.
1,000 L water
Shothole leaf Captan 80 WP 1.25–1.5 kg/ In this disease, leaf spots appear as leaves expand to full size. New
spot 1,000 L water spots appear until late summer. Disease spots fall out with age, giving
(Blumeriella a shothole appearance. (Note that similar symptoms can be caused by
jaapii) insect pests.)
Avoid overhead irrigation late in the day. Do not crowd plants. Maintain
adequate sunlight and good air circulation.
PSEUDOTSUGA — DOUGLAS FIR

INSECTS AFFECTING PSEUDOTSUGA
Cooley spruce Malathion 500 EC 1.25 L/ This pest causes galls on spruce. Douglas fir is an alternate host for this
gall adelgid 1,000 L water insect. Open-feeding, woolly nymphs cause new needles of Douglas fir to twist
(Adelges cooleyi) Pyrate 480 EC 375 mL/ and turn yellow. Cooley spruce gall adelgid does not form a gall on this host.
1,000 L water To catch newly hatched nymphs as they migrate to new foliage, treat in early
spring as buds are breaking and new foliage is emerging.
68
PSEUDOTSUGA — DOUGLAS FIR
INSECTS AFFECTING PSEUDOTSUGA (cont’d)
Tarnished plant Actara 25WG, 210–280 g/ha These are small (5 mm), yellowish-brown insects. Adults have wings that
bug Flagship 25WG are folded in an X pattern. Tarnished plant bugs feed by inserting their
DISEASES AFFECTING PSEUDOTSUGA
Needlecast Dithane DG, 2.75–3.5 kg/ Various pathogens cause needlecast diseases on this host. Protect
(various fungi) M-45, 80 WP 1,000 L water emerging needles in spring with fungicide to reduce fungal infections.
PYRACANTHA — FIRETHORN
INSECTS AFFECTING PYRACANTHA
1,000 L water
Vendex 50 W 50–100 g/
100 L water
per season.
DISEASES AFFECTING PYRACANTHA
Fire blight Copper Spray 1.25 kg/ Fire blight affects succulent vegetative growth. Dead, dry leaves persist on
(Erwinia 1,000 L water infected branches.
the weather is warm and humid and fire blight is a recurring problem. Avoid
excessive pruning and nitrogen fertilization in spring. During dormancy,
prune out infected branches about 30 cm below the cankered area when
the tree is dry.
Scab Banner MAXX 14 mL/ Scab infection causes dark zones on leaves that develop into yellow lesions.
(Spilocaea 100 L water Infected leaves may drop, and dull scabs may appear on twigs and fruit.
pyracanthae) Daconil 2787 F 2.5 L/ Plant scab-resistant cultivars. Clean up and destroy fallen leaves. Prune to
1,000 L water improve air circulation through the canopy.
Start fungicide applications when leaf buds begin to break. Repeat every
7–10 days during mid-spring, especially in rainy weather. Apply Banner MAXX
every 14 days, beginning when leaf buds are at the green tip stage. Rotate
Banner with fungicides from other chemical families to avoid resistance. Do
not exceed 4 applications of Banner per year. Stop treatments if no infection
exists when foliage is hardened off.
69
PYRUS — PEAR
INSECTS AFFECTING PYRUS
weakened.
Closer 200 mL/1,000 L
water Treat when aphids first appear, and repeat as required. Do not make
more than 3 applications of Endeavor per year. Do not apply more than
Endeavor 10–20 g/100 L 3 kg/ha of Endeavor per year.
water
European red Dyno-Mite 284 g/ha in These mites overwinter as tiny red eggs on twigs. Apply horticultural oil
mite 1,000 L water when plants are dormant and continue applications until the plants reach
(Panonychus ulmi) horticultural oil 20 L/ the green tip stage and flower buds are in a tight cluster.
Kanemite 15 SC 2.07 L/ha 2 times per season at an interval of 28 days.
Vendex 50 W 0.5–1.0 kg/
1,000 L water
Pear rust mite Dyno-Mite 284 g/ha in Adult females overwinter in bark crevices or cracks in twigs. When leaves
(Epitrimerus pyri) 1,000 L water begin to emerge, the overwintered females move to feed on the bud
scales. Pear rust mites feed on the leaves and fruit, causing browning of
foliage and russeting on the skin of the fruit.
1,000 L water
100 L water a hand lens or vigorously shaking a branch over a sheet of white paper
insecticidal soap see label and looking for tiny, moving specks.
Vendex 50 W 50–100 g/
applied when mite populations are predominantly in the egg stage, with
100 L water
few young nymphs present. Do not make more than 1 application of Apollo
SC per season.
70
PYRUS — PEAR
DISEASES AFFECTING PYRUS
Fire blight BlightBan A506 370–530 g/ Fire blight affects succulent vegetative growth. Dead, dry leaves persist
(Erwinia 1,000–2,000 L on infected branches. Some cultivars are resistant to this disease.
amylovora) water Spray bactericidal products at early bloom, full bloom and petal fall when
BlightBan C9-1 370–530 g/ the weather is warm and humid and fire blight is a recurring problem.
1,000–2,000 L Avoid excessive pruning and nitrogen fertilization in spring. During
water dormancy, prune out infected branches about 30 cm below the cankered
Bloomtime 370–530 g/ area when the tree is dry.
Biological 1,000–2,000 L Blightban and Bloomtime are biopesticides that may help to suppress
water fire blight.
Copper Spray 2.2 kg/
1,000 L water
Kasumin 2L 5 L/
1,000 L water
(see label)
Streptomycin 17 600 g/
1,000 L water
Pear trellis rust Nova 40 W 340 g/ Pear trellis rust affects all species of pear. It causes bright orange-red
(Gymnosporangium 1,000 L water lesions on the leaves of pear trees that start to show around late
sabinae Pristine WG 1–1.6 kg/ha spring–early summer. Over the summer months, the undersides of the leaf
[G. fuscum]) lesions develop swellings that later produce cream-coloured, lantern-shaped
sporulating structures in early autumn. These spores travel to the alternate
host, Juniperus sabinae (Savin juniper) and infect current season’s growth,
forming a perennial gall. The disease is carried over the winter in the juniper
galls. These galls sporulate, producing orange, slimy projections during
warm, wet conditions in early spring. The spores from the juniper galls can
infect newly emerging leaves on pear trees, and the cycle begins again.
This disease does not overwinter on pear and therefore cannot be carried on
dormant pear nursery stock or on overwintering foliage. Pear trellis rust on
pear requires annual infection by the juniper host galls each spring. Protect
emerging foliage of pear trees before warm, wet conditions in early spring
with fungicides. Where possible, flag sporulating galls on juniper and remove
and destroy them when dormant. To reduce disease severity on established
pear trees in the landscape, employ cultural methods that reduce soil
compaction and increase soil moisture during drought periods.
71
QUERCUS — OAK
INSECTS AFFECTING QUERCUS
weakened.
Closer 200 mL/1,000 L
water Treat when aphids first appear, and repeat as required.
insecticidal soap see label *Do not apply Kontos during bloom as this product is toxic to bee brood.
*Kontos see label
1,000 L water
1,000 L water
Fall Dipel 132 ES 0.5–1.7 L/ha Cankerworms are greenish-to-black loopers (inchworms) that appear early in
cankerworm Foray 48 B 1.0–1.6 L/ha the season and feed on leaves of many deciduous hosts.
(Alsophila
pometaria) Malathion 500 EC 2.5 L/ Place sticky bands around tree trunks, close to the ground, in the spring and
1,000 L water fall. This traps adult females as they emerge from the ground and crawl up
Spring the tree trunk. Treat when larvae appear in mid-May, when Acer platanoides
cankerworm Pounce 90 mL/ and Magnolia x soulangiana are blooming.
(Paleacrita 1,000 L water
vernata) Thuricide 1.5–2.0 L/
1,000 L water
Golden oak Cygon 480 E 2 L/ Yellowish-golden scale feeds in small pits on white and English oak twigs,
scale 1,000 L water branches and trunks. Infestations can cause branch dieback.
(Asterolecanium horticultural oil 20–30 L/ Use horticultural oil as a dormant treatment in early spring. Use any of the
variolosum) 1,000 L water other materials against crawlers in late June. Crawlers can appear on first
insecticidal soap see label year and current season wood.
Lagon 480 2 L/ Landscape Oil (horticultural oil) can be used when the plants are dormant
1,000 L water or in the summer when foliage has fully expanded and hardened off. See
product label for rates and tolerant plants.
Pyrate 480 EC 2 L/
1,000 L water
Gypsy moth AceCap 97 773 mg/ Gypsy moth larvae are dark, hairy caterpillars with five pairs of blue spots
(Lymantria cartridge (tubercles) followed by six pairs of red ones along their backs. They feed
dispar) 1 cartridge per in the spring and early summer, reaching about 6 cm long at maturity. They
10.16 cm consume foliage of many trees and shrubs but prefer basswood, birch,
hawthorn, oak, poplar and willow.
Dipel 132 ES 1.6–2.4 L/ha
Adult females lay eggs in brown, fuzzy masses in July and August. Remove
Dragnet 230 mL/ and destroy egg masses before they hatch. Newly hatched larvae produce
1,000 L water webs in order to disperse via wind to other hosts. Wait until larvae settle on
Foray 48 B 2.4–4 L/ha hosts and begin feeding before applying Dipel or Foray.
Imidan 50 WP 1.25 kg/ A folded burlap cloth wrapped around a tree provides a daytime shelter for
Orthene 75 SP see label Orthene may damage sugar maple leaves.
Success 25 mL/ Success may be applied to larvae at any time during larval development.
1,000 L water Dipel and Foray are most effective when sprayed before larvae become
Thuricide HPC 7.14–12 L/ mature (before the head capsule turns yellow).
1,000 L water AceCap 97 applications must be made post-bloom, as this product is toxic
to bees and bee brood.
72
QUERCUS — OAK
INSECTS AFFECTING QUERCUS (cont’d)
Lacebug Malathion 500 EC 1.25 L/ Lacebugs are flat, rectangular insects, 4–6 mm long with broad, transparent,
(Coruthuca 1,000 L water lace-like wing covers. Adults and nymphs feed on the underside of leaves.
arcuata) Orthene 75 SP see label The leaves become pale and mottled, with white splotches. Lower leaf
surfaces develop black and brownish dots. Heavily infested leaves may turn
entirely brown and fall off. Most species have 2 generations a year.
Lacebugs usually occur on a single host. Other trees commonly attacked by
lacebugs include elm, hickory, linden, sycamore and walnut.
Apply insecticides to leaf undersides when insects first appear.
Lecanium or horticultural oil 20 L/ This scale infests many deciduous trees and shrubs. When adults are
European fruit 1,000 L water mature in late spring/summer, they appear as a large, reddish-brown,
lecanium insecticidal soap see label spherical scale usually found on the underside of twigs.
(Lecanium
corni) Malathion 500 EC 1.4–3 L/ Use horticultural oil as early-spring dormant treatment to reduce populations
1,000 L water of overwintering nymphs. To suppress crawlers, spray insecticides when the
Sambucus canadensis begins blooming. Do not use Malathion on Crimson
Orthene 75 SP 1 kg/ King maple. Orthene may damage sugar maple leaves.
1,000 L water
Pyrate 480 EC 2 L/
1,000 L water
Trounce 50 L/
1,000 L water
Oak leaf gall There is no product registered at the Many gall makers infest oak roots, bark, twigs, leaves, flowers and acorns.
(several time of this publication. Each gall has a characteristic appearance. Many are conspicuous and
species) interesting, but few cause serious damage.
Oak leafminer Malathion 500 EC 1.4–3 L/ Oak leafminer larvae cause flat, blister-like mines from mid-June to July.
(Profenusa 1,000 L water Larvae are pale with stubby black legs and are found inside hollowed-out
lucifex) Orthene 75 SP see label tissue within the leaf.
Early treatment is most effective. Treat foliage to control larvae beginning
the first week of June.
Oak leaftier There is no product registered at the Small, whitish larvae enter unopened buds in May. They feed on the young
(Croesia time of this publication. leaves, then tie the leaves together and shred the tissue.
semipurpurana) Treat with insecticides to reduce populations of larvae when leaves are
partially expanded.
Oak mite horticultural oil see label Feeding from mites causes bronzing and bleaching of oak leaves. Treat
(Oligonychus Orthene 75 SP see label upper leaf surfaces from mid-June to mid-July. These mites are closely
bicolor) related to spruce spider mites (same genus).
Weather and predators often keep populations under control. Landscape
Oil (horticultural oil) can be used when the plants are dormant or in the
summer when foliage has fully expanded and is hardened off. See product
Oak Malathion 500 EC 2.5 L/ Small yellowish-green larvae skeletonize the lower surface of oak leaves.
skeletonizer 1,000 L water There is 1 generation in June and a second in August/September.
(Bucculatrix Treat foliage when damage first appears in mid-June. Repeat in August.
ainsliella) Collect and destroy leaves in the autumn to reduce overwintering
populations.
Oak twig pruner There is no product registered at the This is a long-horned beetle that attacks oak and some other deciduous
(Elaphidionoides time of this publication. trees. Larvae tunnel inside the twigs. Foliage on infested branches begins to
villosus) wilt in mid-summer, and damaged twigs fall to the ground.
Collect and destroy fallen twigs before mid-May and in the autumn to remove
pupae. Chemical control is difficult and impractical.
Orangestriped Malathion 500 EC 2.5 L/ The black larvae have orange or yellow stripes running lengthwise down the
oakworm 1,000 L water sides and back. Two stiff, black horns project from the top of the second
(Anisota body segment. There are small, sharp spines on the other body segments.
senatoria) If necessary, treat in August when larvae are young and concentrated on the
lower branches.
73
QUERCUS — OAK
INSECTS AFFECTING QUERCUS (cont’d)
Red oak There is no product registered at the Larvae bore into the wood of red oak trees, causing dieback in the canopy
clearwing moth time of this publication. and sometimes tree mortality. Look for large holes with sawdust on tree
(Paranthrene trunks. Bore holes and tunnels often ascend up into the trunk. Insert a
simulans) piece of flexible wire in the bore hole to destroy larvae.
Adults are clearwing moths and resemble wasps when they are flying.
Monitor adult populations with clearwing moth pheromone traps in late
spring. High densities of pheromone traps may interrupt mating in small
stands of red oak.
DISEASES AFFECTING QUERCUS
Anthracnose Daconil 2787 F 2.5 L/ This disease appears as irregular leaf-margin browning on red and white
(Gnomonia 1,000 L water oak. Areas between veins also turn brown. Anthracnose often develops after
quercina or Dithane DG, 2.75–3.5 kg/ a cool, wet spring.
Apiognomonia M-45, 80 WP 1,000 L water Collect and destroy fallen leaves in the fall. Do not crowd plants. Maintain
quercina)
Manzate DF 2.75–3.5 kg/ adequate sunlight and good air circulation.
1,000 L water
Leaf spot Daconil 2787 F 2.5 L/ Well-defined brown or black spots appear on the leaves. Treat when plants
(several fungi) 1,000 L water are dormant or at bud swell. Do not crowd plants. Maintain adequate
sunlight and good air circulation.
PHYSIOLOGICAL DISORDERS AFFECTING QUERCUS
Chlorosis or A pesticide application would not This is a physiological problem for pin oak (Quercus palustris) and red oak
leaf yellowing be effective. (Q. rubra) on high-pH soils (pH > 6). Chlorosis is also caused by poor soil
conditions such as water logging and compaction.
Leaf scorch A pesticide application would not Irregular browning appears on leaf margins and between veins in response
(physiological) be effective. to hot, dry conditions. It occurs late in the season and during dry weather.
RHODODENDRON — RHODODENDRON, AZALEA

INSECTS AFFECTING RHODODENDRON
Black vine weevil, Demand CS 360 mL/ The weevil larvae are small, white, legless grubs that eat fibrous roots or
arborvitae, euonymus, yew and hemlock. They are a significant pest in
Met 52 see label container production. The beetles have fused wing covers and cannot fly.
Heterohabditis see label To control adults, treat foliage, trunk bark and branches during the last week
megidis of June and in early July. Spray in the evening, as adult activity increases
Silencer 120 EC 300 mL/ about an hour after sunset.
1000 L water Entomopathogenic nematodes (e.g., Heterohabditis sp.) are available to
See product label for complete directions.
74
RHODODENDRON — RHODODENDRON, AZALEA
DISEASES AFFECTING RHODODENDRON
Dieback, canker Daconil 2787 F 2.5 L/ This canker is visible on the stem. Terminal buds and leaves turn brown, and
(Phytophthora) 1,000 L water leaves droop and curl. This pathogen may also affect the root and crown,
Presidio 60–119 mL/ resulting in water-soaked tissue that turns brown.
380 L water Treat with Daconil as new leaves emerge. Repeat every 7–14 days during
Previcur see label wet weather.
Torrent 400SC see label Prune out infected branches, and avoid overhead irrigation late in the day.
Do not crowd plants. Maintain adequate sunlight and good air circulation.
Truban 25% EC see label Maintain media air porosity, and reduce watering where root rot exists. Do
Truban 30% WP see label not grow near lilacs, a common host for this disease.
Powdery mildew Banner MAXX 35 mL/ Symptoms appear as white, powdery growth on the tops of leaves,
100 L water especially during hot days and cool nights.
Heritage Maxx 0.4–1.6 L/ Apply fungicides at the first sign of disease, and repeat every 10–14 days
1,000 L water as required. Rotate fungicides with those from other chemical families to
Nova 40 W 340 g/ avoid resistance. Do not exceed a maximum of 4 applications per year.
1,000 L water
Palladium WG 100g/
100 L water
Stem rot of Captan 50 W 5–8 g/ Various fungi will cause a stem rot on Rhododendron. Protect cuttings with
cuttings 1 L water fungicides during the propagation phase and any time high moisture and
Captan 80 WDG 5–9.4 g/ humidity is a problem. When using Captan, dip cuttings for 20–30 min and
10 L water drain before planting.
Sudden oak Acrobat 50 WP 48 g/100 L Sudden oak death is a foliar blight and stem canker found on Camellia,
death water Rhododendron, Pieris, Kalmia, Viburnum and Syringa. The Canadian Food
(Phytophthora Aliette WG 5 kg/ha Inspection Agency has designated it a quarantinable, regulated pest.
ramorum)
Micora 300–600 mL/ Apply preventive fungicides to protect growth during cool, wet conditions.
1,000 L water For resistance management, rotate Subdue MAXX with other fungicides that
belong to a different chemical group. Apply Acrobat 50 WP in at least 200 L
Presidio 60–119 mL/ of water/ha.
380 L water
Micora gives suppression of Phytophthora ramorum.
Subdue MAXX 7.8–15.6 mL/
100 L water
RIBES — CURRANT
INSECTS AFFECTING RIBES
spider mite Dyno-Mite 284 g/ha in becomes active during warm weather (late spring in the field). Attacked leaves
(TSSM) 1,000 L water become dull-coloured, stippled or bronzed. Check the undersides of leaves for
(Tetranychus mites and webs. These mites are very tiny. A hand lens will be needed to see
1,000 L water
Kanemite 15 SC 2.1 L/ha Apollo SC acts primarily on mite eggs but has an effect on young mobile stages
as well. It is not effective against adult mites. Apollo SC should be applied when
Vendex 50 W 50–-100 g/
mite populations are predominantly in the egg stage, with few young nymphs
100 L water
present. Do not make more than 1 application of Apollo SC per season.
75
ROBINIA — LOCUST
INSECTS AFFECTING ROBINIA
Locust borer Pyrate 480 EC 500 mL/ Locust borer larvae are fleshy, white grubs that tunnel in black locust stems.
(Megacyllene 1,000 L water Weakened trees break in the wind. The black and yellow beetles feed on
robiniae) goldenrod pollen in late summer.
Remove and destroy heavily infested trees. Maintain tree vigour, since chemical
control is difficult. Treat the bark or trunk and larger branches to control adult
beetles from mid-August to late September when goldenrod is blooming.
Locust leafminer Orthene 75 SP see label In their adult and larval stages, leafminers feed on black locust leaves.
(Odontota Heavy infestations make trees unsightly. There are 2 generations a year. The
dorsalis) adult is a small, wedge-shaped black beetle with bright orange wing covers.
To control adult beetles, treat foliage in spring, when leaves open fully, and
in early July.
ROSA — ROSE
INSECTS AFFECTING ROSA
Aphids Altus 500–700 mL/ha Aphids are small, soft-bodied insects that feed by sucking plant sap from
(various) Beleaf 50 SG 0.12–0.16 kg/ha tissue. Feeding injury often causes distortion of growth. Aphids produce
honeydew that attracts ants and sooty mould.
Closer 200 mL/
1,000 L water Do not make more than 3 applications of Endeavor per year. Do not apply
more than 3 kg of Endeavor/ha/yr.
Cygon 480 E 1.25 L/
1,000 L water *Do not apply Kontos during bloom as this product is toxic to bee brood.
Endeavor 10–20 g/
100 L water
*Kontos see label
Lagon 480 E 1 L/
1,000 L water
Pyganic EC 2.32–4.65 L/ha
Tristar 70 WSP see label
Trounce 50 L/
1,000 L water
Japanese beetle Adult management: The adult beetles are metallic green and copper, about 13 mm long. They
(Popillia japonica) Imidan 50 WP 1.25 kg/ are easily recognized by six tufts of white hair on each side of the abdomen.
1,000 L water As the beetles feed, they consume and skeletonize foliage. Preferred hosts
include members of the rosaceous family, maple, birch, linden and fruit trees.
Larval management:
Spray adulticides when adults appear in early July, when the Yucca
Intercept 60 WP 467 g/ha filamentosa is blooming.
Lorsban 4 E 4.5 L/ Larvae are C-shaped, milky-white grubs about 25 mm long with brown heads
1,000 L water and 3 pairs of legs. Japanese beetle larvae are distinguishable from other
(rescue white grub species by a V-shaped arrangement of spines on the underside of
treatment for the abdomen. Larvae are most commonly found feeding on the fibrous roots
shipping) of turfgrass.
uninfested regions. Apply to the soil when grubs are young and actively
feeding near the soil surface. Apply as a coarse spray, and irrigate with
period and up to egg hatch (usually late June/early July in southern Ontario).
In the field, sufficient irrigation (5–10 mm) should occur within 24 hr after
application; avoid overwatering.
76
ROSA — ROSE
INSECTS AFFECTING ROSA (cont’d)
Leafhopper Actara 25WG, 105 g/ha Leafhoppers are tiny, yellowish-green to pale-coloured insects that jump
(several species) Flagship 25WG quickly when disturbed. Wingless nymphs will often “side step” quickly to
Altus 500–750 mL/ha hide from potential predators. Leafhoppers have piercing-sucking mouthparts
that cause yellowish flecks on the leaf surface.
Check regularly for infestation of nursery crops when neighbouring farms are
cutting alfalfa or hay. Hang yellow sticky traps in the canopy to monitor for
leafhoppers. Check by disturbing plants or looking at the leaf bottoms for
leafhopper nymphs or molted skins. Treat as required.
Rose chafer There is no product registered at the Rose chafer adults are slender, long-legged, tan beetles. They are densely
(Macrodactylus time of this publication. covered with short, dull-yellow hairs. Beetles swarm in early June and feed
subspinosus) on the opening buds of many hosts. They later attack the flowers, fruit and
foliage. The larvae feed mostly on turfgrass roots but may attack the roots of
woody ornamentals.
Monitor for rose chafer in June. It is often a problem in sandy soils. With
small infestations, pick off beetles by hand. Adult control is difficult. Treat
foliage thoroughly when beetles appear.
Roseslug insecticidal soap see label These sawflies feed on the undersides of leaves from late May to mid-June.
(Endelomyia Trounce 50 L/ Treat both leaf surfaces with insecticides. A. cinctus may need a second
aethiops, Allantus 1,000 L water treatment in mid-to-late August.
cinctus)
spider mite Cygon 480 E 1.25 L/ It becomes active during warm weather (late spring in the field). Attacked
urticae) Dyno-Mite 284 g/ha in needed to see the two faint black spots on their backs.
1,000 L water
Floramite SC 333 mL/ repeat as needed. Monitor for mites by examining lower leaf surfaces with
1,000 L water a hand lens or vigorously shaking a branch over a sheet of white paper and
Forbid 30 mL/ looking for tiny, moving specks.
100 L water Apollo SC acts primarily on mite eggs but has an effect on young mobile
insecticidal soap see label stages as well. It is not effective against adult mites. Apollo SC should be
Kanemite 15 SC 0.21 L/ young nymphs present. Do not make more than 1 application of Apollo SC
500 L water per season.
Lagon 480 1 L/ Apply Dyno-Mite when mites first appear. Apply Dyno-Mite a maximum of
1,000 L water 2 times per season at an interval of 28 days.
Orthene 75 SP see label Apply Kanemite as mites appear. Kanemite may reduce the viability of eggs.
Vendex 50 W 50–100 g/ Two-spotted spider mite does not overwinter on the plant, and populations
100 L water are not reduced with a dormant horticultural oil treatment.
DISEASES AFFECTING ROSA
Bacterial canker Clean Crop 6 kg/ Bacterial canker appears as a blackening of new tissue and is often
(Pseudomonas Copper Spray 1,000 L water associated with low-temperature events.
syringae) Do not crowd plants. Maintain adequate sunlight and good air circulation.
Excessive fertilization or pruning can cause undesirable levels of succulent
growth.
Treat with copper once in October and once in January. Treat during warm,
humid blight conditions in April and May with 1 g/L of active ingredient
(2 g 50% wettable powder). Repeat at 7–10-day intervals.
77
ROSA — ROSE
DISEASES AFFECTING ROSA (cont’d)
Black spot Banner MAXX 33 mL/ Black spot is a common disease on rose. It appears on leaves and stems
(Diplocarpon 100 L water as purplish-black spots with yellow halos. Leaves may turn yellow and
rosae) Captan 50 W, 2–2.5 kg/ drop.
Captan 50 WP 1,000 L water Where possible, use resistant cultivars. Remove and destroy cankered
Captan 80 WDG 1.2–1.4 kg/ canes. Where disease occurs, use fungicides every 7–10 days from mid-
1,000 L water May (as leaves begin to emerge) until frost kills the foliage. Apply Senator
every 10–14 days, and rotate with fungicides from other chemical families
Clean Crop 6 kg/
to avoid resistance. Reduce spray intervals in cool, wet weather.
Copper 53 W 1,000 L water
Compass 50 WG 15–20 g/ Avoid overhead irrigation, especially late in the day. A 6-hr period of
100 L water wet foliage will permit infection to start. Do not crowd plants. Maintain
adequate sunlight and good air circulation.
Daconil 2787 1.8 L/
1,000 L water Tivano fungicide provides suppression only.
Funginex DC 1 L/
1,000 L water
Nova 40 W 340 g/
1,000 L water
Rhapsody ASO 1.0–2.0 L/
100 L water
1,000 L water
Tivano see label
Botrytis Daconil 2787 F 1.8 L/ Botrytis can be an issue on roses in cold storage. Look for grey, velvety
(Botrytis cinerea) 1,000 L water fungal growth on plants.
Senator 70 WP 500–750 g/ Apply fungicide before lifting for storage. Repeat during storage. Apply
1,000 L water fungicides at the first sign of disease, and repeat every 10–14 days if
needed.
Botrytis flower Captan 50 W 2–2.5 kg/ Botrytis is a grey, velvety fungus that may grow on succulent tissue
blight 1,000 L water (e.g., flowers). Apply fungicides when the disease first appears, and
(Botrytis cinerea) Daconil 2787 1.8 L/ repeat at 7–10-day intervals.
1,000 L water
Crown gall Dygall 160 g/ This gall appears as large, abnormal growths on stems and roots.
(Agrobacterium 50 L water Susceptible plants (Euonymus, Rosa, Salix) must be treated before
tumefaciens) disease exposure or final field placement. Wounding (e.g., pruning) and
damaging plants facilitate entry and infection by this pathogen.
Remove and destroy infected plants and soil. This is a soil-borne bacteria.
Avoid planting susceptible species into soil with a history of this disease.
Downy mildew Acrobat 50 WP 48 g/ This fungus causes purplish to brownish blotches on the upper leaf
(Peronospora 100 L water surface. Under cool, moist conditions, slight symptoms of sporulation
sparsa) Heritage Maxx 400–800 mL/ (fuzzy appearance) may be evident on the lower leaf surface below the
1,000 L water lesion. These spores will disappear quickly once it warms up. Downy
mildew infections often lead to premature leaf drop.
Micora 300–600 mL/
1,000 L water Increase air circulation around susceptible plants, and reduce leaf
wetness periods by watering only in the mid-morning.
380 L water
78
ROSA — ROSE
DISEASES AFFECTING ROSA (cont’d)
Powdery mildew Banner MAXX 35 mL/ This fungus appears as a white, powdery growth on leaves and shoot ends.
(Sphaerotheca 100 L water Leaves become stunted and curled.
pannosa var. Clean Crop 6 kg/ Treat when symptoms first appear. Apply fungicides every 10 days. Apply
rosae) Copper 53 W 1,000 L water Nova every 10–14 days, and rotate with fungicides from other chemical
Folpan 50 WP 2 kg/ families to avoid resistance. Senator can be applied every 10–14 days as
1,000 L water needed. Do not apply sulphur when temperatures exceed 27°C.
Funginex DC 1 L/ Do not crowd plants. Maintain adequate sunlight and good air circulation.
1,000 L water Overhead watering during the day may reduce the spread and development
of the disease, but avoid overhead irrigation late in the day.
Heritage Maxx 0.4–1.6 L/
1,000 L water MilStop can be used for the suppression of powdery mildew. Start
application of MilStop at the first sign of disease.
1,000 L water Rhapsody is a biological fungicide that can help protect healthy tissues at
the first sign of disease.
Nova 40 W 340 g/
1,000 L water Tivano fungicide provides disease suppression only.
100 L water
1,000 L water
sulphur see label
Tivano see label
SALIX — WILLOW
INSECTS AFFECTING SALIX
Aphids Altus 500–750 mL/ha Aphids are small, soft-bodies insects that feed by sucking on plant sap.
(various) Beleaf 50 SG 0.12–0.16 kg/ha Feeding causes distortion and weakens the plant.
Closer 200 mL/ Treat when aphids first appear, and repeat as needed. Do not make more
1,000 L water than 3 applications of Endeavor per year. Do not apply more than 3 kg of
Endeavor/ha/yr.
Endeavor 10–20 g/
100 L water
1,000 L water
1,000 L water
Trounce 50 L/
1,000 L water
79
SALIX — WILLOW
INSECTS AFFECTING SALIX (cont’d)
They consume foliage of many trees and shrubs but prefer basswood,
Foray 48 B 2.4–4 L/ha birch, hawthorn, oak, poplar and willow. Females lay eggs in brown, fuzzy
Imidan 50 WP 1.25 kg/ masses July and August.
1,000 L water Remove and destroy egg masses before they hatch. Newly hatched larvae
Orthene 75 SP see label produce webs in order to disperse via wind to other hosts. Wait until
larvae settle on hosts and begin feeding before applying Dipel or Foray.
Success 25 mL/
1,000 L water A folded burlap cloth wrapped around a tree provides a daytime shelter
for larger larvae or pupae. Collect them from these shelters and destroy
them.
1,000 L water
Orthene may damage sugar maple leaves.
Success may be applied to larvae at any time during larval development.
Dipel and Foray are most effective when sprayed before larvae become
mature (before the head capsule turns yellow).
Imported willow Malathion 500 EC 2.5 L/ Adults are small, oval, metallic-blue beetles. Adults and larvae skeletonize
leaf beetle 1,000 L water willow and Lombardy poplar leaves. There are 2 or more generations per
(Plagiodera Orthene 75 SP see label year. Larvae are black, slug-like grubs.
versicolora)
Success 25 mL/ Treat at the first sign of leaf feeding after leaves appear, in late May to
1,000 L water early June. Repeat the application in early July if necessary. A pupal
parasite exists, so avoid insecticide applications at the time of pupation.
Poplar and willow Pyrate 480 EC 500 mL/ This borer is a stout, black, rough-bodied snout beetle with pink outer
borer 1,000 L water wing covers. The white, legless larvae honeycomb the trunks and larger
(Cryptorhynchus branches of willows and poplars.
lapathi) Cut and destroy badly infected branches and trees before the end of
June. Treat trunk and branch bark in mid-August and September with
insecticides.
Spiny elm Malathion 500 EC 2.5 L/ Adult moths are called the “mourning cloak butterfly.” Larvae are black
caterpillar 1,000 L water with scattered white dots and are covered with large, branched spines.
(Nymphalis They feed in groups on elm, willow and poplar.
antiopa) Treat when caterpillars first appear and are small.
spider mite becomes active during warm weather (late spring in the field). Attacked leaves
(TSSM) Dyno-Mite 284 g/ha in become dull-coloured, stippled or bronzed. Check the undersides of leaves for
(Tetranychus 1,000 L water mites and webs. These mites are very tiny. A hand lens will be needed to see
1,000 L water Treat leaf undersides with miticides/insecticides when mites appear, and repeat
as needed. Monitor for mites by examining lower leaf surfaces with a hand lens
Forbid 30 mL/
or vigorously shaking a branch over a sheet of white paper and looking for tiny,
100 L water
moving specks.
insecticidal soap see label Apollo SC acts primarily on mite eggs but has an effect on young mobile stages
as well. It is not effective against adult mites. Apollo SC should be applied when
Kanemite 15 SC 0.21–0.46 L/ mite populations are predominantly in the egg stage, with few young nymphs
500 L water present. Do not make more than 1 application of Apollo SC per season.
Vendex 50 W 50–100 g/ Apply Dyno-Mite when mites first appear. Apply Dyno-Mite a maximum of twice
100 L water per season at an interval of 28 days.
80
SALIX — WILLOW
DISEASES AFFECTING SALIX
Blight scab and There is no product registered at the This fungal infection causes leaves to turn brown to black. Branches and
black canker time of this publication. twigs die back.
complex Prune out infected wood. Do not crowd plants. Maintain adequate sunlight
and good air circulation.
SORBUS — MOUNTAIN ASH

INSECTS AFFECTING SORBUS
European red horticultural oil 20–30 L/ Use horticultural oil as a dormant spray in early spring when plants show
mite 1,000 L water 2.5 cm of green tissue and flower buds are a tight cluster. Use other
(Panonychus ulmi) Kanemite 15 SC 0.21–0.46 L/ materials about mid-spring.
500 L water Landscape Oil (horticultural oil) can be used when the plants are dormant.
Malathion 500 EC 1.4–3 L/ See product label for rates and tolerant plants.
1,000 L water
Mountain ash Malathion 500 EC 2.5 L/ Sawfly larvae are yellow with black spots on all body segments except the
sawfly 1,000 L water last one. There are four lines of spots along each side of the larvae. Two
(Pristiphora broken lines run down the back.
geniculata) Sawflies feed in colonies from June to early August. A second generation
appears from late August to early September. Young larvae feed in colonies
and are easily pruned out.
Treat foliage to control larvae during late spring. Repeat the treatment in
areas where the second generation appears in August.
Pearleaf blister horticultural oil see label Feeding injury from this mite causes small blisters on the leaf undersides of
mite pear, apple and mountain ash. There are several generations per year. Mites
(Eriophyes pyri or overwinter under the outer bud scales, resuming activity in the spring.
Phytoptus pyri) Apply horticultural oil as a dormant treatment in the spring. Landscape Oil
(horticultural oil) can be used when the plants are dormant and, in some
cases, as a summer application. See product label.
DISEASES AFFECTING SORBUS
Fire blight Copper Spray 1.25 kg/ Fire blight affects succulent vegetative growth. Dead, dry leaves persist on
(Erwinia 1,000 L water infected branches.
the weather is warm and humid and fire blight is a recurring problem. Avoid
excessive pruning and nitrogen fertilization in spring. During dormancy, prune out
infected branches about 30 cm below the cankered area when the tree is dry.
81
SYRINGA — LILAC
INSECTS AFFECTING SYRINGA
Japanese beetle Adult management: The adult beetles are metallic green and copper coloured, about 13 mm
(Popillia japonica) Imidan 50 WP 1.25 kg/ long. They are easily recognized by six tufts of white hair on each side of
1,000 L water the abdomen. As the beetles feed, they consume and skeletonize foliage.
Preferred hosts include members of the rosaceous family, maple, birch,
Larval management: linden and fruit trees.
Intercept 60 WP 467 g/ha Spray adulticides when adults appear in early July, when the Yucca
1,000 L water Larvae are C-shaped, milky-white grubs about 25 mm long with brown
(rescue heads and 3 pairs of legs. Larvae are distinguishable from other white
treatment for grub species by a V-shaped arrangement of spines on the underside of the
shipping) abdomen. Larvae are most commonly found feeding on fibrous roots of
turfgrass.
uninfested regions. Apply to soil when the grubs are young and actively
period and up to egg hatch (usually late June/early July in southern Ontario).
In the field, sufficient irrigation (5–10 mm) should occur within 24 hr after
application; avoid overwatering.
Lilac borer Pyrate 480 EC 500 mL/ Lilac borer larvae bore into the trunk near the base. Stressed trees are
(Podosesia 1,000 L water most susceptible to borers.
syringae var. Cut and destroy infested wood before May. Prevent mechanical damage to
syringae) wood and bark.
The adults are dark-brown, wasp-like moths, present from late May to late
July. They emerge through holes 1–1.5 cm in diameter. They are clearwing
moths and resemble wasps when flying.
Use pheromone traps to monitor adult activity. Begin treatment 10 days
after peak catch numbers. Treat trunk and large branches, especially around
wounds. Repeat twice at 10-day intervals.
Lilac leafminer Cygon 480 E 1.25 L/ The adult is a small, dark-brown moth, active in late May to early June.
(Caloptilia 1,000 L water Larvae are pale yellow and feed between leaf surfaces, causing brown
syringella or Lagon 480 1.25 L/ blotches to form.
Gracillaria 1,000 L water For small infestations, pick and destroy affected leaves. Treat when pest
syringella)
Malathion 500 EC 1.4–3 L/ activity first appears (immediately after flowering) and repeat 6 weeks later.
1,000 L water Privet (Ligustrum) is an alternate host.
Oystershell scale insecticidal soap see label Oystershell scale can be found on over 125 forest, shade, fruit and
(Lepidosaphes horticultural oil 20–30 L/ ornamental tree species. In heavy infestations, greyish scales completely
ulmi) 1,000 L water encrust twigs and stems. This can cause branch and tree mortality. Mature
females are 3 mm long and rounded at the rear, resembling oyster shells.
Malathion 500 EC 1.4–3 L/ Eggs overwinter under dead female shells, rendering them completely
1,000 L water resistant to pesticides applied in fall or early spring (dormant applications of
Orthene 75 SP see labell horticultural oil are ineffective).
Pyrate 480 EC 2 L/ Use insecticides when crawlers are present in late May. Apply again 10 days
1,000 L water later, about the time Spiraea x vanhouttei is blooming. Ensure good coverage
of trunk, branches and leaf bottoms. Landscape Oil (horticultural oil) can be
used in the summer when leaves are fully expanded and hardened off. See
product label.
82
SYRINGA — LILAC
INSECTS AFFECTING SYRINGA (cont’d)
majalis)
Lorsban NT 4.5 L/ To expose grubs to natural predators, cultivate infested fields before
(Phyllophaga sp.) (rescue Apply Intercept 60 WP once per year, during the mating period/egg-laying
treatment for period and up to egg hatch (usually late June/early July in southern Ontario).
shipping) In the field, sufficient irrigation (5–10 mm) should occur within 24 hr after
Intercept 60 WP 467 g/ha application; avoid overwatering.
Lorsban 4 E 4.5 L/ Apply Acelepryn any time that larvae are present or during the mating
(rescue
treatment for
shipping)
Adult management:
1,000 L water
DISEASES AFFECTING SYRINGA
Bacterial canker Copper Spray 6 kg/ In this disease, young shoots or leaves turn black between early spring and
(Pseudomonas 1,000 L water early summer, especially during wet, cool weather. Bacterial canker can kill
syringae) (dormant rate) young twigs during wet springs. It can be found on container-grown plants
after plastic film has been removed from the cold frame in early spring. It is
commonly found after low-temperature injury.
Apply treatment once in October and again in January. During blight conditions
in April and May, apply 1 g/L of active ingredient (2 g 50% wettable powder).
Repeat at 7–10-day intervals. Avoid overhead irrigation late in the day.
Prune out infected twigs. Do not crowd plants. Maintain adequate sunlight
and good air circulation.
Powdery mildew Nova 40 W 340 g/ This white-to-grey powdery mould appears on leaves in late summer and
(Microsphaera 1,000 L water early autumn.
alni) Palladium WG 100g/ It does not usually require chemical control. Do not crowd plants. Maintain
100 L water adequate sunlight and good air circulation. Overhead watering during the day
sulphur see label may reduce the spread and development of this disease, but avoid overhead
irrigation late in the day.
Apply fungicide when first symptoms appear in mid-to-late August. Repeat at
5–10-day intervals. Do not apply sulphur when temperatures exceed 27°C.
Rhizoctonia Heritage Maxx 0.4 L/ Rhizoctonia causes a stem blight and root rot at or below the soil line. Lab
root rot 1,000 L water testing is needed to confirm the identification of this disease.
Medallion 300–600 mL/ Protect healthy plants with fungicides at the first sign of disease.
1,000 L water
Compass 50 WG 3.8 g/
100 L water
83
TAXUS — YEW
DISEASES AFFECTING TAXUS
Black vine weevil, Demand CS 360 mL/ The weevil larvae are small, white, legless grubs that eat fibrous roots or
Heterohabditis see label Adults are black snout beetles that hide in lower branches and soil litter
bacteriophora during the day and cut crescent-shaped notches in needle margins at night.
They also attack arborvitae, hemlock, azaleas and rhododendrons. The
Met 52 see label beetles have fused wing covers and cannot fly.
Silencer 120 EC 300 mL/ To control adults, treat foliage, trunk bark and branches during the last week
1000 L water of June and in early July. Spray in the evening, as adult activity increases
about an hour after sunset. To test product safety, treat some conifer
seedlings, especially pine, before treating a larger area.
See label for complete directions.
Fletcher scale Cygon 480 E 2 L/ The adult is a reddish-brown sphere that appears on branches. Look for
(Lecanium 1,000 L water black honeydew and black sooty mould on the needles in mid-to-late spring.
fletcheri) horticultural oil see label Heavily infested plants look off-colour.
insecticidal soap see label Treat newly emerged crawlers in early July when Yucca filamentosa
is blooming, or in September when the nymphs migrate. Repeat the
Lagon 480 2 L/ application in about 10 days to catch all nymphs.
1,000 L water
Apply horticultural oils, with caution of phytotoxicity, when plants are
Malathion 500 EC 1.4–3 L/ dormant. Apply Landscape Oil (horticultural oil) to target crawlers when new
1,000 L water foliage is fully expanded and hardened off. See product label for rates and
Orthene 75 SP see label tolerant plants.
Taxus mealybug Cygon 480 E 2 L/ Taxus mealybug is a slow-moving, white, woolly insect that can completely
(Pseudococcus 1,000 L water cover heavily infested branches and trunks with a waxy secretion. Feeding
cuspidatae or insecticidal soap see label discolours needles and causes excessive needle cast. This mealybug
Dysmicoccus attacks all yew species.
wistariae) Lagon 480 2 L/
1,000 L water Use insecticide on the bark of small branches and twigs to control nymphs
when the Aesculus hippocastanum is blooming. See product label.
1,000 L water
Trounce 50 L/
1,000 L water
84
THUJA — EASTERN WHITE CEDAR, ARBORVITAE
INSECTS AFFECTING THUJA
Black vine weevil, Demand 360 mL/ The weevil larvae are small, white, legless grubs that eat fibrous roots
Taxus weevil 1,000 L water or strip bark off larger roots. Infested plants grow slowly or fail to grow.
(Otiorhynchus Flagship 25WG 10.5–14 g/ They look dry and off-colour. Transplants often die without becoming
sulcatus) 100 L water established. Larvae control is difficult.
euonymus, hemlock, yew, azaleas and rhododendrons. They can be a
Met 52 see label significant pest in container production. The beetles have fused wing
Silencer 120 EC 300 mL/ covers and cannot fly.
1000 L water To control adults, treat foliage, trunk bark and branches during the last
week of June and in early July. Spray in the evening, as adult activity
increases about an hour after sunset. To test treatment safety, treat some
Entomopathogenic nematodes (e.g., Heterohabditis sp.) are available
to help suppress populations of larvae. Nematodes work very well in
infested containers but with less success in the field. Nematodes can be
applied in late summer/early autumn and in mid-spring to suppress larval
populations. See label for complete directions.
To monitor for adults, place a piece of plywood around infested plant
bases. Adult weevils will hide under the wood during the day. Or place a
white sheet under the plant, and shake the plant vigorously to dislodge
any adults.
Cedar leafminer, Cygon 480 E 2 L/ Four caterpillar species mine cedar foliage, but A. thuiella is the most
Arborvitae 1,000 L water common. Feeding causes branch tips to turn brown. The adult is a small,
leafminer Malathion 500 EC 1.4–3 L/ light-grey moth that appears in late June to early July.
(Argyresthia 1,000 L water Prune out infected tips before June to provide some suppression.
thuiella and other
species) To manage larvae, spray with Cygon in early May or late August.
Use Malathion in June to suppress populations of adult moths.
Fletcher scale Cygon 480 E 2 L/ The adult is a reddish-brown sphere that appears on branches. Look for
(Lecanium 1,000 L water black sooty mould and honeydew on the needles in mid-to-late spring.
fletcheri) insecticidal soap see label Heavily infested plants look off-colour.
Malathion 500 EC 1.4–3 L/ Treat newly emerged crawlers in early July when Yucca filamentosa is
1,000 L water blooming or in September when the nymphs move around before settling
on twigs and foliage. Repeat the application in about 10 days to catch
Orthene 75 SP see label all nymphs.
Trounce 50 L/
1,000 L water
Juniper scale insecticidal soap see label This small, circular, white scale with a yellow centre causes juniper and
(Carulaspis Malathion 500 EC 1.4–3 L/ arborvitae needles to turn yellow.
juniperi) 1,000 L water Treat crawlers in late June when Philadelphus is at full bloom and Catalpa
Orthene 75 SP see label are beginning to bloom. Repeat as needed about 10 days later.
85

INSECTS AFFECTING THUJA (cont’d)
Spruce spider Cygon 480 E 2 L/ Overwintered eggs hatch in early May, when Amelanchier laevis and
mite 1,000 L water Magnolia x soulangiana are in full bloom. Mites prefer older needles as
(Oligonychus Floramite SC 625 mL/ feeding sites.
ununguis) 1,000 L water To monitor for mites, use a hand lens to check the undersides of twigs
horticultural oil 20 L/ and needles for tiny reddish eggs or brown mites with black backs. Shake
1,000 L water a branch over a white sheet of paper and look for crawling specks. Apply
miticides when mites first appear.
Kanemite 15 SC 0.21–0.46 L/ Kanemite is effective against mobile life stages but may also reduce egg
500 L water viability.
Lagon 480 2 L/ Use horticultural oil as a dormant treatment in early spring to target eggs
1,000 L water and newly hatched nymphs. Do not use horticultural oil on white pine
or blue cultivars of Colorado spruce or juniper. Landscape Oil is a brand
of horticultural oil that can be used on labelled plants in summer, when
1,000 L water
leaves are fully expanded and hardened off (see product label). If mite
Orthene 75 SP see label populations are still significant, make 2 applications of other miticides at
Pyrate 480 EC 375–500 mL/ 10-day intervals when mites exist in spring.
1,000 L water Many predatory mites co-exist with pest mite populations. To conserve
Vendex 50 W 50–100 g/ predatory mites, try miticides that have less impact on these beneficials,
100 L water such as Vendex and Floramite.
Strawberry root Met 52 see label The weevil larvae are small, white, legless grubs that eat fibrous roots or
weevil Pounce see label strip bark from larger roots. The reddish-brown flightless adult is less than
(Otiorhynchus 6 mm long and is much smaller than the black vine weevil. Adults hide
ovatus) during the day and feed at night. Adults are active in late June and early
July, when Wiegela florida and Syringa reticulata are blooming. Adults injure
plants by puncturing and girdling the current season’s shoots while feeding.
These pests have a large host range. Commonly injured plants include white
cedar, spruce and juniper. Infested plants grow slowly or fail to grow. They
look dry and off-colour. Transplants often die without becoming established.
Adults remain immobile during daylight hours and feed at night.
Pounce is registered for use on seedlings. To test treatment safety, treat
some conifer seedlings before treating a larger area.
Tarnished plant Actara 25WG, 210–280 g/ha This plant bug is a small (5 mm), yellowish-brown insect. Adults have wings
bug Flagship 25WG that form an X pattern when folded over their back. Tarnished plant bugs
(Lygus lineolaris) Ripcord 400 EC 172 mL/ha feed by inserting their mouthparts inside leaf tissue and sucking out the
contents, leaving the lower and upper epidermis behind. The resulting injury
appears as small, clear “windows” on leaf tissue of broad-leaved plants.
On conifers, feeding often causes terminal growth to yellow and become
distorted and bushy.
majalis)
Lorsban NT 4.5 L/ To expose grubs to natural predators, cultivate infested fields before
(Phyllophaga sp.) (rescue treatment Apply Intercept 60 WP once per year, during the mating period/egg-laying
Japanese beetle for shipping) period and up to egg hatch (usually late June/early July in southern
(Popillia japonica) Intercept 60 WP 467 g/ha Ontario). In the field, sufficient irrigation (5–10 mm) should occur within
Adult management: 24 hr after application; avoid overwatering.
Imidan 50 WP 1.25 kg/ Apply Acelepryn any time that larvae are present or during the mating
86
DISEASES AFFECTING THUJA
Botrytis Rovral 50 WP 1.5–2 kg/ During very humid conditions, a fuzzy, grey growth develops on infected
(Botrytis cinerea) 1,100 L water plant parts.
Treat twigs and buds in spring before new leaves emerge. Treat conifer
seedlings at the onset of botrytis. Remove all fading and diseased plant
parts promptly, especially when wet weather is predicted. Do not crowd
Damping off, root Heritage Maxx 0.4 L/ Pythium and Phytophthora cause root and stem rots during conditions of
rot and stem rot 1,000 L water high humidity and moisture (e.g., propagation).
(Phytophthora, Presidio 60–119 mL/ Protect healthy tissue with preventive fungicides or treat at the first sign
Pythium) 380 L water of disease. Subdue MAXX can be used as a drench or a pre-incorporated
Previcur see label treatment for media to help protect conifer seedlings and transplants from
Pythium and Phytophthora. See product label.
200 L (drench)
Leaf blight Copper Spray 4 kg/ This leaf blight mainly attacks western red cedar (Thuja plicata). Apply
(Didymascella 1,000 L water fungicides at 10–14-day intervals starting at bud break to protect new
thujina) Dithane M-45, 2.75–3.5 kg/ growth.
80 WP 1,000 L water
Manzate 200 DF 2.75–3.50 kg/
1,000 L water
TILIA — LINDEN, BASSWOOD

INSECTS AFFECTING TILIA
Aphids Altus 500–750 mL/ha Aphids are small, soft-bodied insects that suck plant sap. Feeding injury
(various) Beleaf 50 SG 0.12–0.16 kg/ha often causes distortion and weakens the plant. Apply insecticides at the
first sign of aphids.
Closer 200 mL/1,000
L water Do not make more than 3 applications of Endeavor per year. Do not apply
more than 3 kg of Endeavor/ha/yr.
Endeavor 10–20 g/
100 L water *Do not apply Kontos during bloom as this product is toxic to bee brood.
*Kontos see label
Trounce 50 L/
1,000 L water
Fall cankerworm Dipel 132 ES 1.6–2.4 L/ha Green and dark-grey inchworms (loopers, geometrids) can be found
(Alsophila Orthene 75 SP see label feeding on leaf undersides and edges in spring. Cankerworm can cause
pometaria) significant defoliation to deciduous trees.
Spring cankerworm Treat with insecticides when larvae are small.
(Paleacrita vernata)
foliage of many trees and shrubs, most notably basswood, birch, hawthorn,
Foray 48 B 2.4–4 L/ha oak, poplar and willow. Adult females lay eggs in brown, fuzzy masses in July
Imidan 50 WP 1.25 kg/ and August.
Orthene 75 SP see label produce webs in order to disperse via wind to other hosts. Wait until larvae
settle on hosts and begin feeding before applying Dipel or Foray.
Success 25 mL/
1,000 L water Orthene may damage sugar maple leaves. Success may be applied to larvae
87
TILIA — LINDEN, BASSWOOD

INSECTS AFFECTING TILIA (cont’d)
Japanese beetle Adult management: The adult beetles are metallic green and copper coloured, about 13 mm
(Popillia japonica) Imidan 50 WP 1.25 kg/ long. They are easily recognized by six tufts of white hair on each side of
1,000 L water the abdomen. As the beetles feed, they consume and skeletonize foliage.
Preferred hosts include members of the rosaceous family, maple, birch,
Larval management: linden and fruit trees.
Intercept 60 WP 467 g/ha Spray adulticides when adults appear in early July, when the Yucca
1,000 L water Larvae are C-shaped, milky-white grubs about 25 mm long with brown
(rescue heads and 3 pairs of legs. Japanese beetle larvae are distinguishable
treatment for from other white grubs by a V-shaped arrangement of spines on the
shipping) underside of the abdomen. Larvae are most commonly found feeding on
the fibrous roots of turfgrass.
Linden looper Malathion 500 EC 2.5 L/ Linden looper larvae are bright yellow with rusty-brown heads and 10 wavy
(Erannis tiliaria) 1,000 L water black lines down the back. Larvae are present from early spring to early
summer. This looper feeds on a wide variety of deciduous tree leaves.
Band specimen trees with sticky trapping materials in late summer. This
will trap wingless females as they climb up the trunk to lay their eggs.
Treat foliage when larvae first appear.
spider mite It becomes active during warm weather (late spring in the field). Attacked
(TSSM) Dyno-Mite 284 g/ha in leaves become dull-coloured, stippled or bronzed. Check the undersides of
(Tetranychus 1,000 L water leaves for mites and webs. These mites are very tiny. A hand lens will be
urticae) needed to see the two faint black spots on their backs.
Floramite SC 333 mL/
1,000 L water Treat leaf undersides with miticides/insecticides when mites appear, and
repeat as needed. Monitor for mites by examining lower leaf surfaces with
Forbid 30 mL/ a hand lens or vigorously shaking a branch over a sheet of white paper and
100 L water looking for tiny, moving specks.
insecticidal soap see label Apollo SC acts primarily on mite eggs but has an effect on young mobile
Kanemite 15 SC 0.21–0.46 L/ stages as well. It is not effective against adult mites. Apollo SC should be
500 L water applied when mite populations are predominantly in the egg stage, with few
Vendex 50 W 50–100 g/
per season.
100 L water
88
TSUGA — HEMLOCK
INSECTS AFFECTING TSUGA
Black vine weevil, Demand CS 360 mL/ The weevil larvae are small, white, legless grubs that eat fibrous roots or strip bark
Taxus weevil 1,000 L water off larger roots. Infested plants grow slowly or fail to grow. They look dry and off-
(Otiorhynchus Flagship 25WG 10.5–14 g/ colour. Transplants often die without becoming established. Larvae control is difficult.
sulcatus) 100 L water Adults are black snout beetles that hide in soil litter during the day and cut crescent-
Heterohabditis see label shaped notches in needle margins at night. They also attack arborvitae, euonymus,
bacteriophora yew, azaleas and rhododendrons. They can be a significant pest in container
production. The beetles have fused wing covers and cannot fly.
Silencer 120 EC 300 mL/
1,000 L water To control adults, treat foliage, trunk bark and branches during the last week of June
and in early July. Spray in the evening, as adult activity increases about an hour after
sunset. To test treatment safety, treat some conifer seedlings, especially pine, before
treating a larger area.
Entomopathogenic nematodes (e.g., Heterohabditis sp.) are available to help
suppress populations of larvae. Nematodes work very well in infested containers
but with less success in the field. Nematodes can be applied in late summer/early
autumn and in mid-spring to suppress larval populations. See product label for
complete directions.
To monitor for adults, place a piece of plywood around infested plant bases. Adult
weevils will hide under the wood during the day. Or place a white sheet under the
plant, and shake the plant vigorously to dislodge any adults.
Eastern hemlock Foray 48 B 2.4–3.2 L/ha This looper is 3 cm long, greyish and flecked with black dots. It prefers
looper Mimic 240 LV 290 mL/ha hemlock, balsam fir and white spruce but will feed on several other coniferous
(Lambdina and broadleaf hosts.
fiscelleria) Apply Mimic to control early instar larvae. Allow 3–7 days for larval mortality. A
second application of Mimic may be required.
Hemlock woolly Landscape Oil 20 L/ This is a serious pest of eastern hemlock. Look for white egg sacs on the
adelgid 1,000 L water undersides of young twigs in early spring (April and May). It is the only adelgid
(Adelges tsugae) species on hemlock with eggs sacs in early spring. Treat with multiple applications
of contact insecticides when nymphs hatch, usually starting in early-mid May.
Nymphs are tiny, blue, aphid-like insects that feed by sucking plant sap. Treat with
injectable, systemic insecticides any time trees are actively transpiring.
White grubs: Larval management: These beetle larvae are referred to as “white grubs.” They chew fibrous roots and
European chafer Acelepryn 5.6–8.8 mL/ girdle underground stems of many woody ornamentals (including Cornus sp.).
(Rhizotrogus 100 m2 To expose grubs to natural predators, cultivate infested fields before planting.
majalis)
Lorsban NT 4.5 L/ Apply Intercept 60 WP once per year, during the mating period/egg-laying period
June beetle 1,000 L water and up to egg hatch (usually late June/early July in southern Ontario). In the
(Phyllophaga sp.) (rescue field, sufficient irrigation (5–10 mm) should occur within 24 hr after application;
treatment for avoid overwatering.
shipping)
Apply Acelepryn any time that larvae are present or during the mating period/
Intercept 60 WP 467 g/ha egg-laying period to egg-hatch.
Adult management:
1,000 L water
ULMUS — ELM
INSECTS AFFECTING ULMUS
Aphids Altus 500–750 mL/ha Aphids are small, soft-bodied insects that suck plant sap. Feeding injury
(various) Beleaf 50 SG 0.12–0.16 kg/ha often causes distortion and weakens the plant.
Closer 200 mL/1,000 Apply insecticides at the first sign of aphids. Do not make more than
L water 3 applications of Endeavor per year. Do not apply more than 3 kg of
Endeavor/ha/yr.
Endeavor 10–20 g/
100 L water
Trounce 50 L/
1,000 L water
89
ULMUS — ELM
INSECTS AFFECTING ULMUS (cont’d)
Elm bark beetle: Pyrate 480 EC see label Elm bark beetles are vectors of the Dutch elm disease fungus. The smaller
European elm bark European elm bark beetle feeds in the crotches of small twigs. The native
beetle (Scolytus elm bark beetle attacks rough-barked branches and stems, causing distinct
multistriatus) gallery formations. Both are small, brownish beetles about 3 mm long.
Native elm bark Destroy elms infected with Dutch elm disease before overwintering adult
beetle beetles emerge and lay eggs. To control beetles, treat on suitable days
(Hylurgopinus in March and April, before leaves appear on the trees. Apply a second
rufipes) treatment in late July.
Elm casebearer Malathion 500 EC 2.5 L/ Overwintering casebearer larvae feed on emerging leaves. The larvae mine
(Coleophora 1,000 L water leaves. Heavy infestations cause leaf browning or scorching. All elms are
ulmifoliella) potential hosts.
Treat foliage in early June as mines begin to appear.
Elm flea weevil There is no product registered at the Adult weevils overwinter in leaf litter and become active as leaves start to
(Orchetes alni) time of this publication. emerge in early spring. Adult flea weevils are very tiny (2–3 mm) and brown
with black spots on their back. Adults feed on new leaves, and injury ranges
from small holes to skeletonized leaves. Adults lay eggs in leaf veins, and
larvae hatch to feed inside leaf tissue as leafminers do. Larvae are very tiny,
white and legless. The preferred host is Siberian elm (Ulmus pumila).
Elm leaf beetle Orthene 75 SP see label The adult beetle is olive green with a dark stripe on each wing cover. The
(Pyrrhalta luteola) Success 25 mL/ beetles chew holes in developing leaves, while the black larvae skeletonize
1,000 L water the underside. They may attack all elm species. Treat the upper and lower
leaf surfaces when they are about three-quarters expanded.
Do not apply Orthene on American elm.
Elm leafminer insecticidal soap see label Treat foliage around late May to early June to control larvae as mines first
(Fenusa ulmi) become apparent. For small infestations, mined leaves can be picked off
and destroyed. The adults are tiny, black sawflies that appear in early spring.
Spray insecticides to target adults.
European elm horticultural oil see label Overwintering scale nymphs become active in early spring. Crawlers are
scale insecticidal soap see label covered in white, waxy, cottony strands. By June, females can easily be
(Gossyparia recognized by the white margins around the scale.
spuria) Treat when young crawlers have emerged in early summer. Horticultural oils
can be used when plants are dormant. See the product label for rates and
tolerant plants.
European red Dyno-Mite 284 g/ha These mites overwinter as eggs. Apply horticultural oils when plants are
mite horticultural oil 20 L/ dormant. See product label for rates and tolerant plants.
(Panonychus ulmi) 1,000 L water
1,000 L water
Fall cankerworm Dipel 132 ES 1.6–2.4 L/ha Green and dark-grey inchworms (loopers, geometrids) can be found
(Alsophila Orthene 75 SP see label feeding on leaf undersides and edges in spring. Cankerworm can cause
pometaria) significant defoliation to deciduous trees.
Spring cankerworm Treat with insecticides when larvae are small. Do not use Orthene on
(Paleacrita vernata) American elm.
foliage of many trees and shrubs, most notably basswood, birch, hawthorn,
Foray 48 B 2.4–4 L/ha oak, poplar and willow. Adult females lay eggs in brown, fuzzy masses in July
Imidan 50 WP 1.25 kg/ and August.
Orthene 75 SP see label produce webs in order to disperse via wind to other hosts. Wait until larvae
settle on hosts and begin feeding before applying Dipel or Foray.
Success 25 mL/
1,000 L water Orthene may damage sugar maple leaves. Success may be applied to larvae
90
ULMUS — ELM
INSECTS AFFECTING ULMUS (cont’d)
Leafhopper Actara 25WG, 105 g/ha Leafhoppers are tiny, yellowish-green to pale-coloured insects that jump
(several species) Flagship 25WG quickly when disturbed. Wingless nymphs will often “side step” quickly
Altus 500–750 mL/ to hide from potential predators. Leafhoppers have piercing-sucking
ha mouthparts that cause yellowish flecks on the leaf surface.
Tristar 70 WSP 5 solupaks Check regularly for infestation of nursery crops when neighbouring farms
are cutting alfalfa or hay. Hang yellow sticky traps in the canopy to monitor
for leafhoppers. Check by disturbing plants or looking at the leaf bottoms
for leafhopper nymphs or molted skins. Treat as required.
Lecanium or horticultural oil 20 L/ This scale insect infests many deciduous trees and shrubs. When adults
European fruit 1,000 L water are mature in late spring/summer they appear as a large, reddish-brown,
lecanium insecticidal soap see label spherical scale usually found on the underside of twigs.
(Lecanium corni)
1,000 L water populations of overwintering nymphs. To reduce populations of crawlers,
spray insecticides when the Sambucus canadensis begins blooming. Do
Orthene 75 SP see label not use Malathion on Crimson King maple. Orthene may damage sugar
Pyrate 480 EC 2 L/ maple leaves.
1,000 L water
spider mite Dyno-Mite 284 g/ha It becomes active during warm weather (late spring in the field). Attacked
1,000 L water
Vendex 50 W 50–100 g/
100 L water
per season.
twice per season at an interval of 28 days.
Apply Kanemite as mites appear. Kanemite may reduce the viability of
eggs.
DISEASES AFFECTING ULMUS
Dutch elm Arbotect 20-S see label This disease often begins as the wilting of large branches, sometimes
disease on one side of the tree. Leaves turn yellow and begin to flag or droop.
(Ceratocystis ulmi) Stripping away bark reveals stained wood.
(Ophiostoma ulmi) Control elm bark beetles that carry fungus from diseased trees to
healthy ones. Remove diseased and dead materials to control the beetle
populations that breed in them.
Arbotect 20-S is a trunk-inject unit that introduces a fungicide into the
plant system. Arbotect 20-S is registered for use by trained arborists or
others trained in trunk injection techniques. This product may be effective
when used where:
• less than of canopy is showing wilt symptoms
• infested branches are removed at the first sign of wilt
• leaves have fully expanded and the plant is actively transpiring (late
May, June and early July)
91
VIBURNUM — VIBURNUM
INSECTS AFFECTING VIBURNUM
Snowball aphid Altus 500–750 mL/ha This aphid overwinters as eggs in Viburnum opulus buds. It does not
(Neoceruraphis Beleaf 50 SG 0.12–0.16 kg/ha seem to infest other species of Viburnum. Overwintering eggs hatch as
viburnicola) buds begin to open in the spring. Feeding causes severe leaf distortion
Closer 200 mL/ and twists young shoots.
insecticidal soap 1,000 L water
Treat foliage when aphids first appear (about mid-May) and repeat as
see label needed.
1,000 L water
1,000 L water
Trounce 50 L/
1,000 L water
Viburnum crown Rimon 10EC 1.4 L/ha The larvae of this clearwing moth borer are cream coloured with a small brown
borer head. They can be found boring in stems at the soil line (similar to peach
(Synanthedon tree borer). Signs of larval infestation include sawdust at the soil surface,
viburni, S. fatifera) disintegration of bark at the soil line, wilting and shrub dieback after it leafs out
in spring.
Rimon is registered as a direct application to the tree trunk and scaffold
limbs. Maximum of 3 applications per growing season. Apply when economic
thresholds are reached. Apply at 3 week intervals (21 days) starting 7-10 days
after first adult moth trap catch.
Remove and destroy infested plants before the larvae pupate (before mid-May).
Pheromone traps are available to monitor for the adult stage of this pest.
Viburnum leaf Flagship 25WG 280 g/ha Adults and larvae of this beetle skeletonize foliage of Viburnum opulus,
beetle Success 25 mL/ European cranberry and their cultivars. Eggs overwinter in twigs of last
(Pyrrhalta viburni) 1,000 L water year’s growth. Larvae hatch and begin feeding on leaf undersides as leaves
emerge in the spring. Apply insecticides when larvae are newly hatched.
Flagship 25WG is toxic to bees; avoid applications of Flagship when
Viburnum is blooming.
Prune out and destroy terminal shoots (containing eggs) before May 1.
DISEASES AFFECTING VIBURNUM
Downy mildew Acrobat 50 WP 48 g/ Symptoms of this disease appear as angular lesions between leaf veins.
(Peronospora 100 L water The undersides of leaves have a woolly appearance caused by fungal
viburni) Heritage Maxx 400–800 mL/ growth. Plants often defoliate in response to infection. Downy mildew
1,000 L water needs moist conditions and cool or warm (not hot) temperatures.
Micora 300–600 mL/ Do not crowd plants. Maintain adequate sunlight and good air circulation.
1,000 L water Avoid overhead irrigation late in the day. Collect and destroy infected
plant material.
380 L water
Powdery mildew Daconil 2787 F 2.5 L/ This fungus appears as a white, powdery growth on the tops of leaves.
(Microsphaera 1,000 L water Apply fungicides at the first sign of disease. Do not crowd plants.
sparsa) Palladium WG 100g/ Maintain adequate sunlight and good air circulation. Overhead watering
100 L water during the day may reduce the spread and development of the disease.
Avoid overhead irrigation late in the day.
Apply fungicides when symptoms are first noticed, in mid-summer.
Reapply at 5–10-day intervals.
92
3. Crop Protection: Weeds
CHEMICAL WEED CONTROL Herbicides are applied as emulsions, solutions

Selective and non-selective herbicides may be or suspensions. The volume to apply per hectare
used to control weeds. Use selective chemicals to depends on the herbicide being used and the
control weeds in crops. Use non-selective chemicals crop being treated. Generally, apply low volumes
to control perennial weeds or weeds on land not (50–200 L/ha) of postemergent chemical solutions
in crops such as roadsides, fencerows and areas on emerged weeds. Higher volumes (150–300 L/ha)
that are difficult to cultivate. A list of herbicides are usually required for preemergent herbicides.
registered for weed management in nursery Read the herbicide label and manufacturer’s
crops (Tables 4–1 and 4–2) and a list of herbicides recommendations for the correct volume
registered for weed management in specific woody and pressure.
crops (Table 4–3) are provided later in this chapter.
General Precautions
Herbicide Licensing Requirements Selective weed control requires precision spraying
An exterminator’s licence is required to apply equipment, expertly used.
herbicides for commercial use. Any person operating
Herbicide drift can damage nearby plants.
an extermination business must hold an operator’s High-pressure, small-nozzle tips, herbicide dusts
licence. For further information about pesticide and herbicide mists increase the risk of damage.
licensing or to obtain an application package, please Take all possible precautions to prevent drift from
contact the Ministry of Environment, Conservation treated areas into non-target areas.
and Parks, Environmental Assessment and
Never apply herbicides in enclosed structures (cold
Approvals Branch:
frames or greenhouses) unless the manufacturer
specifically recommends this use.
Toronto: 416-314-8001
Toll Free: 1-800-461-6290 Equipment used with 2,4-D–like chemicals
must never be used to spray other solutions on
2,4-D–susceptible crops.
In April 2009, the Ministry of the Environment
To minimize drift, do not apply herbicides using
amended the Pesticides Act with the Cosmetic
mist sprayers or air-blast sprayers in agricultural
Pesticides Ban Act, 2008, and Ontario Regulation
areas of Ontario.
63/09. Pesticides are now classified for sale
and use under 12 different classes. Note that
agriculture (including nursery production) is Herbicide Drift
excepted. There is also an exception for the use Herbicides can drift away from the intended
of pesticides to maintain the health of trees. target, damaging neighbouring plants and crops and
For more information on the legislation, see impacting the environment. Drift injuries depend on
the Ministry of Environment, Conservation and the extent of herbicide escape and the susceptibility of
Parks’ website at ontario.ca/pesticides. the crops or plants it reaches. High-pressure sprayers
and windy conditions increase the danger of drift.
Applying Chemical Herbicides When spraying herbicides, always guard against

To successfully control weeds, the correct amount of physical spray drift and vapour drift. Physical spray
herbicide must be applied uniformly over the target drift occurs when wind carries spray particles
area. While small areas can be treated with a garden away from the intended target areas. Vapour drift
sprayer or even a watering can, power equipment will comes from herbicide evaporation or volatilization.
be required for larger areas. Whatever application Vapours can escape during application or from
method is used, it is important to wet all weed foliage. droplets deposited on plant or soil surfaces. In
addition to causing damage, vaporization reduces
herbicide effectiveness.
93
To minimize drift, do not spray in hot weather, Developments in New Equipment

windy weather or when humidity is low. Use low In building sprayers that accurately apply herbicides,
pressures, larger nozzles and a higher water volume. equipment manufacturers work closely with the
Since large droplets drift less than small ones, crop-protection industry. Innovations, such as
use the largest droplet size that gives the desired closed-injection systems with herbicide concentrate
coverage and distribution. To choose nozzles that carried separately from the water carrier, are
produce large droplets, follow these guidelines: now in use. Electronic rate controllers provide
more accurate spray application by utilizing speed
• A nozzle with a narrow spray angle produces
sensors, flow controllers and microprocessors
large droplets.
to maintain the desired application rate. This
• A larger orifice produces larger droplets.
technology has also included radar to accurately
• A lower operating pressure produces
sense true ground speed of the sprayer. Rate
larger droplets.
controllers are commonly used by professional
applicators. GPS guidance control systems with
When to Use Herbicides
possible auto steer allow sprayers to cover the field
Apply herbicides when both crop resistance and
with minimal overlap swath to swath. This allows
weed susceptibility are high. The timing depends
for complete field spray coverage while not double
on the herbicide, the weeds to be managed and
applying product in certain areas.
the crop. Several different terms describe when
herbicides may be applied. Unless otherwise
The industry is currently working towards the
stated, these terms refer to the crop plant’s
closed-injection system. Work continues in the area
developmental stage.
of drift reduction using air assist and electrostatic
spray methods.
Application Technology
Herbicide application should be a precision
Air-induction nozzles significantly reduce spray drift
operation. Recent advances in equipment and
and are available in a range of sizes from a number
control systems can make the job relatively simple
of suppliers. Operating these nozzles within their
and precise.
working pressure range is crucial to ensure designed
spray angle development, proper air induction into
Pesticides applied incorrectly may result in wasted
the nozzle and necessary droplet size for the job at
pesticide, poor or no control, damage to crops
hand. Before buying air induction spray tips, make
(possibly the neighbour’s) or environmental
sure your sprayer pump can produce sufficient
contamination. Every effort must be made to apply
pressure to operate these tips under all conditions.
chemicals properly.
Check with the nozzle manufacturers for operating
pressures required. Most nozzle manufacturers
For detailed information on best practices produce a variety of air induction nozzles, including
in the safe, efficient and effective both low-pressure and high pressure designs.
operation of agricultural sprayers, check
www.Sprayers101.com. Sprayers 101 has Sprayers for Small Areas
practical information from industry professionals Use a 9–14 L knapsack or compressed-air garden
on sprayer settings, nozzles, coverage, sprayer on small areas. A nozzle tip producing
maintenance, pesticide mixing, drift and more. coarse spray minimizes spray drift. Keep spray
A Sprayers 101 downloadable manual is pressure low. Although many smaller sprayers can
also available. create pressures up to 700 kPa, high pressures
produce smaller spray droplets that can drift in light
winds to susceptible garden plants. If the sprayer is
to be used for herbicides, it should only be used for
herbicides and not for other types of pesticides.
To find out what products are excepted for use

around the home in Ontario, check the Ministry
of the Environment, Conservation and Parks’
website ontario.ca/pesticides.
94
Field Sprayers Care and Use of Equipment
The most common type of sprayer used in herbicide Spraying Speeds
application is the boom sprayer. This sprayer applies Since herbicides must be uniformly applied, the
a uniform amount of spray solution across the width forward speed of a sprayer must be constant
of the boom. whenever the nozzles are delivering liquid. If the
driving wheels of a tractor slip on the soil surface,
The main requirements for field spraying are: the tractor’s speedometer does not indicate
• uniform pressure across the whole boom a change in forward speed. To be certain that
• nozzles that all have the same output and a good the forward speed is constant in spite of wheel
spray pattern slippage on hills or loose soil, use an independent
• a constant forward speed in actual speedometer powered by a non-driven wheel or use
field conditions newer radar or GPS speed sensors. Spray monitors
• the ability to adjust boom height so that the and other electronic rate controllers also may be
required nozzle-to-target height can be achieved installed. Only rate controllers will automatically
• a stable boom height to ensure proper overlap of adjust for variation in tractor speed to maintain a
the nozzle-tip patterns constant rate of application.
Most commercially built sprayers can be adapted Water

and used safely to apply liquid fertilizers. Extra Use only clean water that contains no debris, soil
agitation may be required. Ensure that the sprayer or organic matter. On your farm water supply, use a
components being used will resist the corrosive frost-free water hydrant located outside a building.
nature of some fertilizer formulations and follow the An anti-backflow or anti-siphon valve should always
manufacturer’s recommendations. be installed on any hydrant or water supply. Never
allow the suction screen to rest on the bottom of
Air-Blast or Mist Sprayers a farm pond while filling a sprayer. The intake line
These machines should never be used to apply near the screen must, by law, be equipped with a
herbicides, especially hormone-type herbicides spring-loaded check valve or anti-backflow device to
such as 2,4-D. The danger of causing off-target crop prevent contamination of the pond or stream when
injury at a great distance from the treated area is the pump is shut off. Tank-refilling nozzles, volume-
very high. booster nozzles or injection pumps should not be
used to refill the sprayer tank from farm ponds or
Wiper Applicators for Selective Weed Control streams. These tank-refilling aids may cause pond or
Wiper applicators (rope-wick, roller applicator or stream contamination.
similar devices) containing glyphosate can be used
when the target weeds are taller than the crop so Agitation
as to avoid contact with a crop sensitive to that When chemical formulations in solution are used
herbicide. Other products may exist that can be (e.g., 2,4-D and water) at least 2–14 L of spray
wick applied. Refer to intended product labels for solution should be returned to the tank each minute
use of this application technique. The main criteria to provide adequate agitation. Higher rates will
for using wiper applicators are: apply with wettable powders. To be effective, the
agitation line from the pump should pass through
• contact enough of the target plant to get a control valve and deliver the liquid to the bottom
herbicidal effectiveness (not the top) of the tank. Agitation propellers,
• keep the wick application above the crop to avoid agitation nozzles or a sparge tube should always
crop injury be used to ensure sufficient liquid circulation in
the tank.
Travel speeds should be 4–10 km/h for wick
application. Two passes in opposite directions may When wettable powder herbicides are used, the
be beneficial, especially in heavy weed infestations return to the tank should be 14–27 L/min for
and where higher vehicle speed is contemplated. each 450 L of tank capacity. A dedicated line from
Care must be taken not to contact sucker growth in the pressure side of the pump (not the pressure
orchards, vineyards and shelterbelts. This may result regulator) to the tank must be used to supply the
in crop injury.
95
liquid necessary for hydraulic agitation in the tank. Nozzle Tips

Always use a venturi jet or sparge tube. This flow Numerous companies make spray nozzles. Nozzles
can be reduced if the sprayer has a mechanical from different suppliers may be similar in design but
agitator. Sparge tube agitation requires more water may differ in set-up requirements. Always follow the
than venturi nozzles to give the same agitation. manufacturer’s recommendations for nozzle spacing
and nozzle-to-target distances. These distances
Preparing a Wettable Powder and Oil or may vary according to the spray angle of the
Emulsifiable Concentrate Mix nozzle. Proper spacing and orientation of nozzles
To prepare a tank mix of wettable powder and an is essential to ensure adequate overlap of adjacent
oil or emulsifiable concentrate, follow these steps nozzle spray plumes.
(unless the product label states differently):
Care should be taken to maintain a stable boom
1. Fill the sprayer tank with water to the half-full
height to ensure uniform overlap of the nozzle
mark.
spray patterns.
2. Start the agitator.
The success of the spray application is dependent
3. Add a pre-mixed slurry of wettable powder
in part on the condition of the nozzle tips and
and water.
the uniformity of application across the whole
4. Agitate for 2–3 minutes before adding spray boom. The spray pattern of all nozzles
more water. should be examined prior to their use. In addition,
every nozzle should be checked when calibrating
5. Add the oil or emulsifiable concentrate last.
the sprayer.
Avoid excessive agitation of the mixture, as it may
Materials used for nozzle tips include brass, stainless
turn into an invert emulsion, a grease-like mass that
steel, hardened stainless steel, as well as plastics/
will settle to the bottom of the tank and cannot
polymers and ceramics. All product formulations
be pumped. Excessive agitation may also cause
and carriers cause wear of the nozzle orifice.
foaming, resulting in pumping problems. To prevent
Wettable powders cause abrasive wear, more than
a build-up of oil in the sprayer, the tank should be
other formulations.
emptied completely before refilling. After any break
in the spraying operation, agitate thoroughly before
Sprayers should be calibrated regularly. (See Sprayer
resuming operation. Immediately after use, clean
Calibration, on page 98.)
the tank and sprayer with a detergent or solvent
and flush with clean water. Nozzle tips should be replaced when they deliver
10% more than the manufacturer’s rated output
Pumps
specifications or when their distribution pattern
The pump is the most important part of the sprayer
becomes unacceptable.
and should have adequate capacity to maintain
the desired pressure, volume and agitation. Flat-Fan Nozzle Tips
Piston, diaphragm and centrifugal pumps are best Flat-fan nozzle tips work well with boom-type
for pumping wettable-powder suspensions. For herbicide sprayers. Flat-fan tips may be colour-
liquid herbicide applications, roller pumps may be coded for size (i.e., output). Some colour-coded
used in addition to the above types. When used tips have stainless steel, ceramic or plastic/polymer
for wettable powders or flowable formulations, inserts or are used for specialized applications.
choose a pump with an abrasion resistant housing. Always read manufacturers’ labels carefully. Set
Carefully follow the manufacturer’s care and storage spacings, boom height and pressure according
instructions for the best pump performance. to the manufacturer’s recommendations. Unless
the instructions state otherwise, maintain spray
CAUTION: Running a spray pump without water pressure at 275 kPa for standard elliptical-orifice
may cause damage or premature wear. flat-fan tips. Some flat-fan nozzle tips operate at a
reduced pressure of approximately 140 kPa. These
tips reduce the risk of drift.
96
Maintain a full overlap spray pattern by using Cleaning the Sprayer
110-series flat-fan nozzle tips (instead of 80-series tips) Before cleaning the sprayer, dispose of surplus
with the same 51-cm spacing and the same height as tank mix. As suggested in the Grower Pesticide
the 80-series tips. This reduces misses in the event the Safety Course, one method of disposal is to dilute
boom bounces while crossing rough ground. Special the remaining spray solution at least 10:1 with
“even spray” nozzle tips are available for herbicide water. This diluted solution can be applied to the
band applications. The spray bandwidth is controlled previously treated area as long as the maximum
by a combination of the nozzle’s tip height, the spray labelled product rate is not exceeded.
angle and the orientation to the direction of travel.
Follow the manufacturer’s directions closely. Clean out the sprayer immediately after finishing the
day’s work or when changing chemicals. At the end of
Flooding-Fan Nozzle Tips each spray day, thoroughly flush out the boom with
Flooding-fan nozzle tips have a wide spray angle. They plenty of water to rinse lines, diaphragm check valves
can be used closer to the ground and at lower pressures and nozzles. Delaying clean-out, even overnight, can
than flat-fan tips. This reduces drift. Flooding-fan nozzle allow the formation of hard-to-remove deposits. The
tips come in brass, plastic/polymers and stainless steel. sprayer tank is much more difficult to clean out if it
They cover roughly twice the width as flat-fan nozzle is allowed to dry. Don’t forget to also clean out the
tips. However, they tend to distribute herbicides less measuring containers.
evenly than flat-fan tips.
Steps
Broadcast Nozzle Tips 1. Read the product label to determine the
Broadcast nozzle tips cover a very wide swath. recommended cleaning procedure. Have all
Use broadcast nozzle tips for lanes and fencerows the materials required for the clean-up ready,
where a uniform spray pattern is not needed. Never including appropriate personal safety equipment.
use a broadcast-type nozzle tip near a susceptible 2. Drain the spray tank.
crop. The spray may drift severely with even a
light breeze. 3. Fill the tank with water and add detergent,
ammonia or other tank cleaner product and
Full and Hollow Cone Nozzle Tips agitate for 10–20 minutes (clean the whole tank,
Use full or hollow cone nozzle tips to spray the soil not just the bottom half). Flush boom and hoses
surface when the herbicide is incorporated into with solution, allow to stand for several hours (or
the soil with a disk harrow, cultivator or similar overnight if possible) and then flush boom and
tillage implement. nozzles again and drain the tank. When flushing
the boom, open the boom ends to get particles
NOTE: When using any nozzle for spraying out of the boom.
wettable powders or micronutrients, it is essential
4. Inspect the inside of the tank for visual residues.
to calibrate the sprayer frequently because, as
Rinse the inside of the tank if necessary. Repeat
a nozzle wears, the quantity of spray material
delivered increases, and distribution is uneven. step 2.
Worn nozzles usually result in a poor spray pattern. 5. Wash the outside of the sprayer with soap or
mild detergent and water.
Nozzle Screens
6. Remove nozzles and screens, and wash them
Ball-check and plain nozzle screens are available.
separately in a bucket containing cleaning
Ball-check screens use a diaphragm check valve on
solution. Wash out measuring containers with the
each nozzle to minimize dripping from the boom.
cleaning solution.
Never mix screen types in a spray boom, since
different screen types produce different flow rates 7. Remove all boom end plugs or caps. Product
through the nozzle. Always clean nozzle screens residues collected in the ends of the various
thoroughly. Using protective gloves, remove them boom pipe sections could cause crop injury.
from the nozzle body and wash them with soap, Thoroughly clean out the plugs or caps and pipe
water and a bristle brush. Flushing water through ends with cleaning solution. Carefully replace all
the boom and nozzles will not remove pesticide the boom end plugs or caps.
residue build-up on the nozzle screens.
97
Thoroughly rinse the tank, hoses, booms, nozzles Sprayer Calibration

and screens with clean water for a minimum Field Boom-Type Sprayer Calibration —
of 10 minutes. Repeat immediately before the Determining application rates in L/ha.
next use. There are many ways of determining the rate of
spray material that is being applied to 1 ha of land.
Use household detergent at rate of 250 mL/100 L or
1 kg/150 L of water. Use ammonia (3%) at 1 L/100 L Instructions
of water. Use other cleaning agents according to 1. Measure the time.
label directions. Never mix ammonia with chlorine • Place 2 stakes 50 m apart in the field.
bleach. Chlorine gas is produced, which may cause • Select the gear and throttle setting (rpm) at
severe eye, nose, throat or lung irritation. which you plan to spray. Half-fill the sprayer
with water.
NOTE: Contact the manufacturer of pesticides • Drive the distance between the stakes 3 times,
being used to determine the best methods timing each pass. Each time, make sure the
and product(s) to clean residue from tanks and tractor is at the desired speed as you pass the
associated equipment. Read the label, since many first stake. Continue driving at this speed until
products provide specific tank-cleaning information you pass the second stake.
on their label. • Note the average time of the 3 passes.
2. Measure the average nozzle output.
When surfactants or fertilizer solutions (e.g., AGRAL • Park the sprayer with the PTO engaged and the
90, 28% UAN) are used in a labelled mix with throttle adjusted to reach the PTO speed set in
herbicides, there may be some inadvertent cleaning the test run.
of previous residues from the tank/equipment • Adjust the pressure regulator to the desired
that could affect the crop. Proper clean-out when working pressure with full flow to the boom.
changing products is essential to prevent crop injury. • Collect the output from each nozzle for the
average length of time needed to travel the
The wash water contains herbicide. Never allow 50 m in the test run.
wash water to run into a well, lake, pond, river or • Enter the nozzle outputs into the equation
other water source. below.
• If any nozzle is more than 10% above or below
the average output, it should be cleaned,
Do not leave puddles of herbicide solution, tank re-tested and, if still 10% off, replaced.
cleaning water or rinse water that may be accessible
to children, pets, farm animals or wildlife. 3. Measure the nozzle spacing in metres.
4. Use the following formula to determine the
sprayer output:
Environmental Issues When Cleaning
Equipment used with phenoxy herbicides
(e.g., 2,4-D, MCPA) must never be used to spray 5. Calculate the area sprayed per full tank of
other types of solutions on phenoxy-susceptible spray solution. Re-check the sprayer calibration
crops or garden plants. Never store these products after each tank of spray is applied by dividing
near greenhouses or other areas with susceptible the volume sprayed by the area sprayed. The
crops. The wash water contains herbicide. Never nature of some products may slightly alter the
allow wash water into a well, lake, pond, river calibration from that of clean water.
or other water source. For more information,
see the Pesticide Application and Safety section 6. Growers who are more comfortable with
at ontario.ca/crops. litres/acre or gallons/acre can use the following
conversion guide.
Litres/hectare × 0.4 = L/acre
Litres/hectare × 0.09 = Imp. gal/acre
Litres/hectare × 0.11 = U.S. gal/acre
98
Sample Calculation Method II
Aver. time to travel 50 m (164 ft) = 24.5 sec 1. Set 2 stakes 50 m apart in the field.
Aver. amount of liquid collected 2. Half-fill the sprayer with water.
per nozzle for 24.5 sec = 525 mL
3. Walk the 50 m 3 times at a steady pace. Calculate
Nozzle spacing on the boom = 0.5 m (~ 20 in.)
your average time to travel the 50 m.
210 L/ha × 0.4 = 84 L/acre
4. Measure the width of the band sprayed by the
210 L/ha × 0.09 = 18.9 imp. gal/acre
nozzle (in metres) at your walking pace.
210 L/ha × 0.11 = 23 U.S. gal/acre
5. Pump the sprayer for the same amount of time
Band Spraying: The same formula can be used to as calculated in step #3, collecting the liquid from
calibrate when banding. Instead of using nozzle the nozzle in a measuring device.
spacing in metres, use width of area sprayer per
6. Use the following formula to determine the
nozzle in metres.
sprayer output:
NOTE 1: Sprayer-calibration bottles or kits are
available from a number of suppliers. For further
Method III
information contact your local office of the Ontario
1. Partially fill sprayer. Pump to the pressure you will
Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs
or manufacturers of sprayers, sprayer parts use during the pesticide application.
or herbicides. 2. Spray to determine width of swath (in metres).
3. Walk at a steady pace for 15 seconds. Measure
the distance (in metres).
NOTE 2: For banded-spray applications, measure 4. Multiply spray width times distance travelled to
the width of the spray band (at the soil surface or provide the area (in square metres) sprayed in
surface of the crop canopy) and enter this value into 15 seconds.
the formula instead of the “nozzle spacing.” Note 5. Spray into a measuring device for 15 seconds –
that in band spraying, the acreage sprayed is NOT gives amount of solution sprayed in 15 seconds.
the same as the crop acreage (When broadcast 6. Use the following formula to determine the
spraying a row crop with 1-m rows, the whole field sprayer output:
is treated. A band spray may only treat 30 cm over
each row. Therefore, only about one-third of the field
is actually treated.). The herbicide rates referred to To convert the application rate of any pesticide to the
in most herbicide publications and labels refer to
amount required for a small area, follow this guide:
the actual area sprayed unless otherwise stated.
• solids: 1 kg/ha = 10 grams/100 m2
Hand-Held/Backpack Sprayer Calibration • liquids: 100 L/ha = 1 L/100 m2
Many people use small hand-held or backpack (Source: Ontario Pesticide Education Program
sprayers for treating problem areas or spraying Manual 1995).
areas that were missed. Calibration of these
sprayers is as important as calibrating your Determining Amount of Herbicides Needed
field sprayer.
Determining Amount of Product Required per
Hectare
Method I
1. Measure an area that is 100 m2 — Most rates suggested in this publication are given
e.g., 10 m × 10 m or 25 m × 4 m in terms of both active ingredients (common
name) per hectare and product (TRADE NAME)
2. Fill the spray tank with water. Mark the level on per hectare. However, where the amount of active
a measuring stick. Pump to the pressure that will ingredient in the formulations varies considerably
be used during the pesticide application. (e.g., glyphosate is available in concentrations of
3. Spray the water over the 100 m2 area. Walk at a 360 g/L, 480 g/L, 500 g/L and 540 g/L), the rate may
steady pace, taking care to apply it as evenly as be given in terms of active ingredient only.
possible, just as you would when applying pesticide.
4. Measure the amount of water needed to refill the
spray tank to the mark on the measuring stick. This
amount will be the sprayer output per 100 m2.
99
When the label does not provide mixing instructions

NOTE: Throughout this publication, the common
for a registered tank-mix, pesticides should generally
name of each herbicide (its active ingredient)
is printed in lowercase letters (e.g., atrazine,
be mixed using the following procedure:
dicamba), whereas the product trade name (the • Fill the spray tank with water to half of the total
name of the liquid or powder etc., inside the spray volume required and start agitation. Add
container as supplied by the manufacturer) is the different formulation types in the order listed
printed in capital letters (e.g., AATREX, BANVEL II), below, allowing time for complete mixing and
and its formulation is listed within brackets
dispersion after adding each product.
following the trade name.
1. dissolvable packs
2. wettable powders
Determining Amount of Product Required per Tankful
3. water-dispersible granules and dry flowables
After determining how much commercial product
is needed per hectare, calibrate the sprayer and • Maintain agitation and fill spray tank to
determine the number of hectares each tank will three-quarters of total spray volume. Then add:
cover. Determine the quantity of herbicide needed to 4. water-based solutions
add to the spray tank using the following formula: 5. emulsifiable concentrates
Area covered per tankful 6. spray adjuvants
= sprayer tank size (L)/application rate (L/ha) • Finish filling the spray tank to the required
= hectares volume. Maintain continuous agitation
Product required/tank during mixing and final filling, and
= hectares covered by tank × product rate/ha throughout application.
Sample Calculations Mixtures of different herbicides or mixtures of
(a) product/tank = 4.1 ha × 2.2 kg/ha
herbicides with pesticides or foliar fertilizers
= 9.02 kg LOROX/tank
should not be applied in a single application unless
(b) product/tank = 4.1 ha × 2.1 L/ha registered for use in this way.
= 8.61 L AATREX/tank
Materials, Mixing and Mixtures Unless specifically mentioned in this publication or
Dry herbicide formulations include granules, soluble on a herbicide label, the addition of a surfactant or
powders and wettable powders. Granules do not a detergent to a spray solution is not recommended.
require prior mixing into a slurry. They are ready to
be mixed in water. Soluble powders can be dissolved Where water is known to have an excessive salt
in water. Wettable powders will not dissolve but will content, compatibility of the water and the chemical
form a suspension that requires constant agitation. at field strength should be tested first on a small
Follow the manufacturer’s recommendations on scale. See note on “Agitation” in the section on Care
mixing order and procedures. and Use of Equipment section, page 95.
Liquid herbicide formulations either mix in water Application Indicators

to form a solution or may be oil-based and form an Colourants/Foam Markers for Pesticides Application
emulsion that will require agitation. Colourants added to the pesticide solution help show
where pesticides have been applied. Foam marking
Pesticide labels usually provide mixing directions for systems help minimize overlap. Adding a colourant
registered tank-mixes, often describing the order of to the basal sprays of herbicides on cut stumps
mixing. Whenever a label provides mixing directions, of woody plants helps assure thorough coverage
they should be followed. Consult the package labels without respraying. Examples of colourants are
for information on the compatibility of different listed below:
herbicide products as certain formulations may react • Blazon: blue, water soluble
when mixed together, resulting in materials with • Bas-oil Red: red, oil soluble
different properties and activities than the original • Red Dye Foam
ones. If the pH or hardness of the water requires
adjustment, adjustments should be made prior to the Colourants are available from agricultural
addition of spray material to the tank. chemical dealers.
100
A COMPENDIUM OF HERBICIDES WITH THEIR Table 3–1. Herbicides Registered for Nursery Crops
RECOMMENDED USES IN ONTARIO — AS OF in Ontario (by Trade Name)
JANUARY 1, 2019 Trade Name Common Name
All listed products are registered for the listed AIM carfentrazone-ethyl
purpose. The order in which products appear does
AMITROL amitrole
not constitute a preference ranking. Information is
AUTHORITY pyroxasulfone, sulfentrazone
presented as it appears on the product label.
BASAMID dazomet
BONANZA trifluralin
Classification of Pesticides for Sale and BROADSTAR flumioxazin
Use in Ontario
CASORON dichlobenil
In April 2009, the Ministry of the Environment
DACTHAL chlorthal dimethyl
Pesticides Ban Act, 2008, and Ontario Regulation DEVRINOL napropamide
63/09. Pesticides are now classified for sale DUAL II MAGNUM s-metolachlor
and use under 12 different classes. It should FRONTIER MAX dimethenamid-p
be noted that agriculture (including nursery GALLERY isoxaben
production) is excepted. For more information on
GARLON triclopyr
the legislation, see the Ministry of Environment,
GOAL 2XL oxyfluorfen
Conservation and Parks website at ontario.ca/
pesticides. GRAMOXONE paraquat
KATANA flazasulfuron
KERB propyzamide
Notes on Herbicides PRINCEP NINE-T simazine
These notes are listed below as a reference RIVAL trifluralin
for applicators. Complete information on each PROWL H2O pendimethalin
herbicide is available on the product label located
RONSTAR oxadiazon
on the herbicide container. The federal Pest
ROUNDUP glyphosate
Management Regulatory Agency also provides
pesticide labels under their “Search Pesticide SIMADEX simazine
Labels” section at www.pmra-arla.gc.ca. Many SUREGUARD flumioxazin
herbicide manufacturers also list product labels SPECTICLE indaziflam
and/or material safety data sheets (MSDS) on their TREFLAN trifluralin
websites. For a list of herbicides registered on VAPAM metam sodium
nursery crops in Ontario, see Table 3–1. Herbicides VENTURE L fluazifop-p-butyl
Registered for Nursery Crops in Ontario (by Trade
Name) and Table 3–2. Herbicides Registered for
Nursery Crops in Ontario (by Common Name). Lists
of ratings of weed susceptibility to herbicides for
broadleaf annuals, broadleaf perennials and annual
grasses can be found later in this chapter.
101
Table 3–2. Herbicides Registered for Nursery Crops the problem before using chemicals. Carefully follow
in Ontario (by Common Name) the fumigant manufacturer’s directions for dosage
Common Name Trade Name and methods of use. Wear a suitable respirator and
amitrole AMITROL full protective gear when using fumigants. Telone,
carfentrazone-ethyl AIM
Vapam, Vorlex and methyl bromide are extremely
toxic to the applicator.
chlorthal dimethyl DACTHAL
dazomet BASAMID
To use preplant fumigants effectively:
dichobenil CASORON
dimethenamid-p FRONTIER MAX
• Fumigate in the fall when soil temperatures
are above 4°C. Fumigant dispersal improves at
flazasulfuron KATANA
warmer soil temperatures (above 15°C).
fluazifop-p-butyl VENTURE L
• Remove trash and old root systems.
flumioxazin BROADSTAR, SUREGUARD
• Work the soil to a depth of 25–30 cm. Soil
glyphosate Various products moisture is important for fumigant efficacy.
(including ROUNDUP)
• Inject the fumigant about 30–40 cm deep.
isoxaben GALLERY • Pack or water immediately after injection to seal
indaziflam SPECTICLE the soil surface.
metam sodium VAPAM • Ideally, leave the soil undisturbed until spring.
napropamide DEVRINOL If fall planting is necessary, delay it until at least
oxadiazon RONSTAR 1 week after the fumigant injection.
oxyfluorfen GOAL 2XL • Work and aerate the soil for about a week before
paraquat GRAMOXONE planting. Colder soils (below 15°C) require longer
propyzamide KERB periods between injection and aeration. For
pendimethalin PROWL H2O
fall planting, aerate the soil for at least 2 weeks
after working.
pyroxasulfone, AUTHORITY
sulfentrazone • Fall ryegrass has been recently linked with
s-metolachlor DUAL II MAGNUM
high populations of root lesion nematodes. To
avoid this problem, try using non-traditional
simazine PRINCEP NINE-T, SIMADEX
types of annual cover crops such as pearl
triclopyr GARLON
millet and sorghum. Italian ryegrass may also
trifluralin BONANZA, RIVAL, TREFLAN be an option because it is a poor host for root
lesion nematode.
PREPLANTING TREATMENTS
Some preplant herbicides act on germinating The following chemicals may be used as preplant
seedlings, while others kill weed seeds in addition treatments.
to seedlings. Apply preplant herbicide treatments
before sowing or planting the crop. Incorporate Common Name: dazomet
preplanting herbicides (e.g., Treflan) into the soil
Trade Name: BASAMID
soon after application. Incorporation instructions
Chemical Family: dithiocarbamate
are provided on the label.
Rates of Application
Soil Fumigants dazomet 500.0 kg/ha
Fumigants generally control nematodes and soil BASAMID (98 Gr) 510.0 kg/ha
diseases. At higher application rates, they can also
control weeds. Sensitive Weeds
Most germinating weed seeds.
Before applying fumigants for nematode control,
have the soil tested for nematode count. See Uptake and Translocation
Appendix E, Diagnostic Services, on page 138, for Breaks down on contact with soil moisture and
sampling instructions. Ensure that nematodes are releases toxic gases that control germinating
weed seeds.
102
Basis of Selectivity Sensitive Weeds
Non-selective. Chemical must dissipate completely Most scarified weed seeds and fleshy vegetative
from the seedbed before planting, otherwise, crop parts, including rhizomes and germinating seedlings.
injury may occur. Vapam controls germinating weed seeds such
as annual grasses, Bermuda grass, chickweed,
Application Methods dandelion, henbit, Johnson grass, lamb’s-quarters,
Apply granular product to a well-worked seedbed pigweed, purslane, ragweed and wild morning glory.
and incorporate evenly. Seal soil immediately after It suppresses perennial weeds such as quackgrass.
incorporation by rolling and flooding or by covering It also controls nematodes and symphylans (the
with heavy polyethylene plastic and sealing the garden centipede) as well as soil-borne fungus
edges. After waiting 10–40 days, depending on diseases, particularly damping-off and root rot,
soil temperature, aerate the soil. Conduct a safety including diseases caused by species of Rhizoctonia,
germination test before using the treated soil. Do Pythium, Fusarium, Phytophthora, Verticillium,
not use when soil temperature is below 6°C. See Sclerotinia, oak root fungus and clubroot
the manufacturer’s directions for specific details on of crucifers.
sealing soil, evacuating gases and performing the
safety germination test. Basis of Selectivity
Most plant parts are sensitive. Do not plant crops
Residual Activity until all fumigant dissipates from the soil. When
Depends on the rate applied, soil moisture moisture is present, Vapam releases methyl
and soil temperature. The gases are toxic to all isothiocyanate gas. This kills most scarified seeds
growing plants. Perform a safety germination test and fleshy vegetative parts (including rhizomes and
before planting. germinating seedlings).
Unique Characteristics Application Methods

Also controls unencysted nematodes and soil fungi. Apply as a drench to soil, wetting at least 8 cm deep.
Apply uniformly using injectors, water or other
Manufacturer: Mitsui & Co. (Canada) Ltd. incorporation tools that carry the product to the
desired depth. It may be applied via the irrigation
system. No gas-proof cover is needed unless the soil
Common Name: metam sodium is very porous. Apply water via sprinklers to provide
Trade Name: VAPAM a surface water seal. Do not plant for 10–14 days (or
Chemical Family: thiocarbamate longer if the weather is cool). To prevent crop injury,
make sure all traces of toxic gas have dissipated
Rates of Application from the treated soil before planting crops.
metam sodium 1,250.0 kg/ha
VAPAM (380 g/L) 3,287.5 L/ha Residual Activity
Expect 10–40 days of residual activity, depending on
Remarks soil temperature and the amount of organic matter
Use on field replant sites of ornamentals and in the soil. Vapam persists longer if temperatures
forest tree stock. For summer and fall treatment of are low or organic matter levels are high. Plant crop
seedbeds, plant beds, lawns, greenhouses and other at least 12–16 days after treatment following a
limited areas. lettuce seedling bioassay that indicates no injury.
Unique Characteristics
Also controls nematodes, soil fungi and soil insects.
Manufacturer: Amvac Chemical Corp.
103
Common Name: chlorthal dimethyl Common Name: dichlobenil

Trade Name: DACTHAL W-75 Trade Name: CASORON G-4
Chemical Family: phthalate Chemical Family: nitriles
Site of Action: Group 3 Site of Action: Group 20
Rates of Application Rates of Application

Field applications Field applications
chlorthal dimethyl 5.02–16.88 kg/ha dichlobenil 4.4–7 kg/ha
DACTHAL 6.75–22.5 kg/ha CASORON (4 Gr) 110–175 kg/ha
Remarks Container applications

Use on established nursery stock: abelia, alyssum, dichlobenil 4.4 kg/ha
baby’s breath, barberry, candytuft, deutzia, English CASORON (4 Gr) 110 kg/ha
ivy, euonymus, feverfew, forsythia, gladiolus, holly,
juniper, locust, maple, marigold, oak, peony, petunia, Container bed preparation
salvia, spiraea, sycamore, tulip tree, walnut, weigela, dichlobenil 4.4–7 kg/ha
CASORON (4 Gr) 110–175 kg/ha
willow and yew. Can also be used on established
ornamental plantings (e.g., flower gardens).
Remarks
Do not use on bugleweed, button pink, carnation, Use on field woody nursery stock: ash, birch (cutleaf
celosia, germander, geum, mesembryanthemum, weeping), boxwood, caragana, crabapple, eastern
pansy, phlox, snapdragon, sweet William, telanthera red cedar, eastern white cedar (arborvitae), elm,
or Vinca minor. euonymus, forsythia, heather, holly (Ilex sp., except
I. crenata, I. rotunda, I. vomitoria), honeysuckle,
Sensitive Weeds juniper, lilac, linden, locust, maple, mock orange,
Carpetweed, common chickweed, common rhododendron, rose, spirea, willow and yew.
lamb’s-quarters, green foxtail, groundcherry, large
crabgrass, lovegrass, purslane, redroot pigweed, Use only on specific container woody nursery
smooth crabgrass, witch grass and yellow foxtail. stock: Juniperus chinensis, J. horizontalis and Thuja
occidentalis only.
Uptake and Translocation
Do not use on: ajuga, fir (Abies sp.), gladiolus,
Absorbed by roots, not foliage. Not translocated
through the plant. hemlock, Ilex crenata, I. rotunda, I. vomitoria, mugo
pine or spruce.
Basis of Selectivity
Do not use on: herbaceous perennials (all plants
Inhibits growth of germinating seeds.
that die down to the ground in the fall).
Application Methods
Use cautiously on: shallow-rooted ground covers
Must be applied before weed seed germination.
Rain or irrigation is needed for activation. Remove (euonymus can be treated with this product).
all existing weeds before application, as only
Sensitive Weeds
germinating weeds will be controlled.
Most weeds are susceptible to, or suppressed
Residual Activity by, dichlobenil, including perennials, vetch
Average half-life is 100 days in most soil types. and horsetail.
Effective weed control can be maintained for as long
as 2 months.
Manufacturer: AMVAC Chemical Corporation
104
Absorbed by roots and rapidly translocated upward Common Name: dimethenamid-p
in the plant. Casoron inhibits cell growth at the Trade Name: FRONTIER MAX
growing points or meristematic tissues of the Chemical Family: chloroacetamide
plant. Weed germination and growth initiation is Site of Action: Group 15
strongly affected.
Basis of Selectivity dimethanamid-p 0.54–0.69 kg/ha
Selectivity is based on the physical separation FRONTIER MAX 0.756–0.963 L/ha
between the dichlobenil vapour layer in the top 5 cm
of soil and the established crop roots below this level. Remarks
Frontier Max herbicide will control labelled annual
Application Methods grass weeds and certain broadleaf weeds in and
Apply as a preemergence treatment to susceptible around field, liner and container nurseries of
weeds, preferably in the fall or early spring. Apply to commercial ornamental production. Frontier Max
cool, moist soil. is used as preemergent or preplant incorporated
herbicide. Frontier Max does not control weeds that
Container nursery stock: Use only on containers have already emerged.
growing outside. Apply at least 4 weeks after
planting into containers with a weed-free surface. Established Container or Field-Grown Nursery
Do not use after September 15 or within 30 days of Stock: Apply as a directed spray. Do not make
placing treated stock in overwintering structures. over-the-top applications. Do not apply during bud
swell, bud break or at time of first flush of new
Container bed preparation: Apply to bare soil before growth. If newly budded or grafted rootstock is to
putting container pots onto the bed. For best results, be sprayed, make an application using a shielded
apply to soils containing more than 2% organic sprayer. Care must be taken to ensure there are
matter. Dichlobenil provides inconsistent weed no cracks in the soil where Frontier Max herbicide
control on gravel or sandy soils. Apply in spring on a could come in contact with the roots.
cool day and incorporate immediately using irrigation
or mechanical methods. Do not cover polyhouses Newly Transplanted Container or Field-Grown
with plastic for 1 month after application. Do not Nursery Stock: Apply as a directed spray. Do not
apply in plastic-covered polyhouses or greenhouses. make over-the-top applications. Use a shielded
Do not transplant seedlings into treated soils until at sprayer until plantings have been established for
least 1 year after application. 1 year or more in the field. Do not apply until
transplants have been watered and the soil has
Residual Activity been thoroughly packed and settled around
May persist and provide weed control for transplants. Care must be taken to ensure there are
2–6 months. Higher rates and applications following no cracks in the soil where Frontier Max herbicide
use in previous years may cause soil residues to could come in contact with the roots. For container-
persist for more than 1 year. grown ornamentals, delay the first application of
the product to bareroot liners or young seedlings
Unique Characteristics (e.g., plugs) for 2 weeks after transplanting. Do not
Although applied as a granular herbicide, it kills with apply during bud swell, bud break or the first flush
a vapour layer in the topsoil profile. Weed roots take of new growth. Direct sprays away from grafted or
up the herbicide when entering this zone. Do not budded tissue on transplants at all times.
apply to very warm soils, since high temperatures
volatilize the herbicide and prevent weed control. Applications can be made to ornamental plant
species such as: Abies fraseri, Acer rubrum,
Manufacturer: Chemtura Canada Co. Buxus sempervirens, Fraxinus pennsylvanica,
Hydrangea macrophylla, Ilex cornuta, Ilex crenata,
Juniperus sp., Lagerstroemia indica, Magnolia
105
grandiflora, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Rhododendron

sp., Rosa spp., Spiraea vanhouttei, Taxus media, Common Name: flazasulfuron
Thuja occidentalis, Thuja plicata. Trade Name: KATANA 25 WG
Chemical Family: sulfonylurea
Do not apply Frontier Max herbicide during spring Site of Action: Group 2
growth of conifers or injury to terminals may occur.
Do not apply more than one application of Frontier Rates of Application
Max herbicide per season. Before treating a large flazasulfuron 37.5 to 50 g/ha
number of plants, spray a few plants and observe KATANA (25WG) 150 to 200 g/ha
for 1–2 months for plant damage prior to full-scale
application. Remarks
Katana 25WG Herbicide is a selective herbicide
Sensitive Weeds for preemergence and postemergence control of
Barnyard grass, crabgrass (smooth, large), eastern certain broadleaf weeds and grasses in conifer
black nightshade, fall panicum, foxtail (green, trees (ornamentals, Christmas trees, conifer release
yellow, giant), old witchgrass and redroot pigweed. and forestry). Katana 25WG Herbicide may be
Use 963 mL/ha of Frontier Max herbicide for control applied to container and field grown Conifer Trees
of eastern nightshade and redroot pigweed. (ornamental production and Christmas trees) or
for use in forestry for conifer release. Tolerant
Uptake and Translocation cultivars include: Abies balsamea, A. concolor, A.
Not readily translocated in the plant, so application fraseri, A. grandis, A. procera, A. nordmanniana,
placement and coverage are important. Cupressocyperis leylandii, Picea abies, P. pungens,
Pinus resinosa, P. strobus, P. sylvestris and
Basis of Selectivity Pseudotsuga menziesii.
Frontier Max inhibits the growth of seedling shoots
(grasses) and roots (broadleaf). Susceptible grasses Do not apply more than one application per year. Do
often fail to emerge from the soil. The mode of not apply to conifer seedbeds. Do not apply to trees
action is not well understood. This herbicide affects within 1 year of seeding. Directed sprays must not
various biochemical processes in the plant and be made to conifers that have new growth or are
interferes with normal cell development. not sufficiently hardened off.
Application Methods Sensitive Weeds

Frontier Max is used as preemergent or preplant Grasses, broadleaf weeds, yellow nutsedge.
incorporated herbicide. Frontier Max herbicide will
provide most effective weed control when applied Uptake and Translocation
and subsequently incorporated into soil by rainfall Absorbed through the root and foliage of plants.
or mechanical tillage before weed seedlings emerge
from the soil. Frontier Max herbicide treatments Basis of Selectivity
are most effective in controlling weeds when Best results are obtained when weeds are small
adequate rainfall or overhead irrigation is received. and actively growing. Broadleaf weeds should be
If Frontier Max herbicide is not activated by rainfall no larger than 5 to 10 cm and grasses should be no
or irrigation within 30 days, erratic weed control taller than 10 cm and prior to first tillering.
may result.
Application Methods
Residual Activity Weed growth stops within hours after the
Provides season-long weed control. The length of application, however progress from discoloration
residual activity depends upon soil and moisture or chlorosis to necrosis generally requires from 2
factors, application rate and timing. Heavy rainfall to 4 weeks. Speed of control is generally a function
following an incorporated treatment may reduce of weather with faster action during warmer
weed control. weather and actively growing weeds. The best
control is obtained when Katana 25WG Herbicide
Manufacturer: BASF Canada Inc. is applied either to weeds just prior to germination
or to young, actively growing weeds. For optimal
106
BroadStar on: Acer ginnala, Acer palmatum, Buxus
herbicidal activity, prior to application, the bed sempervirens, Juniperus horizontalis, Juniperus
or soil surface should be reasonably even and sabina, Picea glauca, Picea pungens, Quercus rubra,
clear of crop and weed residue. Before herbicide Taxus x media, Thuja occidentalis.
application, crop and weed residue can be mixed
into the soil through cultivation, or removed by Use SureGuard herbicide for preemergent weed
blowing the area to be treated. Any practices that control in field-grown ornamental deciduous and
cause disturbance of the soil surface after herbicide coniferous trees, including Christmas trees and
treatment will decrease herbicidal activity. trees produced for reforestation, and to maintain
bare-ground non-crop areas in and around
Residual Activity ornamental nurseries and field-grown ornamentals.
Length of control is a function of environmental SureGuard herbicide should be applied to tilled,
factors such as soil type, soil moisture, temperature weed-free and deciduous tree plantings. The
and amount of moisture after the application. deciduous trees species listed in the “Tolerant
Deciduous Trees” section on the label have shown
Unique Characteristics tolerance to applications of SureGuard herbicide
For preemergence application, rainfall or irrigation only when applied to the soil and base of the plant.
is needed for herbicide activation. If rainfall does Tolerant ornamentals include: Abies balsamea,
not occur within 2 weeks after a preemergence Abies fraseri, Acer ginnala, Fraxinus pennsylvanica,
application, then 0.5 to 1.25 cm of irrigation water Picea pungens, Pseudotsuga menzesii, Syringa
should be applied. Do not apply more than 2.5 cm reticulata, Thuja occidentalis.
of irrigation water.
Do not use BroadStar on annual bedding plants and
Manufacturer: ISK Biosciences Corporation herbaceous perennials (e.g., hosta and daylily).
Do not use BroadStar on Buddleia davidii, Clethra

Common Name: flumioxazin alnifolia, Deutzia gracilus ‘Nikko’, Hydrangea spp.,
Trade Name: BROADSTAR G, Ilex verticillata, Myrica cerifera, Nandina domestica
SUREGUARD WDG ‘Firepower’, Plumbago auriculata, Rhododendron
Chemical Family: N-phenylphthalimide ‘Delaware Valley’, Rosa spp., Spiraea japonica or
Site of Action: Group 14 Syringa spp.
Rates of Application BroadStar herbicide can injure liners of several

Field applications woody ornamental species that are tolerant when
flumioxazin 143–215 g/ha more mature.
SUREGUARD WDG 280–420 g/ha
Sensitive Weeds
Container applications Common lamb’s-quarters (Chenopodium album),
flumioxazin 0.21–0.42 kg/ha common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia),
BROADSTAR G 84–168 kg/ha dandelion (Taraxacum officinale), eastern black
nightshade (Solanum ptycanthum), green foxtail
Remarks (Setaria viridis), green pigweed (Amaranthus
Use BroadStar granular herbicide for preemergent powellii), hairy bittercress/snapweed (Cardamine
weed control on outdoor, container-grown woody hirsuta), hairy nightshade (Solanum sarachoides),
ornamentals. Apply BroadStar herbicide before liverwort (Marchantia polymorpha), redroot
target weeds germinate or immediately after pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus).
disturbing the soil surface. BroadStar herbicide can
be safely applied over the top of many species of Suppression only: common chickweed (Stellaria
woody ornamental shrubs and trees, providing the media), common groundsel (Senecio vulgaris).
user follows the label directions. Apply to dry foliage
only. Do not apply more than twice in a single Uptake and Translocation
year. See product label for more information. Use Root and shoot uptake.
107
Basis of Selectivity activate BroadStar herbicide. Irrigate plants within

BroadStar herbicide controls weeds by inhibiting 1 hr after application with 1–2 cm of water to
protoporphyrinogen oxidase, an essential enzyme wash the particles off the plant foliage. Inadequate
required by plants for chlorophyll biosynthesis. irrigation or rainfall following application may
Seedling weeds are controlled when they start reduce the effectiveness of BroadStar herbicide.
to emerge and are exposed to sunlight, following Drip irrigation cannot be relied on to activate
contact with the soil-applied herbicide. BroadStar BroadStar herbicide. If adequate soil moisture
herbicide is tightly bound to soil and does is maintained following application, BroadStar
not inhibit or limit root growth under normal herbicide will provide residual control of the listed
growing conditions. weeds, except under unusual environmental
conditions (excessive rainfall, irrigation
Application Methods or temperature).
Container-grown ornamentals: BroadStar herbicide
can be safely applied over the top of many species SureGuard herbicide may be applied to established
of woody ornamental shrubs and trees, providing field-grown deciduous trees. Preemergence
the user follows the label directions. BroadStar applications of SureGuard herbicide should be made
herbicide should be applied over dry foliage. Wait 7 to tilled, weed-free deciduous tree plantings.
days after treatment and apply 2.5 cm of irrigation
before placing treated plants in an enclosed For maximum safety of deciduous trees, directed
structure. See product label. applications of SureGuard herbicide should be made
to the soil surface before bud swell in the spring
Field-grown coniferous trees: All over-the-top or after dormancy has begun in the fall. Direct
applications of SureGuard herbicide should be the application of SureGuard herbicide to the soil
applied before bud swell in the spring or delayed surface and away from plant material.
until coniferous trees have sufficiently hardened off
in the fall. For non-dormant coniferous ornamentals, Avoid direct spray onto plant surfaces, flowers,
applications may be made using a directed hooded foliage and green bark. SureGuard herbicide
or shielded spray. applications made after bud swell may result in
plant injury if the herbicide contacts the tree foliage.
Field-grown deciduous trees: For maximum safety of Splashing of herbicide-treated soil onto foliage can
deciduous trees, directed applications of SureGuard result in plant injury and should be avoided. Do not
herbicide should be made to the soil surface apply to trees that have been established for less
before bud swell in the spring or after dormancy than 1 year, unless they are protected from spray
has initiated in the fall. Direct the application of contact by non-porous wraps, grow tubes or waxed
SureGuard herbicide to the soil surface and away containers. Newly established or transplanted trees
from plant material. should be sufficiently watered-in before application
to settle soil around the plant.
Do not make more than 2 applications of SureGuard
per season, and wait 8 weeks between applications. Moisture is necessary to activate SureGuard herbicide
in the soil for residual weed control. Dry weather
Special Recommendations, Cautions following applications of SureGuard herbicide may
or Restrictions reduce its effectiveness. However, when adequate
Apply BroadStar herbicide before weed seeds moisture is received after dry conditions, SureGuard
germinate. Disturbing the soil surface after herbicide will control susceptible germinating weeds.
application may reduce herbicide efficacy. Remove SureGuard herbicide may not control weeds that
existing weeds, weed residues and trash before germinate after application but before an activating
applying BroadStar herbicide. Apply to dry foliage rainfall or irrigation or weeds that germinate through
only. To test for moisture, rub hands over plant cracks resulting from dry soil.
foliage. Approximately 1–2 cm of rainfall, overhead
sprinkler irrigation or hand irrigation is required to
108
Residual Activity Muhlenbergia capillaries, Ophiopogon japonicus,
The length of residual control depends on Pennisetum alopecuroides, Pennisetum setaceum,
the application rate as well as on rainfall and Plumbago spp., Salvia spp., Sambucus nigra,
temperature conditions. Length of residual control Spirea japonica or Viburnum odoratissimum. Foliar
will decrease as temperature and precipitation symptoms include stunted, yellowed new growth.
increase. It will also decrease when there are high Stem girdling and swelling at the soil line may occur
levels of organic matter and/or clay in the soil. in some sensitive species.
Manufacturer: Valent Canada Inc. Uptake and Translocation

Root and shoot uptake.
Common Name: Indaziflam Basis of Selectivity

Trade Name: SPECTICLE G The active ingredient in Specticle G is indaziflam,
Chemical Family: Cellulose Biosynthesis which has a unique mode of action and is the
Inhibitor (CBI) only active ingredient in the Weed Science
Site of Action: Group 29 Society of America (WSSA) Group 29. Indaziflam
prevents the emergence of seedlings by inhibiting
Container applications crystalline cellulose deposition in the plant cell
indaziflam 0.075 kg/ha wall affecting cell wall formation, division and
SPECTICLE G 336 kg/ha elongation. Indaziflam acts in plant cells and tissues
where cellulose synthesis is actively taking place
Remarks (germinating weed seeds and developing seedlings),
SPECTICLE G is a granular herbicide for pre- for example, in actively growing meristematic
emergent weed control on outdoor, container- tissues, dividing cells, expanding cells, as well as
grown ornamentals. To avoid injury to ornamentals, growing roots.
irrigate with a sufficient amount of water within
one hour to wash granules from leaf surfaces. Application Methods
Application of SPECTICLE G after bud swell may Container-grown ornamentals: SPECTICLE G
cause injury if granules remain on foliage. Avoid Herbicide is a ready-to-use granular formulation
application under environmental conditions that and may be applied with a broadcast spreader
favour possible adherence of the granule to non- or shaker can that is calibrated to deliver 336
targeted areas. Deep cultivation reduces the kg/ha (3.36 kg/100 m2 – 0.50 g/15 cm wide
effectiveness of SPECTICLE G and should be avoided. container). SPECTICLE G Herbicide is applied over-
the-top to container-grown ornamentals using
Use SPECITCLE G on: a wide range of ornamentals. a clean, properly calibrated drop, rotary, hand-
See “ORNAMENTALS AND THEIR CULTIVARS shaker or other spreader equipment according to
TOLERANT TO SPECTICLE G Herbicide” on the manufacturer’s directions. Check periodically to be
Specticle G pesticide label. certain that the equipment is working properly prior
to each use. Uniform application is essential for
DO NOT USE SPECTICLE G on Aquilegia satisfactory weed control.
canadensis, Astilbe chinensis, Berberis thumbergii,
Calamagrostis x acutiflora, Ceanothus x pallidus, Special Recommendations, Cautions or
Codiaeum variegatum, Coreopsis auriculata, Restrictions
Dianthus sp, Duranta erecta, Echinacea purpurea, DO NOT USE SPECTICLE G on ornamentals where
Euonymus japonicus, Festuca glauca, Hydrangea granules may become trapped in developing leaves
macrophylla, Ixora coccinea, Kerri japonica, or in meristematic areas (e.g. in whorls of grasses
Lavandula angustifolia, Ligustrum japonicum, and perennials, such as hosta). Ornamentals should
Liriope sp., Mandevilla sp., Mentha sp., be established in the container for at least a week to
allow the soil to settle and plants should be at least
12.7 cm (5 inches) tall prior to applying SPECTICLE G.
Do not apply SPECTICLE G over-the-top of deciduous
ornamentals at bud break. Do not apply SPECTICLE G
109
to unhealed budded grafts or other types of grafts. Sensitive Weeds

Care must be taken that the granules are evenly Common lamb’s-quarters, common purslane, low
distributed and applied to dry foliage. Any granules cudweed, pineappleweed, purslane speedwell,
adhering to the foliage must be removed prior to shepherd’s-purse, St. John’s wort.
irrigation to prevent localized damage. Within one
hour of application it is recommended to irrigate Uptake and Translocation
or water treated containers with at least 6 mm of Absorbed by roots and translocated to the shoots of
water. Do not use SPECTICLE G on nursery seedbeds, germinating weeds.
rooted cuttings or young plants in liners. Do not
apply SPECTICLE G Herbicide to plant types not Basis of Selectivity
listed as tolerant on the label. SPECTICLE G will not Root selectivity.
prevent shoot emergence from deeper weeds.
Application Methods
Residual Activity Do not use more than once per season. Apply in late
Four months of residual weed control is expected. summer to early fall, early spring or any time before
Under some environmental conditions, longer germination of target weeds or immediately after
residual may be observed. In field sites, residual may cultivation. A single rainfall or sprinkler irrigation
last more than 6 months. Spring applications may of 1 cm after application is necessary to activate
interfere with establishment of fall-seeded cover Gallery 75 DF within 21 days after application. Apply
crops; annual ryegrass is especially sensitive to Gallery 75 DF in 100–400 L of water carrier per
indaziflam residues. hectare. For outdoor use only.
Manufacturer: Bayer CropScience Inc. Residual Activity

Provides season-long control. Germination of some
sensitive crop species may be reduced in the year
Common Name: isoxaben following treatment.
Trade Name: GALLERY 75 DF Manufacturer: Dow AgroSciences
Chemical Family: benzamide
Site of Action: unknown
Common Name: napropamide
isoxaben 0.75 kg/ha Trade Name: DEVRINOL 2 G, DEVRINOL 10 G,
GALLERY 75 DF 1.0 kg/ha DEVRINOL 50 DF
Chemical Family: amide
Remarks Site of Action: Group 15
To be used on bareroot and container-grown
nursery stock grown for silvicultural purposes and Rates of Application
containerized ornamentals grown in nurseries. napropamide 4.5 kg/ha
Use on the following nursery stock 4 weeks after DEVRINOL 2 G 225 kg/ha
germination or crop emergence: Picea abies, Picea DEVRINOL 10 G (10 Gr) 45 kg/ha
DEVRINOL 50 DF (50 DF) 9 kg/ha
glauca, Picea mariana, Pinus banksiana, Pinus
contorta, Pinus resinosa, Pinus strobus. Do not
Remarks
use on cut flowers. Germination of some sensitive
Use on newly transplanted or established ornamentals,
crop species may be reduced in the year following
woody nursery stock, forest tree stock and container-
treatment. Gallery is labelled for use on several
grown ornamentals. Do not apply to species right after
container-grown ornamentals: Acer, Clematis,
direct seeding. Devrinol is UV-sensitive.
Cornus, Euonymus, Hemerocallis, Heuchera, Hosta,
Juniperus, Picea, Potentilla, Prunus, Pseudotsuga,
Use on any of the following field-grown
Rhododendron, Rosa, Spiraea, Taxus and Thuja.
nursery stock:
Gallery is UV-sensitive.
110
Deciduous and evergreen trees: maple (Acer Flowers: Aster (Aster spp.), daisy
spp.), ash (Fraxinus spp.), birch (Betula spp.), black (Chrysanthemum spp.), dahlia (Dahlia spp.), African
walnut (Juglans nigra), cedar (Juniperus spp.), daisy (Dimorphotheca aurantiaca and D. sinuata),
cypress (Cupressus spp.), dogwood (Cornus florida), geranium (Geranium spp.), plantain lily (hosta)
Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), eucalyptus (Hosta spp.), daffodils (Narcissus spp.), petunia
(Eucalyptus spp.), fir (Abies spp.), hawthorn (Petunia hybrida).
(Crataegus spp.), hemlock (Tsuga spp.), honey-
locust (Gleditsia tricanthos), Japanese larch (Larix Use on the following container-grown nursery stock:
kaempferi), laburnum (Laburnum spp.), flowering Abelia (Abelia sp.), agapanthus (Agapanthus sp.),
crab apple tree (Malus spp.), spruce (Picea spp.), ageratum (Ageratum houstonianum), asparagus
pin oak (Quercus palustris), pine (Pinus spp.), (Asparagus sp.), azalea (Rhododendron sp.),
pittosporum (Pittosporum tobira), podocarpus bottlebrush (Callistemon sp.), bougainvillea
(Podocarpus macrophyllus), poplar, cottonwood, (Bougainvillea sp.), boxwood (Buxus sp.), camellia
aspen (Populus spp.), cherry, peach, plum, apricot (Camellia sp.), cotoneaster (Cotoneaster sp.),
(Prunus spp.) and pear (Pyrus spp.). crape myrtle (Lagerstroemia sp.), cypress
(Cupressus sp.), dogwood (Cornus florida), Douglas
Deciduous and evergreen shrubs: abelia fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), ivy (Hedera sp.),
(Abelia spp.), asparagus (Sprengeri) (Asparagus eucalyptus (Eucalyptus sp.), euonymus (Euonymus
densiflorus and A. Sarmentosus), aucuba sp.), fir (Abies sp.), firethorn (Pyracantha sp.),
(Aucuba japonica), azalea (Rhododendron forsythia (Forsythia sp.), gardenia (Gardenia
spp.), bottlebrush (Callistemon spp.), boxwood jasminoides), geranium (Geranium sp.), heather
(Buxus microphylla or B. sempervirens), camellia (Erica sp.), hibiscus (Hibiscus sp.), holly (Ilex sp.),
(Camellia spp.), cotoneaster (Cotoneaster spp.), juniper (Juniperus sp.), leucothoe (Leucothoe
crepe myrtle (Lagerstroemia spp.), dogwood sp.), liriope (Liriope muscari, L. spicata), nandina
(Cornus florida), euonymus (Euonymus spp.), (Nandina domestica), pachysandra (Pachysandra
forsythia (Forsythia spp.), hibiscus (Hibiscus spp.), procumbens, P. terminalis), photinia (Photinia sp.),
honeysuckle (Lonicera spp.), St. John’s-wort pine (Pinus sp.), raphoiolepis (Raphiolopsis indica),
(Hypericum spp.), holly, yaupon (Ilex spp.), juniper rhododendron (Rhododendron sp.), rose (Rosa sp.),
(Juniperus spp.), leucothoe (Leucothoe spp.), privet sedum (Sedum sp.), star jasmine (Trachelospermum
(Ligustrum spp.), heavenly bamboo, (Nandina asiaticum), thuja (Thuja occidentalis) and vinca
domestica), osmanthus (Osmanthus spp.), (Vinca major and V. minor).
chokecherry (Photinia spp.), pittosporum
(Pittosporum tobira), podocarpus (Podocarpus spp.), Sensitive Weeds
firethorn (Pyrancantha spp.), Indian hawthorn Many annual weeds including annual bluegrass,
(Raphiolopsis indica), rhododendron barnyard grass, chickweed, crabgrass, foxtail, goose
(Rhododendron spp.), rose (Rosa spp.), star jasmine grass, groundsel, lamb’s-quarters, pineappleweed,
(Trachelospermum asiaticum), yew (Taxus spp.) and prickly lettuce, prostrate knotweed, purslane,
viburnum (Viburnum spp.). redroot pigweed, sandbur and wild oats.
Fruit and nuts: filbert (Corylus americana), walnut Uptake and Translocation
(Juglans nigra) and grape (Vitis spp.). Absorbed through the roots of germinating weeds.
Translocated upward through seedlings.
Ground covers: Carpet bugleweed (Ajuga spp.),
gazania (Gazania spp.), English ivy (Hedera helix), Basis of Selectivity
ivy (Hedera spp.), St. John’s-wort (Hypericum spp.), Metabolized by tolerant species. Inhibits root
lantana (Lantana spp.), liriope (Liriope muscari and growth of germinating seedlings. Does not affect
L. spicata), pachysandra or spurge (Pachysandra established plants due to placement selectivity.
procumbens and P. Terminalis), stonecrop
(Sedum spp.), periwinkle (Vinca major or V. minor).
111
Application Methods The following plants are sensitive to Ronstar 2 G:

Field nursery stock: Apply herbicide before Andromeda ‘Temple Bell’ (snowdrift); Calluna
planting, using water as the carrier. Incorporate ‘Mediterranean pink’ (heath); Cotoneaster
uniformly to a depth of 2.5–5 cm, using irrigation ‘Eichholz’, ‘Himalayan’, ‘Shangri-la’; Hibiscus ‘Red
or mechanical methods (e.g., tandem discs, Heart’; Picea abies ‘Primila’ (Primila Norway
field cultivator with sweep teeth). Follow with a spruce); Picea glauca ‘Densena’ (Densena white
levelling device. spruce); Rhododendron ‘Everest’, ‘Girard Roberta’,
‘Hershey’, ‘Himo-Crimson’, ‘John Hearrens’,
Apply on established crops to a weed-free soil ‘Leuchtenfuer’, ‘Memoire’, ‘Nova Zimbela’ (azalea),
surface. Irrigate unless there is adequate rainfall ‘Pink Champagne’, ‘White Grandeur’; Tsuga
within 7 days after spring/fall application or within 2 canadensis ‘Pendula’ (weeping hemlock); Viburum
days after summer application. Soil must be wet to a davidii.
depth of 5–10 cm.
Sensitive Weeds
Container nursery stock: Apply at any time of the Annual weeds including annual bluegrass, barnyard
year to a weed-free media surface. May be used grass, bittercress, black nightshade, common
on newly planted container stock once the potting groundsel, crabgrass, green foxtail, lamb’s-quarters,
media settles after the first watering. Incorporate pigweed, purslane, redroot pigweed, shepherd’s-
by watering within 7 days after a spring or fall purse, stinkweed, tumble and yellow foxtail.
application. Water within 2 days after a summer
application. Does not control bittercress. Uptake and Translocation
Primarily through emerging shoots when they
Residual Activity penetrate through the layer of treated soil.
Provides season-long weed control if properly
incorporated. Deep ploughing minimizes carry- Basis of Selectivity
over effects. Greater physiological tolerance relative to
susceptible species and lack of contact with
Unique Characteristics sensitive crop tissue.
Does not control germinated weeds. Resists
leaching. To avoid crop injury, do not plant crops Application Methods
not registered for product use for 12 months after a Use on newly transplanted and established
napropamide application. ornamentals and trees. Apply uniformly to soil.
Apply at any time of the year before weed seeds
Manufacturer: United Phosphorus Inc. germinate. Remove existing weed growth for
satisfactory weed control. Do not apply to wet
foliage or when granules can collect on leaves.
Common Name: oxadiazon Apply the herbicide at least 4 weeks before covering
Trade Name: RONSTAR 2 G polyhouses in the fall.
Chemical Family: oxadiazole
Site of Action: Group 14 Residual Activity
60–120 days.
oxadiazon 2–4.5 kg/ha Unique Characteristics
RONSTAR 2G (2 Gr) 100–225 kg/ha Because moisture activates the chemical, rainfall
or overhead irrigation after application improves
Remarks weed control. When the product is applied to
Use in container nursery stock on: alpine currant, soil, it is rapidly and strongly fixed by soil colloids.
Colorado spruce, dogwood, emerald and gold This adsorption to soil, along with the product’s
euonymus, golden elder, juniper, lilac, mugo pine, limited water solubility, mean the product is not
Nanking cherry, potentilla, Scotch pine, Serbian easily leached.
spruce and vine maple.
Manufacturer: Bayer CropScience Inc.
112
Sensitive Weeds
Common Name: pendimethalin Broadleaf Weeds: Lamb’s-quarters and Redroot
Trade Name: PROWL H2O pigweed (suppression only).
Chemical Family: dinitroaniline
Site of Action: Group 3 Grasses: Barnyard grass, crabgrass (large and
smooth), fall panicum and green foxtail.
pendimethalin 1.68 kg/ha Uptake and Translocation
PROWLS H2O 3.7 L/ha Rapidly absorbed by primary roots of emerging/
germinating seedlings as they penetrate through
Remarks the layer of treated soil. Translocation with the
Prowl H2O herbicide will control annual grasses and plant is not significant and emerged weeds are not
certain broadleaf weeds in and around field, liner controlled.
and container outdoor ornamentals and conifers
for field production, including Christmas trees. Basis of Selectivity
For use on established container or field grown Small-seeded grasses and broadleaf weeds. Weed
ornamentals and conifers for field production, seeds must germinate and grow within the treated
including Christmas trees. Plant only those plant soil layer to be affected.
species for which tolerance has been confirmed into
soil treated the previous season with Prowl H2O Application Methods
herbicide, or injury may occur. Apply as a directed spray. Uniformly apply the
recommended rate of Prowl H2O herbicide with
Tolerant species include: Fraser fir (Abies fraseri), properly calibrated ground equipment before
common yarrow (Achillea millefolium), columbine weed emergence. PROWL H2O herbicide will not
(Aquilegia sp. ‘McKana’), river birch (Betula control emerged weeds. Do not make over-the-top
nigra), shasta daisy (Chrysanthemum maximum), applications. DO NOT apply during bud swell, bud
lanceleaf tickseed (Coreopsis lanceolata), Leyland break or at time of first flush of new growth. If newly
cypress (Cupressocyparis leylandii), foxglove budded or graphed rootstock, make an application
(Digitalis purpurea), purple coneflower (Echinacea using a shielded sprayer. Care must be taken to
purpurea), forsythia (Forsythia intermedia), green ensure there are no cracks in the soil where PROWL
ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica), blanket flower H2O herbicide could come in contact with the roots.
(Gaillardia aristata, Gaillardia pulchella), avens Do not apply during bud swell, bud break or at time
(Geum quellyon, Geum chiloense), baby’s breath of first flush of new growth. Direct sprays away from
(Gypsophila paniculata), daylily (Hemerocallis spp.), graphed or budded tissue on transplants at all times.
Andorra juniper (Juniperus horizontalis), crepe PROWL H2O herbicide treatments are most effective
myrtle (Lagerstroemia indica), statice (Limonium in controlling weeds when adequate rainfall or
latifolium), peony (Paeonia sp.), loblolly pine (Pinus overhead irrigation is received. If PROWL H2O is not
taeda), water oaks (Quercus nigra), blood stonecrop activated by rainfall or irrigation within 7 days, erratic
(Sedium spurium), Stokes aster (Stokesia laevis), weed control may result.
spreading yew (Taxus cuspidate), globe cedar (Thuja
occidentalis), Canadian hemlock (Tsuga canadensis). Residual Activity
Season-long control.
Do not apply PROWL H2O on the following:
Japanese holly fern (Cyrtomium falcatum), golden Manufacturer: BASF Canada Inc.
balsam (Impatiens sp.), petunia (Petunia hybrid),
false dragonhead (Physostegia virginiana), white
pine (Pinus strobus), black-eyed Susan (Rudbeckia
hirta) and lamb’s ear (Stachys byzantine).
113
Common Name: propyzamide Common Name: pyroxasulfone,

Trade Name: KERB 50 WSP sulfentrazone
Chemical Family: amide Trade Name: AUTHORITY
Site of Action: Group 15 Chemical Family: pyrazole, triazolinone
Site of Action: Group 15, 14
propyzamide 1.5 kg/ha Rates of Application
KERB (50WG) 3 kg/ha pyroxasulfone 250 g/ha
sulfentrazone 250 g/ha
Remarks AUTHORITY 1.01 L/ha
Use on established ornamentals such as coniferous
trees and shrubs, ground covers, iris and peony. Do Remarks
not use on Vinca minor. Pre-emergence to horsetail, applying as soon as the
ground thaws annual grasses and annual broadleaf
Sensitive Weeds weeds in Christmas trees. Authority Supreme
Perennial grasses including annual grasses, common Herbicide may be applied to the soil as a preplant
chickweed, quackgrass and volunteer cereals. or pre-emergence (to weed and crop) surface
application. Do not make fall applications to
Uptake and Translocation any crops.
Taken up by plant roots and translocated to foliage.
Little foliar absorption. Do not apply more than one application per year.
Basis of Selectivity Sensitive Weeds

Faster degradation in tolerant species. Horsetail.
Application Methods Uptake and Translocation

Use as a preemergence treatment for annual weeds, Taken up by the plant roots and shoots.
or apply it in the fall for postemergence control of
perennial grasses. Apply from late September to Basis of Selectivity
November when the soil temperature is low but Seedling root and shoot growth inhibitor.
above freezing and soil moisture is high.
Application Methods
Residual Activity The application is not recommended for an over-
Persists 2–9 months, depending on soil type and the-top broadcast spray and should be limited to
climate. Decomposes slowly at temperatures below directed sprays (banded application) ONLY.
1°C but accelerates at temperatures above this
level. Persistence is greatest in sandy soils with low Residual Activity
organic matter. Sulfentrazone is persistent and will last in
the soils (carryover) for one to two years. DO
Unique Characteristics NOT APPLY AUTHORITY SUPREME HERBICIDE
Rainfall or irrigation is required after application. TO FIELDS TREATED WITH AUTHORITY 480
This moves the herbicide into the root zone for HERBICIDE or AUTHORITY SUPREME or ANY
uptake by perennial grasses and germinating PRODUCT CONTAINING SULFENTRAZONE, IN THE
annual grasses. PREVIOUS YEAR.
Manufacturer: Dow AgroSciences Canada Inc. Unique Characteristics

All soil applications of Authority Supreme Herbicide
require adequate rainfall for herbicidal activation.
Authority Supreme Herbicide requires one (1) to
two (2) cm of rain or irrigation water to be effective.
Manufacturer: FMC Corporation
114
Application Methods
Common Name: s-metolachlor Early preplant, preplant incorporated or
Trade Name: DUAL II MAGNUM preemergence. Set incorporation equipment to
Chemical Family: acetanilide work the soil 10 cm deep with a disc operating
Site of Action: Group 15 at 6–10 km/h or a vibrating shank cultivator
at 10–13 km/h. One incorporation is sufficient
Rates of Application and need not be immediate. Rainfall within
s-metolachlor (915 g/L) 0.14–1.6 kg/ha 10 days is required for maximum activity of the
DUAL II MAGNUM 1.25–1.75 L/ha preemergence application.
Remarks Residual Activity

Use on white spruce 2 years or older, black spruce, Activity will normally last for 10–14 weeks.
Norway spruce, jack pine, red pine and white pine
transplant or seedling stock. Also for use on poplar Unique Characteristics
stoolbeds and second-year, non-bearing fruit The rate required depends on weed pressure (use
trees. Use on outdoor ornamentals (woody and a higher rate for heavier weed pressure). Yellow
herbaceous): Euonymus alata, Hemerocallis, Hosta, nut sedge control requires a preplant, incorporated
Juniperus, Rhododendron, Thuja. May be used for application. Winter cereals may be planted
field-grown conifers that are established: Abies 4–5 months after s-metolachlor application. Many
balsamea, Abies fraseri, Picea glauca, Pinus strobus. tank mix combinations are registered for various
Use on non-bearing stone fruit trees. crops. Do not use on muck soils or coarse-textured
soils low in organic matter.
May be applied as a preemergent or early
postemergent application to weeds before they pass Manufacturer: Syngenta Canada Inc.
the two-leaf stage. For poplar stoolbeds, apply to
dormant and flushing stoolbeds.
Apply to soil before bud break. Do not apply Dual II

Magnum within 4 weeks after bud burst or until the
needles have hardened. Do not use on sandy soils
with less than 2% organic matter. Make only one
ground application per year, banded over top of
trees. Apply in a minimum of 300 L water/ha.
Sensitive Weeds
Annual broadleaf weeds and grasses such as
American nightshade, barnyard grass, eastern black
nightshade, fall panicum, giant foxtail, green foxtail,
hairy crabgrass, redroot pigweed (suppression only),
smooth crabgrass, witch grass, yellow foxtail, yellow
nut sedge.

Absorbed by germinating grasses mainly through
the shoot, just above the seed. Absorbed by
germinating broadleaf weeds through roots
and shoots.
Metabolized by tolerant species.
115
Common Name: simazine Some species, such as corn, metabolize simazine.
Trade Name: PRINCEP NINE-T, SIMADEX In most crops, selectivity depends on crop-plant
Chemical Family: S-triazine roots being deeper than the depth to which
Site of Action: Group 5 simazine leaches.
Rates of Application Application Methods

Field applications Remove any existing weeds from containers before
simazine 2.3–3.4 kg/ha application. Apply once per season: 1 month after
PRINCEP NINE-T (90 WG) 2.5–3.8 kg/ha planting, before weeds emerge.
simazine 1.8–6.8 kg/ha
SIMADEX (500 g/L) 3.6–13.5 kg/ha Residual Activity
Persists longer than atrazine. Soil residues may
Container applications persist for more than one season. Do not plant any
simazine 2.3 kg/ha crop but corn in the treated area for 1 year after
PRINCEP NINE-T (90 WG) 2.5 kg/ha
a simazine application. If more than 2 kg/ha of
product was applied, do not plant rotational crops
Remarks
the following year. If in any doubt, test the soil for
Use on new or established Christmas tree and
excess residues.
woodland plantations (white pine 2 years or older
and balsam fir). Use Princep Nine-T (only) for conifer Unique Characteristics
site preparation before planting fir, pine or spruce. Apply only once per season. Needs sufficient
moisture to activate. Rotate with non-triazine
Use on woody ornamentals and nursery stock
residual herbicides to avoid resistant weeds. Where
established for at least 1 year: apple, barberry,
rainfall causes erosion, soil containing simazine
black walnut, boxwood, cedar, chamaecyparis,
may wash to lower land and injure existing or
cotoneaster, dogwood, flowering crabapple,
subsequent crops.
hemlock, holly, juniper, mugo pine, multiflora rose,
peony, rose, spruce, white ash and yew. Manufacturer: PRINCEP NINE-T: Syngenta
Crop Protection Canada Inc.; SIMADEX: Bayer
Use on container nursery stock: Juniperus, Thuja
CropScience Inc.
and Taxus only.
Sensitive Weeds
Annual broadleaf weeds such as clover (volunteer), Common Name: trifluralin
groundsel, lady’s-thumb, lamb’s-quarters, pigweed, Trade Name: BONANZA 480 EC, RIVAL EC,
plantain, purslane, ragweed, smartweed and TREFLAN EC
wild buckwheat. Annual grasses such as barnyard Chemical Family: dinitroaniline
grass, crabgrass, wild oats and yellow foxtail. Most Site of Action: Group 3
perennial species starting freshly from seed. Does
not control triazine-resistant biotypes of foxtail, Rates of Application
groundsel, lamb’s-quarters or pigweed. trifluralin 0.6–1.15 kg/ha
BONANZA 480 (480 g/L) 1.25–1.7 L/ha
RIVAL EC 1.2–2.3 L/ha
TREFLAN EC (480 g/L) 1.2–1.7 L/ha
Absorbed by roots, but little or no foliar absorption.
Translocated upwards in the xylem, accumulating in Remarks
the apical meristem and leaves on new plantings of Use with field-grown nursery stock, perennials
apples, apricots, cherries, peaches, pears and plums. (except Ajuga, Pachysandra and Vinca) and
established shelterbelts.
116
Sensitive Weeds POSTEMERGENCE TREATMENTS
Effective on most annual grasses. Provides good Postemergence treatments are applied after crops
control of pigweed and lamb’s-quarters, including and weeds emerge.
the triazine-tolerant biotypes of these weeds.
• Selective chemicals kill weeds with little damage
to desirable plants.
• Many postemergent treatments are non-
No significant absorption or translocation in crops.
selective and can damage desirable plants if
Controls susceptible weeds as they germinate. Does
used carelessly.
not control established weeds.
• The types of weeds controlled depend on weed
Basis of Selectivity susceptibility and crop tolerance to the chemical.
Physiological growth processes associated with Treatments must be applied at the correct stage
seed germination. of crop development. Since weed susceptibility
is greatest when most weeds are young, early
Application Methods treatments need less herbicide and cause
Preplant incorporated. Apply in 100–300 L water/ha. less crop damage.
Use a lower rate of the chemical on sandy soils • Some herbicides may be applied for
and a greater rate for loam-to-clay soils. Do not preemergence weed action after the crop has
use on soils with a high organic content (muck, emerged. For example, after a crop has been
peat or black sands with more than 15% organic cultivated to ensure the soil is weed-free, a
matter). Incorporate twice in crosswise directions herbicide can be applied to control the weeds
using a tandem disc (7–10 km/h) or tine cultivator that subsequently germinate.
(10–13 km/h) set 8–10 cm deep. Incorporate
immediately after application if possible, although The following chemicals may be used as
a delay of up to 24 hr is acceptable, as per label postemergence treatments.
directions. Incorporate again any time before
planting. Trifluralin is activated upon incorporation. Common Name: amitrole
Irrigation is not required.
Trade Name: AMITROL 240
Chemical Family: triazole
Residual Activity
Site of Action: Group 11
Recommended application rates provide
season-long weed control. Trifluralin does not
injure succeeding crops under normal conditions. amitrole 0.39–0.69 kg/ha
Fall-seeded grain crops will grow in soil treated AMITROL 240 1.7–3.0 L/ha
with trifluralin the preceding spring.
Remarks
Unique Characteristics To be applied only on spruce (Picea spp.).
Strongly absorbs to soil particles and shows
negligible leaching. Organic matter and clay Caution: Avoid application during the period of
content influence the application rate. Does not rapid shoot elongation in the spring. Applications
control ragweed, annual nightshades or mustards. can be made in the first year (1.7 L/ha), either
Lady’s-thumb may escape. in the seedbed or on transplants, but only after
the seedlings have set bud. For actively growing
Manufacturer: BONANZA: Loveland Products seedlings or transplant bareroot spruce beyond the
Canada Inc.; RIVAL: NuFarm Agriculture Inc.; first year of growth, the rate may be increased to
TREFLAN: Dow AgroSciences Canada 3.0 L/ha. This product has activity against a wide
range of plants (both evergreen and deciduous).
Avoid spray drift into non-target areas.
117
Sensitive Weeds Caution: This product contains aromatic petroleum

Many annual and perennial broadleaf weeds and distillates that are toxic to aquatic organisms.
grasses, including ash, Canada thistle, cattail,
dandelions, hoary cress, honeysuckle, horsetail, Sensitive Weeds
leafy spurge, locust, milkweed, poison-ivy, poison- Apply Aim EC to manage undesirable sucker growth
oak, quack grass, sow-thistle, sumac and toadflax. from the base of vine or tree trunks or root sprouts.
Treat when the tissue is young and not mature
Uptake and Translocation and/or hardened off.
Absorbed by foliage and roots. Translocates well in
the xylem and phloem. Accumulates in the growing Uptake and Translocation
regions of the plant. Aim EC herbicide is a contact herbicide. Within
a few hours following application, the foliage of
Basis of Selectivity susceptible weeds show signs of desiccation, and,
Resistant plants metabolize amitrole more rapidly in subsequent days, necrosis and death of the
than sensitive plants and may have lower uptake plant occur.
as a result of leaf structure that reduces wetting
and penetration. Basis of Selectivity
Aim EC herbicide is a selective, contact herbicide.
Application Methods It inhibits an enzyme of chlorophyll and heme
Use foliar postemergence application for actively biosynthesis.
growing plants. Good coverage is essential. If weeds
are mature, it is advisable to cut them and then Application Methods
spray the regrowth. Do not disturb treated plants Directed spray at the base of the tree for sucker control
for at least 2 weeks after application. Do not make with special precaution not to get spray on fruit,
postharvest applications after October 1. For control foliage or tender growing parts. Use ground sprayers
of quackgrass and Canada thistle, apply in spring or designed, calibrated and operated to deliver uniform
fall to actively growing plants 15–20 cm tall, then spray droplets to the targeted plant or plant parts.
wait 10–14 days to plough or disk. Poor results may Avoid using fine droplet nozzles that produce a droplet
occur if heavy rain falls within 6 hr after application. VMD of 300 microns or less (see the drift prevention
section of the Aim label for more instructions). When
Residual Activity using hooded sprayers or directed sprayer application:
Approximately 2–4 weeks in moist, warm soil. use drift-reducing nozzles, splash screens or a full
screen to prevent drift from reaching other parts of the
Manufacturer: Nufarm Agriculture Inc. vine or tree (at least one method is required). Direct
the spray toward the sucker zone.
Common Name: carfentrazone-ethyl Weed control is optimized when the product is

Trade Name: AIM EC applied to actively growing weeds up to 10 cm in
Chemical Family: triazolinone height, or as specified. For conventional boom and
Site of Action: Group 14 nozzle sprayers, use nozzles that produce minimal
amounts of fine spray droplets. Do not exceed
Rates of Application 210 kPa spray pressure, unless otherwise required
carfentrazone-ethyl 36 g/ha for optimal drift-reduction nozzle performance.
AIM EC 150 mL/ha Apply with an adjuvant such as Agral 90 or Ag-Surf
at 0.25% v/v (0.25 L/100 L of spray solution) or use
Remarks Merge at 1% v/v (1 L/100 L of spray solution).
To be applied on field-grown woody ornamental
nurseries (genus such as Malus, Prunus, Sorbus). Residual Activity
Aim EC herbicide can be applied a maximum of None.
twice per growing season. Do not enter or allow
workers to enter treated areas during the restricted Manufacturer: FMC Corporation
entry interval (REI) of 12 hr.
118
Common Name: clopyralid Common Name: fluazifop-p-butyl
Trade Name: LONTREL 360 Trade Name: VENTURE L
Chemical Family: pyridine carboxylic acid Chemical Family: aryloxyphenoxy propionate
Site of Action: Group 4 Site of Action: Group 1
Rates of Application Rates of Application

clopyralid 0.150–0.2 kg/ha fluazifop-p-butyl 0.075–0.25 kg/ha
LONTREL 360 (360 g/L) 0.42–0.56 L/ha VENTURE L (125 g/L) 0.6–2.00 L/ha
Remarks Remarks
Use for established, field-grown conifers including Use for field and container application. Good
Christmas trees (Abies balsamea, Abies fraseri, on non-grassy ornamental plants, shrubs, trees,
Picea abies, Pinus strobus) and for bearing and non- non-bearing forest and ornamental nursery field
bearing apple trees. stock and container-grown nursery stock. See
list of tolerant species on label. Over-the-top
Sensitive Weeds application can injure some blue junipers (e.g.,
Vetch (post-emergent). Juniperus horizontalis ‘Bar Harbour,’ ‘Blue Acres’ and
‘Blue Rug’).
Most growth regulator herbicides are readily Cultivars differ in sensitivity to Venture L. For
absorbed through both roots and foliage and are example, J. horizontalis ‘Blue Acres’ is sensitive,
translocated in both the xylem and phloem. while J. horizontalis ‘Plumosa Compacta’ is tolerant.
Consult the label for tolerant species. Test samples
Basis of Selectivity of each cultivar not specifically listed on the label
Growth regulator herbicide. Weeds cannot grow before using this product. Also for non-bearing
due to disruption of plant cell growth. apples and pears.
Application Methods Sensitive Weeds

Postemergence. Annual grass species, quackgrass and volunteer
corn, wheat and barley.
Residual Activity
Half-life in soil is less than 30 days under conditions Uptake and Translocation
that are favourable for microbial degradation. Little Absorbed primarily by leaves. Translocated to roots
to no residual activity. and rhizomes.
Unique Characteristics Basis of Selectivity

Clopyralid has little to no activity on woody Metabolism by tolerant species.
vegetation, except woody species of the legume
family. Application Methods
Postemergence. Use a directed application in
Manufacturer: Dow AgroSciences Canada Inc. sensitive species to avoid contacting leaves and
green tissue. Use higher application rates for
quackgrass. Apply to actively growing grasses
when annual grasses are in the 2–5-leaf stage and
quackgrass is in the 3–5-leaf stage.
Residual Activity
Essentially none.
119
Unique Characteristics Sensitive Weeds

Using preplant tillage to break up rhizomes Annual grasses, perennial weeds (e.g., Canada
improves quackgrass control. Do not cultivate for thistle, cattails, field bindweed, milkweed, nut
5 days after application. Except as noted on the sedge, poison-ivy, quackgrass, sow thistle) and
label, apply broadleaf herbicides separately at brush (e.g., alder, birch, maple, poplar, raspberry
least 3 days after using this product. The product and willow).
loses some effectiveness when used on stressed
plants (e.g., when plants are suffering from lack of Uptake and Translocation
moisture, excessive humidity, low temperature or Absorbed through foliage and translocated
very low relative humidity). Weeds may regrow by throughout the plant.
tillering if the product is applied to stressed plants.
A new flush of weeds may emerge after the first Basis of Selectivity
flush is controlled. Non-selective for agricultural crops. Conifers may be
tolerant at some stages for unknown reasons.
Manufacturer: Syngenta Canada Inc.
Application Methods
Use postemergence for perennial weed control.
Common Name: glyphosate Apply at the bud-bloom growth stage to most
perennial weeds. For Canada thistle or sow thistle,
Trade Name: various products
wait until they are at least in early flower bud. Apply
(see OMAFRA Publication 75, Guide to Weed
to milkweed at flower bud. Apply to bindweed at
Control, or contact a local supplier)
full flower. Treat quackgrass in the spring or fall
Chemical Family: amino acid
while it is actively growing, with at least three or
Site of Action: Group 9
four new leaves on each emerged shoot.
Remove crop refuse in the fall, but do not till before
Emerged annual weeds
glyphosate 0.8–1.25 kg/ha
application. Fall or spring tillage before spring
application may reduce weed control. Wait at least
Emerged perennial weeds 3–5 days after application before working the area.
glyphosate 1.7–4.3 kg/ha For maximum quack grass control, till before the
quack grass turns completely brown.
Quackgrass & other perennial grasses
glyphosate 0.9–2.5 kg/ha Glyphosate can be applied with boom equipment,
knapsack sprayers or high-volume spray equipment
Perennial weeds (Canada thistle, dogbane, sow thistle) for agricultural and non-crop uses. Use backpack
glyphosate 0.9–2.5 kg/ha mist blowers only for silvicultural site preparation
and roadside brush control. Use aerial applications
Other perennial weeds (field bindweed, common only for silvicultural site preparation and conifer
milkweed) release.
glyphosate 2.5–4.3 kg/ha
Glyphosate may be applied with selective
Remarks equipment to non-crop areas, tree plantings, grapes
Apply to actively growing weeds. Spray must not and orchards. (See Wiper Applicators for Selective
contact leaves or green bark of trees or shrubs. Weed Control, on page 95.) Regardless of the
application method, do not allow the herbicide to
CROP AND/OR NON-CROP REGISTRATIONS contact green foliage or the green bark of crops or
See OMAFRA Publication 75, Guide to Weed Control. other desirable plants. Remove all suckers from the
trunks of desirable trees before spraying.
120
Residual Activity Sensitive Weeds
Crops may be planted or seeded directly into treated Weed sensitivity depends on the rate used and
areas following application. Use other herbicides to application timing (see label). Sensitive weeds
control weeds emerging after the application. include: common purslane, cupped nightshade
(potato weed), field pansy, lamb’s-quarters, maple-
Unique Characteristics leaved goosefoot, oak-leaved goosefoot, redroot
Rainfall within 6 hr after application can reduce pigweed, wild buckwheat, wood sorrel. (Dormant
control, as can a heavy frost. Populus tree crop: narrow-leaved hawk’s beard, pale
smartweed, shepherd’s-purse, stinkweed.)
Manufacturers: Cheminova Canada; Dow
Agrosciences Canada Inc.; Interprovincial Uptake and Translocation
Cooperative Ltd.; Monsanto Canada Inc.; Goal 2XL is a contact herbicide with both foliar and
NuFarm Agriculture Inc.; Syngenta Canada Inc. soil activity. There is very little translocation within
the plant.
Common Name: oxyfluorfen Basis of Selectivity

Trade Name: GOAL 2XL Oxyfluorfen inhibits the production of a chlorophyll
Chemical Family: diphenyl-ether enzyme, which results in an accumulation of
Site of Action: Group 14 chemicals that disrupt cell membrane integrity in
the presence of light.
oxyfluorfen 0.12–0.24 kg/ha Application Methods
GOAL 2XL (see label) 0.5 or 1 L/ha To ensure effective post-emergence weed control,
apply Goal 2XL when weeds are in the 2- to 4-leaf
Remarks stage and actively growing. Heavy rainfall or heavy
Goal 2XL has some preemergent effects but is used irrigation immediately following application to
mainly as a postemergent herbicide for broadleaf emerged weeds may reduce effectiveness. Apply in
weeds in conifers (including Christmas trees). 200–500 L water/ha.
Goal 2XL has been tested on field-grown balsam
fir, Fraser fir, white pine and white spruce. Goal Do not apply to sandy soil. Goal 2XL enhances
2XL may be applied to other non-listed conifer activity of glyphosate formulations and improves
species, however, non-listed conifer species may the weed spectrum and speed of kill.
vary in tolerance to herbicides, including Goal 2XL.
Do not use handheld equipment to apply Goal Residual Activity
2XL to field-grown conifers. Goal 2XL applications Can provide up to 6 months residual activity.
should be made before bud break or after new Oxyfluorfen is not very soluble in water and can be
foliage has hardened off (approximately 6 weeks expected to adhere strongly to all soil types.
after bud break). Some temporary needle burn may
occur. Apply to healthy trees that are not under Manufacturer: Dow AgroSciences Canada Inc.
stress. Repeat applications as required to control
late-germinating weeds. Do not apply more than 2 L
of product per hectare per growing season.
For new and established plantings of Populus

species (poplars and aspens) and their hybrids
(including short-rotation intensive culture crops),
Goal 2XL should only be applied to dormant, healthy
plants. Make only 1 application per year, using
a low-pressure sprayer with flat can nozzles. Do
not apply more than 7 L per treated hectare per
growing season.
121
Residual Activity
Common Name: paraquat Essentially no residual soil activity but persists in
Trade Name: GRAMOXONE-200 SL organic material (e.g., mulches, turf thatch). Do not
Chemical Family: bipyridylium reseed such areas for 5 days. Perennial weeds may
Site of Action: Group 22 need multiple applications per season.
Rates of Application Unique Characteristics

paraquat 0.55–1.1 kg/ha Inactivated by adsorption to soil particles.
GRAMOXONE (200 g/L) 2.75–5.5 L/ha
Manufacturer: Syngenta Canada Inc.
Remarks
To control weed and grass between the rows of field
and established nursery crops, apply after weed Common Name: triclopyr
emergence. Use equipment and nozzles designed Trade Name: GARLON
to prevent spray contact with the green foliage Chemical Family: carboxylic acid
or other green parts of plants. Use for emerged Site of Action: Group 4
annual weeds and to suppress top growth in
perennial weeds. Rates of Application
triclopyr 0.48 kg/ha
Crop and/or Non-Crop Registrations GARLON (755 g/L) 0.635 L/ha
• stale seedbed technique
• inter-row directed chemical weeding for Remarks
established nursery crops For the control of labelled weeds (woody and
• chemical mowing weed control in non-crop land broadleaf weeds), including smooth bedstraw,
in Christmas tree plantations. For best results,
Sensitive Weeds applications of Garlon XRT herbicide should be
Non-selective action affects all green plants. made when woody plants and weeds are actively
growing. Apply Garlon XRT herbicide to trees at
Uptake and Translocation least 1.2 m tall, after the buds of the trees have
Absorbed by foliage and green bark. Little or hardened off and no lammas growth is present. Do
no translocation. not apply in the year of planting. Apply only once
per year.
All green plant tissue is sensitive. Paraquat is less Sensitive Weeds
effective on plants with a very waxy cuticle and Woody and broadleaf plants. Sensitive weeds
linear leaf shape (e.g., nut sedge). It is safe on the include alder, ash, birch, chokecherry, maples (red
mature (non-green) bark of woody plants. maple), poplar and smooth bedstraw.
Application Methods Uptake and Translocation
Postemergence. Apply when weeds are under Selective herbicide that mimics the effects of plant
15 cm high. Apply 2.75 to 5.5 L GRAMOXONE 200 SL hormones (auxins). Triclopyr causes the growing
in 300 to 550 L of water per hectare. Use 4.25 to tips of plants to elongate uncontrollably, resulting in
5.5 L when weeds are above 5 cm in height and death of the plant.
higher volume of water on dense weed growth.
Use as a chemical mower, applying it several times Basis of Selectivity
a year to actively growing vegetation. Aim the It is most effective on broadleaf plants. It has little
spray to avoid the leaves and green bark of nursery or no impact on grasses.
plants. Paraquat only controls emerged weeds.
It suppresses perennial weeds. Paraquat can be Application Methods
broadcast if there is no danger to the leaves or bark Postemergence. Apply when target weeds are
of desirable plants. For best results, apply it on a actively growing.
dull or cloudy day or in the evening.
122
Residual Activity
Half-life in soil is approximately 30 days under
conditions that are favourable for microbial
decomposition.
Unique Characteristics
Apply only when there is little or no hazard from
spray drift. Small quantities of spray drift may injure
susceptible broadleaf plants.
Manufacturer: Dow AgroSciences Canada Inc.
123
CROP TOLERANCE AND EFFICACY OF HERBICIDES REGISTERED ON NURSERY CROPS
In this section:
Table 3–3. Herbicides Registered for Use on Woody Plants
Table 3–4. Weed Susceptibility and Herbicides — Broadleaf Annuals
Table 3–5. Weed Susceptibility and Herbicides — Broadleaf Perennials
Table 3–6. Weed Susceptibility and Herbicides — Annual Grasses
The following pages contain tables listing

information about: In April 2009, the Ministry of the Environment
• herbicides registered in Ontario for use on Pesticides Ban Act, 2008, and Ontario Regulation
nursery stock (agricultural use) 63/09. Pesticides are now classified for sale
• the tolerance of specific nursery crops and use under 12 different classes. Note that
• weed control ratings for herbicides registered on agriculture (including nursery production) is
nursery stock excepted. For more information on the legislation,
see the Ministry of Environment, Conservation
and Parks website at ontario.ca/pesticides.

LEGEND: C = container D = directed spray only F = field S = seedbed T = transplant
Not = labelled restriction — = insufficient information available to make a rating
Herbicide
SIMADEX,
DUAL II PRINCEP
Botanical Name CASORON DEVRINOL MAGNUM KERB PROWL RONSTAR NINE-T VENTURE L
Abelia — — — — — — — —
Abies balsamea Not — — F — — F —
Abies fraseri — — — — F, C — — —
Abies sp. Not — — F — — — TFC
Acer circinatum — — — — — C2 — —
Acer sp. TF
1
TFC — — — — — TFC
Aesculus sp.
Aesculus glabra — — — — — — — —
Amelanchier
canadensis
Aronia — — — — — — — —
Ajuga sp. Not — — — — — — —
Berberis — — — — — — — —
Berberis thumbergii
Betula — — — — — — — —
Betula pendula T1F — — — — — — —
‘Gracilis’
Betula nigra — — — — F, C — — —
Buddleia — — — — — — — —
Buxus sp. T1F TFC — — — — F TFC
1
Apply 4 weeks after transplanting.
2
Apply 30 days before covering polyhouses — no later than Sept. 30.
3
Use directed spray from bud break to initial growth hardening.
124
Herbicide
SIMADEX,
DUAL II PRINCEP
Calluna sp. TF
1
— — — — — — TFC
Caragana sp. T1F — — — — — F TFC
Carpinus sp. — — — — — — — TFC
Carya sp.
Caryopteris — — — — — — — —
Castanea sp.
Catalpa — — — — — — — —
Cercis canadensis — — — — — — — —
Chaenomeles sp. — — — — — — — TFC
Chamaecyparis sp. — — — — — — F —
Cornus sp. — — — — — C2 F TFCD
Cotinus coggygria — — — — — — — TFC
Cotoneaster sp. — — — — — — F TFC
Crataegus sp. — TFC — — — — — —
Cryptomeria japonica
Cupressus
Daphne — — — — — — — —
Deutzia
Erica sp. T1F — — — — — — —
Euonymus alatus — — — — — — — —
Euonymus fortunei — — — — — C2 — —
‘Emerald & Gold’
Euonymus sp. T1F TFC — — — — — TFC
Forsythia sp. TF
1
— — — F, C — — TFC
Fothergilla gardenii
Fagus sp.
Fraxinus americana — — — — — — F —
Fraxinus sp. TF
1
— — — F, C — — TFC
Ginkgo biloba
Gleditsia sp. — TF — — — — — TFC
Gleditsia triacanthos — — — — — — — T
Hedera sp. — C — — — — — TFC
Hibiscus sp. — TF — — — — — —
Hydrangea sp. — — — — — — — TFC
Hydrangea
macrophylla
Hypericum sp. — TF — — — — — —
Ilex sp. T1F TFC — — — — F TFC3
Itea virginica
1
2
3
125

Herbicide
SIMADEX,
DUAL II PRINCEP
Juglans nigra — — — — — — F —
Juniperus chinensis T1F, C1,2 — — F — — — TFCD
‘Pfitzeriana’
Juniperus horizontalis — — — — F, C — — —
Juniperus sabina T1F, C1,2 — — F — — — —
Juniperus scopulorum T 1
— — F — — — —
Juniperus sp. T1F TFC — F — C2 FC TFC3
Juniperus virginiana TF 1
— — F — — — —
Kerria japonica
Kolkwitzia amabilis
Laburnum sp. — TF — — — — — —
Lagerstroemia
Ligustrum sp. — TFC — — — — — TFC
Ligustrum japonicum
Lonicera sp. T1F — — — — — — TFC
Magnolia — — — — — — — —
Magnolia stellata
Malus sp. T1F TF — — — — F TFC
Malus sylvestris — TFC — — — F — —
Metasequoia — — — — — — — —
glyptostroboides
Nyssa sylvatica
Parthenocissus — — — — — — — TFC
quinquefolia
Philadelphus sp. T1F — — — — — — TFCD
Physocarpus — — — — — — — —
opulifolius
Picea abies Not — — F — — F —
Picea abies Not — — F — — — —
‘Nidiformis’
Picea glauca Not — — F — — F —
Picea glauca ‘Conica’ Not — — F — — — —
Picea marina — — TF — — — — —
Picea omorika Not — — — — C2 — —
Picea pungens Not — — — — C2 — —
Picea pungens Not — — F — — F —
‘Glauca’
Picea pungens Not — — F — — F —
‘Glauca Globosa’
Picea rubens Not — — F — — F —
1
2
3
126
Herbicide
SIMADEX,
DUAL II PRINCEP
Picea sp. Not TF — F — — — TFC3
Pieris sp. — — — — — — — TFC
Pinus banksiana — — TF — — — — —
Pinus mugo Not — — F — C2 F —
Pinus nigra — — — F — — — —
Pinus resinosa — — TF — — — — —
Pinus sp. — TFC — F — — — TFC
Pinus strobus — — TF — Not F — F
Pinus sylvestris — — — — — C2 — —
Pinus taeda — — — — F, C — — —
Pittosporum sp. — TF — — — — — —
Platanus sp. — — — — — — — TFC
Podocarpus sp. — TFC — — — — — —
Populus sp. — TF stoolbed — — — — —
Populus deltoides
Populus tremuloides
Potentilla sp. — — — — — C2 — TFC
Prunus sp. — TF — — — — — —
Prunus tomentosa — — — — — C2 — —
Pseudotsuga — — — F — — — TFC3
menzeisii
Pyracantha sp. — TFC — — — — — TFC
Pyrus sp. — F F — — — — F
Quercus — — — — — — — —
Rhododendron sp. T1F TFC — — — — — TFC
Ribes alpinum — — — — — C 2
— —
Ribes sp. — — — — — — — TFC
Robinia sp. T1F — — — — — — —
Rosa multiflora — — — — — — F —
Rosa sp. T1F TFC — — — — F TFC
Salix sp. T1F — — — — — — TFC
Sambucus — — — — — C 2
— —
canadensis ‘Aurea’
Sambucus sp. — — — — — — — TFC
Sambucus nigra
Spiraea sp. T1F — — — — — — TFC
Symphoricarpos — — — — — — — TFC
rivularis
Syringa sp. Not — — — — C2 — TFC
1
2
3
127

Herbicide
SIMADEX,
DUAL II PRINCEP
Taxodium — — — — — — — —
Taxus cuspidata — — — F — — — —
Taxus sp. T1F, C1,2 TF — F — — FC TFC3
Thuja occidentalis T1F, C1,2 — — F — — — —
Thuja sp. TF
1
C — F — — FC TFC
Tilia sp. TF
1
— — — — — — TFC
Tsuga sp. Not — — — — — F TFC3
Ulmus sp. T1F — — — — — — TFC
Viburnum sp. — — — — — — — TFC
Weigela sp. — — — — — — — TFC
1
2
3
128
Table 3–4. Weed Susceptibility and Herbicides — Broadleaf Annuals
LEGEND: S = susceptible MS = moderately susceptible — = insufficient information available to make a rating
SIMADEX,
DUAL II PRINCEP TREFLAN,
Broadleaf Annuals CASORON DEVRINOL MAGNUM KERB PROWL RONSTAR NINE-T RIVAL
bittercress S — — — — S — —
buckwheat, wild S — — — — — S MS
carpetweed — S — — — — — S
chickweed, common S S — S — — — S
clover, volunteer — — — — — — S —
groundsel, common S S — — — S — —
knotweed S — — — — — — —
knotweed, prostrate — S — — — — — S
kochia S — — — — — — —
lady’s-thumb — — — — — — S —
lamb’s-quarters S S — — S S S S
mustards S — — — — — — —
nightshade, black — — MS — — S — —
pigweed S S — — — S — S
pigweed, redroot — S — — S — S —
pineappleweed — S — — — — — —
plantain S — — — — — — —
prickly lettuce — S — — — — — —
purslane S S — — — S S S
ragweed, common — MS — — — — S —
Russian thistle — — — — — — — S
shepherd’s-purse S — — — — S — —
smartweed S — — — — — S S
smartweed, green — — — — — — S —
sow thistle, annual S S — — — — — —
spurge S — — — — — — —
stinkweed — — — — — S — —
sweet clover, white — — — — — — — —
129
Table 3–5. Weed Susceptibility and Herbicides — Broadleaf Perennials

LEGEND: S = susceptible MS = moderately susceptible T = tolerant
— = insufficient information available to make a rating
Broadleaf DUAL II
Perennials CASORON DEVRINOL MAGNUM KERB PROWL RONSTAR ROUNDUP SIMADEX TREFLAN VENTURE L
bindweed T — — — — — S — T —
chickweed, MS — — — — — S — MS —
mouse eared
dandelion MS T — — — — MS — — —
grape, wild T — — — — — MS — — —
ground ivy MS — — — — — MS — — —
(creeping Charlie)
horsetail MS — — — — — MS T T —
mallow — — — — — — MS — — —
milkweed — — — — — — S — T —
nut sedge MS MS S — — — MS T T T
plantain MS — — — — — S — — —
poison-ivy — — — — — — — — — S
quack grass MS T — MS — — — T T MS
sow thistle MS — — S — — — T T —
stinging nettle — — — — — — — — — S
thistle, Canada MS — — — — — — T T —
toadflax, yellow — — — S — — S — — S
vetches MS T — — — — — T T —
130
Table 3–6. Weed Susceptibility and Herbicides — Annual Grass
LEGEND: S = susceptible — = Insufficient information available to make a rating
Annual DUAL II
Grasses CASORON DEVRINOL MAGNUM KERB PROWL RONSTAR ROUNDUP SIMADEX TREFLAN VENTURE L
barnyard — S S — S S — S S S
grass
bluegrass, S S — — — S S — S —
annual
brome grass — — — — — — S — S —
cheat grass — — — — — — — — S —
crabgrass S S — — S S — S S S
crabgrass, — S — — S — S — — —
large
crabgrass, — — S — S — — — — —
smooth
darnel, — — — — — — — — S S
Persian
foxtail, giant — — S — — — — — — S
foxtail, green S S S — S S S — S S
foxtail, S S S — — S — S S S
yellow
goose grass — S — — — — — — S —
grasses, — — — S — — — — — —
annual
Johnson — — — — — — — — — S
grass
love (stink) — — — — — — — — S —
grass
oats, wild — S — S — — S S S S
panicum, fall — S S — S — — — S —
proso millet — — — — — — — — — S
ryegrass — S — — — — — — — —
witch grass — — S — — — — — — —
131
132
4. Appendices
APPENDIX A: Advisory Staff for Nursery and Landscape and Agricultural Information Contact Centre,
Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs
Nursery and Landscape Specialist

Jennifer Llewellyn Agriculture Information
E-mail: jennifer.llewellyn@ontario.ca Contact Centre
Tel: 519.826.4738 Providing province-wide, toll-free technical and
business information to commercial farms,
agri-businesses and rural businesses.
1 Stone Rd. West
Guelph, ON N1G 4Y2
Tel: 519-826-4047
Toll-free: 1-877-424-1300
Fax: 519-826-7610
E-mail: ag.info.omafra@ontario.ca
133
APPENDIX B: Additional Resources

Many factsheets, publications and other resources are • Information on pesticide application technology:
available from the Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food www.sprayers101.ca
and Rural Affairs (OMAFRA). • Specialty Cropportunities to find information
These can be ordered from Service Ontario: on specialty berries and fruit: ontario.ca/crops
• Online at ServiceOntario Publications: ontario.ca/ (search on “cropportunities”)
publications
• By phone through the ServiceOntario Contact Centre Resources on Application Technology
Monday–Friday, 8:30 am–5:00 pm • Ontario Pesticide Education Program: www.opep.ca
416-326-5300 OMAFRA Factsheets:
416-325-3408 (TTY) • Plant Growth Regulators for Fruit
1-800-668-9938 Toll-free across Canada
1-800-268-7095 TTY Toll-free across Ontario • Hand and Chemical Thinning in Tree Fruit
• In person at ServiceOntario Centres located • Mating Disruption for Management of Insect Pests
throughout the province or at any OMAFRA Resource • How Weather Conditions Affect Spray Applications
Centre. Many can also be found online at
• Six Elements of Effective Spraying in Orchards
ontario.ca/omafra
and Vineyards
• For a complete list of publications from
• Calibrating Airblast Sprayers
OMAFRA: ontario.ca/omafra
• Adjusting, Maintaining and Cleaning Airblast Sprayers
• Pesticide Drift from Ground Applications
OMAFRA Publications
• Agronomy Guide for Field Crops – Publication 811 Airblast 101 Course Materials: basic tools for applying
pesticides and plant growth modifiers in an effective,
• Growing Strawberries in Ontario – Publication 513
economic and environmentally responsible manner.
• Growing Red Raspberries in Ontario – Publication 105 For more information, contact the ministry Application
• Fruit Crop Protection Guide – Publication 360 Technology Specialist.
• Guide to Weed Control – Publication 75
• Integrated Pest Management for Ontario Apples – Best Management Practices
Publication 310 The Best Management Practices series of
publications presents a practical, affordable
• Ontario Field Vegetable Guide – Publication 839 approach to conserving a farm’s soil and water
• Soil Fertility Handbook – Publication 611 resources without sacrificing productivity.
• Vegetable Crop Protection Guide – Publication 838 A sampling of titles appears below. For a complete list
of books in the BMP series, see: ontario.ca/omafra.
Websites • BMP01E Farm Forestry and Habitat Management
Websites for technical information on pests and • BMP06E Soil Management
production in Ontario fruit crops:
• BMP07E Water Management
• OMAFRA gateway to information on crops:
• BMP08E Irrigation Management
ontario.ca/crops
• BMP09E Integrated Pest Management
• Spotted wing drosophila: ontario.ca/spottedwing
• BMP13E Pesticide Storage, Handling and Application
• Brown marmorated stink bug: ontario.ca/stinkbug
• BMP15E Buffer Strips
• Crop IPM (integrated pest management) modules:
ontario.ca/cropipm • BMP16E Manure Management
• Soil management, fertilizer use, crop nutrition and • BMP20E Managing Crop Nutrients
cover crops for fruit production: www.omafra.gov. • BMP28E Water and Fertilizer Use for Outdoor
on.ca/english/crops/hort/soil_fruit.htm Container Production
• Label Search Tool to find labels for pesticides
and products registered for use in Canada:
http://pr-rp.hc-sc.gc.ca/ls-re/index-eng.php
134
APPENDIX C: Suppliers of Pest Monitoring Equipment and Biological Control Agents
This list includes sources of weather monitoring equipment, pest monitoring supplies and biological control agents.
For a more extensive list of beneficial insects and mite suppliers, see the OMAFRA website at ontario.ca/crops.
This is a partial list and does not imply endorsement or recommendation by the Ontario Ministry of Agriculture,
Food and Rural Affairs of the companies listed.
Company Address Telephone/Fax/Email Products
Anatis Bioprotection 278 rang Saint-André Toll-free: 1-800-305-7714 • beneficial insects and mites
www.anatisbioprotection. Saint-Jacques-le- Email: info@anatisbioprotection.
com Mineur, QC com
J0J 1Z0
Biobest Canada Ltd. 2020 Foxrun Rd. Tel: 519-322-2178 • beneficial insects, mites,
www.biobestgroup.com R.R. #4 Fax: 519-322-1271 nematodes
Leamington, ON Email: info@biobest.ca • pheromone lures and traps
N8H 3V7 • bumblebee hives for pollination
Contech Enterprises Inc. 7572 Progress Way Tel: 1-800-767-8658 • pheromone lures and traps
(Formerly Pherotech) Delta, BC Fax: 604-940-9433
V4G 1E9 Email: sales@contech-inc.com
Cooper Mill Ltd. 31 Hastings Road Tel: 613-473-4847 • pheromone lures and traps
www.coopermill.com R.R. #3 Fax: 613-473-5080
Madoc, ON Email: ipm@coopermill.com
K0K 2K0
Distributions Solida Inc. 480 rang St-Antoine Tel: 418-826-0900 • pheromone lures and traps
www.solida.ca St. Ferreol-les-Neiges, Fax: 418-826-0901 • tangle traps, insect trap coating
QC Email: info@solida.ca • hand lens magnifiers
G0A 3R0 • tally counters
Gempler’s P.O. Box 5175 Toll-free: 1-800-382-8473 • weather monitoring equipment
www.gemplers.com Janesville, WI Fax: 1-800-551-1128 • pheromone lures and traps
USA 53547 Email: customerservice@gempler. • tangle traps
com • hand lens magnifiers
• tally counters
Great Lakes IPM, Inc. 10220 Church Tel: 989-268-5693 • apple scab monitoring
www.greatlakesipm.com Road NE Toll-free: 1-800-235-0285 equipment
Vestaburg, MI Fax: 989-268-5311 • pheromone lures and traps
USA 48891 Email: glipm@greatlakesipm.com • tangle traps
• hand lens magnifiers
• tally counters
• insect sweep nets
• field diagnostic equipment
Koppert Canada Ltd. 50 Ironside Cres. #2 Tel: 1-800-567-4195 • beneficial insects, mites
www.koppertonline.ca Scarborough, ON Fax: 416-291-0902 • insect traps
M1X 1G4 Email: info@koppert.ca • BioWorks products
135
Company Address Telephone/Fax/Email Products

Natural Insect Control 3737 Netherby Rd. Tel: 905-382-2904 • beneficial insects, mites and
www.naturalinsectcontrol. Stevensville, ON Fax: 905-382-4418 nematodes (Canadian strains)
com L0S 1S0 Email: nic@niagara.com • pheromone lures and traps
• mating disruption devices
• bird houses
N.M. Bartlett Inc. 4509 Bartlett Rd. Tel: 905-563-8261 • pheromone lures and traps
www.bartlett.ca Beamsville, ON Toll-free: 1-800-767-8658 • mating disruption devices
L0R 1B1 Fax: 905-563-7882
Email: info@bartlett.ca
Plant Products Inc. 50 Hazelton Street Tel: 519-326-9037 • pheromone lures and traps
www.plantproducts.com Leamington, ON Toll-free: 1-800-387-2449 • mating disruption devices
N8H 1B8 Fax: 519-326-9290 • rodent traps
Email: info@plantproducts.com • sticky tape and cards
• tangle traps
• beneficial insects
Warwick Orchards 7056 Egremont Rd. Tel: 519-849-6730 • DeWitt leaf wetness sensor
and Nursery R.R. #8 Fax: 519-849-6731
Watford, ON Email: warwickorchards@brktel.
N0M 2S0 on.ca
136
APPENDIX D: Safety Supply Companies
This is a list of safety supply companies in Ontario providing protective clothing and personal protective equipment.
Ask safety supply companies for help to select protective clothing and personal protective equipment. This is a partial
list and does not imply endorsement or recommendation by the Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs
of the companies listed.
Company Address Telephone/Fax/Email
3-M Canada Company 300 Tartan Drive Toll-free: 1-800-364-3577
www.3mcanada.ca London, ON N5V 4M9 Toll-free fax: 1-800-603-7758
Acklands Grainger 90 W. Beaver Creek Rd. Tel: 905-731-5516

www.acklandsgrainger.com Richmond Hill, ON L4B 1E7 Toll-free: 1-866-248-8801
Fax: 905-731-6053
Email: contact@agi.ca
Dupont Personal Protection Equipment P.O. Box 2200 Tel: 905-821-3300
www.personalprotection.dupont.ca Streetsville Toll-free: 1-800-931-3456
Mississauga, ON L5M 2H3 Fax: 905-816-3059
Dutch Industries Huron Tractor Tel: 519-235-1115
“Protect-Air Cab Filter” 39995 Harvest Rd. Fax: 519-235-1939
www.dutchopeners.com Exeter, ON N0M 1S3
www.hurontractor.com
Hamisco Industrial Sales Inc. 3392 Wonderland Rd. S. Tel: 519-652-9800

www.hamisco.com London, ON N6L 1A8 Toll-free: 1-800-668-9800
Fax: 519-652-9661
Levitt-Safety (Eastern) Ltd. 2872 Bristol Circle Tel: 905-829-3299
www.levitt-safety.com Oakville, ON L6H 5T5 Toll-free: 1-888-453-8488
Fax: 905-829-2919
Email: csr@levitt-safety.com
The Mitt & Robe Company Ltd. 751 Norfolk St. N. Tel: 519-428-4050
Simcoe, ON N3Y 3R6 Toll-free: 1-877-893-6565
Fax: 519-428-5142
Email: sales@mittrobe.ca
MSA Canada 100 Westmore Dr., Unit 23 Tel: 416-620-4225
www.msasafety.com Toronto, ON M9V 5C3 Toll-free: 1-800-672-2222
Fax: 416-679-2875
Email: info@msasafety.com
Plant Products Inc. 50 Hazelton St. Tel: 519-326-9037
www.plantproducts.com Leamington, ON N8H 1B8 Toll-free: 1-800-387-2449
Fax: 519-326-9290
Email: info@plantproducts.com
Safety Express 4190 Sladeview Cres., Unit 1 & 2 Tel: 905-608-0111
www.safetyexpress.com Mississauga, ON L5L 0A1 Toll-free: 1-800-465-3898
Fax: 905-608-0091
Email: info@safetyexpress.com
The St. George Company Ltd. 20 Consolidated Dr. Tel: 519-442-2046
www.thestgeorgeco.com P.O. Box 430 Toll-free: 1-800-461-4299
Paris, ON N3L 3T5 Fax: 519-442-7191
Email: sales@thestgeorgeco.com
137
APPENDIX E: Diagnostic Services
Samples for disease diagnosis, insect or weed Roots

identification, nematode counts and Verticillium testing From small plants, sample the entire root system plus
can be sent to: adhering soil. For large plants, 10–20 g (½–1 oz.), dig
Pest Diagnostic Clinic fresh weight from the feeder root zone and submit.
Laboratory Services Division
University of Guelph
Problem areas
Take soil and root samples from the margins of
95 Stone Rd. W.
the problem area where the plants are still living. If
Guelph, ON N1H 8J7
possible, also take samples from healthy areas in the
Tel: 519-767-6299 same field. If possible, take both soil and root samples
Fax: 519-767-6240 from problem and healthy areas in the same field.
Website: www.guelphlabservices.com
Email: aflinfo@uoguelph.ca
Payment must accompany samples at the time of
Sample handling
submission. Submission forms are available at Soil samples
www.guelphlabservices.com/AFL/submit_samples.aspx Place in plastic bags as soon as possible after collecting.
To obtain information on the fee schedule, visit Root samples
www.guelphlabservices.com or phone the Place in plastic bags and cover with moist soil from the
Pest Diagnostic Clinic. sample area.
How to Sample for Nematodes Storage

Store samples at 5°–10°C (40°–50°F) and do not
expose them to direct sunlight or extreme heat or
Soil cold (freezing). Only living nematodes can be counted.
When to sample Accurate counts depend on proper handling of samples.
Soil and root samples can be taken at any time of the
year that the soil is not frozen. In Ontario, nematode
soil population levels are generally at their highest in Submitting Plant for Disease Diagnosis
May and June and again in September and October. or Identification
How to sample soil Sample submission forms
Use a soil sampling tube, trowel or narrow-bladed shovel Forms can be obtained from your local Ontario Ministry
to take samples. Sample soil to a depth of 20–25 cm of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs office. Carefully
(8–10 in.). If the soil is bare, remove the top 2 cm fill in all of the categories on the form. In the space
(1 in.) prior to sampling. A sample should consist of provided, draw the most obvious symptom and the
10 or more subsamples combined. Mix well, then take pattern of the disease in the field. It is important to
a sample of ½–1 L (1 pint–1 qt) from this. No single include the cropping history of the area for the past
sample should represent more than 2.5 ha (6.25 acre). three years and this year’s pesticide use records.
Mix subsamples in a clean pail or plastic bag. Choose a complete, representative sample showing
early symptoms. Submit as much of the plant as is
Sampling pattern practical, including the root system, or several plants
If living crop plants are present in the sample area, take showing a range of symptoms. If symptoms are general,
samples within the row and from the area of the feeder collect the sample from an area where they are of
root zone (with trees, this is the drip line). intermediate severity. Completely dead material is
usually inadequate for diagnosis.
Number of subsamples
Based on the total area sampled: With plant specimens submitted for identification,
include at least a 20–25-cm sample of the top portion
500 m (5,400 ft )
2 2
10 subsamples
of the stem with lateral buds, leaves, flowers or fruits in
500 m2–0.5 ha (5,400 ft2–1.25 acre) 25 subsamples
identifiable condition. Wrap plants in newspaper and put
0.5 ha–2.5 ha (1.25–6.25 acre) 50 subsamples
in a plastic bag. Tie the root system off in a separate
plastic bag to avoid drying out and contamination of the
leaves by soil. Do not add moisture, as this encourages
decay in transit. Cushion specimens and pack in a
sturdy box to avoid damage during shipping. Avoid
leaving specimens to bake or freeze in a vehicle or in a
location where they could deteriorate.
138
Delivery
Deliver to the Pest Diagnostic Clinic as soon as possible by
first class mail or by courier at the beginning of the week.
Submitting Insect Specimens for
Identification
Collecting samples
Place dead, hard-bodied insects in vials or boxes and
cushion with tissues or cotton. Place soft-bodied insects
and caterpillars in vials containing rubbing alcohol. Do not
use water, as this results in rot. Do not tape insects to
paper or send them loose in an envelope.
Place live insects in a container with enough plant “food”
to support them during transit. Be sure to write “live” on
the outside of the container.
139
APPENDIX F: Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks – Regional Contact Information
Region/County Address Telephone/Fax

Central Region 5775 Yonge St., 8th Floor Tel: 416-326-6700
Toronto, Halton, Peel, York, Durham, Muskoka, Simcoe Toronto, ON M2M 4J1 Toll-free: 1-800-810-8048
Fax: 416-325-6345
West-Central Region Ontario Government Building Tel: 905-521-7640
Haldimand, Norfolk, Niagara, Hamilton-Wentworth, 119 King St. W., 9th Floor Toll-free: 1-800-668-4557
Dufferin, Wellington, Waterloo, Brant Hamilton, ON L8P 4Y7 Fax: 905-521-7820
Eastern Region 1259 Gardiners Rd., Unit 3 Tel: 613-549-4000
Frontenac, Hastings, Lennox & Addington, Prince Edward, PO Box 22032 Toll-free: 1-800-267-0974
Leeds & Grenville, Prescott & Russell, Stormont/Dundas Kingston, ON K7M 8S5 Fax: 613-548-6908
& Glengarry, Haliburton, Peterborough, Kawartha Lakes,
Northumberland, Renfrew, Ottawa, Lanark, District of
Nipissing (Twp. of South Algonquin)
Southwestern Region 733 Exeter Rd. Tel: 519-873-5000
Elgin, Middlesex, Oxford, Essex, Kent, Lambton, Bruce, London, ON N6E 1L3 Toll-free: 1-800-265-7672
Grey, Huron, Perth Fax: 519-873-5020
Northern Region (East) 199 Larch St., Ste. 1201 Tel: 705-564-3237
Manitoulin, Nipissing, Parry Sound, Sudbury, Algoma Sudbury, ON P3E 5P9 Toll-free: 1-800-890-8516
(East), Timiskaming, Sault Ste. Marie Fax: 705-564-4180
Northern Region (West) 435 James St. S., Ste. 331 Tel: 807-475-1205
Algoma (West), Cochrane, Kenora, Rainy River, Timmins, Thunder Bay, ON P7E 6S7 Toll-free: 1-800-875-7772
Thunder Bay Fax: 807-475-1745
Standards Development Branch Pesticides Section Tel: 416-327-5519
40 St. Clair Ave. W. Fax: 416-327-2936
7th Floor
Toronto, ON M4V 1L5
Approvals Branch Pesticides Licensing Tel: 416-314-8001
2 St. Clair Ave. W. Toll-free: 1-800-461-6290
12A Floor Fax: 416-314-8452
Toronto, ON M4V 1L5
140
APPENDIX G: Other Contacts
AGRICULTURE AND AGRI-FOOD CANADA RESEARCH CENTRES

www.agr.gc.ca/index_e.php
Eastern Cereals and Oilseeds Southern Crop Protection and Guelph Food Research Centre
Research Centre Food Research Centre 93 Stone Road West
960 Carling Ave. 1391 Sandford St. Guelph, N1G 5C9
Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6 London, ON N5V 4T3 Tel: 519-829-2400
Tel: 613-759-1858 Tel: 519-457-1470
Greenhouse and Processing Vineland Research Farm

Crops Centre 4902 Victoria Ave. N.
2585 County Road 20 Vineland, ON L0R 2E0
Harrow, ON N0R 1G0 Tel: 905-562-4113
Tel: 519-738-2251
CANADIAN FOOD INSPECTION AGENCY REGIONAL OFFICES (PLANT PROTECTION)

www.inspection.gc.ca
Belleville London Toronto

345 College St. E. 19-100 Commissioners Rd. E. 1124 Finch Ave. W., Unit 2
Belleville, ON K8N 5S7 London, ON N5Z 4R3 Downsview, ON M3J 2E2
Tel: 613-969-3333 Tel: 519-691-1300 Tel: 416-665-5055
Brantford St. Catharines Guelph

625 Park Rd. N., Suite 6 395 Ontario St., PO Box 19 174 Stone Rd W
Brantford, ON N3T 5P9 St. Catharines, ON L2N 7N6 Guelph, N1G 4T1
Tel: 519-753-3478 Tel: 905-937-8232 Tel: 519-837-9400
Hamilton Ottawa District

709 Main St. W., Ste. 101 38 Auriga Dr., Unit 8
Hamilton, ON L8S 1A2 Ottawa, ON K2E 8A5
Tel: 905-572-2201 Tel: 613-274-7374, ext. 221
UNIVERSITY OF GUELPH VINELAND RESEARCH AND

Main Campus Department of Plant INNOVATION CENTRE
Guelph, ON N1G 2W1 Agriculture, Simcoe 4890 Victoria Ave. N.
Tel: 519-824-4120 1283 Blueline Road, PO Box 587 Vineland Station, ON L0R 2E0
www.uoguelph.ca Simcoe, ON N3Y 4N5 Tel: 905-562-0320
Tel: 519-426-7127 Fax: 905-562-0084
Ridgetown Campus Fax: 519-426-1225 www.vinelandresearch.com
Ridgetown, ON N0P 2C0
Tel: 519-674-1500 Department of Plant
www.ridgetownc.uoguelph.ca Agriculture, Vineland
4890 Victoria Ave. N., PO Box 7000
Department of
Vineland Station, ON L0R 2E0
Plant Agriculture Tel: 905-562-4141
www.plant.uoguelph.ca Fax: 905-562-3413
Department of Plant Lab Services Division
Agriculture, Guelph 95 Stone Rd. W., PO Box 3650
50 Stone Rd. W. Guelph, ON N1H 8J7
Guelph, ON N1G 2W1 Tel: 519-767-6299
Tel: 519-824-4120, ext. 56083 www.uoguelph.ca/labserv
Fax: 519-763-8933
Trace Organics and Pesticides
Tel: 519-767-6485
Pest Diagnostic Clinic

Tel: 519-767-6256
141
APPENDIX H: The Metric System and Abbreviations
Metric Units Application Rate Conversions

Linear Measures (length) Metric to Imperial or U.S. (approximate)
10 millimetres (mm) = 1 centimetre (cm) litres per hectare × 0.09 = Imp. gallons per acre
100 centimetres (cm) = 1 metre (m) litres per hectare × 0.11 = U.S. gallons per acre
1,000 metres = 1 kilometre (km) litres per hectare × 0.36 = Imp. quarts per acre
Square Measures (area) litres per hectare × 0.43 = U.S. quarts per acre
100 m × 100 m = 10,000 m = 1 hectare (ha)
2 litres per hectare × 0.71 = Imp. pints per acre
100 ha = 1 square kilometre (km2) litres per hectare × 0.86 = U.S. pints per acre
millilitres per hectare × 0.014 = U.S. fluid ounces per acre
Cubic Measures (volume)
grams per hectare × 0.015 = ounces per acre
Dry measure
kilograms per hectare × 0.89 = pounds per acre
1,000 cubic millimetres (mm3) = 1 cubic centimetre (cm3)
tonnes per hectare × 0.45 = tons per acre
1,000,000 cm3 = 1 cubic metre (m3)
Liquid Measure Imperial or U.S. to Metric (approximate)
1,000 millilitres (mL) = 1 litre (L) Imp. gallons per acre × 11.23 = litres per hectare (L/ha)
100 L = 1 hectolitre (hL) U.S. gallons per acre × 9.35 = litres per hectare (L/ha)
Weight-Volume Equivalents (for water) Imp. quarts per acre × 2.8 = litres per hectare (L/ha)
(1.00 kg) 1,000 grams = 1 litre (1.00 L) U.S. quarts per acre × 2.34 = litres per hectare (L/ha)
(0.50 kg) 500 g = 500 mL (0.50 L) Imp. pints per acre × 1.4 = litres per hectare (L/ha)
(0.10 kg) 100 g = 100 mL (0.10 L) U.S. pints per acre × 1.17 = litres per hectare (L/ha)
(0.01 kg) 10 g = 10 mL (0.01 L) Imp. fluid ounces per acre × 70 = millilitres per hectare (mL/ha)
(0.001 kg) 1 g = 1 mL (0.001 L) U.S. fluid ounces per acre × 73 = millilitres per hectare (mL/ha)
tons per acre × 2.24 = tonnes per hectare (t/ha)
Weight Measures
pounds per acre × 1.12 = kilograms per hectare (kg/ha)
1,000 milligrams (mg) = 1 gram (g)
pounds per acre × 0.45 = kilograms per acre (kg/acre)
1,000 g = 1 kilogram (kg)
ounces per acre × 70 = grams per hectare (g/ha)
1,000 kg = 1 tonne (t)
1 mg/kg = 1 part per million (ppm) Liquid Equivalents
Dry–Liquid Equivalents Litres/Hectare Approximate Gallons/Acre

1 cm3 = 1 mL Imperial Gallons U.S. Gallons
1 m = 1,000 L
3 50 = 4.45 5.35
100 = 8.9 10.7
Approximate Metric Conversions
150 = 13.53 16.05
5 mL = 1 tsp
200 = 17.8 21.4
15 mL = 1 tbsp
250 = 22.25 26.75
28.5 mL = 1 Imp. fl. oz.
300 = 26.7 32.1
142
Application Rate Conversions (cont’d) Conversion Tables – Metric to Imperial
Approximate Dry Weight Equivalents (approximate)
Grams/Hectare Ounces/Acre
Handy Metric Conversion Factor
100 = 1½ Litres per hectare × 0.4 = litres per acre
200 = 3
Kilograms per hectare × 0.4 = kilograms per acre
300 = 4¼
500 = 7 Length
700 = 10 1 millimetre (mm) = 0.04 inch
Kilograms/Hectare Pounds/Acre 1 centimetre (cm) = 0.4 inch
1.10 = 1 1 metre (m) = 39.4 inches
1.50 = 1¼ 1 metre (m) = 3.28 feet
2.00 = 1¾ 1 metre (m) = 1.09 yards
2.50 = 2¼ 1 kilometre (km) = 0.62 mile
3.25 = 3
Area
4.00 = 3½
5.00 = 4½ 1 square centimetre (cm ) = 0.16 square inch
2
6.00 = 5¼ 1 square metre (m2) = 10.77 square feet

7.50 = 6¾ 1 square metre (m2) = 1.2 square yards
9.00 = 8 1 square kilometre (km2) = 0.39 square mile
11.00 = 10 1 hectare (ha) = 107,636 square feet
13.00 = 11½ 1 hectare (ha) = 2.5 acres
15.00 = 13½
Volume (dry)
1 cubic centimetre (cm3) = 0.061 cubic inches
1 cubic metre (m3) = 1.31 cubic yards
1 cubic metre (m3) = 35.31 cubic feet
1,000 cubic metres (m3) = 0.81 acre-foot
1 hectolitre (hL) = 2.8 bushels
Volume (liquid)
1 millilitre (mL) = 0.035 fluid ounce (Imp.)
1 litre (L) = 1.76 pints (Imp.)
1 litre (L) = 0.88 quart (Imp.)
1 litre (L) = 0.22 gallon (Imp.)
1 litre (L) = 0.26 gallon (U.S.)
Weight
1 gram (g) = 0.035 ounce
1 kilogram (kg) = 2.21 pounds
1 tonne (t) = 1.1 short tons
1 tonne (t) = 2,205 pounds
Pressure
1 kilopascal (kPa) = 0.15 pounds/in.2
Speed
1 metre per second = 3.28 feet per second
1 metre per second = 2.24 miles per hour
1 kilometre per hour = 0.62 mile per hour
Temperature
°F = (°C × 9⁄5) + 32
143
Conversion Tables – Imperial to Metric Abbreviations

(approximate) % = percent (by weight) kPa = kilopascal
Length ai = active ingredient L = litre
1 inch = 2.54 cm cm = centimetre m = metre
1 foot = 0.3 m cm 2
= square centimetre m/s = metres per second
1 yard = 0.91 m e.g. = for example m2 = square metre
1 mile = 1.61 km g = gram mL = millilitre
ha = hectare mm = millimetre
Area
kg = kilogram t = tonne
1 square foot = 0.09 m2
km/h = kilometres per hour
1 square yard = 0.84 m2
1 acre = 0.4 ha
Volume (dry)
1 cubic yard = 0.76 m3
1 bushel = 36.37 L
Volume (liquid)
1 fluid ounce (Imp.) = 28.41 mL
1 pint (Imp.) = 0.57 L
1 gallon (Imp.) = 4.55 L
1 gallon (U.S.) = 3.79 L
Weight
1 ounce = 28.35 g
1 pound = 453.6 g
1 ton = 0.91 tonne
Pressure
1 pound per square inch = 6.90 kPa
Temperature
°C = (°F – 32) × 5⁄9
144
APPENDIX I: Pest Monitoring Record Sheet
LOCATION HOST PEST and/or GDD and/
(Farm, Block, (Include Species SYMPTOMS or PLANT ACTION TAKEN
DATE Landmarks, ‘Cultivar’, Growth phase, (stage, population, % PHENOLOGY (Pesticide, Cultural
(MM/DD/YY) Direction) Container vs. Field crop infestation) INDICATOR measures)

145
146
Emergency and First-Aid Procedures for Pesticide Poisoning
For pesticide poisonings and pesticide injuries, call the Poison Information Centre:
Toronto 1-800-268-9017
1-877-750-2233 (TTY)
PREVENT ACCIDENTS FIRST AID

• Read the label. Follow all the precautions the label If a pesticide comes in contact with skin:
recommends. Read the First Aid section of the label • remove all contaminated clothing; wash skin thoroughly
BEFORE you begin to handle any pesticide. with lots of soap and warm water
• Make sure that someone knows what pesticides you • dry skin well and cover with clean clothing or other clean
are working with and where you are. material.
• Keep a file of labels and product Material Safety Data
Sheets (MSDS) for the pesticides you use.Make sure If pesticide comes in contact with eyes:
everyone knows where to find this in case of an emergency. • hold eyelids open; wash the eyes with clean running
• Post emergency numbers near all telephones. water for 15 minutes or more.
• Keep clean water, paper towels, extra gloves and clean If pesticide was inhaled:
coveralls close by in case you spill pesticide on yourself.
• move the victim to fresh air and loosen tight clothing
• give artificial respiration if the victim is not breathing
If someone has been working with pesticides and you
see any possible symptoms of pesticide poisoning or Do not breathe in the exhaled air from the victim —
injury, take emergency action immediately. you could also be poisoned.
If a pesticide was swallowed:

IF AN ACCIDENT OR POISONING HAPPENS • call the Poison Information Centre IMMEDIATELY.
• Protect yourself from injury first. Emergency numbers are listed at the front of each Bell
telephone directory.
• Stop the exposure to the pesticide. Move the victim away
from the contaminated area.
• Check the four basic facts — identify the pesticide, the
To obtain copies of this or any other OMAFRA publication,
quantity, the route of entry and time of exposure.
please order:
• Call an ambulance or the Poison Information Centre.
• online at ontario.ca/publications
• Start first aid. This is not a substitute for professional
medical help. • by phone through the ServiceOntario Contact Centre,
Monday to Friday, 8:30 am to 5:00 pm ET
• Provide the label, MSDS sheet or container to
- 416-326-5300
emergency personnel at the scene — or take it with
- 416-326-3408 (TTY)
you to the hospital. Do not transport pesticide containers
- 1-800-668-9938, toll-free across Canada
in the passenger compartment of the vehicle.
- 1-800-368-7095 (TTY), toll-free across Ontario
• in person at ServiceOntario Centres across Ontario
Published by the Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs
©
Queen’s Printer for Ontario, 2019
Toronto, Canada
ISSN 2291-3386
For a major spill, a theft or a fire involving a pesticide:

Call the Ministry of the Environment and Climate Change Spills Action Centre at
1-800-268-6060 (24 hr a day, 7 days a week).
Notify your municipality.
ontario.ca/crops

Crop Protection Guide: For Nursery and Landscape Plants

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Crop Protection Guide: For Nursery and Landscape Plants

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CROP PROTECTION GUIDE

FOR NURSERY AND LANDSCAPE PLANTS

1. Full Registration Certification and Licensing

Need technical or business information?

Supplements to this publication will be posted at ontario.ca/crops.

FRONT COVER PHOTOS:

1. Using Pesticides in Ontario A Compendium of Pests and Diseases with

Classification of Pesticides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 ABIES — fir . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16

Certification and Licensing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 ACER — maple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Certified Farmers and Their Assistants . . . . . . . . . . 2 AESCULUS — horsechestnut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

Class 12 Requirements for Growers . . . . . . . . . . . 2 AMELANCHIER — serviceberry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

Commercial Applicators (Exterminators) BETULA — birch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

PHLOX — phlox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52 A Compendium of Herbicides with Their

VIBURNUM — viburnum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .92 oxadiazon

Herbicide Drift . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .93 pyroxasulfone, sulfentrazone

CERTIFICATION AND LICENSING For information about requirements under the

Pesticide labels indicate the required buffer zone

Empty Seed and Pesticide Bags

Surplus Spray Mix STORING PESTICIDES

Before you begin to clean up a spill of any nature,

For minor spills, it may be possible to rectify

For major spills, it is essential to stop the spill

USING PESTICIDES LD50 is the number of milligrams of a pesticide per

Read each pesticide label

Table 2–2. Insecticides and Fungicides Used to

A COMPENDIUM OF PESTS AND DISEASES WITH RECOMMENDED MANAGEMENT PRACTICES —

CARAGANA — PEA SHRUB

CORYLUS — CORKSCREW HAZEL, FILBERT

HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS — VARIOUS

HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS — VARIOUS

HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS — VARIOUS

ORNAMENTAL TREES AND SHRUBS — VARIOUS

PSEUDOTSUGA — DOUGLAS FIR

RHODODENDRON — RHODODENDRON, AZALEA

SORBUS — MOUNTAIN ASH

THUJA — EASTERN WHITE CEDAR, ARBORVITAE

TILIA — LINDEN, BASSWOOD

TILIA — LINDEN, BASSWOOD

CHEMICAL WEED CONTROL Herbicides are applied as emulsions, solutions

Applying Chemical Herbicides When spraying herbicides, always guard against

To minimize drift, do not spray in hot weather, Developments in New Equipment

To find out what products are excepted for use

Most commercially built sprayers can be adapted Water

liquid necessary for hydraulic agitation in the tank. Nozzle Tips

Thoroughly rinse the tank, hoses, booms, nozzles Sprayer Calibration

When the label does not provide mixing instructions

Liquid herbicide formulations either mix in water Application Indicators

Unique Characteristics Application Methods

Manufacturer: Amvac Chemical Corp.

Common Name: chlorthal dimethyl Common Name: dichlobenil

Rates of Application Rates of Application

Remarks Container applications

Manufacturer: AMVAC Chemical Corporation

grandiflora, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Rhododendron

Application Methods Sensitive Weeds

Do not use BroadStar on Buddleia davidii, Clethra

Rates of Application BroadStar herbicide can injure liners of several

Basis of Selectivity activate BroadStar herbicide. Irrigate plants within

Manufacturer: Valent Canada Inc. Uptake and Translocation

Common Name: Indaziflam Basis of Selectivity

to unhealed budded grafts or other types of grafts. Sensitive Weeds

Manufacturer: Bayer CropScience Inc. Residual Activity

Application Methods The following plants are sensitive to Ronstar 2 G: