Untitled - University of Oregon

REESE LIBRARY 

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA 

, 

[/ 

CA/ss No. 

, l8Q&.

SOLD BY 

R. KISHIMOTO, i. 

No. 188, Oimatsucho San- 

^_ 

chome, Kitakn, 

Osaka, Japan. 

l\~

_. 

4^. g.- 

USEFUL PLANTS 

OF 

JAPAN 

DESC1UBKI) AND ILLUSTRATED. 

if 

UNIVERSITY 

AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 

TAMEIKE i, AKASAKA, 

TOKYO. 

1895.

USEFUL PLANTS OF JAPAN 

DESCRIBED AND ILLUSTRATED. 

VOLUME I. 

CHAPTER I. CEREALS & LEQUMINOUS PLANTS. 

The agricultural products included under this general name 

consist of the most indispensable articles of human food. These 

grains are used as our daily food or to brew sake (rice-beer) or 

shQyR (soy). The straw is used for the manufacture of various 

articles or to feed cattle. The young pods of beans and young 

shoots of buck-wheet, etc. are consumed as culinary vegetables. 

1. Oryza sativa, L.. aquatica, Common or Paddy rice, 

Jap. Koine, Uruchi ; an annual cereal grass cultivated in paddy 

or marshy ground. There exist several kinds of rice, but only 

three kinds are usually distinguished, early, middle, and late. 

The grains hulled, pounded, and boiled play an important role in 

the Japanese alimentation as meal and porridge, or are used in the 

preparation of rice ferment, sake, and vinegar. Dango (dumpling)* 

and sembci (a kind of cracknell) are made from the flour. The 

boiled rice dried makes what the Japanese call Jioshii and is eaten 

grilled. Starch is also obtained from the rice, and the paste is 

made by boiling ttie flour. Besides these, rice hulls and straw 

serve for different uses ; especially the straw is used for paper 

m: iking and other manufactures. 

2. Oryza montana, Lour., Upland rice, Jap. 

Okabo ; 

an annual cereal of the order Gramineae, cultivated in ordinary 

dry land. Two kinds exist, common and glutinous rice. The 

quality, shape, as well as use are like the paddy r.'oj.

3. Oryza glutinosa, Rurnpli., Glutinous rice, Jap. 

Mochigpme\ a kind of rice differing from O. sativa, L., only in its 

colour and lack of lustre, and it is toughy and highly elastic in the 

nature of the meal. The grains mixed with beans of Phaceolus 

radiata and steamed make what the Japanese call kriff'a-meshi. 

Mochi (bread made by beating the meal in a morter), /ios/iii (dried 

meal), kanzarashiko (starch flour), cakes, and ame (a kind of 

Turkish delight) are made of this grain. The straw of this rice 

owing to its softness and easy manipulation 

ropes, mattings, straw hats, etc. 

is used to make 

4. Hordeum , Vulgar ., Barley, Jap. Omugi ; 

a biennial graminous plant cultivated in common dry-land. The 

stalk, attains a height of about 3 fts. This grain is only second to 

rice in importance and usefulness. The grain pounded and partly 

crushed are used chiefly to make porridge and meal, to brew 

shoyu (soy), etc. Parched barley is used to make barley-tea. The 

malt of this grain is necessary to brew beer and to make ame. 

Shinju-mugi (literally pearl barley, the grain hulled to a pure 

white) is used to put in soup. The flour is baked into bread. 

The straw of this plant owing to its softness and high lustre is 

prepared to straw-mosaic, hats, and different articles. 

5. Hordeum vulgare, ., forma mutica, Jap. 

Bvdsu-mugi ; a subspecies of Hordeum vulgare of the same 

quality and uses. 

beard. 

The difference is that this one lias no awn or 

6. Hordeum vulgare, L., forma nudum, Naked 

Barley, Jap. Hadaka-mugi ; a subspecies of Hordeum vulgare. 

Its grains are easily separated from the hulls. 

7. Triticum vulgare, L., wheat, Jap. Komugi ; a 

biennial cereal, having several varieties cultivated in ordinary 

dry land. Its stalks grow to a height of about 3 fts. The grains 

are used to make iniso (a kind of sauce in solid consistency) and 

to brew s/ioyu and vinegar. The wheat-meal is used to make 

bread, manjil (a small cake) & other kinds of cakes. Macaroni, 

vermicelli,/)/; (a kind of food), s/iofu (starch for paste) are all made

3 

of this grain. But the straw of this kind is rough and only ussd 

to thatch the roofs of farm houses. Besides this there are two 

kinds of Chinese origin, one with reddish and the other with 

white straw used for hat making, the latter being deemed superior. 

8. Triticum vulgare, L., forma nudum, Jap. 

Bodsu-komngi ; a subspecies of wheat having the same quality 

and use, but no awn to the flower. 

9. Panicum miliaceus, L., Common or Panicle millet, 

Jap. Kibi, Uru-kibi ; an annual cereal grass cultivated in 

ordinary dry field. The stalks grow to a height of 5-4 fts. 

The white grains are used as a food in the shape of msal, porridge, 

or made into dan go (dumpling). 

10. Panicum miliaceus, Z., var. glutinosa, Glu- 

tinous millet, Jap. Mochi-kibi ; a variety of the preceding. 

Owing to its more toughy and elastic nature it is usad to make 

mochi and dango. It is used to brew sake (rice-beer). 

11. Panicum italicum, L., Italian millet, Jap. Awa ; 

an annual cereal grass cultivated in common dry field. Its 

stalks attain a height of 4-5 fts. The grain is yellowish white and 

is used as meal and porridge Ame is also made of it. 

12. Panicum italicum, Z., var., Big Italian millet, 

Jap. O-awa ; a variety of the preceding, but only larger. 

13. Panicum italicum. L., var., Black Italian millet, 

Kuro-a-wa ; a variety of Panicum italicum, /.., with panicles of 

a darker colour. 

14. Panicum italicum, ., var. glutinosa, Glutinous 

Italian millet, Jap. Mochi-awa ; a variety of Panicum italicum, 

L., with the same quality and use. Owing to its more elastic 

nature it is prepared to make mochi. Sake (Rice-beer), shochiu 

(dis- tilled spirit), and ame are made of this grain. 

15 Sorghum vulgare, Purse, Guinea Corn, Jap. 

MorokosJii-kibi ; a cereal grass grown in common dry land. Its

stalks attain a height of 7-8 fts. The flour of this grain is used to 

make mochi, daugu and kanzarashi (flour obtained by elutriating 

the grains during the coldest season). 

16. Oplysmenus frumentaceum, Kunth, Crow-foot 

millet, Jap. Hiye ; an annual cereal grass cultivated both in 

paddy and common dry 

field. It is the most robust kind of 

cereals. The stalks grow to a height of about 3-4 fts. It is 

consumed as meal, prorriclge, macaroni, and dumpling. The grain 

is kept long without damage. 

17. Eleusin coracana, Gaertn., Finger millet, Jap. 

Kamoinata-kibi, Kobo-kibi ; an annual cereal grass cultivated 

in common dry field, easily distinguished by the forked shape of 

its panicles and its hardiness. The height of the stalk is about 

1J fts. The grain is used like Oplysmenus frumentaceum (10). 

17. b. Seeds of Zizania aquatica, Z., Jap. Makomo ; 

the seeds of this plant mixed with rice are consumed as food by 

\ boiling. 

18. Beckmannia erucseformis, Host, Jap. Mino- 

gome ; a biennial cereal grass growing wild in swamps,, 

ponds, or marshy ground lying down on the surface of water, and 

forthing up its stalk to the height of about a foot. The boiled 

is grain eaten as food. 

18. b. Panicum viride, Z., Jap. Au-yagi. In the 

province of Tamba this grass is cultivated for the sake of its grain 

which is used as food boiled with rice, or used to make danga 

(dumpling). It answers the same purpose as Oplysmenus frumentaceum. 

19. Zea mays, Z., Maize, J'ip. TomorokosJit^ Korai- 

kibi ; an annual cereal grass cultivated in an ordinary dry land, 

growing to a height of abont 7-8 fts. The grain is eaten either 

boiled as meal and porridge, or parched. Bread ai.d cnke are 

made of this flour. Also starch and sake (rice beer) are made of 

this grain. It is of greatest economic value. There is a variety

with the name Haje-morokoshi to make haje (parched grain 

in a bursting state). 

20. COJX lachryma, L. Job's tear, Jap. Tomugi, 

Hatomugi ; an annual cereal grass cultivated in common dry land. 

The stalks grow to a height of 4-5 fts. The grain pounded 

in a morter and cleaned is consumed as meal and michi. An 

infusion of the parched and ground grains is used instead of 

tea, and is called Koscn. 

A chinese variety of larger grains grayish brown in colour 

with thinner shells is more easily crushed and cleaned. 

2O. b CoJX agrestJS, 'four. Ja p. Judsii-dama ; a species 

of the preceding. The shells being much harder are used 

to make budhist rosaries. It is also consumed in the sam.3 

way as the former. There is one another variety 

Ojiuisudama which is 

larger and rounder. 

with the name of 

20. C. Seeds of Bamboo, Jap. Jinengj / the sseds o 

the Bambusa s^nanensis and Sudsutake and few other kinds are 

used as food in the shape of flour. The seed resembles the wheat 

in form. 

21. Glysine hispida, Moench, Black soy-bean, Jap. 

Kuro-mame ; an annual leguminous plant cultivated in ordinary 

dry laud. The stalk grows to a height of about 2 fts. The 

beans have black skin. They are eaten either boiled or parched 

and also used to make miso (a kind of sauce with solid consis- 

tency), cakes, and natto (a cooked bsans eaten as relish to ric?). 

22. Glycine hispida, Moench, White soy bean, Jap. 

Shiro-mame ; a variety of the former (2 1 ), bearing a 

yellowish 

white skin of its bean. Numerous varieties as to 

six-:-, form, or duration of growth occur , and all are eaten either 

boiled or parched. Many important services are due to this bean. 

They are used to make malt, miso (a kind of sauca), s/ioyu (bean 

sauce'), and yuba (a kind of food). The mamenokj (bean flour) 

is made of the beans and is eaten with dangz, etc. It yields ^

dye called Maine-no- go. Oil is also pressed out from these 

bears. They are used in many other different ways. 

23. Glycine hispida, Moench, var., Green bean, Jap. 

Acwcme ; a variety of the Glycine hispida, Moench (21) 

with larger seeds of greenish colour. One variety with green 

colour both of the skin and albumen called KonrinzaiwxwiV&> and 

is used to make Aonmme-no-ko (green bean flour). 

24. Glycine hispida, Moench, var., Jap. GoisJiimame 

; a variety of Glycine hispida, Moench, (21). This seed 

is flat and black, and eaten boiled. 

25. Glycine hispida, Moench, var., Jap. Gankui- 

Mamc ; a variety of Glycine hispida, Moench, closely allied to the 

preceding. The beans are larger and thinner in the middle, and 

eaten principally boiled. 

26. Dolichos cultratUS, Thunb., Kidney bean, Jap. 

Fuji-mame, Sengoku-mame, Shakjo-mame; an annual leguminous 

climber with long tendrils, cultivated in ordinary dry land. The 

young poels are eaten boiled. Two kinds of flowers, white and purple, 

exist, and the grayish white beans of the former have softer pods ; 

those of the latter are of a purplish colour and inferior in taste, 

but the plant is stronger. 

27. Dolichos (Lablab) vulgaris, Smith, var., 

Jap. Ajiiname, Hiramamc ; a variety of the preceding with 

larger edible pods. The beans have white, dark purple, or 

other colours, and all of them are good to eat boiled. 

28. Dolichos umbellatus, TImnb, var. volubilis, 

Jap. Sasage ; An annual leguminous climber comprehending 

various varieties. The illustration represents the variety with 

white flowers, green pods, and white beans. The young pods are 

eaten boiled, and the beans are used to make white An (made by 

crushing the beans and mixed with suger). 

29. Dolichos umbellatus, Thunb, var., Jap. ////- 

roku-sasage ; a variety of Dolichos umbellatus with pods about 

2 fts in length, which are eaten boileel when green and soft.

30. Dolichos umbellatus, Thunb, var., Jap. Aka- 

saskgc : a variety of Dolichos umbellatus, Thunb. The pods 

are purplish, ami are used as the preceding. 

31. Dolichos umbellatus, Thunb, Jap. Hata-sasage, 

Kintoki-sasage ; a non-climbing variety of Dolichos umbellatus, 

Thunb i with large, flat, and oval beans. As they are of the same 

colour as the Phaseolus radiata are used in the same way. The 

leaves are consumed as a vegetable. 

32. Dolichos umbellatus, Thunb, var. seminibus 

albis nigris, Jap. Yakko-sasage \ a variety of the preceding 

with beans of yellowish colour and black spots. 

same purpose as No. 28. 

It answers the 

33. Dolichos bicontortUS, Ditrien, Jap. Megane- 

sasage ; a species of sasage( Dolichos) characterized by its opposite 

pods winding round in opposite direction in the shape of a spectacles. 

34. Phaseolus radiatus, ., var. subtriloba, Jap. 

2$undo, Yaycnari ; an annual leguminous plant 

cultivated in 

common dry land. The shape and use resemble very much 

the Phaseolus radiatus, but its beans are green. Its stalks 

grow to the height of about 1 ft. and the beans are used to make 

green An (made of crushed bean with suger) or eaten boiled mixed 

with rice as meal or porridge. It is also used to brew sake 

(rice beer), and to make dango and macaroni, It is used also to 

make malt called Togasai in China. 

35. Phaeolus radiatus Z., Ked-fruitcd dwarf bean, 

Jap. Ad-suki ; an annual leguminous plant cultivated in 

common dry land, consisting of numerous varieties. It grows to 

the height of about 2 ft. The beans are mixed with rice and eaten 

boiled, used to give a reddish colour to Kowameshi (glutinous 

rice boiled with the bean), made into confections, or used as 

washing powder instead of soap. 

35. b. Phaseolus radiatus, L., Var., Jap. Shiro- 

adsuki (IVhite adsuki] ; a variety of the preceding with white 

beans specially used for making white An (crushed bean mixed

8 

with sugar) and also confections or used as washing powder 

instead of soap. 

36. Phaseolus radiatus, Z., var. pendula, Jap. Tsuruadsuki 

; a climbing subspecies of Phaceolus radiatus (35). The 

beans are smaller and longer than those of common Phaseolus 

radiatus and are used in the same way. 

37. Phaseolus radiatus, Z., var., Jap. Dainagonadsuki 

; a variety of Phaseolus radiatus, L. (35) with larger beans 

of clear red colour. But the use and quality are the same with 

the common one (35). 

38. Phaseolus VUlgaris, Z., Jap. Ingen-mame, 

Gogatsu-sasage, Nido-sasage ; an annual leguminous climber cultivated 

in common dry land. Its young pods are eaten boiled. 

The beans are white, crimson, variegated, etc. All of them are 

eaten as vegetable. 

39. Phaseolus nanus, Z., Jap. Tsurunashi-ingen ; an 

erect standing sort of Phaseolus vulgaris, L. attaining the height 

of about 1ft. 

40. Phaseolus VUlgaris, Z., var., Jap. Aoi-mame, 

Gomon-mame ; an annual leguminous climber cultivated in 

common dry land. The shape and colour of the bean resemble 

somewhat the variegated asarum leaf, hence the name of Aoi-rname 

or Asarum bean derived. They are eaten boiled as vegetable. 

41. Pisum sativum, Z., Common pea, Jap. Yendo, 

Yendo-mame ; a biennial leguminous climber cultivated in 

common dry land. The stalk grows to the height of 3-4fts. 

It's peas are eaten either boiled or parched or used to put in 

cakes. 

42. Pisum sativum, Z., var., Jap. Saya-yendo ; a 

variety of Pisum sativum with white flowers and smaller greenish 

peas. The pods are eaten for their softness and sweetness. 

42. b. Pisum sativum, Z., var., Dwarf pea. Jap. 

Chabo-yendo ; a variety of Pisum sativum, Z. (43). It attains the 

height of about 1ft. It has the same quality as the preceding.

43. Vicia faba, L. y Jap. Sora-mame ; a biennial leguminous 

plant growing to the height of about 2fts. The beans are 

eaten boiled or parched or used for making miso and slnyTi (soy). 

43. b. Vicia faba, L., var., Jap. Otafuku-soramame ; a 

kind of the preceding with flatter and larger beans and of a better 

taste, especially of the young ones which are soft and delicious. 

44. Canavalia incurva, D.C., Jap. Tatewaki, Nata- 

viaine ; an annual leguminous climber in two varieties, one with 

white and the other, purplish beans. The young pods 

of the 

former are preserved in salt, and the latter is eaten fresh and 

boiled. 

45. Mucuna capitata, Wigt. et Am., Jap. OsJiaraku-mame> 

Hassho-mame ; an annual leguminous climber cultivated in common 

dry land. The young soft grains are eaten boiled and have a 

taste of Vicia faba, Z,., but this bean contains a poisonous ingre- 

dient in a slight quantity ; so it is advisable to eat moderately. 

46. AracMs hypogaea, L., Pea-nut, Jap. Tojin- 

mame, Nankin-mame ; an annual leguminous plant cultivated in 

common dry land. It puts forth numerous stems in all direc- 

tions under ground, and they bear nuts. They are eaten parched 

or used in confectionary or to extract oil. 

A variety with larger nuts about 3 times bigger was introduced 

from America in 1873. 

47. Fagopyrum esculentum , Mocnch, 

Buck-wheat, 

Jap. Soba ; an annual cultivated plant of the order Polygonaceae 

found in several varieties. It grows to a height of about 

2fts. The flour of book-wheat is used for making Soba-neri 

(flour kneaded with hot water to a dough) or Soba-kiri (macaroni 

form), or made into Kori-soba-kiri (Soba frozen and dried) and 

Hoshi-soba-kiri (dried soba). The grains steamed and dried are 

eaten boiled or made into bread or Manju (a small cake). Its 

young leaves are eaten as a to feed cattle. 

vegetable, and its stalks are used

10 

CHAPTER IT. LEAF VEGETABLES. 

The vegetables included under this chapter are principally 

those, which leaves and stems are used for culinary purposes either 

raw or boiled, or preserved dry or kept in brine as pickles. But 

there are also a great many such vegetables among chapters of 

and Con- 

Eoot and Flower vegetabes, Cucurbitaceous fruits, Spices 

diments to be consumed in the same way. Those are not con- 

cerned here and will be described under their respective chapters. 

48. Brassica chinensis, ., var., Jap. Mikawashimana, 

Tsukena ; a biennial cultivated plant of the order Cruciferce. 

The length of its leaves is about IJfts. The village of Mikcrcva- 

s/iima, district Teshima, province Musashi, is famous for producing 

the best variety, whence it derives its name. The leaves 

are preserved in salt as pickles from late autumn to winter. 

Its flower buds can also be eaten, and its panicled flowers are 

esteemed as cut vase-flowers among the Japanese. 

49. Brassica rapa, L., var. amplexicaulis, Jap. Shira- 

kukina, Hirakukina, Tona ; this resembles much the preceding, 

but is shorter in height. Its yellowish white leaves have crape- 

like wrinkles and are eaten either boiled or as pickles preserved 

in salt. 

50. Brassica Chinensis, L., var. Jap. Komatsuna, 

Hatakena, Fuyuna ; a biennial cultivated plant of the order 

Cruciferae, with leaves growing to a length of 6-8 inches. 

In late winter to the spring they are used much as a culinary 

vegetable either boiled or preserved in salt as pickles. Its 

young leaves or cotyledons are used to flavour soup called 

Tsumamina ; a late variety of this is called Uguisuna. 

51. Sinapis chinenesis, L., Jap. Midsuua, Kiona ; 

a biennial cultivated plant of the order Cruciferce. The petiole 

attains the length of about 1 ft. and comes forth in bundles of 

several hundreds from a root. This vegetable 

is used in 

winter and spring either boiled or as pickles preserved in salt.

52. Sinapis chinensis, L., 

UNIVERSITY 

a subspecies of the preceding with broad leaves and without segments, 

and it is used for about the same purpose as others, but 

superior in quality. The village Mibu in Kudsimo district, 

Yamashiro province, is noted for this vegetable , whence the name 

is derived. 

52. b. Brassica chinensis, Z., var. Jap., Suikukina ; a 

biennial cultivated plant of the order Cruciferae. Its leaves 

nible those of the turnip and are about 1 ft. in length. In the 

district of Kamo, province Yamashiro, they are extentively 

cultivated and preserved in salt with the name Suikukina. 

53. Sinapis integrifolia, Wild, Jap., Takana, U-garashi, 

Oba-garasJii ; a biennial cultivated vegetable. Its leaves are 

full of crape-like wrinkles and of 2 3 fts. in length. In winter 

and spring they are much consumed as culinary vegetables 

either boiled or preserved in salt as pickles, and are of a very good 

quality. 

54. Sinapis cermia, Thimb, Jap, Karashina ; like 

the preceding, with leaves 7 9 inches in length, which are 

eaten much as pickles in winter and spring. There are black 

and white seeds, both used as spices and condiments or for medi- 

cinal purposes. 

54. b. Sinapis cernua, Thnnb, \ar., Jap., Chirimenna, 

Jrana ; a variety of the preceding with wrinkled purple leaves. 

The finely serrated edges look very pretty. They are eaten 

either boiled or as pickles preserved in salt. 

55. Tetragonia expansa, Ait., Jap., Tsuruna ; an 

evergreen herb of the order Ficoidece growing wild on the seacoast 

of warmer regions. It creeps over the sandy ground. 

It is also cultivated from seeds, and its leaves are eaten as vegetable 

in summer and autumn. 

56. Spinacia inermis, Moench, Jap., Horenso ; a 

cultivated biennial plant of the order Chenopodiacea3. It is 

sown twice in a year, in spring and autumn. It grows to the

\ 

12 

height of 5 8 inches. It is the vegetable of late spring and late 

autumn and eaten boiled. It has a very sweet flavour. The 

plant is dioecious, and care must be taken for collecting 

distinguishing the fertile seeds. 

seeds in 

56- b. Beta VUlgaris, L., Jap., Tqfisa, Fudanso ; a 

biennial cultivated plant of the order Chenopodiaceae. The seeds 

are sown twice in a year, in spring and autumn, and the leaves 

are used as vegetables in all seasons of the year, whence the name 

of Fudanso (everlasting herb). A variety with crimson tinted 

leaves, stems, and roots is called Kwa-ycn-sai (Flame vegetable) or 

Sangojuna (coral vegetable) and much used for the decoration of 

dishes. 

57. Sonecio sp., Jap. Suijeujina ; an evergreen herb 

of the order Compositae. As it fears cold it is cultivated in hot 

beds during winter, and in spring taken out and planted in open 

ground. Its stalk attains a height of about 2 fts. In summer 

and autumn its soft and sticky leaves are consumed as vegetable. 

58. Oenanthe stolonifera, D.C., Jap. Seri; a perennial 

marshy plant of the order Umbelliferce growing wild in 

shallow water or any damp ground, and in late winter and spring 

the leaves are consumed as vegatable. Those cultivated in swampy 

ground Lave petioles above I ft. in length. 

59. Cryptotoenia canadensis, D.C., Jap. Mitsuba, 

Mitsuba-jeri ; a perennial herb of the order Umbelliferae 

growing wild in moist valleys, but much cultivated from seeds or 

by dividing the roots. In spring young leaves come forth to a 

height of about 1 ft. They are eaten boiled, and the roots can also 

be eaten fried. One variety with fine thread-like petioles and 

shooting in bushes to 8 10 inches high 

(thread Hanewort). 

is called Ito-mitsuba 

6Q. Angelica sp., Jap. A shitaba, HacJiijona ; a 

triennial herb of the order Umbelliferae growing 

wild to a 

height of about 4-5 fts. In the Island of Hachijo it is 

cultivated from seeds, and the youug leaves are consumed as

13 

vegetables in all seasons boiled or pickled in salt. Its large roots 

are eaten either boiled or made into dango (dumpling). There 

is a plant called Hama-udo resembling it very much in form, but 

very poisonous. But they can be easily distinguished, as when 

cut the former emits a yellow juice, while the latter does not 

emit any. 

61- Aralia cordata, Thunb, Jap. Udo ; a perennial plant 

of the order Araliaceae growing wild in mountainous districts, 

also much cultivated in farm lands. Its young and soft stalks 

are eaten as vegetable in spring and summer. The 

is a cultivated variety about 1 ft. high. Besides this, 

udo (winter udo), Nenjiu-udo (whole year Udo), etc., are also 

cultivated. 

62. Chrysanthemum coronarium, ., Jap. Shun- 

giku^Kikuna, Mujuiso ; a biennial cultivated plant of the order 

Compositae. In autumn the seeds are sown, and the young plants 

are eaten in winter and spring either boiled or fresh. In summer 

the flower stalks shoot up to a height of about 2 fts. covered 

chrysanthemum-like single white flowers about 2J 

diameter. They are also used for floral decoration. 

inches in 

62. b. Papaver somniferum, L., Jap. Keshi / the 

young plants are eaten as vegetable after being scalded. 

63. Lactuca sativa, L., Jap. Cliisa, Chishana ; a biennial 

cultivated plant of the order Compositae. Its seeds are sown 

twice in spring and autumn, and its leaves are consumed as a vegetable 

either boiled or raw from December to May. It grows to 

a height of about 3 fts. 

64. Cichorium endivia, L., Jap. Kikujisha / a culti- 

vated plant resembling much Lactuca sativa, L. Two kinds occur, 

one with broad and the other with narrow leaves. In winter 

and spring the young leaves are eaten fresh. Its stalk grows to 

2-3 fts. in height. 

64. b. Veronica anagallis, L., Jap. Kawa-jiska ; a 

biennial herbaceous plant of the order Scrophulariaceae growing

14 

wild in swampy places. In spring and summer the leaves are 

used instead of Lactuca sativa, L. It is also sown early in spring 

to eat its cotyledonous leaves. 

65. Boltonia cantoniensis, D.C. (Aster cantoniensis, 

.Z>/.), Jap. Yornena ; a perennial plant of the order Compositae 

growing wild in mountainous districts. In autumn when they 

have grown to about 3 fts. an umbel of blue chrysanthemumlike 

single flowers comes out. From late spring to summer 

the young leaves are eaten after passing in boiling water. 

66. Cnicus nipponicus, Max., Jap. Na-asami ; a perennial 

herb of the order Compositae growing wild in mountain- 

ous districts attaining a height of 2 3 fts. and opening flowers in 

autumn. From spring to summer the young leaves are consumed 

as vegetable. 

67. Petastes japonicus, Mig., Jap. Fuki ; a perennial 

plant of the order Compositae growing wild or cultivated. Its petioles 

grow to the length of about 2 fts. In spring and summer months 

they are eaten after passing in boiling water or preserved in salt. 

Its flower-buds owing to their flavour and agreable slight bitter 

taste are eaten boiled or used as condiments and spices. 

67. b. Petastes japonicus, Mig., var., Jap. Akita bnki ; a 

very large variety of the preceding, pretty enough as an ornament of 

its extensive round leaves, but inferior in taste as vegetable. 

67. c. Senecio kcempferi, D.C., Jap. Tsuiva-buki ; the 

petioles of this plant are eaten either boiled or preserved in 

salt as the preceding. 

68. Artemisia VUlgaris, L. t Jap. Yomogi ; a perennial 

plant of the order Compositae growing wild every-where 

on hill- 

sides. Its stalks grow to a height of 2 3 fts. In spring 

the young plants are eaten after passing in boiling hot water or 

used to flavour and colour mochi or dan go (durngling). Its 

leaves are made into Mogusa. 

69. Amarantus mangostanus, L., Jap. Hiyu ; 

an annual cultivated plant of the order Arnaranthaceae growing

15 

to a height of 2-3 fts. In summer and autumn months 

the leaves are eaten either boiled or as pickles preserved in salt. 

It is the vegetable of the hottest months. 

70. Salsola asparagoid.es, Miq., Jap. Matsuna ; an ^ 

annual plant of the order Chenopodiaceae growing wild near sea- 

coasts and attaining a height of about 3 fts. ; but 

also cultivated in 

farm ground from seeds. In spring and summer months the young 

plants are eaten after passing in boilng water. 

71. Salsola Soda, L., Jap. Okamiru, Oka/iijiki, Miruna ; 

an annual plant of the order Chenopodiaceae growing wild 

in sandy sea-shores with a long stem. It is also cultivated from 

seeds, and in summer and autumn months its leaves and stalks are 

eaten after scalding in boiling hot water. 

72. Chenopodium acuminatum, Wild, Jap. Akaza ; 

an annual herbaceous plant of the order Chenopodiaceae 

of about 4-5 fts. 

growing wild everywhere, attaining a height 

The large old stems are used as canes. Besides this, Shiro-akaza 

(white variety), No-akaza (field variety), and several other 

varieties occur of the same economic value. 

73. Brasenia peltata, Pnrch., Jap. Junsai, Nunawa ; 

a biennial aquatic plant growing wild in old ponds and marshes. 

Jn spring and summer the young leaves covered with a mucilagi- 

nous substance are eaten fresh seasoned in vinegar. 

74. Portulaca oleracea, L., var. sativa, Jap. 

Osuberi-liiyn; an annual cultivated plant of the order Portula- 

caceae. It attains a height of about 1 ft. In spring and 

summer months, the leaves and stalks arc eaten either raw or 

scalded. 

75- Rumex acetosa, L., Jap. Snkampo ; a biennial 

plant of the order Polygonaceae growing wild in mountainous 

rtgoins and attaining a height of about 2 fts. In spring the 

joung soft leaves and stalks are eaten either boiled or preserved 

is salt. They have a pleasant acid nous flavour. 

75. b. Polygonum cuspidatum, ^. et Z., Jap. Itadori;

16 

the young stalks of this plant (905) growing wild in 

mountainous districts are eaten either boiled or raw, or pre- 

served in salt, when they have attained a height of about 1 ft. 

and 1 inch in diameter. 

76. Acanthopanax spinosum, Miq., Jap. Ukogi ; a 

deciduous shrub of the order Araliaceaa attaning a height of 

7-8 fts. Its thorny branches fit well for hedges. In spring the 

young 

leaves are eaten scalded. 

77. Aralia Chinensis, Z., Jap. Tara-no-ki ; a deciduous 

shrub of the order Araliaceae growing wild on mountainous 

regions and attaining a height 

of about 10 fts. covered with 

sharp thorns. In spring young leaves are eaten after passing in 

boiling water. This is the best of edible tree shoots. 

78. Clethra barbinervis, 5. et Z., Jap. Riyobu, Hata- 

tsumori ; a deciduous tree of the order Ericaceae growing 

wild in mountainous districts. Its stem attains a height of 

about 10 fts. In spring the young leaves are eaten boiled with rice. 

It is much used by peasants of remote mountain villages. 

79. Helwingia rusciflora, Wild, Jap. Hana-ikada ; 

a deciduous shrub of the order Garryaceae growing wild in 

mountainous districts to a height of about 8 fts. In spring 

young 

soft leaves are eaten boiled. 

80. Alliiim fistulosum, ., Onion, Jap. Negi ; a perennial 

herbaceous plant of the order Liliaceae. The tubular leaves 

grow about 2 fts. in height, and the length of white under- 

ground part varies according to the skill of cultivators. They are 

eaten either boiled or fresh in all seasons, but they are best and 

sweetest in winter. 

80. b. Allium fistulosum, ., var., Winter onion, 

Jap. O-ncgi, Ippoii-negi ; a variety of the preceding, but larger 

and standing erect solitally and is wholesome and sweet. 

81. Allium fistulosum, L., var., Jap. Iwa-tsuki-negi ; 

a variety of the preceding smaller in siza. Owing

17 

to its good taste it is much valued as a special product of the 

district Iwatsuki in the province of ÎnsasJii. 

82 Allium esculentum, L, Jap. Wakegi, Fuyimegi ; 

a kind of Allium with long slender leaves. The name of Wakegi 

is derived from its benig easily propagated by division. In spring 

and winter months when they shoot out are eaten for their good 

taste and less odour. 

83. Allium sp. , Jap. 

Karigi, Natsu-negi; a smaller species 

of Allium fistulosum, L. (50). As it shoots out in summer it is 

used as a vegetable in that season. 

84. Allium ledebourianum, Schult, Jap. Asatsuki ; 

a species of Allium resembling Allium fistulosum, L., growing wild, 

but also much cultivated. The leaves are long and slender, 

with small bulbs. In spring the leaves shoot out luxuriously to 

a length of about 1 ft. Both leaves and onions are eaten together, 

and the taste resembles that of Allium fistulosum, Z., being less 

odourous, but much soft and smooth. 

85. Allium nipponicum, Fr. et Sav., Jap. Nobiru ; a 

small kind of Allium growing wild with leaves about 1 ft. long, 

forming small onions at foot. In spring and summer both leaves 

and onions are eaten together. 

86. Allium odorum, L., Jap. Nira ; a leek much re- 

sembling allium fistulosum, L. (80). In spring the flat leaves 

come out luxuriantly from old onions, attaining a length of about 

1 ft. In summer and autumn they serve as a vegetable. 

87. Colocasia antiquorum, Schott, Jap. To-no-imo, 

Aka-imo ; 'a cultivated tuberous plant of the order Araceae. 

Its petioles grow to a length of about 5 fts. with expanded 

leaves at the top, and are eaten boiled and also preserved dried 

or in salt. This variety 

r 

does not produce many } oung tubers, 

but the mother tuber grows to a considerable size. It is an excel- 

lent article of food for its sweet taste. 

87. b. Colocasia antiquorum, Schott, var., Jap. Midsuiuu 

; a close ally of the preceding cultivated in swampy

\ 

ground in the warm regions. The petioles are principally used 

for food. 

18 

88. Colocasia indica, Kth. (Caladium esculen- 

tum. Sieb.), Jap. Hasu-imo ; a species very nearly related to the 

of abont 3-4 fts. It is 

preceding, with leaves growing to a length 

called Hasu-imo (Lotus caladium), because the leaf has the form of 

Lotus-leaf. As the petioles of this kind are not bitter they are 

eaten either raw or boiled and also preserved dry. 

89. Smilax herbacea, Z., var. nipponicum, Miq., Jap. 

Shiode ; a perennial wild climber of the order Smilaceae. The 

young leaves are boiled and eaten as a vegetable. 

90. Osnmnda regalis, ., var.japonicaJap. Jenmai; 

a perennial herbaceous plant of the order Filices growing wild on 

mountains and woody places and forming a large clump. In spring 

young coiling fronds are eaten boiled or preserved dry or in salt. 

The white fibres covering the young fronds are woven into clothes. 

91. Pteris aquilina, ., Jap. Warabi; a perennial herba- 

ceous plant of the order Filices. Its rhizomes extend in all direc- 

tions under ground and shoot up young leaves everywhere, and 

are eaten boiled or preserved in brine. Starch is also got from 

the rhizomes, called Warabiko or brakefern meal. The fibre of the 

rhizomes after the meal emptied out are used to make rope of 

a dark brownish colour, bearing against rottening by moist. 

91. b. Botrychium ternatum, Sw., Jap. Hana-warabi 

Fuyu-warabi ; a perennial plant of the order Filices growing 

wild on mountainous districts. In autumn the leaves come out 

with flower stalks, one to eash leaf generally. Tkey attain a 

height 

taste. 

of 6-7 inches and are eaten boiled with a soft delicious 

92. Ceratopteris thalictroides, Brong, Jap. Midsu- 

warabi, Midsu-riirijin ; an annual herbaceous plant of the order 

Filices growing wild in moist swampy plases. Those growing in 

water get larger than -those grown in dry land. In late spring 

the young leaves are boiled and eaten as vegetable.

19 

Besides those mentined in this chapter there are innumerable 

other plants with edible leaves. For instance, in the chapter of 

Cereals and Leguminous plants, the cotyledons of Glycine hispida, 

Afocnch (21-23) and Phaseolns radiata, L. subtriloba (34), and the 

young leaves of Doliclios umbellatus, Thunb, var. volubilis (28-33), 

Pisum sativum, L. (41-42), Vic-ia faba, L. (42), Fagopirum esculen- 

tum, Alccnch, etc. are eaten as vegetables. Among the chapter of 

Root vegetables, the young leaves of almost ail plants except 2-3 are 

used for the same purpose, as Eaphanus sativus, L. (93-102), 

Brassica rapa, L. (103-106), Daucas carota, L. (107), Lappa major, 

Gaertn. ( 108), Batatus edulis, Chois, and Solatium tubsrosa, L. 

Among the Flower vegetables, the leaves of Pyrethrum sinense, 

Sabin^ and tue }ôung shoots of Amomum Mioga, 1 h. or Zingiber 

mioga, Roscoe; among Cucurbitaceous plants the petioles 

of Cucurbita 

pepo, L. (129-130); the young leaves and stalks of several 

plants contained in the chapter of Spices and Condiments, as Eutrema 

Wcusabi, Max. (162), Raphauns sativus, L. (167), Perilla 

arguta, Betith (170), Capsicum longum, L. (167), and Polygonum 1/ 

nodosum, L.\ among Starch yielding plants the young leaves of 

Erythronium deniscanis, L. (257) and Orichia edalis, Miq. (258) ; 

among Economic plants the soft young leaves and stalks of 

Kochia scoparia, Schrad (300) 

among 

and Luffa petola, Scr. (305) ; 

Oil and Wax plants the leaves of Brassica chinensis, L. 

(308) ; among Textile plants the young leaves of Typha japonica 

(339) and Zizania aquatica, Miq. (346) ; among Dye 

plants the leaves of Basella rubra, L. (371) ; among 

Medi- 

cinal plants the .young leaves of Malva pulchella, Berttn. (406) 

and Plantngo asiatica, L. (448) and the petioles of Eheum undula- 

tum, L. (453); among Timber trees and Bamboos the young leaves 

'f Cedrela chinensis, fuss-, among Evergreen trees the young 

leaves of Cycas revoluta, Thunb ; among Ornamental garden 

trees the young soft leaves of Althoea rosea, Cav. (769), Scabiosa 

japonica, Miq. (809), Taraxacum officinale, Wigg. (853), Adeno- 

phora vcrticellata, Fisch($\) t Conandron ramondioides, 

S. et Z. 

(959) and Funkia sieboldiana, fafffc{9GQ) are all eaten as vegetables. 

Besides these, among Trees and Shrubs there are many serving to

20 

the alimentation in unexplored cold and hot climates, but these 

are mostly mere substitutes of food in time of famine or for 

quriosity, and are therefore not mentioned in this section. 

CHAPTER III. ROOT VEGETABLES. 

This Chapter includes all vegetables which roots or bulbs 

serve for alimentation and are principally consumed in fresh 

state in spring and summer or preserved dried or salted for 

the use of other seasons. Some containing large quantities of 

starch are eaten in place of cereals. The leaves and stalks of 

some are also used as vegetables. 

93. RaphanilS satiVUS, Z., Jap. Daikon, Sudsushiro ; 

a biennial cultivated plant of the order Cruciferae with many 

varieties. The species painted in the illustration is the Nerima 

raddish grown in the Musashi province. Of this species two 

forms exist, one called Naga (long), and the other Tomari 

and two 

(stopped). The former is about two feet long 

inches in diameter, tapering toward the end and without a taproot. 

The other is about the same length, club-shaped, and 

has a long tap-root. 

It is eaten boiled or preserved in rice-bran 

and brine. Both, roots and leaves are used as food fresh, or 

dried. 

94. Raphanus satiVUS, Z., var., Jap. Sakurajima- 

daikon ; this is the largest kind of raddish. It is a speciality 

of the place called Sakuraji'ma, province Osumi, whence it 

derives the name. There are three varieties, early, middle, and 

late, the last of which is the largest. It is about 3 fts. in circumference 

and weighs 20-30 Ibs. It is thick in middle 

and tapers slightly towards both ends. It is eaten raw, boiled,. 

dried, or preserved in salt, and has a sweet wholesome tast. 

95. Raphanus satiavus, L., var., Jap. Azami-daikon, 

Suikwa-ctaikon ; a variety of raddish with numerous segments 

on leaves. The roots and leaves are used like those 

of the former.

21 

96. RaphanUS sativus, L., var., Jap. Otafuku-daikjn, 

Kamcido-daikon ; a variety of raddish (93). The special place 

called Kameido in the district Minamikatsiishika^ Musashi province, 

produces the best quality, whence the name is derived. It 

consists of three varieties, early, middle, and lute. The middle 

variety which is taken up about the month of May has a root 

about IJfts. long and \\ inches in diameters and it is greenish 

at the top where the leaves come out. It is superior in taste, 

an.l eaten raw, boiled, or preserved in salt. 

96. b. Raphanus sativus, ., var., Jap. 

Hosone-daikon ; 

a slender kind of liuphanus sativus, Z., (93), being a foot in 

length with a diameter of about \ inch. This is well sown at any 

time, affording fresh vegetable at any time in the year, whence 

it is called Toki-sJiiradsu (non aware of time). It is also called 

Otafnku, but is quite different from that grown 

in Kameido of 

the same name (96). It is good to eat raw, boiled, or preserved 

in salt. 

97. RaphanUS sativus, Z., var., Jap. Ji-daikon or 

Tokun-daikon ; a variety of raddish (93), being club-shapsd 

thick at lower end and about a foot long. It is good to eat 

boiled. 

98. RaphanUS sativus, L., var., Jap. Miyashigs-daikjn, 

Oivari-daikon ; a variety of raddish (93). This is specially 

produced in Miyashige, district Nishikasugai, province Owari. 

It is thick at the top tapering towards the tip without a tap-root, 

and about IJfts. in length and 3 inches in diameter. It is the 

sweetest of raddish and the best to be boiled, preserved dry, 

or pickled. It soon loses its fine quality when cultivated in 

other districts. 

98. b. RaphanUS sativus, L., var., Jap. 

Hvrio-daikon ; 

a variety of raddish (93), the special product of the village 

Horio, district Kaito, province Owari. There are two varieties, 

one greenish at the head, and the other all white. The lattar 

is better in quality. It resembles much Miyashige-daikon in

22 

shape (98 a), but with a tail-like root. It is of a very large size 

"with a length of 2fts. and a diameter of 8 inches, and rivals the 

early variety of Sakiirajima-ctaikon (94). It is consumed as the 

preceding. 

98. C. Raphanus sativus, Z., var., Jap. Shogoindaikvn 

; a close ally of the preceding with a larger diameter. 

It is about a foot long and 6-7| inches round, and of the 

superior flavour and taste. This is a variety got from the seed of 

98. b sown in the village of Shogoin in the district of Atago, 

province Yamashiro. 

9. Raphanus sativus, L., var., Jap. Pladano-daikon, 

Moriguchi-daikon ; a slender shaped variety of the raddish (93). 

There are different varieties with a length of 3-4 fts. and a 

diameter of about a inch. The districts of Hadano in the 

province Sagami and of Morigitchi in the province Kawachi 

are firmd for this product. It is hard and better in taste. 

This raddish pickled in sake-\ev is called Moriguclii-dsuke 

(Mcriguchi-Tp\Gk\e}. Dried it is called Mino-beslii (dried raddish 

of the province Mir,o\ It is eaten boiled or preserved in a 

mixture of vinegar and soy. 

100. Raphanus sativus, Z., var., Jap. Sangatsn-daikon, 

Nincngo ; a variety of the raddish (93). The seeds are sown at 

the end of autumn, and the roots are eaten at the end of 

spring, being white, thin, and hard. 

101. Raphanus satiVUS, L., var., Jap. Natsu-daikon ; a 

variety of Sangcitsu-daikon lOOj. It is sown in spring and 

eaten in summer. 

102. Raphanus sativus, L., var., Jap. Aka-daikon> 

Murasaki-daikon ; a variety of raddish (93). The leaves and 

roots are purple tinted. There are summer and autumn varietes 

originated from the common raddish. 

1O2. b. Raphanus sativus, L,, var., Jap. Sangojudaikon 

; a turnip-shaped variety of raddish (93). The outside is 

smooth and light crimson j the flesh is white. It has a diameter

23 

of about 2^ inches. It is planted in a pot as an ornamental plant 

for the new year. It is eaten raw or preserved in salt. 

103. Brassica rapa, L., Jap. Kokabnra ; a biennial cul- 

tivated plant growing in ordinary dry ground, belonging to the 

order Cruciferae, with numerous varieties of different colours and 

shapes. The variety painted in this volume is one commonly 

cultivated in the eastern provinces. The root has a diameter of 

1 1^ 

inches. In winter months the roots as well as leaves are 

eaten boiled or preserved as pickles. 

104. Brassica rapa, L., var., Jap. Omi-kabura, Smuarikabu 

; a variety of Brassica rapa, L., of an enormous size. It is 

round and flattish with a diameter of about a foot. The province 

of Omi is praised for its product, whence derived its name. It is 

sweet and wholesome and good to eat boiled, pickled in salt or in 

sake-lee, or dried. The leaves and stalks are also preserved dry 

and used as vegetables. The variety got from tins seed in the 

village of Shogoin in the district of Atago, province Yamas/it're, 

is named Shogoin-kabura and praised for its good taste. 

105. Brassica rapa, L., var., Jap. Tennoji-kabura ; a 

variety of Brassica rapa, L., the special producet of the village of 

Settsu. The root is round and somewhat flattened. It 

Tcnnoji, 

has a diameter of about 8 inches. It is soft and brittle in quality. 

It is cut into thin slices and pickled in salt or in vinegar seasoned 

with soy, or eaten raw, and especially good to preserve dried. 

1O5. b. Brassica rapa, L., var., Jap. Murasaki-kabura, 

Hino-kabura\ a variety of Brassica rapa, L. (I03j like Ten- 

noji-kabura (105) with purpish 

leaves and stems. The rind of 

the root is of a deep purple ; the flesh is white. It is pickled in 

salt. The village of Hino in the district of Higaini, Omi, is 

praised for this produce, whence derived its name. 

1O5. C. Brassica rapa, L., var., Jap. Aka-kabura, Benikabura, 

Hino-kabura, ; a variety of Brassica rapa, L. (103). The 

root is round and flat with a diameter of about 4 inches. The 

rind as well as the interior is of a bright crimson colour ; the leaf-

24 

stalks are shaded with crimson. When pickled in salt it gets a 

more bright red colour, whence called Hino-kabura (crimson 

turnip). The village Saiin-Takehara in the district of Onsen^ 

lyo, is famed for a fine strain of the variety. 

1O6. Brassica rapa, Z., var., Jap. Naga-kabura ; a variety 

of Brassica rapa, Z., (103) with a long raddish-like shape and of a 

length of about a foot, thicker towards the end. It is soft and 

wholsome, and best to eat boiled or preserved as pickles in salt. 

106. b. Brassica rapa, Z., var., Jap. Momiji-kabura ; a 

variety of the Brassica rapa, L. The root is about 9 inches long 

with a diameter of 1-1 -J- inches. The rind is bright pink; 

the flesh is white. It is much cultivated in the neighbourhood 

of Hikone, Omi. When it is dried or pickled, the flesh turns 

crimson. It is also used to decorate dishes. 

107. DaUGUS carota. Z., Jap. Ninjin, Ninjinna ; a 

biennial cultivated vegetable of the order Umbelliferae. The 

root, about 1^ fts. long and \\ inches in diameter, is orange yellow. 

In winter and spring months it is eaten boiled or used raw cut 

into slices with other food as a Namasu, etc. It is also preserved 

in miso (a kind of soy of a solid consistency) or in sakc-\QQ. In 

autumn months the young soft leaves are eaten boiled. 

One variety called Kintoki-uinjin has a bright crimson colour 

and is of a larger size. Its taste is sweet and wholesome. It is 

much grown in the neighbourhood of Osaka. Another variety 

called Mur&saki-ninjin (purple carrot) is of a deep purple colour 

outside and yellow in the center. 

108. Lappa major,' Gaertn., Jap. Gobo ; a biennial 

cultivated vegetable of the order Compositae. The seeds are sown 

twice in a year, in spring and autumn. The root has a length of 

about 2J fts. and a diameter of 114 inches. A very large kind 

called Mumeda-gobo is cultivated at Mmneda in the district of 

Saitama, Musashi. This is eaten boiled or preserved in salt. 

The young soft leaves are also eaten boiled.

25 

1O9. BatatUS edulis, Chois, Jap. Satsuma-iino, Kara- 

. into, Riukiu-imo ; a cultivated tuberous creeping plant of the order 

Convolvulacae and of several varieties according to the shape and 

colour of the tul>ers. They are eaten raw, boiled, baked, or 

steamed, and are the most important food next to cereals. They 

are also cooked to make cakes. They are cut into slices and 

preserved dry, and also reduced to flour to make dango (dumpling). 

Starch, ame, (a kind of Furkish delight), and sake (ric beer) are 

also made. The young leaves are eaten boiled as vegetables. 

109. b. Solanum tuberosum, L., Jap. fagatara-imo ; a 

cultivated tuberous plant of the order Solanaceae. There are two 

sorts, white and red skinned. They are eaten boiled or steamed 

and are preserved dry. Miso, shoyu, and sake are prepared from 

them. They yield also starch. The young leaves can be eaten, 

while the young shoots are very poisonous. 

110. Dioscorea BatatllS, Dene. 

Jap. Tsnkuneimo 

; a cultivated tuberous creeping plant of the order Diosco- 

reaceae. The underground tuber is large, solid, irrerular, flat, 

about 9-10 inches in diameter, and elastic. As it contains a large 

amount of starch and is wholesome in taste, it is eaten simply 

boiled or steamed or as Tororo (a kind of gruel made by grinding 

the fresh tuber). It is also used in various other ways in cooking 

and confectionary. It is dried and made into meal. Starch is 

obtained from it. Icho-imo and Ise-imo are its varieties. 

111. Dioscorea japonica, 77*., Jap. Jinenjo, Yamanoimo 

; this is the typical species of the former (110) growing wild 

in hills and mountains. It produces cylindrical tubers 5-6 fts. 

long. 

It is superior in quality, but used quite differently. 

112. Dicscorea japonica, 77*., var., Jap. Naga-imo ; 

the cultivated form of the preceding. The tubers have the same 

shape, but are shorter. They are 3-4 fts. long. 

113. Dioscorea japonica, 77*., var., Jap. Ichincn-imo, 

Lakitda-iino ; its tubers ripen in one year, attaining only to 1-2 

fts. They are watery and inferior in quality.

113. b. Tubers of Dioscorea japonica, 77;., Jap. Muka- 

go, Niikago ; the small tubers about the size of the thumb grown 

at the leaf-exils of Dioscorea japonica, T/i. (110-111), etc. are 

eaten boiled or plantjd as the seeds. 

114. Colocasia antiquorum, Schott., Jap. Sato-imo, 

Hatake-imo ; a cultivated tuberous plant of the order Araceae 

embracing several varieties. It resembles very much To-no-imo* 

but is quite green instead of purple. The petioles grown to the 

length of 3-4 fts. are eaten boiled or as vegetable. 

preserved dried and eaten 

115. Colocasia antiquorum, Schott., var., Jap. Yatsu- 

gashira ; a variety of To-no-imo (871 The leaves come out in 

bundles of 8 or 9 inches with thin long petioles from the single 

tuber. The latter grows to the size of 5-6 inches in diameter, 

consisting of several sprouts, but very rarely produces young 

tubers. It is eaten simply boiled or steamed. The taste is 

wholesome resembling that of To-no-imo. 

116. Colocasia antiquorum, Schott., var., Jap. Yegu- 

imo, Hana-imo ; a variety of Sato-iino (114). Because of its 

strong acridity it is grown under thick heaps of dust in rnalt state, 

which is eaten by the name of Ne-imo (yam-root). The young 

tubers are likewise eaten boiled. 

117. Conophallus konjak, Schott., Jap. Konniyaku-imo; 

a cultivated tuberous plant of the order Araceae. The tuber forms 

a round ball extremely acrid in taste in fresh state. The people 

used to make Konniyaku, a gelatinous tough food, by passing the 

raw tubers in boiling hot water, but they now make it by reducing 

the dried tubers into flour. 

118. Sagittaria sagittifolia, L., Arrow- head, Jap. 

Kuwai, Sliiro-kuwai ; a bulbous plant cultivated in swampy soil 

and belonging to the order Alismaceae. Several stalks sprout from 

one root and produce one tuber to each at the bottom, and in winter 

months the tubers are collected and eaten thoroughly boiled. They 

are also used for several purposes in cooking. Starch is obtained 

from the bulbs. Generally the tuber is of a diameter of 1J inches

27 

and sometimes larger. Besides tliis there is a Chinese kind with 

long oval tubers. 

119. Sagittaria sagittifolia, L., Jap. SuHa-kuwai, 

Omodaka, Gowai ; a srnail kind of Kuweit (118) growing wild 

in swampy field, but often cultivated for the sake of its tubers. 

It is about half a inch in diameter and is eaten boiled. 

120. Scirpus tuberosus, Smi., Jap. Kuro-kuwai ; a bul- " 

bous plant of the order Cyperaceae growing wild in marshy places. 

It is also cultivated in paddy land for the sake of its tubers. In 

winter they are dug out and eaten either raw or boiled. They 

resemble the chestnut in taste. In China starch is made from 

them and called Batci-fun. 

121. Lilium tigrinum, Gaivl., Tiger lily, Jap. Oni-yuri ; 

Ryori-ynri a -, 

cultivated bulbous plant of the order Liliacese. 

In winter the bulbs are taken up and eaten boiled and cooked. 

]t is very sweet and wholesome, the flavour varying with the 

soil. This variety produces in the axils of leaves small bulbs 

with which we can propagate the plant. 

The wild growing variety 

is also eaten. The stem grows to a height of 3-4 fts., blooming 

many flowers which are very beautiful. 

121. b. Lilium auratum, Lindl., Jap. Yama-yuri, Sasa- 

yuri ; this bulbous plant (942) is much praised for the beauty of 

its flowers and also much cultivated for the sake of its bulbs. 

In winter when the bulbs have grown to a great size, they are 

taken up and consumed as vegetables. The flowers are much 

valued for their fragrance and .the beauty of their colours. 

121. c. Lilium elegans, Tkunb., Lilium thunber- 

gianum, Roem. et ScJntlt., Jap. Hime-yuri, Hi-yuri, SukasJii- 

yuri ; tiiis kind is much cultivated for its edible bulbs for summer. 

The bulbs are about I inches in diameter and pure white. It 

contains no bitter principle. The ornamental flower-lity, Lilium 

concolor (9-i9), has the same Japanese name, but is quite different. 

122. Allium sativum, L., Jap. Ninniku, Him ; a bulbous 

cultivated plant of the order LiliaceaB, of the same family as

28 

Allium. fistulosum. It forms the bulb of a strong pungent odour. 

In spring both the leaves and bulbs are eaten. 

123. Allium splendens, Wild. (A. arenarium, Thunb., 

A. bakeri), Jap. Rakkio, Giyoja-biru ; it belongs to the same 

family as the preceding (122). The small bulbs of the size "of a 

thumb are eaten boiled or preserved as pickles in an air tight 

vessel in a boiled mixture of sake ( rice- beer), vinegar, and soy 

They are eaten after two months thus steeped. 

124. Stachys Sieboldi, Mis:., Jap. Cho-rogi, Chiyo-rogi ; 

a cultivated biennial plant belonging to the order Labiatae 

Many white rosary-like tubers of the size of a finger grow attached* 

to the root. In winter these tubers are taken up and eaten boiled 

or preserved in. salt or Uute-dsu (pi urn- vinegar). Those preserved 

in the latter juice is very good and beautiful being pink coloured. 

124. b. LycopUS lucidus, Turcs. . 

Jap. Shirone, Ajekoshi ; 

a perennial plant of the order Labiatae growing wild in swarnps 

or near ponds. Its white rhizomes grow to a length abont 1ft., 

and thicken towards the end where it reaches to the size of a 

finger. It is knitted and of the same shape as the preceding, 

but of a length of 5-6 inches. In winter they are eaten boiled or 

\ preserved in salt. 

k 

125. Rhizome of Nelumbo mucifera., Jap. Hasu-no-ne, 

Renkon a perennial plant of the order Nymphacaceae cultivated 

in swamps and marshes. The rhizomes lie far down in the mud 

and grow to a length of 3-4 fts. They arc cylindrical, white, and 

consist of a succession of joints. The interior is permeated with 

about 10 canals. In winter and spring they are dug out and 

eaten boiled or presewed in .sugar or reduced into starch called 

Hasii-no-ko (Lotus-meal). One kind recently introduced from 

China has thicker irregular rhizomes with small holes at the joints, 

and is wholesome in taste. The young leaves are likewise eaten 

as vegetables. The fruits and flowers are respectively described 

in the dcvision of fruits (228) and ornamental plants (149). 

125. b. Bamboo sprout, Jap. Takc-no-ko, Takanna ; the

29 

bamboo sprouts are the young soft stems of bamboos belonging 

to the order (iramineae. Almost all kinds of bamboos are edible* 

but j\Ioso-chiku is noted for its good taste. Xext to this are 

HacJiikii, HotL'ic/iiku, Madake, etc. These are eaten boiled, or 

preserved in salt or dried. The young sprouts are clothed with a 

sheath which is taken off after the sprout has grown to full size and 

is used f< >r various purposes. Those of Madake and ffachiku are 

most extensively used. 

125. c. Small bamboo sprouts, Jap. Haimo, Yokotake, 

Muchiko ; a young bamboo sprout growing up obliquely from 

the end of bamboo roots, resembling the preceding one in shape 

and taste. They grow at all seasons of the year, but in autumn. 

they are mostly produced. For the sake of propagating the bamboo 

wood, it is advisable not to take them out of the ground. 

125. d. Young shoots of Phragmites roxburghii, 

Kunth, Jap. Yoshigo, Yoshi-dsuno ; the young shoot of this plant 

resembles the small sized bamboo sprout and is eaten in the same 

way. In China this shoot taken out of the sheath is dried and 

preserved with a coating of salt on it, and used for various cooking 

purposes. 

125. 6. Asparagus lucidus, Lindl., Jap. 

Tcnmondo ; 

tubers growing together about the size of a finger are preserved 

in su-ar, or used for various cooking purposes after having been 

boiled in water to take away the acidity. 

Note. The plai.ts mentioned in this chapter are some of the 

principal kinds which roots are used as vegetables, 

but there are 

many other different varieties produced in different places; for 

example in the sweet potato there are many varieties produced in 

warm countries such are too numerous to be mentioned in this 

limited space. The bamboo sprout though really not a root 

y< v.< t;,lile is t 

temporally put in this division.

30 

CHAPTER IV. FLOWKB VEGETABLES. 

This chapter includes plants which petals, buds, and peduncles 

are eaten as vegetables. They are of a limited number. Most 

of them are cooked after scalding in boiling water. They are 

eaten rather as a curiousity of culinary herbs ; some of them are 

used partly for condiments and spices. 

126. Pyrethrum sinense, Sabm, Jap. Riyori-giku; a 

perennial cultivated plant belonging to the order Compositae. 

There are two kinds; one blooms only in autumn, and the other in 

summer and autumn. The former attains a height of about 2fts. 

and the latter, a little shorter. Their yellow flowers are eaten 

cooked after slightly boiled in water. They are also dried and 

\preserved. 

Their leaves are likewise eaten when fried. 

127. Equisetum arvense, L., Jap. Tsukushi; a perennial 

plant of the order Equisetaceae, growing wild in fields. In 

the beginning of spring before the flower-stalk produces its spores, 

it is eaten boiled, preserved in salt, or put in vinegar mixed with 

soy after havig been boiled in water. 

128. Amoinum mioga, 77/., Jap. Myoga / a perennial 

plant of the order Zingiberaceae growing wild. It is also 

cultivated. It grows to a height of about 3fts. There are two 

with red kinds and white roots. In summer and autumn the 

flowers with the bracts are taken and eaten either raw or boiled. It 

has an aromatic odour with a slight acid taste. The old leaves 

when twisted and kneaded are used for making saddles. 

128. b. Brassica flowers, Jap. Na-no-hana ; 

all the 

flowers of the Brassica family are edible as vegetables, especially 

flowerbuds of Brassica chinensis. 

128. c. Flowers of Petasites japonicus, Miq., Jap. 

Fuki-no-tQ; the flower-buds of Petasites japonicus, Miq., are eaten 

either raw or boiled on account of their aromatic bitterness. 

128. d. Flowers of Paeonia moutan, Sims., Jap. 

Botan-no-Jianc ; the petals of white and pink peony flowers are 

eaten cooked after boiling, and those of Paeonia officinaris likewise.

31 

128. e. Flowers of Gardenia florida, ., Jap. Kuchi- 

nasJii-no-Jiana : the six parted monopetalous fragrant flowers are 

eaten after having been boiled and cooked. 

128. f. Flowers of Heinerocallis flava, ., Jap. 

Kinvanzo-no-hana ; the flowers of Hemerocallis flava, L. (955) are 

r:iten when slightly boiled or preserved. The young leaves are 

likewise eaten as a vegetable. Almost all the flowers belonging 

ti > this species are edible ; the buds of thin single flowering soils are 

much used for cooking purposes in China, and are called Kin- 

sliinsai which are prepared by drying after having been slightly 

boiled. 

128. g. Flowers of Prunus pseudo-cerasus, Lindl., 

Jap. Sakura-no-hana ; the double flowering cherries, especially 

those which petals do not readily fall off, are preserved in salt 

and prepared to a drink like tea. The variety called Yedozakura 

is often selected for this purpose. 

128. h. Flowers of Cymbidium virens, Lindl., Jap. 

Ran-no-Jiana ; the flowers of some orchids are often preserved 

in salt and put in hot water, being used as a drink. Especially the 

flowers of Hokuri (914), Cymbidium virens, Lindl., 

this purpose. It is also preserved in plum- vinegar. 

CHAPTER V. CUCURBITACEOUS FRUITS. 

is used for 

This chapter includes herbaceous plants which fruits are consumed 

as vegetables principally in summer and autumn, such as 

melons, cucumbers, egg-plants, etc. They are eaten either raw, 

boiled, baked, or preserved in salt or sugar according to their 

nature. Besides those mentioned in this chapter, there are some 

other cucurbitaceous fruits as well as fruits produced from trees 

used as vegetables. They are mentioned in the chapter of fruits. 

129. Cucurbita pspo, Linn., Jap. To?tasu, Bobura, Nan- 

kiu ; an annual cultivated climbing plant belonging to the order 

Cucurbitaceae. It consists of different sizes of fruits which are

32 

eaten boiled or dried and preserved. In anturnn and winter 

their petioles are likewise eaten as vegetables. The one here 

mentioned is a flat variety called NaitQ-twiasu. 

130. Cucurbita pepo, Linn., Jap. Kabocha ; this is a 

variety of the preceding (129). Its sliape resembles that of the 

gourd and is used in the same way. 

131. Cucurbita aurantia, Linn. y Jap. Kintoga, Beni- 

toga, Akatvgau ; it is of the same family as the preceding 

of a long oval sliape and red lustrous skin. It is rather insipid, and 

so cannot be eaten ; it is only used as an ornament in fruit stores 

on account of its beautiful appearance. 

132. Cucumis common, Th., Jap. Shiro-uri, Asa-uri ; 

an annual cultivated climbing plant 

of the order Cucurbitaceae. 

The fruit is light green or almost entirely white with an oblong 

oval shape about a foot long. 

It is eaten raw or boiled, preserved 

in salt or sa&e-lee, or dried. There are also black and green 

varieties. 

133. Lagenaria dasistemon, Miq. Jap. Toga, Tvgan, 

Kamouri ; an annual climbing plant cultivated in farms belonging 

to the order Cucurbitaceae. The melon is oval and a ft. in 

diameter. The skin is covered wîth fine hair and white powder. 

It is preserved fresh or in sugar for the use in autumn and 

winter months. The young soft melons when they have grown to 

about 2-3 inches in diameter are used for various cooking in 

Osaka and are called Chosen-uri (Corean melon). Another variety 

about 3 fts. in length grows in Kiushiu. It is smooth and lus- 

trous without white powder. 

134. Cucumis satiVUS, Z., var., Cucumber, Jap. Kiuri ; 

an annual climbing cucurbitaceous plant cultiatved in fields or for- 

ced in hot beds to have melons in early spring. The fruits are oblong 

oval, and provided with small numerous protuberance?. They are 

eaten raw or roasted when they are about 2-7 inches long. They 

are also preserved in salt or in bran. The fruits when ripe are 

eaten boiled.

33 

134. b. Cucumis sativus, L., var., Jap. Naga-kmri 

(long cucumber) ; a variety of cucumber with a length of 2-3 fts., 

used in the same way. 

134. C. Cucumis sativus, Z., var., Jap. Shiro-kiuri (white 

cucumber); a variety of cucumber (134) with less protuberances 

and is of a better quality. 

135. Cucumis flexuosus, L., Jap. Mamdsukc, Kata-uri, 

Tsuke-uri\ a melon resembling Cucumis melo, L. (247), but green 

and hard. It is preserved in salt as the Japanese pickles. It is 

cut long in the form of a screw, dried, and preserved and is called 

Kauiiiiari-bosJii. 

135. b. Citrullus edulis, Spach. (Cucurbita citrullus, L. 

et Th.\ Jap. Suikwa, the water-melon ; when the water-melons 

(2^5) in their young state have attained the size of 3 or 4 inches 

they are preserved in salt and eaten. 

136. Cucurbita longa, Jap. Yugao, Naga-fukube ; an 

annual cultivated cucurbitaceous plant with a oblong oval melon. 

It is 2-3 fts. in length. It is eaten either boiled or dried after 

being cut into pieces, being soft and sweet. Its full grown hard 

shells are made into vessels like gourds. 

136. b. Cucurbita, Jap. Maru-yiigao, Fukitbe ; a variety 

of the former, but the melons are large and round. They are 

principally used to make Kampio by drying after cutting into long 

slices. 

137. Cucumis, Jap. Hime-uri, Mikan-uri ; a melon 

allied to Cucumis melo (247). It has the size of a swan s egg, and 

is eaten either raw or boiled. 

137. b. LufFa petola, Scr., Jap. Hcchima, Ito-uri ; the 

melon when green is eaten -either boiled, baked, fried, or prever- 

vcd in salt, (see Xo. 305). 

137. c. Momordica charantia, /,., Jap. Tsiim-reishi, 

Xirja-uri ; this melon when green is eaten fried or roasted after 

having been cut into fine slices. It has a slight bitter taste, (see 

No. 219).

84 

137. d. Trichosanth.es japonica, Re gel, Jap. Kikarasu- 

uri ; tliis small melon is eaten when }"oung 

preserved in salt. It has a bitter taste. 

either boiled or 

138. Solatium melongena, L., Egg plant, Jap. Nasu, 

Nasubi ; an annual plant of the order Solanaceae comprising 

many varieties. It attains a height of 2-3 fts. Its young 

fruits are eaten either boiled, roasted, or fried. They are also 

preserved in salt mixed with bran. The fruits simply preserved 

in salt are good to eat when boiled. It is also cut into slices and 

preserved in a dry state. The fruits of this plant are generally of 

an oval form, but some are slightly flattened at the bottom with 

longitudinal wrinkles near the calyx and are called KincJiaku- 

Nasn (pulse egg plant). The large kind brought from China 

is about 9 inches in diameter and is of a light purple colour. 

138. b Solanuin melongena, L., var., Long egg plent, 

Jap. Naganasu ; a variety of the former with long and slender 

fruits. A Chinese kind grows to a length of about 2 fts. and a 

diameter of about 1J inches. It is soft and good to eat when boi- 

led, or it can also be preserved in salt. 

139. Solanum melongena, L., var., Green egg plant, 

Jap. Ao-nasu ; a variety of egg plaut (IBS) with a green rind. It 

is of 2 kinds, rouud and club shaped. The large round kind is 

inferior in taste to the long club shaped one which is called 

Ao-naga-nasu (Long green egg plant). 

139. b. Solanum melongena, /,., var., Jap. Gin-nasu, 

Tamago-nasu ; a kind of egg plant with the fruit resembling 

a hen's egg. It can be eaten boiled, but is rather insipid. 

139. c. Lycopersicum esculentum, Wall., Jap. San- 

goji-nasu, Aka-nasn ; an annually cultivated plant of the order 

Solanaceae, with its fruit shaped and coloured somewhat like the 

persimmon. It was at first used for an ornamental purpose on account 

of its beautiful form, but as foreign cooking now prevails in 

tliis country it is used for culinary purposes. The fruits are eaten 

raw or dressed with vinegar and salt. They are also boiled, 

baked or reduced to paste. Its young leaves are salted and eaten

35 

Not'. 11- -sides those mentioned above the Ipomaea bona-box 

(886) and Capsicum longtim (1

36 

on the "upper side of the pileus and resembles a small Japanese 

wine cup. There are two kinds, red and green ; the former is 

called Aka-Jiatsutake and the latter Ao-hatsutake. Both are 

eaten roasted or boiled when fresh. 

144. Agaricus sp., Jap. Samatsu-dake ; a fungus 

growing in pine woods in summer. The form and size resemble 

those of Matsu-take (141), but inferior in taste. It is esteemed 

for its early production. 

145. Agaricus sp., Jap. Sentbon-shimeji ; a fungus 

growing in tufts 011 the ground. It has a delicious taste. 

Besides this there is a kind resembling Shimcji (142) with slender 

stipes growing also in tufts, but is different, though 

same name. 

it has the 

146. Agaricus sp., Jap. Kurt-take; a fungus growing 

on decayed chestnut trunks. Late in autumn it is taken and eaten 

by boiling. 

146. b. Agaricus sp., Jap. Mai-take; a fungus growing 

in tufts on the bark of rotten trees. It is eaten fresh by boiling 

and preserved after drying. 

147. Exidia auricula, fuda., Jap. Kiku-rage ; a fungus 

trees. It is like a man's ear 

growing on the bark of decayed 

with a diameter of 3-4 inches and of a brown colour. On moun- 

tains it is often seen growing on the rotten part 

of several kinds 

of trees, but that growing on Lambucus racemosa, Z., var. sicboldiana, 

Miq. is esteemed as the best. It is dried, preserved, and 

used as a vegetable. When, eaten it makes a noise as Kurage (a 

kind of medusa). 

148. Lichenes digitatus, Ach. t Jap. hva-takc, Iwa- 

goke ; this is not a fungus, but is put in this section on account 

of the similarity of its use with that of the fungus. Jt grows on 

rocks among mountains. Its upper surface is flat, smooth, and of 

a grey colour, but the under- part is black, rough, and provided 

with short stipes. 

It is dried, preserved, and used as food.

37 

149. Tuber spadiceum, Jap. Shoro / a terrestrial fungus 

growing in sandy soil near the sea-shore and also among pine 

trees in spring and summer. Its sh-^pe is a small round ball 

alxnit | or 1 inch in diameter with somewhat of a pine resinous 

iinvour. J t is divided, into 3 kinds according to its colour, namely 

Koinc-shoro, Awa-sJioro, and Hiyc-shoro. It is used in cooking 

when fresh and also preserved in salt or sugar. 

150. H/dnum wrigtltii, Jap. Kawa-takc, Shishi-take, 

Ko-takt ; a terrestrial fungus growing in mountainous regions on 

heaps of fallen leaves under trees. It is like a small shallow cup 

ab->ut 5 or 6 inches in height and covered with scaly hair. It is 

us d in cooking when dried. It is of a dark colour with a nio3 

flavour. 

15O. b. Hydnum w right ii, Jap. Rofl, Rojin; a fungus 

much the former. It is dark on the outside and 

resembling very 

white inside. It has a slight bitt3r taste and is eaten whan roasted. 

It is like a Japanese umbrella in form. 

CHAL 3 TER VII. EDIBLE ALGAE. 

This Chapter includes the aquatic plants of tin order Algae. 

They are very numerous, but those for economic purposss are 

few in number. Those described in this saction are dried and 

used for food. Some others used as starch are d3sc;*ibed in th.3 

chapter of " Different uses." Some of ths algi3 are raised by 

artificial cultivation. 

151. Porphyra vulgaris, Sur., Jap. Asatusz-wri, Ami- 

nori ; this is an algae growing on rocks where t!i3 sea is shallow, 

but it is also cultivated artificially by placing bramlns of trees in 

the mud of the sea which enables it to grow plentifully. In 

winter and spring it is taken, dried, anl used fv fool called 

Asakusa-nori. The eastern provinces ar.3 not3 1 for this production. 

The products in different placas are alnmst t!i3 sam3 in 

all respects, but Kuro-nori (black algi3) anl Upp:iriii-juri are 

somewhat different in shapa and colour.

38 

j 152. Alaria (Ulopteryx) pinnatifMa, Jap. Wakame ; 

an algae growing in the sea. Its stem is the length of 3-4 fts. 

expanding into a leaf parted into many divisions at the top. Late 

in spring its young leaves are taken, dried, and preserved. They 

are eaten by soaking in vinegar, roasting, or boiling. 

The Ito-wakame of Ise province, Ndruto-wdkame of Aiua 

province, etc. are noted products of different places. 

vuakame has long segments. 

The Nanbu- 

From the ear-like folds attached to both sides of the stem 

rn elastic glue called Wakame-tororo is taken and eaten. 

There are also Ao-ivakame (green wakaine] and Hira-wakavie 

(flat wakaine) with entire leaves. 

153. Laminaria japonica, Aresck., Jap. Konbu, Kobu, 

Hirome ; a large long algae growing in the cold seas of Hokkaido 

ar.d the nourthern provinces. This is taken in summer and is 

preserved by drying. It comprises many subspecies different in 

form, taste, and colour. 

A kind called Atsu-konbii (thick Laminaria) has a conside- 

rable breadth and is used to make Hana-ori-konbu and Moto- 

scroye-konbu. Its length is about 6 or 7 fts. and is of a good 

thickness. It is delicious and is used for cooking. 

-Another kind called Mitsu-ishi has a length of 3-4 fts. and 

a breadth of 3-4 inches, and has a good taste. 

Naga-konlu (long Laminaria) has an extensive length of 60- 

70 fts, and a breadth of 5-6 inches, and is used to make what is 

called Naga-kiri-konbu (long cut Konbu} which is much exported 

to China. 

Kuro-konbu (black Laminaria) is small in size, of a dark 

colour, and inferior in taste to the preceding. Konbu tinted 

with verdigris is called Ao-ita-konbii ; when cut into fine pieces 

it is called Kizami-konbu. 

Konbu (Laminaria) is eaten boiled, roasted, fried, or preserved 

in salt or sugar.

pieces. 

39 

It is used to put in boiled rice after having been cut into small 

Ft is also used to give a flavour to soup, or as an infusion 

like ten. 

The Chinese call the Larninaria Kaitai, and the cut one, 

Taishi ; both are esteemed by them as a delicious food. 

153. b. Laminaria sp., Jap. Hosomc, Bonmc ; a small 

kind of Laminaria inferior in taste is produced ii> the ''seas of 

the northern provinces. It is used at the feast of lanterns called 

Bon in Japan, whence derived the name Bourne. 

\ 153. C. Laminaria sp., Jap. Hokka-kombu ; a species of 

Laminaria (153) growing in the sea of Riknzen or Rikuchiu. It is 

thin and inferior in taste. 

153. d. Laminaria sp., Arthrothamnus bifidus, 

Jag., Jap. Nfko-ashi-konbUi Mimi-koubu ; a species of Laminaria 

(153) growing in the cold seas of Nemuro and Kushiro and their 

neighbouring provinces. It is about 4 fts. in length and 2-2 \ 

inches in breadth. As it has ear-lobe-like protuberances at both 

sides of the base of the frond, 

Laminaria and has a good taste. 

it is called ear-like or cat's foot 

153. 6. Laminaria sp., Jap. Tororo-konbu, Chizimi- 

konbu ; a species of Laminaria (158) growing in the seas of 

Xcinuro and Kushiro in Hokkaido. It has a length of 3-4 fts. 

with a breadth of about 2 inches, covered with wrinkles on the 

whole surface. It is very rich in a gluey fluid and is eaten like 

the gruel of the dioscorea tuber. 

154. Capea elongata, Ag., Jap. Arame, Kurome ; an * 

algae much produced in the seas of different provinces. 

It is 

divided into parts containing several leaves at the top of a long 

stem ; eacli leaf has a length of 1-2 fts. with a breadth of H-2J 

inches and is flat in form and of a dark grey colour covered with 

wrinkles, but when dried it becomes quite black. They are gather- 

ed late in spring and preserved by drying and used as food. 

154. b. Capea richardiana, Jap. Kajime, Sagarame ; 

an algae resembling very much Capea elongata, Ag. (154) in form,

40 

but narrower. It has rough longitudinal wavy wrinkles. The 

taste is almost the same, but inferior to the preceding. Its stem is 

strong with a length of about 2 fts. and used as walking sticks and 

handles of umbrellas, and for other similar purposes. 

155. Chondria, Jap. Hijiki ; an algae growing on rocks 

in shallow seas. It is 3-4 inches in length having leaves and 

branches. When fresh it is dark green, but becomes black when 

dried. It is gathered in spring, dried, and eaten after boiling in 

water. The product in the province of he is noted as the best 

kind. 

156. Chondria, Jap. Naga-hijiki, CJivsen-hijiki, Michi- 

"hijiki ; a species of the Hijiki (155) with a length of about \ ft. 

It is of the same quality as the former. 

157. Enteromorplia compressa, Grev.^ Jap. Ao-nori; 

a fine algae growing on rocks and woods in water near the mouths 

of rivers. It has fine fibres. In winter and spring they are 

gathered when they have grown to the length of 3-4 inches. 

They are preserved by drying and eaten by baking, being esteemed 

for their flavour. 

158. Phicoseris smaragdina, Kg., Jap. Aosa, Tisa- 

nori ; a broad flat green algae growing on stones or woods in 

shallow sea water. .From winter to spring it is taken, dried, and 

preserved. It resembles the preceding in taste, but inferior. One 

kind called Bekko-aosa is very pretty on account of its lustrous 

green colour. 

158. b. Phicoseris australis, Kg., Jap. Kawa-nori ; an 

algae growing on stones in streams among valleys. Its form 

and colour resembles those of Phicoseris smaragdina, Kg. (158). 

and eaten when 

In spring months it is collected, dried, preserved, 

roasted. It is superior in flavour to the latter (158). 

Those produced in a river Daiya-gawa in Nikko and a river 

Shiba-kawa at the foot of Fuji mountain are esteemed as the best 

quality. 

158. C. Phylloderma sacrum, Jap. Suijenji-nori ; an

41 

algae growing in the stream of the valley of the temple Snijenji 

near Kawamoto in the province Higo. it is soft and of a 

dark green colour and of different sizes. It is preserved by 

drying in the form of paper, and eaten boiled or dipped in vinegar. 

The prepared algae called Jusentai of the province Higo is of 

the same quality. 

159. Gelidium corneum, Lamour., Jap. Tokorotengusa, 

on stones in sea-water. 

Tcngusa : a finely branched algae growing 

It is about 5-6 inches in length and dark purple in its colour 

when fresh, but turns yellow when bleached and dried. It is 

made into a jelly by boiling. This jelly when dried and con- 

gealed is called Kanten (gelatine vegetale in French or Japanese 

isinglass in English). It is also made to Kanten-gami (gelatine 

vegetale in the form of paper), Misltima-nori, etc. 

159. b. Campylaephora hypnaeoides,/. Ag., Jap. Yego, 

Ukeudo, Magari ; a parasitic algae growing on other sea-weeds. 

It is very fine and divided into many branches provided with 

hooks at their ends which readily entangle therrnselves with other 

objects. It is dark purple when fresh, but turns white when 

bleached. It is eaten by reducing to a gelatinous substance 

by boiling, or used to mix with the Japanese isinglass or gelatin of 

Japan. The whole plant tinted red is called Shojo-nori and is 

used as an ornament. 

159. c. Jap. Igisu ; an algae growing on stones in the sea 

with numerous fine branches. It is dark purple when fresh, but 

turns white when bleached. It is eaten in a gelatinous state. 

160. Halochloa macrantha, Kg., Jap. Hondawara, 

Kawaranio ; an algae growing on rocks in the sea. It grows to 

a length of 2-3 fts. with alternate leaves which are provided with 

numerous small air-cells. 

It is eaten when young, and also used as an ornament for 

new year's day. 

16O. b. Mesogloia decipiens, Sur., Jap. MoJsuku ; an 

algae growing on Halochloa macrantha, Kg. It is of a smooth 

L/ 

l

42 

and soft nature having numerous fine branch.es and is eaten 

preserved in salt. 

161. Hallymenia dentata, 5. Z., Gleopeltis rigens, 

Grcv., Jap. Tosaka-nori ; a thick, broad, and pink algae with 

dentate edges resembling a cock's ootnbattaining a length of several 

inches. There is a kind of a thinner and softer nature having many 

parts. They are preserved by drying and are sometimes eaten 

boiled or in a state of jelly. 

161. b. Gracilaria conferioides, Grev., Gigartina 

tenelle, Harvey, Jap. Ogo, Ogo-nori; a long fine algae divided into 

many branches, growing on stones or shells in muddy sea-water. 

It attains a length of about 2 fts. In the eastern provinces they 

are used to ornament the table by placing them beside the dishes. 

They are boiled in lime water to make hard and stiff. They are 

also used to make glue when dried. 

Note. Besides those mentioned above there are many other 

algae which are eaten, but they are boyond description 

limited volume ; 

in this 

for example Miru (Codium), Shiramo (Sphaero- 

coccus japonicus, Sitr.\ Umi-somcn (Nemalion vormiculare), 

Tsurumo, Matsumo, Kyono-himo or Kawag'isJii, Kome-nori, etc. 

are used for this purpose. Also Tsuno-mata (Gymnogongrus 

japonicus, Stir.) and Funori (Gigartina intricata, Sur.) described in 

the division of plants of " Different uses" and some of the fresh 

water algae are eaten in the same way. 

CHAPTER VIII. CONDIMENTS AND SPICES. 

This Chapter includes the plants which have an aromatic 

flavour and pungent taste increasing appetite. Some of their leaves 

are used as culinary vegetables, and some of the seeds are used as 

medicine. 

162. Eutrema wasabi, Maxim , Jap. Wasabi; a per-> 

ennial herb of the order Cruciferae growing wild in valleys, but 

often cultivated near streams and rivers. The roots are used as a 

stimulant, and the leaves and stems as a vegetable.

163. Raphanus satiVUS, L., var., Jap. Nedsnmi-daikon, 

Karaiui-daikon ; a biennial cruciferous vegetable which is the 

celebrated product of the village Uyeno at the foot of Ibukimountain 

in the province Omi. It is short and thick at the 

end in the form of a club. As it is provided with rat's tail like 

taper roots, it is called Ilmki-daikon or Rat-daikon. It is very 

acrid in taste and used as a condiment, but it is also good to be 

eaten boiled. 

Besides this, Sangatsu-daikon (March-raddish), Natsu-daikon 

(Summer raddish), etc. are used for condiments. 

163. b. SinapiS cernua, Thunb., Jap. Karashi ; the seeds 

of Sinapis cernua, Tint-lib., are grind into powder and used as a' 

condiment or preserved in salt. 

164. Citrus aurantium, ., Jap. Yudsu, Mochi-yudsu ; 

an evergreen cultivated tree of the order Aurantiacea3. It 

attains a height of 10-15 fts. It thrives in cold regions 

as well as in warm countries. Early in summer it produces 

flowers arid gives fruits in winter. It is the size of a wrist and 

of a pure yellow colour when fully ripe. 

Its rind is very fragrant 

and is eaten fresh, boiled, or preserved in sugar. Its flower-buds 

and young fruit-rinds are used in cooking to give the food an 

aromatic flavour. 

164. b. Citrus aurantium, L., var., Jap. Toko-yudsu, 

Hatia-yudsu ; a variety of the preceding (164); the smaller fruits 

remain on the branches for a long time. It is inferior in quality, 

but of the same use. It is usually used when young. 

165. Zanthoxylum piperitum, D. C., Jap. Sansho ; a 

wild mountain deciduous shrub of the order Zanthoxylaceas. It 

is also cultivated in gardens. Its ripe fruits, young flower-buds, 

and leaves, as well as the inner bark of the stem which is called 

Kara-kaiva are eaten when boiled. A kind called Asakura- 

saiisJio has shorter thorns, but the fragrance of its leaves and 

fruits is stronger. 

Uwamidsu-sakura ; 

165. b. Prunus Grayana, Max., Jap. 

the fruits of this tree are called Au-nin in Yechigo. The flower-

44 

buds and young fruits are eaten when preserved in salt and have 

a pungent delicious taste. 

166. Phellopterus littoralis, Fr., Jap Yaoya-bofu, 

Hama-bofu ; a triennial umbelliferous herb growing in sandy 

ground near sea shores. Its young soft leaves are eaten raw. In 

Tokio they are cultivated in farmyards; they grow throughout 

the year, and their young leaves are used to decorate dishes. 

167. Capsicum longum, L., Jap. Togarashi, Nanban; 

an annual cultivated plant of the order Solanaceae comprising 

many varieties. The fruits of the ordinary kind are red in colour, 

but some are yellow and others dark purple. In form some are 

long and thin, and others round or ovate. The plant with long 

fruits is called Nikko-tQgarashi, and the short one, Taka-no-tume* 

Both are very acrid and hot, but there is a kind called Ama- 

togarashi which owing to the mildness of its acridity is eaten 

as a vegetable. The variety here mentioned is called Tenjiku- 

mori or Yatsu-busa, and is much cultivated in the vicinity 

of Tokio. 

168. Capsicum longum, Z., var., Jap. Shishi-togarashi ; 

a variety of Capsicum longum. L., with wrinkles on the skin. It 

has the same use as the preceding. 

169. Capsicum cerasiforme, Jap. Yenomi-togarashi ; 

a kind of pepper with its fruits resembling those of Celtis sinensis. 

They have the same quality and use as the pepper. 

170. Perilla arguta, Bcnth., Jap. Shiso ; an annual 

cultivated plant of the order Labiatae growing to a height of 

about 2 fts. Its young seeds are eaten raw or boiled. Its leaves 

and flower-racemes are used as condiments or preserved in salt ; 

especially the leaves are used to give a salt-preserved 

purplish 

red tint to the 

Prunus rnume. A variety with wrinkled leaves 

has a deep purple colour. In early spring the seede are sown 

uuder glass and their cotyledons are used as a condiment. 

171. Perilla arguta, Benth., var., Jap. Aoso, Shiroso ; a 

variety of Perilla arguta, Benth., with green leaves and stems and

45 

white flowers. As it has a strong flavour it is used as a spice or 

preserved by drying or in salt. 

172. P olygonum maximowiczii, Re gel., Jap. Yanagi- 

taiie ; an annual cultivated plant of the order Polygonaceae. 

There are several varieties, some with narrow, and others with 

The kind here mention- 

broad leaves, which are purple or green. 

ed is the green narrow leaved variety, and as it has a sharp acrid 

property its young leaves are used in cooking. A kind called 

Kawa-tade thrives well even in winter. 

173. Polygomim maximowiczii, Regel., var., Jap. 

KinsJii-tadc ; a variety of the former with fine narrow leaves. 

There is a kind with purple leaves. They are also the same in 

quality and use. 

173. b. Actinidia polygama, Planck, Jap. Matatabi; 

a deciduous climbing plant of the order Dilleniaceae growing wild 

on mountains. In summer it bears white flowers resembling those 

of Prunus mume. Its leaves are eaten boiled, and also its young 

fruits are eaten after being salted. Both have an acrid taste. Cats 

are very fond of this plant. 

174. Zingiber officinale, Rcscoe, Jap. Shoga, Haji- 

kaini ; a 

perennial cultivated plant of the order Zingiberaceae 

attaining a height of about 2 fts. The young shoots come forth 

from the new roots produced from the old stocks. They are 

very ornamental. Their red stems have an agreable aromatic 

flavour and a slight acrid and pungent taste. They are used for 

various purposes in cookery. Its roots have a strong acid taste. 

They are used as a condiment, and are also preserved in salt, sugar, 

or syrup. They thrive well in warm regions where the roots are 

sound and large with a good aromatic taste, while those cultivated 

in cold regions are small and hard with numerous fibres. 

Note. In the division of Leaf- vegetables Oe nan the stoloni- 

fera, D.C. (58), Anilia cordiita, Tit. (61), and the flowers of Peta- 

sites japonicus, Th. (67) and Allitim fistulosum, L. (SO) ; in 

the division of Flower- vegetables the flower of Zingiber Mioga, 

Roscoc, and its young shoots, young plants of Mentha arvensis, L.

46 

var. vulgaris, Benth. (446), rind of citrus nobilis, Lour. (230), and 

seeds of Sesamum indicum, L. (309), Oannabis sativa, L. (323), etc. 

are used as condiments and spices. 

herbs. 

CHAPTER IX FRUITS. 

This Chapter includes the fruits produced from trees and 

There are several kinds. Most of them are eaten raw, but 

many are preserved being dried or kept in salt or sugar, and some 

are used for fermenting wine. Many plants of this division furnish 

timbers, but they are not mentioned here. 

175. Prunus mume, Sieb. et Zucc., Jap. Mume, Ume ; 

a deciduous tree of the order Rosaceae attaining a height of about 

10 fts. It bears flowers early in spring before the leaves appear. 

It comprises many different varieties, being single 

or double 

petal ed, and pink or white coloured. The fruits also differ in 

size. These various kinds are cultivated more for the sake of 

their flowers than for their fruits. Its fruits are gathered before 

being fully ripe and preserved in salt. They give a red tint when 

mixed with the leaves of Perilla arguta, and are eaten as a relish. 

It is also used for various preserves, such as Mume-bishio (jelly), 

dried plum, etc. 

176. Primus mume, 5. et Z., var., Jap. Yatsubnsa-nomume 

; a 

variety of Prunus mume, 5". et Z. It has abont 8 fruits 

on one calyx, but as some fall off before they ripe only two or 

three come to maturity. They are not very good to eat, but prised 

rather for curiosity. 

177. Prunus Hiume, 5. ct Z., var., Jap. Bungo-mume; a 

variety of Prunus uuime, 5. et Z. (175) with a larger fruit about 

2^ inches in diameter, but not so prolific as the common mume. 

They are eaten raw, boiled, or preserved in salt or sugar. 

178. Prunus mume, 5. et Z., var., Jap. Komnme, SJiinano-mmne 

; a variety of Prunus mume, 6". et Z. (175) with very

47 

small furits which ripen early in June. They are noted for theit 

small size and are preserved in salt or sugar. 

179. Prunus mume, 5. et Z., var., Jap. Tokomwne, 

AoDiimic, Futiaii-mume ; a variety of Prunus mume, 6". et Z, 

Jts fruits remain on the tree long after maturity, whence they are 

called Toko-nnime (everlasting plum) and are eaten fresh. They 

may be kept a long time without decay. 

ISO. Prunus armeniaca, L.. Jap. Andsu, Karamomo ; 

a deciduous tree of the order Rosaceae resembling Prunus mume, 

5. et Z., in form. It attains a height of about 10 fts. In spring 

it blooms next to P. mume, 5. et Z., with single pinkish white 

flowers. It ripens early in summer. Its fresh is easily separated 

from the seeds. They are yellow when ripe and of a delicious 

sweet flavour. They are eaten either raw or dried. 

181. a. Prunus triflora, Roxb., Jap. Snmomo, Su-ume ; 

a deciduous fruit tree of the order Rosaceae attaining a height of 

about 10 fts. The white single flowers appear in spring after 

Prunus mume, S. et Z. The round and lustrous red fruits ripen 

in summer and are delicious to eat. They are also picked before 

maturity and preserved in salt. There are several varieties. 

181. b. Prunus triflora, Roxb., var., Jap. Urabeni-sumomo 

; a variety of the preceding with a deep red pulp. In the 

provinces of Kiushiu it is named Ikitri. There is one variety with 

good round fruits in the province of Satsuina, being called YonemoDio 

; it has also a red pulp. 

182. Prunus triflora, Roxb., var., Jap. Shiro-sumomo ; 

a variety of P. triflora, Roxb. (181), differing from it only by its 

yellowish white colour. Another variety of a yellow 

also called Shiro-sumomo and is superior in taste. 

colour 'is 

183. Prunus triflora, Roxb., var , Jap. Togari-sumomo, 

Hadankio ; a variety of Prunus triflora, Roxb., with large and 

pointed fruits. There are two kinds, one red arid the other white. 

Another variety with round fruits is ealld Botankyo. 

184. Amygdalus persica, Benth. et Hook, Jap. Momo;

48 

a deciduous tree of the order Kosaceae attaining a height of 

about 10 fts. In spring it blooms pretty flowers of varions kinds, 

single or double, red or white, etc. Delicious fruits are produced 

from those of the single pink flowers. The fruits ripen either in 

summer or in autumn. The size is abont 1-2 inches. It is good 

to eat fresh, or preserved in sugar or salt. 

184. b. Amygdalus persica, Benth. et Hook., var. , Jap. 

Kam-momo, Fuyu-monw ; a late ripening variety of peacli (184). 

The fruits are preserved till winter and even to spring. 

185. Amygdalus, Jap. Amende; a dwarf variety of peach 

(184) attaining a height 

of 60-70 fts. When it is about a foot 

high it forms a pretty looking dwarf plant with many branches 

covered with long narrow leaves and flowers in clusters. There 

are several kinds of flowers, single or double, pink, white, or varie- 

gated, etc. Its fruits are ripe 

in antumn. 

186. Amygdalus, Jap. Dsubai- momo, Tsubaki-momo ; a 

variety of peach (184) 

with red smooth delicious rouud fruits. 

There is one which docs not ripen to red ; it is called Aodsubai 

(green variety). 

186. b. Myrica rubra, Sieb. et Zucc.,3wp. Yama-momo; 

this tree yields great quantities of fruits in warm regions. They 

are round about the size of a thumb. When ripe they are of a 

dark red colour and rich in a sweet juice. 

with white and yellow fruits. 

There are the varieties 

187. Prunus tomentosa, Thunb., Jap. Yusura-mume ; 

a deciduous shrub of the order Kosaceae attaining sometimes a 

height of 7 8 fts, but generally smaller and slender than the 

preceding. In spring it produces five petaled white flowers before 

the leaves. In summer it bears round dark red lustrous fruits 

which resemble cherries. They are sweet, juicy, and delicious. 

188. Zizyphus VUlgaris, Lam., Jap. Natsume ; a de- 

ciduous tree of the order Ehamnaceae attaining a height of 

about 20fts. In the beginning of summer it blooms small yellowish 

green flowers on the branches. In autumn its oval or oblong

-49- 

fruits are yellow when ripe, but gradually turn to a reddishbrown 

colour afterwards. It is eaten fresh or when dried and 

preserved. 

188. b. Zizyphus vulgaris, Lam., var., Jap. Naganatsume, 

Tokuri-natsume ; its fruits are long and pointed when 

ripe. 

189 Pyrus communis, L., Pear, Jap. Nashi, Ari- 

noini ; a deciduous tree of the order Kosaceae attaining a height 

of about 30 fts., but in cultivating it is generally trained down 

over trellis. In spring, it blooms single white flowers, before 

it sprouts. The fruits ripen in summer ; they 

are of different 

forms, sizes, and tastes. They are eaten fresh, and preserved by 

drying or made into jam. The variety drawn here is common 

called Taihei in Tokio. The fraits, which ripen late, are preserved 

till the next summer. Many varieties are cultivated in 

different places. We will mention here few varieties in the 

following lines. 

189. b. Pyrus communis, Lam., var., Jap. Ao-nashi ; 

its green fruits ripen early and are juicy. 

189. c. Pyrus communis. Lam., var., Jap. Inu-naski, 

Yama-nasJii ; an original species of pear attaining a considerable 

heiirht. with small hard fruits and thorns on the branches. The 

-own and the young plants are used for grafting stocks. 

189. d. Pyrus communis, Lam., var., Jap. Tane- 

nashi-arinomi , Tane-nashi-innashi ; the fruits are very small, 

but have no seed. 

190. Pyrus ringo, Jap. Ringo ; a deciduous tree of 

the rder Kosaceae, attaining a height of about lOfts., with 

slender extended branches. In spring it blooms after producing 

the leaves. The buds are pink, but when open, they are almost 

white. The fruits are round about an inch in diameter, and their 

parts facing t. the sun are pink. They are eaten fresh, and may

50 

"be preserved by drying after cutting into slices. A variety with 

very small aciduous fruits is called Ko-ringo, 

190. b. Pyrus ringo, var., Jap. Beni-ringo, Rinkin ; 

the trees (635) produce plenty of fruits in cold regions. The 

fruits are round or oval, with a diameter of about an inch. In 

autumn they ripen and are scarlet. Their taste is better than 

that of the former. They are eaten fresh and also preserved by 

drying. 

191. Pyrus chinensis, Pair, Jap. Kwarin, Karanaski; 

a deciduous tree of the order Rosaceae, attaining a height of 20 

30fts. Its bark peels down itself every year, and cloud- 

like variegated scars are left behind. Late in spring it produces 

single pink flowers with the leaves. Its fruits ripen late in 

autumn. They are yellow and oval with rough surfaces. They 

so they are baked or steamed. 

are too sour to be eaten fresh ; 

191. b. Pyrus cydonia, L. y Jap. Marumero ; a species 

-closely allied to the preceding, attaining a -height of 70 SOfts., 

with many branches growing in clusters. The flowers are pink 

and about an inch in diameter. The fruits are covered with fine 

hair, and their surfaces are very uneven. They are about 2i 

inches in length, and are eaten fresh. This species thrives better 

in cold climates. 

191. C. Pyrus japonica, Th., var. genuina, Jap. Boke, 

Karaboke ; it produces many fruits, which resemble those of 

Pyrus chinensis, Pair, but smaller in shape and inferior in taste. 

191. d. Pyrus japonica, Th., var. pygmaea, Max., Jap. 

Noboke, Kusaboke, Shidomi ; this tree (633) produces many fruits 

which resemble those of Pyrus japonica, Th. (632). The fruits 

are round with uneven surfaces, and are very sour in taste. 

192. Photinia japonica, 77*., Jap. Biwa; an evergreen 

tree of the order Rosaceae, attaining a height of about 20fts. In 

early winter, it blooms single, white, and fragrant flowers disposed

51 

in panicles, and produces fruits in the next summer. The fruits 

ar.' yellow and round, covered with fine hair. They are as large 

as finger-heads, and are very delicious and aciduous ; so they 

are highly prized. They contain 2 3 large seeds. A variety r 

with the fruits which skin has white powder, is called Shiro- 

ko-biwa. 

192. b. Photinia japonica, T/i., var., Jap. Tobiwa / 

its fruits are large, with a very good taste, and the leaves are also- 

large. When 8 9 years are passed after the seeds were sown, 

the young trees grow 6 7 its. high, and produce very good fruits- 

as their mother trees. 

192. C. Photinia japonica, T/i., var., Jap. Nagaftbiwa ; 

its fruits are oval and sometimes obovate. 

193. CrataegUS CUneata, 5. et Z., Jap. Saiizashi ; a 

deciduous shrub of the order Kosaceae, attaining a height 

of 5 

6 fts., with many thorny branches. In spring it produces single 

white flowers in clusters, being followed with round red or yellow 

skinned fruits about \ inch in diameter. The fruits are slightly 

sweet and acidouous. 

193. b. Crataegus sanguinea, Pall., Jap. Osanzaski; 

u species closely allied to the preceding, with larger leaves and 

fruits, attaining a height of about 10 fts. 

194. Diospyros kaki, L., Persimmon, Jap. Kaki ; a deciduous 

tree of the order Ebenaceoe, attaining a height of 20 30 

fts. In late spring, it shoots forth new branches and leaves ; in 

early summer, it opens male and female flowers separately ; and 

in antumn, its fruits ripen and are yellowish red or crimson. 

The forms of the fruits are various, and their taste is sweet or as- 

ttigent. Kisawas/ii (sweet kaki) is eaten fresh, and Shibti-kaki 

(astrigent kaki} is made into Umi-kaki, Sawashi-kaki, S/iibu- 

)>uki-kaki, AmabosJii-kaki, Koro-kaki, Kaki-tsuki etc., and then 

dible. The variety drawn here is a Kisawashi called Zcnjimaru 

being produced abundantly in eastern provinces. The varieties

52 

of this plant are very numerous ; so only a few among them are 

described in the following articles. 

195. Diospyros kaki, Z., var., Jap. Hachiya-gaki ; 

Mino-gaki ; a variety with large oblong fruits, being about 3J 

inches in height and 8 9 inches in circumference. The seeds are 

long and narrow, and few in number. The fruits are very good 

to eat when made into AmabosJii-kaki or Koro-kaki. They are 

chiefly produced in fJac/iij>a-vi\l&ge of J/z;z

53 

persimmon) ; its fruits remain withered on the branches, even after 

ripen. 

197. d- Diospyros lotus, ., Jap. Skinanogaki, Mame- 

gciki ; a species of persimmon with smallest fruits, being as large as 

h'ngerheads. They are round or oblong in form. They are gathered 

in winter and dried to eat. As the preceding, they also dry up 

on the branches. From the young fruits Kaki-shibu (an astrin- 

gent juice) 

is obtained. 

198. Punica granatum, Z., Jap. Zakuro, Jakuro ; a 

iduons shrub of the order Myrtaeeae, attaining a height of 

8-9 fts., growing in group, but sometimes being tall as a large 

tre . 

The 

flowers bloom during the rainy 

season of summer. 

There are many varieties with single or double, and light red, 

dark red or white variegated flowers, but only the variety with 

single and dark red flowers produce fruits in late autumn. The 

fruits are light red and round, and have thick skin with sepals at 

the top. 

"When ripe, the skin bursts and exposes red seeds with a 

pellucid pulpy coating. There are two sorts, one with aciduous 

and the other with sweet pulp. 

198. b. Punica granatum, L., var., Jap. Shiro-sakuro; 

its pulp is almost white, slightly shaded with pink, and the taste 

i> very delicious. 

199. Vitis vinifera, L., Grape, Jap. Budo ; a deciduous 

climber of the order Titaceae. The stems of some large vines are 

-.'nil inches round. It is cultivated in gardens and extended 

over trellis. In early summer it produces small yellowish green 

flowers disposed in panicles from the axils of the leaves, being 

sur-ceeded with the bunches of grapes which ripen in autumn. 

The grapes are \-^ inch in size. There are at least 6070 grapes 

in each bunch. The fruits are generally ovate, but some are 

round. The fruit-skin is green shaded with purple. The variety 

produced in province Kai is beautifully shaded with purple.

54 

There are several other varieties with purple or white skins. 

They are eaten fresh, and have a sweet and refleshing taste. 

They are dried and preserved in sugar. Wine is made from 

them. 

199. b. Vitis labrusca, .., Jap. Yama-bucto ; a deciduous 

climber of the order Vitaceae, growing wild in mountains. 

The leaves are broad, and their under surface is covered with 

brown hairs. The fruits are purplish black and inferior in quality 

being too aciduous. There are several other wild varieties. The 

one called Yebidsuru is closely allied to this, but smaller. 

200. Actinidia arguta, Planch., Jap. Sarunashi, Shiro- 

kuchi,- Kok2iwa ; a deciduous climber of the order Dilleniaceae 

growing abundantly in mountains. The largest stems of this plant 

are about \\ fts. round In summer it blooms single white flowers, 

about inch in diameter, being succeeded with round berries, which 

are eaten fresh or dried. 

201. Broussonetia papyrifera, Vent., var., Jap. Hime- 

kozo ; a deciduous tree of the order Urticaceae, attaining a height 

of about 10 fts. It has distinct male and female flowers upon 

separate trees. The fruit forms a round ball congregated of small 

sweet red pulpy seeds. This is closely allied to Broussoneiia 

papyrifera, Vent, and B. hajinoki, Sieb., occuring wild on mountains 

and in fields. The fruits have almost the same form. 

202. Rtlbus parvifolius, L., Jap. Nawashiro-ichigo ; 

a deciduous trailing plant of the order Kosaceae growing wild in 

plains and bushes, attaining a length of 4-5 fts. The leaves are 

ternate and their under surface is white. It blooms five-petaled 

purplish small flowers on numerous small branches at the end of 

the stem. They are succeeded by red juicy sweet berries which 

ripen in summer. All these berries are formed by the collection 

of small pulp} 7 

seeds, having the same taste and different colours. 

These grow wild abundantly, but are also cultivated 

The fruits are eaten fresh or made into jam or wine. 

in gardens.

55 

2O3. Rubus phoenicolasius, Max., Jap. Yebikara- 

ichigo, Saru-ichigo ; a species closely allied to the preceding, 

but of a larger form, growing wild among mountains, attaining t? 

of 6-7 fts. The leaves and stems are covered with red hair. 

height 

The fruits are yellowish red in colour and are ripe in autumn. 

2O 4. Rubus buergeri, Miq., Jap. Fuyu-ichigo ; a deciduous 

small shrub of the order Rosaceae, attaining a height of 

3_4 ftp. and growing wild everywhere. The leaves and stems are 

furnished with hooked spines. The former have 5 or 7 lobes somewhat 

like a maple-leaf. In the beginning of summer it blooms 

five petaled white flowers about an inch in diameter from the axils 

of the leaves and yields yellowish berries. 

205. Rubus palmatus, 77*., Jap. Awa-ichigo ; a deci- 

duous small shrub of the order Rosaceae. Its stem is 3-4 fts. 

high, growing wild everywhere. Both the stem and leaf have 

tliorns. The^ leaf is like that of maple, and in early summer it 

opens white flowers which have five petals, being about an inch in 

length. 

Its fruits are yellow when ripe. 

206. Rubus incisus, Th. y Jap. Ki-ichigo, Niga-ichigo ; 

a species closely allied to the preceding, growing wild on moun- 

tains and in bushes, with smaller flowers and red berries which are 

of an inferior taste. 

207. Rubus trifidus, 77/., Jap. Kaji-ichigo, Chosen- 

ichigo ; a deciduous small shrub of the order Rosaceae. with a 

straight stem of a height of 5-6 fts. The leaves are broad and 

five lobed with the diameter of 6-7 inches. In summer it blooms 

five-petaled white flowers, and the sweet yellow berries are ripe 

in autumn. 

208. RubUS morifolius, Sieb., Jap. Kuma-ichigo ; a 

deciduous shrub of the order Rosaceae, attaining a height of 

56 fts. Its leaves and stems are furnished with sharp thorns. 

The leaves are broad and 4-5 inches in diameter. The fruits are 

large and red.

06 

208. b. Debugeasia edulis, Wedd., Jap. Yanagi-ichigo , 

To-ichigo, Ka?asu-yamamomo ; a deciduous shrub of the order 

Urticaceae, growing abundantly in warm districts. The fruits are 

yellow and resemble those of the straw-berry. 

209. Vaccinium vitis-idaea, ., Jap. Oyama-ringo, 

Hama-nashi; a tiny evergreen shrub growing in alpine regions, 

of summer it 

attaining a height of 6-7 inches. In the beginning 

blooms small white and pink shaded flowers. The berries are 

round and of a red colour with an aciduous taste. They are |-- 

inch in size, and are eaten fresh or preserved in salt or sugar. 

210. Vaccinium OXycoccos, ., Jap. Tsuru-kokemono; 

a procumbent tiny evergreen plant of the order Ericaceae, growing 

in moist places of mountains. It has many stems which produce 

only one flower at each end, being succeeded with small berries 

which droop. Their shape and appearance resemble those of the 

preceding, but they are larger and more convenient for use. 

21O. b. Vaccinium bracteatum, Tti., Jap. SJiashambo, 

Wakurawa ; an evergreen shrub of the order of Ericaceae 

occuring wild in warm regions. In autumn it produces many 

small dark purple berries in panicles, and they are subaciduous in 

taste. 

21O. C. EpigSBa asiatica, Max. t Jap. Rvanashi, Suna- 

ichigo ; a small evergreen shrub of the order Ericaceae, principally 

found in the provinces of Yamato, Yamashiro, Settsu, and their 

vicinities. In spring it blooms small pink liowers in clusters and 

ripens large bean-sized fruits in summer. The fruits are covered 

with sand-like grains, and are soft, brittle, and subacid. 

210. d. Empetrum nigrum, Z., Jap. Gankoran ; a 

tiny evergreen shrub of the order Empetracese, growing wild on 

alpine regions. It has distinct male and female flowers on separate 

plants. Late in spring it blooms flowers, being succeeded with 

small purplish black subaciduous berries. 

211. Elaeagnus pungens, 77/., Jap Natsu-gumi ; a

57 

deciduous shrub of the order Elaeagnaceae, growing wild on 

mountains and in fields. It is also cultivated for its fruits. It 

attains a height of 8-9 fts., and late in spring it blooms flowers 

from the axils of the new leaves and bears red oval or sometimes 

round berries with white spots. The taste is subacid with a slight 

astrjngency. 

212. Elseagnus umbellatus, 77*., Jap. Aki-gumi\ a 

deciduous shrub of the order Elaeagnacere, growing wild on moun- 

tains and in fields, attaining a height of about 10 fts. It yields 

fruits when still a young plant. Late in spring it blooms several 

flowers in clusters from the axils of the leaves, and is succeeded 

by red round berries with white starry spots. The taste is subacid 

with a slight astringency. 

213. Elseagnus longipes, A. Gray., Jap. Nawashiro- 

giuni, Tawara-gumi ; an evergreen shrub of the order Elaaagnaceae, 

attaining a height of about 10 fts. In winter it bears 

flowers from the axils of the leaves, and oblong red berries ripen 

in the beginning of the summer of the following year. The fruits 

are red and covered with micaceous starry spots, having a subacid 

and slightly astringent taste. 

213. b. Cudrania javanensis, TrecuL, Jap. Kwakwa- 

tsugayn ; an evergreen shrub of the order Urticaceae, of a vine- 

like nature, provided with thorns on the stem, and found in the 

provinces of Satsiima and Osnmi. The barren and fertile flowers 

shoot separately on distinct 

plants. It bears flowers in summer 

and reddish yellow sweet fruits in winter. They are eaten fresh 

or preserved in sugar. The wood is used for dying yellow. 

213. c. Ribes grossularioides, Max., Jap. Suguri ; 

a small shrub of the order Saxifragaceae, with slender stems attain- 

ing a height of 2-3 fts., provided with sharp 

thorns. The small 

flowers droop from the axils of the leaves, and the greenish 

aciduous berries are ripe in summer. 

213. d. Kibes rubrum, Z., var. bracteosum, Max., Jap.

58 

Fusa-sugnri ; a small shrub of the order Saxifragaceas, found in 

4;he forests of Hokkaido. It attains a height of 5-6 f ts. The drooping 

flowers are disposed on panicles. The red berries have a 

subacid taste. 

214. Ficus carica, ., Fig, Jap. Ichijiku ; a deciduous 

shrub of the order Urticaceas, cultivated in warm countries, attain- 

ing a height of about 10 fts. In summer it produces fruits at the 

.axils of the leaves. The flowers are concealed inside the fruits. 

The fruits are green and ovate at first, and then turn dark purple 

outside and reddish inside. It is soft, sweet, and slightly 

aciduous. Several good varieties have been recently introduced. 

Especially one with a greenish white skin is sweet like honey 

when ripe and is good for drying. 

214. b. FicilS carica, L., var., Jap. Shiro-ichijiku, Nankin-ichijiku 

; a variety of fig of a dwarf nature. 

iruits are also small. When fully ripe the inside 

The leaves and 

of the fruits is 

white and of an inferior taste. The fruits of Ficus pyrifolia and 

Ficus nipponica are also eaten. 

215. Stauntonia hexaphylla, Dec., Jap. Mube, Tokiwa- 

akebi ; an evergreen climbing plant of the order Menispermacese, 

growing 

wild and also cultivated as an ornament and for it fruits. 

In summer it produces fine peduncles, and male and female 

flowers grow separately. The fruits ripen late in autumn. They 

are oval, and about 2i inches long and 1 inch in diameter. They 

have a dark-red colour outside, and contain many black seeds. 

the fruits 

Their white pulpy flesh is sweet like honey. Formerly 

were presented to the Emperor as delicious and of great rarity 

brought from the province of OntL They were highly prized at 

that time, as sugar was then unknown. The fruits of Akebia 

quinata and A. lobata are also eaten, and from these seeds oil is 

extracted. 

216. GinkgO biloba, ., Jap. Ginnan ; the nut of this 

plant is called Ginnan. This tree belongs to the order Coniferae,

59 

having deciduous leaves and attaining a height 

of 40-50 fts. 

Barren and fertile flowers bloom separately on distinct plants. 

The leaves resemble the webbed foot of a duck. In spring 

flowers appear with the young leaves. The fruits ripen late in 

autumn. They are round and of a pale yellow colour. The nuts 

are obtained by taking off the fleshy substance. They are înch 

in length, and their kernels are eaten baked or boiled, or 

used in confectionery. 

217. Torreya nucifera, S. et Z., Jap. Kaya, Kaye ; an 

evergreen tree of the order Conifers, growing wild every-where, 

but also cultivated for ornamental purposes. It attains a height 

of several feets. In winter it blooms male and female flowers 

separately on distinct plants. 

Its fruits ripen late in autumn. 

The fruits are oblong or oval with a resinous flesh covering the 

nut, which is first steeped in ash-water, then in fresh water, 

afterwards dried and preserved. The nuts consist of two sorts, 

round or oval. They are eaten raw or baked, and have an 

aromatic flavour. They are also used in confectionery 

taking oil. 

or for 

217. b. Torreya nucifera, S. et Z., var., Jap. Shibu- 

nasJii-gaya, Hadaka-gaya ; a variety of the former. The inner 

skin of the nut is attached to the shell, and the kernel is easily 

and is of 

separated from it. This is called the bare Torreya nut, 

the best quality. The provinces of Mino, Iga, 

noted for its production. 

and Yamato are 

217. c. Pinus koraiensis, S. et Z., Jap. Cliosen-matsuno-mi 

; the seeds of Pinus koraiensis (687). The kernels o 

these seeds are eaten and have a resinous aromatic flavour. The 

acorn is about 6 inches in length, and its seed about half an inch 

long. 

217. d. Cycas revoluta, 77*., Jap. Sotetsu-no-mi ; the 

seeds of this plant are produced among the leaves at the head of 

trunk. Several grains are attached to a brownish peduncle, and 

in autumn they ripen to a vermilion-red flat oval form about 1

60 

inch long. The kernels have the taste of chest nuts and are eaten 

either fresh or dry. 

218. Juglans sieboldiana, Max., Jap. Onigurumi, 

Ogurzimi ; a deciduous tree of the order Juglandacese, attaining a 

height of 20-30 fts. In summer it produces 

male and female 

flowers, being succeeded with many fruits clustered together. 

'The fruits resemble the peach in shape, and ripen in autumn to a 

black colour. The flesh is taken off, and the nuts are collected. 

Their form and size are different according to the species 

of the trees. 

219. Juglans regia, L., var. sinensis, Casim., Jap. Knwa- 

shi-giirumi, Chosen-gurumi, To-gurunii ; this is closely allied to 

the preceding, but it has broader leaves and yields solitary fruits 

instead of clustered ones. When ripe the fruits burst themselves and 

expose the nuts which are large and round. Their shell is easily 

^broken. They are delicious and used as a desert when dried. 

220. Juglans cordiformis, Max., Jap. Hime-gurumi, 

Me-gurumi ; a species of Juglans. Its nuts are flat, narrow, and 

smooth with a shell. They are easier to break the shell than that 

of Juglans sieboldiana, and are much used as Mukiguruini (peeled 

kernels) for cooking and confectionery. They are also used for 

making oil, which is used for cooking and polishing wooden 

articles. The skin of the fruit is used for dying brown in the 

same way as Juglans sieboldiana. 

221. Castanea vulgaris, Z., var. japonica, D.C., Jap. 

Kuri ; a deciduous tree of the order Amentaceae cultivated everywhere 

in the country, attaining a height of 30-40 fts. and some- 

times 50-60 fts. It bears male and female flowers separately on 

the same tree in June. Its fruits ripen late in autumn. When 

they are ripen, they burst themselves and expose several nuts. 

The nuts are of different varieties. The kernels are eaten baked, 

steamed, or boiled, and they are also used in cookery and con- 

fectionery. Sometimes oil is extracted from them. The variety 

called Tamba-giiri is the largest, and the one called Hako-guri 

contains several nuts in one fruit.

61 

222. Castanea Vlllgaris, Lam., Jap. Shiba-guri, Sasa- 

giiri ; the original species of chestnuts, growing wild. They are 

cut down every year, but they yield many fruits at the height of 

1-2 fts. The one called Yamaguri (mountain-chestnut) grows to 

the height of 20-30 fts., and produces many fruits, which are used 

as food, and also dried and preserved. The fruits are about an 

inch in size. 

223. Corylus heterophylla, Fisch., Jap. Hashibami, 

Kinchaku-hashibami ; a deciduous shrub of the order Amen- 

taceae, growing wild and attaining a height of 6-7 fts., with 

ban-en and fertile flowers separately on the same plant. The 

flowers bloom early in spring, and the fruits ripen late in 

autumn. They are round and about | inch in size, with thick 

shells containing kernels, which are like chestnuts in taste. 

224. Corylus rostrata, Ait., var. sieboldiana, Max., Jap. 

Tsuno-hashibami, Naga-hasJiibami, Oni-hashibami ; a species of 

the preceding which resembles in shape, but the leaves are smaller. 

The acorns are concealed in a long slender covering. They are 

oval with a pointed head, and are used in the same way as the 

former. 

225. QuereUS cuspidata, 77*., Jap. Shiinomi; an evergreen 

tree of the order Amentaceae, growing abundantly in warm 

regions and attaining a height of 30-40 fts. It blooms in summer, 

and its fruits ripen late in the autumn of the following year. Its 

acorns are eaten parched. As the wood is hard and strong, it is 

used to make handles for oars. 

226. QuereUS glabra, 77*., Jap. Matebashii, Satsuma- 

shii ; an evergreen tree of the order Amentaceae, found principally 

in warm regions, attaining a height of 20-30 fts. It blo>nns 

and bears fruits at the same time as the preceding. The fruit is 

oblong oval and about 1 inch in length. The acorn rests on a 

receptacle, and has the shape of that of the oak. It is delicious 

when parched.

62 

226. b. Quercus gilba, Bl., Jap. Ichiigashi, Ichii ; an 

evergreen tree of the oder Amentaceae, growing principally in 

warm regions, attaining a height of 20-30 fts. The acorn is like 

that of Quercus acuta, Th. or Q. glauca, but is edible being less 

bitter. 

227. Euriale ferox, Salisb., Jap. Onibasu ; an annual 

aquatic herb of the order Nymphaeaceae, growing in ponds and 

marshes, with broad round leaves floating on the water. It is 

green on the upper part and purple underneath, with thorns on 

both sides. In summer it bears flowers above the water surface, 

opening during the day and fading in the evening. After the 

flowers fade, the thorny balls grow to a size of 3-4 inches. They 

contain several round seeds about of the size of a finger. The 

seeds are collected for their edible kernels, which are dried and 

preserved and used to make starch. Its young stalks and roots 

are also edible. 

228. Nelumbo nucifera, Gaertn., Jap. Hasu-no-mi; 

the seeds of this plant are produced about 30 in number in a 

carpel. They are oblong and oval, being about of the size of a 

finger. The kernels are eaten fresh when they are green. The 

shell is black and hard when ripe, and has a white kernel inside. 

The kernel is dried and preserved by taking away the embryo 

which is bitter. It is used for cookery, and made into starch. 

229. Trapa bispinosa, Roxb., Jap. Hishi-no-mi; an 

annual aquatic herb of the order Onagracea?, growing in ponds and 

marshes. Its leaves float on the water surface, and it blooms 4 

petaled white flowers, being succeeded by 2-4 horned fruits, which 

are of different sizes and are used in the same way as the lotus. 

230. Citrus nobilis, Mandarin orange, Jap. Mikan ; an 

evergreen tree of the order Aurantiacea? cultivated in warm 

regions, being about 10 fts. high. It blooms early in summer, and 

its fruits ripen iu winter. The fruit-skin is of an orange colour, 

and incloses a juicy pulpy carpel. There are several varieties 

according to the climate in which they are cultivated. The dis~

63 

trict of Yatsushiro in the province of Higo 

is noted for the 

production of the frints, but the most celebrated place is the 

province of Kit. Some of the superior varieties of the orange 

family are as follows. 

230. b. Citrus, Jap. Yuko ; a variety of orange standing 

between Citrus nobilis, Lour., and C. medica limonum, Brandis., 

in form, taste, and flavour. So it is harder than the mandarin 

orange. It is good to eat, although somewhat inferior to the 

preceding. 

230. C. Citrus, Jap. Ujukitsu ; the shape of this fruit 

is round or pointed with a yellow skin. It is juicy, but not very 

sweet unless it is preserved till summer. 

231. Citrus nobilis, L., var., Jap. Unshiu-mikan ; a 

variety oi sweet orange with large 

fruits of about 3 inches in 

diameter and 1 J inches in height. It has a thin skin, few seeds, 

and a rich sweet juice. It is the best Japanese orange. Lately 

large quantities of these oranges have been produced in the 

province of Kii. There are several varieties of this sort. One 

called Rifujin-kitsu in Kiushiu and Shikoku belongs also to this 

species. 

231. b. Citrus nobilis, L., var., Jap. Tomikan ; a 

variety of the preceding with a thick warted skin and few seeds. 

It grows abundantly in the provinces of Mikawa and Owari, and 

also in other eastern parts. Though inferior in quality to the 

preceding, yet it is well fit for preservation. 

232. Citrus aurantium, L., var., sinense, Galisco., 

Jap. Kunenbo ; an evergreen tree of the order Aurautiaceae, 

cultivated in warm provinces, being about 10 fts. high. It resem- 

bles the sweet orange in shape, but larger. In early summer it 

blooms fragrant white flowers, being succeeded by fruits which 

ripen in the following year. The fruit is about 2J inches in diameter 

with a thick rind and nice flavour. Though not very sweet, 

yet it is preservative.

64 

233. Citrus decumana, L. , var. , Jap. Jaga-tara-mikan ; 

an evergreen tree of the order Aurantiaceae cultivvted in warm 

regions, being about 10 fts. high, with large leaves as those of the 

preceding. It blooms in summer and bears orange red fruits in 

winter. They are thick-skinned, being about 5 inches in dia- 

meter and 2^ inches in height, and are sweet and juicy. 

234. Citrus nobilis, L. t var., Jap. Kofi-mifcan, Kofi ; 

an evergreen tree of the order Aurantiaceae cultivated in warm 

regions, being harder than the mandarin orange. It is about 10 

fts. high, spreading over a space of more than ten steps, yielding 

many fruits. The fruits are smooth and thin skinned, and though 

moreacid than the mandarin orange yet they are noted for ripening 

earlier than others. When they are kept till March or April, they 

become very sweet. There are two varieties, one yellow and the 

other red. 

234. b. Citrus nobilis' L., var., Jap. Beni-mikan ; the 

fruits of this species are round, flat, and beautiful with a smooth 

thin red skin. They are sweet and juicy. Those of the variety 

called Beni-koji resemble them very much in appearance, but are 

larger and inferior in taste. 

235- Citrus bigaradia, Dupam., Bitter orange, Jap. 

Daidai, Zadaidai ; an evergreen tree of the order Aurantiaceae, 

being about 15 fts. high. Its flowers bloom in summer and its 

yellow fruits ripen in winter. "When left on the branches till the 

following year they turn green again ; so they are called Kwaiseito 

which means turning-green. The variety called Kabusu resem- 

bles much this. Both are round with a diameter of about 24 

inches. The Juice is pressed and used as vinegar, and is very 

strong. The young fruits are preserved in sugar, and is used in 

place of Marubushukan (241). The ripe fruits are also preserved 

in syrup. From the rind a fragrant oil called Tvhiyu (orange oil) 

is obtained. 

235. b. Citrus aurantium, Risso., var., Jap. Ama- 

daidai ; this resembles the Kabusu orange in shape and colour.

65 

but less aciduous, being esteemed for its juicy fruits. The Toumikan 

of 7osa and Kinkunenbo of Satsuma are the same varie- 

ties, but of a better quality. All these oranges are difficult 

to peel. 

235. C. Citrus, Jap. Natsu-daidai ; this is the 

product of the province of Nagato. The fruit is large, flat, and 

yelloNv. It has an aciduous juice, and is preserved for 

summer use. 

235. d. Citrus, Jap. Naruto-mikan ; this is the 

product of the province of Awaji. The fruit is round in form, 

and has rough yellow skin and rich aciduous juice. It is in the 

same quality and use as the preceding. 

235. 6. Citrus, Jap. Tddaidai ; this is found 

principally in southern and western provinces. The fruits are 

large, round, and pointed at the top, with an orange red 

skin, and they are very sweet. 

236. Citrus japonica, T/i., Jap. Kinkan, Marumikinkan 

(kumquat orange); an evergreen shrub of the order 

Aurantiaceae cultivated in warm regions. Some of the largest 

specimens are 6-7 fts. high. Even when young it blooms in 

summer and yields round fruits which ripen in winter, having 

about the size of a finger, with yellow skin. Its pulp is sour, but 

the skin is sweet and fragrant. It is preserved in sugar. When 

the fruits are left on the branches till March or April of the 

following year they turn very sweet. 

237. Citrus japonica, 77/., Jap. Nagami-kinkan ; 

a variety of the kumquat orange with elliptical obovate fruits, 

which are used in the same way as the preceding. 

238. Citrus decumana, Z., var., Shaddock or Pom- 

polmos, Jap. Uchimurasaki, Tokuneubo, Buntan ; an evergreen 

tree of the | order Aurantiaceae cultivated in warm regions, 

bsing about 10 fts. high. It blooms in summer and the fruits 

ripen in winter. The fruits are 6-7 inches in diameter, and 5-6-

inches in height. They have thick skin and beautiful purplish 

pulp. They are the largest among the orange family, with an 

agreeable subaciduous taste, and they are eaten fresh. 

239. Citrus decumana Z., Jap. Zabon ; this is clossly 

allied to the preceding, but its fruits are smaller, and the pulp 

is of a bluish white colour. 

240. Citrus media, Risso., var., chirocarpns, Jap. 

BusJiukan, TebusJiukan ; an evergreen tree of the order 

Aurantiaceae cultivated only in warm regions. It blooms in 

summer, and yields fruits in winter. The fruits are yellow with 

several finger-like protuberances at the top. Their skin is 

very thick. They are highly odorant and may be preserved, but 

they are principally used for ornamental purposes. 

241. Citrus media, Risso., Jap. Maru-bnshukan ; a 

species with an oval form and pointed head, being about 6 inches 

in height. It has also thick skin with very little pulp ; so it 

is not fit for deserts, but the thick skin is preserved in salt and 

eaten as vegetables. Its young fruits are preserved in sugar or 

syrup in the same way as the preceding. 

242. Citrus, Jap. Tachibaua, Ukon-no-tacJiibana ; 

an evergreen tree of the order Aurantiaceae, being about 10 fts. 

high, with the fruits shaped like Koji (mandarin orange, 234), 

but smaller and with thicker skin. The fruits are beautifully 

yellow with a slightly bitter and aciduous taste. 

242. b. Citrus, Jap. Sudachi, Riman ; this is pro- 

duced in the provinces of Kii, Awa, and their vicinities, 

resembling the former in form, with thin skin and sour juice 

which is pressed out and used instead of vinegar. A variety 

produced in Hizen in the name of Kinosu resembles this 

very much. 

243. Bromelia ananas, L., Jap. Ananasu ; an evergreen 

herb of the order Bromeliaceae produced in hot regions. It is 

cultivated in Loochoo and Bonin Islands. It must be kept in

67 

hot-houses in winter in temperate regions. The leaves are broad 

.and flat, being 2-3 fte. in length. In summer it blooms among 

'the leaves, and ripens yellow scaly oval fruits which arc 5-6 

The fruits are sweet and of a nice flavour. 

inches in length. 

243. b. Musa sapientum, Jap. Mlbasho, Banana ; a 

species of "M usa yielding edible fruits and purple flowers. It is 

cultivated in Loochoo and Bonin Islands. When the fruits are 

ripen, they are yellow and 4-5 inches in length. The pulpy 

flesh is edible by peeling off the skin, and sweet and fragrant. 

'They are esteemed as the best fruits of the south. They are used 

to make alcohol and vinegar. 

244. Jambusa VUlgaris, DC., Jap. Hoto ; an evergreen 

tree of the order Myrtaceae, being about 10 fts. high, and produced 

in warm climates, as in Bonin Island. In temperate regions it 

must be kept in hot-houses during winter. In summer the flowers 

form a ball of numerous white stamens. The fruits resemble the 

loquat, with yellow skin and large seeds. They are very sweet 

and juicy. 

244. b. Nephelium longan, Lam., Jap. Riu-gan ; an 

evergreen tree of the order Sapindaceae found in warm regions. 

It is cultivated in Loochoo Island. It is to be kept in hot-houses 

in winter. The leaves grow up pinnately on a petiole. The 

fruits are round and about the size of a finger. When ripen they 

are eaten either fresh or dried. 

244. C. Nephelium litchi, Camb., Jap. Reishi ; very 

closely allied to the preceding, but the in largeness. 

plant and fruits are twice 

When ripen it has a beautiful red shrivelled skin. 

It is sweet and delicious. It is preserved longer than any other 

fruit. The plant does not thrive in cold places, but it grows in 

the southern part of Osumi province. 

245. Citrullus edulis, Spach., Water melon, Jap. 

Suikiva ; an annual cultivated climber of the order Cucurbitaceae. 

It produces barren and fertile flowers separately on the same vine. 

Its fruits ripen in mid-summer. The fruit is larger than a man's

68 

head, with dark green skin and generally red pulp and black 

seeds. As the pulp contains plenty sweet liquid, it is eaten fresh,, 

and when young it is preserved in salt and eaten as pickles. There 

are several sorts of colours and forms. 

246. Citrullus edulis, Spach., var., Jap. Shiro-suikwu / 

a variety of the preceding. The fruit has a white skin, yellow 

pulp> and red seeds. 

247. Cucumis melo, L., Melon, Jap. Makuwa-uri ; an 

annual cultivated climber of the order Cucurbitaceae. It is produced 

much in the village Makuwa in the province Mino, whence 

the name is derived. The male and female flowers are separately 

on the same vine. The fruits ripen in mid-summer. They are 

ova]-shaped, about 5 inches long, and of a yellow colour, with 

longitudinal stripes. They are eaten 1 or 2 days after having 

been collected, and are very sweet and delicious. There are 

several varieties of different colours and forms. 

248. Cucumis melo, L., van, Jap. Ginmakuwa-urt, 

Ginmakuwa ; a variety of the melon with large fruits of a green 

rough skin. It is inferior in taste to the preceding. 

249. Momordica charantia, L. y Jap. Tsnru-reishz, 

Niga-uri ; an annual cultivated climber of the order Cucurbitaceae. 

The male and female flowers are separately on the same 

vine. The fruit ripens in summer. It is green, about 4 inches 

long and 2i inches in diameter, and covered with irregular warts. 

It turns yellow when ripe, and bursts at the top and exposes 

several red pulpy seeds of the size of a finger. The plup i& 

beautifully red, soft, and sweet, containing peculiar seeds. In the 

fruit about 2 

provinces of Kinshiu there is a variety with a long 

fts. long called Nan-reishi (long reis/ii). The young fruits are 

eaten as vegetables. 

Note. The varieties of fruits here mentioned are only a few 

selected ones. Murne-plums, apricots, peaches, plums, and 

especially pears, persimmons, and oranges have a great many 

varieties which are too numerous to ba mentioned respectively in

69 

-this limited space. Moreover their cultivation increases new- 

varieties continually. Besides these there are many plants 

yielding edible fruits. The following are the names of such 

plants; Morus alba, L. (294), Pyrus toringo, Sicb. t var. incisa, 

Fr. et Sav. (362), Pyrus (363), llovenia duleis, T/i , Cornus 

kousa, Bnergt (645), Primus pseudocerasus, Limit., Cornus 

officinalis, 5. et Z. (432), Tnxus cuspidata, 5. et Z. (580), Ccltis 

sinensis, Pcrs, (558), Aphananthe aspera, PI. (297), Opuntia 

ficns, L. (808), Kibes ambignum, Max. (809), Cornus canadensis, 

L. (824), Sterculia platanifolia, L. (599), Aesculus turbinata, Bl. 

(535), Quercus serrata, T/i. (2P5), Q. glandulifera, Bl. (563), Q. 

.acuta, TJi. (564), Q. glauca, 77i. forma sericea, etc. 

CHAPTER X. STARCH PLANTS. 

This Chapter includes the plants which roots, stems, or seeds 

yield a white powder-like substance, which is made into starch. 

Starch is nutricions and used for making several sorts of 

food, as bread, paste, etc. 

250. Apios fortune!, Moench., Jap. Hodo-imo ; a 

perennial climber of the order Leguminosae growing wild. The 

-compound leaves have 3-5 leaflets on a common petiole. The 

vine is thin and is about 10 fts. long. In summer it produces 

greenish yellow papilionaceous flowers in panicles from the leafaxils, 

being succeeded with pods about 2J inches long. The roots 

creep under ground with round bullet-like tubers. In winter they 

are dug out and eaten boiled. A kind of starch is also manufactur- 

ed from them. 

251. Pucraria thunbergiana, Bcnth., Jap. Kudsu, 

]\Iakiidsu ; a perennial climber of the order Leguminosae grow- 

ing wild. The leaves are ternate, and the vine separates into 

many branches. In autumn it produces purplish 

red flowers in 

panicles, which are succeeded by flat hairy pods containing small 

seeds. The largest roots are 3-4 fts. and have about the thickness-

70 

of a man's arm. In winter they are, taken, and an excellent 

starch is prepared from them. It is used as food or paste. The 

vine is used to make baskets, and its fibre is taken for cloth. The 

leaves are used to feed cattle. 

252. Trichosanth.es cucumeroides, Ser., Jap. 

Karasu-itri, Tama-dzusa ; a perennial climbing plant of the 

order Cucurbitaceae growing wild every-where. The leaves are 

3-5 lobed and hairy on the surface. The male and female 

flowers are on the different vines. In summer white flowers open, 

succeded by fruits of the size of a duck's egg. In winter they are 

taken and dried to be used for washing instead of soap. The 

seeds have a form as a clasped letter paper, whence derived the 

name Tamadsnsa (letter). In winter the roots are collected to 

make starch. 

253. Trichosanthes japonica, Regel., Jap. Kikarasu- 

nri, Gorl ; a perennial climbing plant of the order Cucurbitaceae 

growing wild everywhere The barren and fertile flowers open on 

the different plants. It resembles very much the preceding, but 

the leaves are lustrous on the surface and the fruits arc twice as- 

large when they ripe. The young fruits are eaten preserved in 

or salt. In winter the roots are collected and made into 

soy 

starch called Teiikwa-fun. 

254. Dioscorea japonica, 77/., var. bulbifera, Jap. 

Kashin-iino, Ke-imo ; a perennial climbing plant of the order 

l)iosc

71 

peduncles with flowers, which are succeeded with round berries. 

In winter the roots are taken and made into starch. They are 

also eaten dried and preserved in sugar or syrup. 

256. Polygonum VUlgare, Dcst. t Jap. 

Amadokoro ; 

a perennial herb of the order Smilaceae growing wild about 2 fts. 

high. It resembles the preceding in shape, but harder. In winter 

the roots are taken to make starch. 

257. Erythronium dens-canis, /.., Jap. Katako-yuri, 

Kata-kuri ; a perennial herb of the order Liliaceae growing 

wild in cold regions. It has two leaves which are oval and 

pointed. A peduncle grows in the centre of the leaves and bears 

a flower like that of the lily. The roots are collected and made 

into starch which is coarsely grained and sticky. The starch is 

used to make vermicelli and cakes. The leaves and stalks are; 

eaten boiled. 

258. Orithia oxypetala, Kunth., Jap. Amana, Hime- 

sniseti) Toro-bana ; a perennial herb of the order Liliaceae growing 

wild. In spring it shoots two leaves, and in the midst of 

these a peduncle grows, which bears six petaled white flowers with 

dark purple veins. The roots are taken and made into starch,, 

and the leaves are eaten as a vegetable. 

259. Liliuin cordifolium, T/i., Jap. Uba-ynri, Gaiva- 

ynri ; a perennial herb of the order Liliaceae growing on 

mountains. The small bulbs bear only 2-3 leaves without any 

flower, but the large bulbs have thick stalks about 2-3 fts. high 

with several leaves on the upper part, and produce 2-3 greenish 

white flowers at the top, facing laterally. The roots form scaly bulbs 

of the size of a large chestnut like that of the lily. They are 

collected to make starch for food. The young leaves are 

eaten boiled. 

Note. Besides these above mentioned, there are many plant 

which are rich in starch, as the root of ferns (91), batatas (109), 

pototo (109. b), Diosoorea (110), Colocasia (114), Sagittaria (118), 

Scirpus (120), lily (121), etc.; the roots of Nerine (509),

Lycoris (510), Alisma (514), et. ; the stems of Cycas (710); the 

grains of rice (1), wheat (7), maize (19), Coix (20), buckwheat (46), 

etc.; the dry fruits of chestnuts (221 223), nelumbium (228), 

trapa (229), etc. 

CHAPTER XI. FORAGE PLANTS. 

This Chapter includes the plants used for feeding cattle. The 

stalks of cereals and fabaceous plants and the leaves and roots of 

vegetables are good as fodder, but as these are of a limited quantity, 

various wild herbs are used for this purpose. 

260. Medicago denticulata, Jap. Uma-goyashi; 

a biennial plant of the order Leguminosae growing wild in spring 

about 2 fts. long. The leaves are ternate, and from their axils 

fine peduncles are produced together with small yellow flowers 

which are succeeded with thorned and screw-shaped pods. It is 

highly relished by horses, whence the Japanese name is derived. 

It is not only used as a forage, but also eaten as a vegetable. 

261. Medicago lupulina, L., Jap. Kometsubu-magoyashi 

; a species of the preceding of almost the same shape, but 

smaller und covered with hairs. As the seeds are like rice grains 

the name was derived. It is used in the same way as the foi.-rner. 

262. MelilotUS suavoleus, Ledeb., Jap. Shinagawahagi, 

Yebira-hagi ; a triennial herbaceous plant of the order 

Leguminoseae, growing wild in Shinagaiva in the province of 

M^tsas/l^, whence it derives tbe name. It is about 3 fts. high, 

and in summer it produces small papilionaceous flowers, followed 

with small pods. 

263. Vicia hirsuta, Kock., Jap. Sudzume-no-yendo ; 

a biennial herb growing wild. Its slender stems creep on the 

ground or climb to other things, being about 2 fts. long. In early 

summer it bears small white flowers on fine peduncles, being 

succeeded with small pods.

73 

264. Vicia sativa, Miq., var. angustifolia, Jap. Karasu- 

no-yendo ; it resembles the former, but is larger. Its flower is 

purple, and pod larger. 

265. Vicia tetrasperma, Maench., Jap. Kasuma- 

with two 

gusa ; a variety of No. 263, resembling in shape, 

light purple flowers on a fine peduncle. 

266. Vicia cracca, Z., var. japonica, J//?., Jap. Kusa- 

fuji; 

flowers open in cluster. 

it resembles ]ST o. 263, but is 

larger. Its light purple 

267. Sonchus oleraceus, Z., Jap. Xagcski, Keski- 

azaini ; a biennial herbaceous plant of the order Compositae 

growing wild everywhere, sprouting up at late autumn. During 

spring and summer of the following year it becomes about 2 ft. 

high, producing 

When the seeds 

yellow composite 

are ripe, they are 

flowers on branched stems. 

provided with papus and fly 

about in the air. The leaves and stems contain a milky juce 

which is bitter in taste. The young plants are eaten boiled. 

268. Panicum viride, ., Jap. Yenokorogusa, Neko- 

jaraslti ; an annual plant of the order Gramineae growing wild 

everywhere. It sprouts in spring, and in summer it becomes 

1-2 fts. high. The flowers open in a panicle with long purplish 

and sometimes green brisky hairs like a fox-tail. In autumn the 

seeds ripen resembling much those of Panicum oplysmenus (16). 

They are eaten under the name of Aoyagi. 

269. Panicum littoralis, Sw., Jap. Hiyegaytri ; a 

biennial graminous plant much found wild. Jt resembles Panicum 

oplysmenus (16), and attains a height of about 2 fts. 

270. Panicum crusgalli, L., Jap. Inu-biye, No-biyc ; 

an annual graminous plant growing wild everywhere, resembling 

Panicum oplysmenus (16) and having small seeds. 

271. Panicum crusgalli, /.., var., Jap. Keinu-biye. 

llidsu-biye, Kusa biye ; a different form of the preceding, grow- 

ing in moist places. It has a stronger stem and a larger panicle, .

74 

As both are only the wild forms of Panicum oplysmenus (16),. 

they may grow either in moist or dry ground. 

272. Eleusine indica, Gacrtn., Jap. Ohi-shiba, Chikara- 

021sa ; an annual graminous plant growing wild in dry ground or 

at the road side, being a about a ft. high. The panicles are 

divided into several branches. The leaves and stem are tough 

and strong. 

J 273. Panicum sanguinale, Z., Jap. MM-shiba, Yatsu- 

mata-gusa ; an annual graminous plant growing wild everywhere,, 

being 2-3 fts. high, with many branched panicles. 

274. Avena fatua, Z., Jap. Karasu-mitgi, Chahiki- 

giisa ; a biennial graminous plant growing wild about 2 fts. high, 

blooming in panicles. The awn is large, and provided with long 

hairs twisted to the left. The grain is thin as wheat. 

275. BromUS japonicas, Th., Jap. Natsu-no-karasn- 

mugi, Natsu-no-clialiiki ; a biennial graminous plant frequently 

found wild, resembling the preceding, but more slender, being 

about 2 fts. high. The awns and hairs are smaller, and the seeds 

are also smaller, ripening later. 

276. Glyceria caspia, Trin., Jap. Dojo-tsunagi ; an 

annual grarninons plant growing wild. In early summer it is- 

about 2 fts. high. 

277. Arundinella anomala, Steud., Jap. Toda-shiba ; 

an annual graminous plant growing wild in clumps. In summer 

it attains to the height 2-3 fts, The panicle is divided into many 

fine branches and is about an inch long. 

278. Trisetum cernuum, Trin., Jap. Kanitsuri-gusa ; 

a biennial graminous plant frequently occuring wild. In the 

beginning of summer it grows to the height 

of about 1 ft. with a 

panicle formed of many small divisions provided with fine long 

hairs. This is one of the earliest maturity of graminous plants. 

279. Poa annua, ., Jap. Sudznmc-no-katabira ; a 

-biennial graminous plant much found at the road side in late

autumn, attaining a height 

75 

spring, and its seeds ripen in early 

earliest maturity of graminous plants. 

of 5-6 inches. Jt blooms in late 

summer. This is one of the 

28O. Poa fertilis, Host., Jap. Ichigo-tsunagi, Niramigusa 

; a biennial graminous plant growing with everywhere and 

attaining a height of 1-2 fts. in summer. It resembles very mueh 

the former in form, but is larger. 

281. Paspalum thunbergii, Knnth., Jap. 

no-Jiiyi ; a biennial graminous plant much found wild, attaining a 

height oE 1-2 fts. in summer. The panicles 

branches on a stalk. 

consist of several 

Note. Those mentioned in the above Chapter are only a 

few of the wild forage plants. There are great many other 

forage plants. 

CHAPTER XII. PLANTS FOE LUXURV. 

Tin's Chapter includes those plants which are next in im- 

portance to food-yielding plants and rather resemble spices and 

condiments in qualit}'. They are indispensable for the luxury of 

mankind. Some of them are wholesome, but others not so. 

282. Thea chinensis, Sim., Tea, Jap. Cha-no-ki ; an 

everygrten shrub of the order Ternstaemiaccse. Though it grows 

wild in mountains, it is extensively cultivated. It attains a height 

of 6-7 fts. in the wild state, but the cultivated plants are generally 

cut down and trained to a height of 2-3 fts. In late autumn the 

white flowers are produced, and the fruits ripen in the autumn of 

the following year. In early summer the young leaves are gathered 

for Clia (tea) which in prepared by steaming, rubbing, rolling, and 

drying up. It is prepared in many different ways, giving various 

t- as as Seii-cha, Matcha, Ryoku-cha, (green tea), Ko-cha, (red or 

black tea), etc. Oil is pressed out from the seeds.

76 

283. Thea Chinensis, Sim., var. macrophylla, Jap. To- 

, Kikko-cha ; a species of the former with larger leaves and 

flowers. As its leaves are bitter more than those of the common 

tea, only the first shoots are used for making the common Japanese 

tea (Sen-cha), but they are well fitted to prepare the red-tea 

(Ko-c/ia). 

284. Lycium chinense, Mil!., Jap. Kuko ; a deciduous 

shrub of the order Solanacete. The stem is slender and flexible 

like a tendril, but when fully grown it becomes thick and about 

10 fts. long. The leaves are narrow and soft, being about an inch 

in length. 

It blooms in spring, and the small red fruits ripen late 

in autumn. The stem is provided with thorns. A thorny variety 

.is called Oni-kuko (devil lycium), and a little thorned one To- 

.kuko, (Chinese lycium). The young leaves of both are used to 

make a kind of tea. They are also eaten boiled. 

285. Acer tataricum, Linn., var. ginnala, Max., Jap. 

Maira-c/ia, Kara-kogi ; a deciduous tree of the order Aceraceae 

;growing wild on mountains. It attains about 10 fts. high. It 

proudces male and female flowers separately on the same plant. 

Its young leaves are gathered and used for tea. 

286. Cassia mimosoides, L., Jap. Kobo-cha, Kitsun e- 

.no-binzasara, Ncmu-cha, IcJiinen-cJia ; an annual herb of the 

order Leguminosea3 growing wild and also cultivated. Irs stem 

attains about 2 fts. high. It bears small pinnate leaves and yellow 

flowers, followed with pods an inch long. 

The young stem and 

leaves are cut and dried as a substitute of tea. In shape it 

resembles Kusa-nemu (Aeschinome indica, L.) which is poisonous. 

287. Akebia quinata, Decne., Jap. Akebi, AkMkatsura 

; a deciduous climber of the order jMenispermacece growing 

wild. There are 5 leaves on a stalk, and male and female 

.flowers on the same plant. A dark purple fruit ripens in autumn. 

It resembles very much the fruit of Stauntonia hexaphylla, but 

the former generally bursts when fully ripe. The young

77 

leaves are gathered, steamed, and dried up, and used as a substitute 

of tea. There is a species with three leaf-lets called Mitsnba-akebt 

(Akebia lobata, Dccne.\ having the same use. 

288. Hydrangea thunbergii, Sieb., Jap. Ama-cha ; 

a half lignous shrub of the order Saxifragacca?, growing wild or 

in gardens. From one root many stems grow in a group 

3-4 fts. 

high, sprouting in spring and flowering in summer. The flowersare 

green at first, but turn red afterwards. The young leaves are 

gathered, steamed, rolled between hands, and dried up, and used 

to make a sweet beverage called Amacha (sweet tea). 

mixed with Japanese soy to give a sweet taste. 

It is also 

289. Gynostemma cissoides, Bcntli. et Hook., Jap. 

Tsurit-ainacha, Ajnacha-dsnru ; an annual climbing herbaceous 

plant of the order Cucurbitacea3 growing wild. Its trailing 

stem is slender and 5-7 fts long, with 5 leaves on a petiole. The- 

leaves are used in the same way as the former. 

290. LigUStrum japonicum, Th., Jap. Nedsumi-mo- 

wild 7-8 fts. 

chi; an evergreen shrub of the order OleaceaB growing 

high. In summer small white flowers appear, being disposed in a 

panicle at the tops of branches, and afterwards small dark purple 

globular berries are produced. The seeds are collected, roasted' 

and used as a substitute of coffee. The seeds of Ligustrum ibota 

are also used in the same way. Besides these the seeds of Ilex 

latifolia and the roots of Kiku-nigana 

purpose. 

are used for the same- 

291. Saccharum officinarum, Z., Sugar cane, Jap. 

Sato-kiln ; a perennial graminous plant cultivated in warm re- 

gions. It is 5-6 fts. high, with narrow leavas 2-3 fts. long. In 

hot regions it grows about 10 fts. high, with the stem more than, 

1 inch in diameter, and with rush-like flowers and seeds. In late 

autumn the stems are harvested, and their saccharine juice is 

pressed out to make sugar by refining. There are black, red, 

white, and other sugars, which are all used in a great quantity. 

Th: uncrystallized sugar or syrup is often used for the preparation

78 

of alcohol. Besides this there are sugar-maple, sugar-beet, sugar- 

sorghum, etc. as sugar-yielding plants. 

292. Nicotiana tabacum, L., Tobacco, Jap. Tabako ; 

an annual herbaceous plant of the order Solanaceae cultivated in 

fields. Several varieties are produced in different places, and the 

ways of cultivation are different in every place. Generally the 

seeds are sown in spring and transplanted in fields in summer, but 

in warm regions they are sown in the beginning of winter and 

planted in fields early in the following year. In summer the 

stems are 4-5 fts. high and produce many flowers at the top. 

The stems are, however, generally cut at the top before flowering, 

and the leaves are taken off from time to time. The harvested 

leaves are dried and preserved to make smoking tobacco by cutting 

or rolling. 

293. Humulus lupulus, L. var. , cordifolius, Max. , Hop, 

Jap. Karahauaso ; a perennial climbing herbaceous plant of 

the order Urticacea3 growing wild in mountainous districts of 

northern regions. Jt is much improved by cultivation. Male and 

female flowers open on separate plants. In summer the male 

plant produces flowers in loose drooping panicles, while the female 

plant grows scaly cones or cutkins. At the base of the scale there 

are included small round seeds, which are bitter and fragrant, and 

constitute what are called hops used by brewers and bakers. 

Note. The processes of preparing tea, sugar, and tobacco are 

impossible to be described completely in these limited lines, and 

so they were briefly mentioned here. Besides those mentioned in 

the foregoing numbers, roasted barley, beans, and coix, and also 

cut and slightly roasted sea gardle are used in the same way as 

tea, and so these may be included in this chapter. The leaves of 

Sterculia platanifolia, pines, etc. are also used as a substitute of 

tobacco, but they are omitted here.

79 

CIIAPSKK XIIJ. ECONOMIC PLANTS OF DIFFERENT USES. 

This Chapter includes useful plants for the mankind with 

different economic purposes, except those used as food. 

294. Morns alba, L., Mulberry tree, Jap. Kuwa ; a 

deciduous tree of the order Urticaceae. The male and female 

flowers are produced on separate plants. It reaches to the height 

20-30 fts. when growing wild, but when cultivated it is cut down 

to a certain height for the purpose to gather the leaves easily. 

spring the flowers appear before the leaves. The leaves are of 

many different shapes, being produced from the two typical forms 

of entire and dentate edges. These leaves are necessary food for 

silk-worms. In summer the purplish red fruits ripen, and they 

are eatable with an agreeable subacid taste. The young leaves are 

used to make a kind of tea, and the bark-fibres are used for the 

preparation of paper. 

295. Quercus serrata, 77*., Jap. Kumigi ; a deciduous 

tree of the order Amentaceae growing wild on mountainous 

regions, but much cultivated for fuel. It grows about 10 fts. 

high. In early summer it produces male and female flowers 

separately on the same plant, and in autumn it produces acorns 

of the size of a thumb. The leaves are used to feed several 

worms producing silk. Other quercus species allied to this are 

used for the same purposes. 

296. Equisetum hiemale, Z., Jap. Tokusa / an 

evergreen herb of the order Equisetaceae, growing 

In 

wild or in 

gardens. The stalk is hollow and tabular with many joints, 

being abour 2 fts. high. As it is hard and it rough, is used for 

various articles as wood and horn. The h'owers are 

polishing 

produced at the top of the stalk, resembling those of Equisetum 

arvense, L. The quality of the stalks for polishing purpose 

differs according to the place where produced. Those produced 

from the village Waka-mori of the district Funai in the province 

Tamba are most famous for their good quality.

80 

297. Aphananthe aspera, Pl, t Jap. Muku-no

SI 

301. Sapindus mukurosi, Gartn., Jap. Mukuroji, 

Tsiibii ; a deciduous tree of the order Sapindacese cultivated 

in several countries, growing about 20 fts. high. It produces 

small flowers in panicles, which are succeeded with round fruits 

of the size of about J inch. When fully ripen the outer covering 

with wrinkles is yellowish brown in colour and includes a round 

hard black seed. The extract of this covering or skin is used for 

washing, 

and the black hard seeds are used to make buddists' 

rosaries and playing buckles. 

302. Gledistschia japoilica, Miq., Jap. Saikachi / a 

deciduous tree of the order Leguminocece. It grows wild or in 

gardens. It attains a height of 20-30 fts., the stem being provided 

with sharpe thorns. In summer it produces small flowers, which 

are succeeded with pods 9-10 inches long and 1 inch or more 

wide, containing small flat seeds. The juice of this pod is used 

for washing, and is said it cleans well without impairing the 

articles, and is much used to wash furnitures. The young leaves 

are eaten when boiled. 

303. Ilex Integra, T/i., Jap. Mochi-no-ki ; an evergreen 

tree of the order lllicinea?. It grows wild, but is much cultivated 

in gardens. It attains a height of 20-30 fts. It bears male and 

female flowers on separate plants. In summer it opens yellowish 

white flowers which are succeeded with red pea-sized berries. 

Bird-lime is prepared from the bark by pounding. 

304. Trochodendron aralioides, .9. et Z., Jap. Yama- 

kuruma, Q-mochi-no-ki ; an evergreen tree of the order Magnoliaceae 

growing wild on mountains, attaining a height of about 10 

fts. In summer it produces umbrella-like flowers which are 

succeeded with small pea-sized berries. From the bark of this 

tree bird-lime is prepared by pounding and washing several times. 

305. LllfFa petola, Ser., Jap. Hechima, Ito-iiri ; an 

annual climbing herb of the order Cuturbitacea3 cultivated in 

fields. In summer it produces yellow flowers, male and female 

separately on the same plant. In autumn its fruits ripen, about.

82 

1 1 Its. long and with, a diameter of 3 or 4 inches. The inside of 

the pepo is filled with a fibrous web which is bleached till it 

becomes white and soft and is used as an washing article like a 

sponge. The fibres are also used for many other purposes as to 

line the inside of slippers and hats, and to make summer shirts. 

The young fruits and leaves are eaten as vegetables. 

305. b. Luffa petola, Ser., var., Jap. Naga-hccJdma. 

Riukiu-hechima ; a variety of the preceding, with its pepo about 

6 fts. long, and of the same use. 

306. Lagenaria VUlgaris, Ser., Jap. Hioian ; an an- 

nual climber of the order Cucurbitacene cultivated in fields. There 

are male and female flowers separately on the same plant. In 

summer evening it opens its white flowers, and closes them in the 

morning. Its fruits are ripen in autumn, and they are used to 

make liquid- vessels by taking out the soft pulp and seeds, after 

the pepoes were steeped in water, and drying afterwards. They 

resemble cucurbita pepoes (136), differing only in forms. The 

shape of the pepo is just like 2 balls with a narrow joint. The 

length of the fruit is about 1 ft. There are many varieties, and 

the common kind is eaten as the cucurbita pepo, but the variety 

bearing small fruits can not be eaten, having a bitter taste. 

306. b. Lagenaria VUlgaris, Ser., var., Jap. v-hiotan; 

a variety of the preceding having a very large fruit. Generally 

only one fruit is left on each plant, and for getting a very large 

fruit several plants are grafted together. 

3O6. c. Lagenaria vulgaris, Ser., var., Jap. Shaku- 

hiotan, Hisago, Tsuru-kubi ; a variety of 306 with a long neck 

at the top of the fruit just like a handle, its under part forming a 

round body. It is just like a dipper in form and is used as a 

dipper. 

306. d. Lagenaria VUlgaris, Ser., var., Jap. Hyakiinari-Jiiotan 

; a variety of 306 with small fruits about 4 inches

83 

long. It is used as a small vessel like the preceding. As the 

taste is bitter, it can not be eaten. 

306. 6. Lagenaria VUlgaris, Ser., var., Jap. Sennari- 

Jiyotan ; a variety of the former, but with smaller fruits which are 

about \\ inches long. 

307. Gymnogongms pinnulata, Harvey, Jap. 

Tsuno- ^ 

mata ; an alga? growing in group on rocks in water, attaining a 

length of 6-7 inches. It is forked in several parts. When fresh, 

;the colour is purple, but when bleached it turns to a yellowish 

white. It is used as paste or to wash hair. It is eaten when 

boiled in a state of jelly. In the harbour CJiQ-shi, the jelly is 

called linuma-konnyaku. There is a variety with a very large 

size, a foot long and 3-4 inches broad, and a variety called Kotsuno-mata 

is about 2i inches long growing in shallow water. 

They 

are all of a similar use. 

307. b. Gloeopeltis coliformis, Harvey, Jap. Funori ; 

on rocks where the tide ebbs. Its form 

a species of _ algae growing 

is like that of a hollow tube at first, but it is gradually divided 

into branches which are about 4 inches long. When fresh it is 

dark purple, but when washed and bleached it turns to a pale 

yellow colour. It is made into a flat sheet, and then it is called 

bleached funori and is used for its mucilaginous paste. 

It is also 

simply dried and eaten as food. The form is different according 

to the places where it grows. That found in the province of 

Satsinna is superior in form and quality. 

3O7. c. Gymnogongms ( ? ), Jap. Saimi, Hachijo-fu- 

nori ; a species of algne resembling the preceding, but with solid 

stems. When bleached, it is pale yellow, hard, and strong in 

texture. It is used for its mucilaginous paste. It is produced 

abundantly in the Island of HachiJQ. 

307. d. Chondrus plotynus, G. Ag., Jap. Hotokeno- 

nriini ; a species of algae growing in .the iceland of Yezo and the 

northern province of the main land. It resembles the large leaves 

A/

84 

of Tsuno-mata in form, though thinner with two divisions. "When? 

fresh it is dark purple, but it turns pale yellow when bleached.. 

It is used for its mucilaginous paste. 

CHAPTER XIV. OIL AND WAX PLANTS. 

This Chapter comprises the plants yielding oil, wax, lacquer,, 

etc. The oil is used for food, lamps, and various industrial purposes. 

The wax is used to make candles and other articles. The 

lacquer is the necessary ingredient for lacquer work. Insect-wax. 

is the production of insects. 

308. Brassica chinensis, L,, var., Eape, Jap. Aburetna 

; a cultivated biennial plant of the order Cruciferoe. Late in. 

autumn the young plants are produced, and late in spring they 

shoot up flower-stalks to the height 3-4 fts., sometimes 8-9 fts. 

Early in summer the ripen seeds are gathered and are called rapeseeds. 

An oil is extracted from the seeds, and it is used for 

cookery, lamps, and several other purposes. The flower-buds and* 

leaves are eaten by boiling or preserving in salt. 

309. Sesamum indicum, Z., Sesamum, Jap. Gama ; 

an annual cultivated plant of the order Bignoniaceae. The seeds 

are sown late in spring, and the 4-sided stem grows 3-4 fts. high, 

bearing at leaf-axils labiate flowers which are succeeded with long, 

capsules, splitting longitudinally when fully ripe. They contain a 

great many fine seeds. There are three varieties, black, white, 

and brown coloured. The latter variety is the best to take oil. 

The oil is principally used for dressing food. The grilled seeds 

are used to add to cakes, salads, etc. 

310. Perilla ocymoides, L., Jap. Yegoma ; an annual 

cultivated plant of the order Labiates. Its seeds arc sown late in 

spring, and its stems grow about 2 fts. high. It produces long 

panicles from its branches, bearing small white labiate flowers. Ire 

autumn the seeds ripen and are gathered to take oil. As this oil!

85 

lias a drying nature, it is used to oil water-proof cloaks and 

Ibamboo umbrellas, and also for cookery. It is often used to 

mix with rape seed oil to prevent the freeging of the latter. The 

seeds are used instead of Sesamum seeds on grilling and also for 

deeding small birds. 

311. Camellia japonica, L., Jap. Tsubaki, Yabu- 

tsubaki ; an evergreen tree of the order Ternstroemiaceae, growing 

in warm provinces to a height of 20-30 fts. Early in spring it 

produces red flowers which are succeeded by round fruits. The 

fruits ripen at the end of autumn, when the shell splits out and 

êxposes 2 or 3 dark hard seeds, which are gathered for oil called 

TsJtbaki-abiira or Kino-mi-abura. The oil is used for food or 

industrial purposes. The Islands of Idsu produce a great deal of 

this oil. The seeds of Camellia sasanqua also yield an oil, which 

is called KatasJii-no-abura in the provinces of KytisJiiii, and is 

used for the smilar purposes. Tea-seeds give also an oil. 

312. Bicinus communis, Z., Jap. Tv-gama* T6-no- 

jroma ; an annual plant of the order Euphorbiaceae. The seeds 

are sown in spring and grow to a height of 8-9 fts. The leaves 

are broad and palmate. Male arid female flowers are separated on 

the same plant. The fruits are of the size of a finger head and 

covered with small thorns. One fruit contains 3 seeds, which are 

oval and white and dark variegated. From the seeds a thick oil is 

pressed out, being used to put in ink for stamps and for medicine 

And industrial purposes. 

313. Elaeococca cordata, R. Br.^ Jap. Abura-giri, 

Dokuye, Korobi ; a deciduous tree of the order Euphorbiaceae, 

frequently cultivated in warm provinces. It grows about 10 fts. 

high, branching much. It is a diaecious plant. The leaves are 

large and broad, and 3, 5, or 7 lobed. The flowers appear at the 

Lead and are very pretty, having 5 pink petals. In autumn the 

ripe fruits are collected to make an oil. The fruits are round 

and contain 3-4 seeds in each. The oil is thick and poisonous, 

and is used for lighting and to make oil-paper.

86 

314. Cephalotaxus drupacea, S. et Z. t Jap. Imigaya r 

Hebo-gaya ; an evergreen tree of the order Cohiferse, growing, 

wild everywhere in mountains. It is also cultivated for oil. The 

stem attains a height of about 20 fts. It is a diaecious plant. In 

April it blooms, and its fruits ripen late in autumn. The fruits 

are red, oval, and about 1 inch long. Oil is pressed out from the 

nuts, but it is only used for lighting, as it is poisonous. 

315. Litsaea glauca, Sieb.,. Jap. Shiro-damo, Aka-damo r 

Shiro-tabu ; an evergreen tree of the order Lauraceae growing in 

warm regions. The stem attains a height of about 20-30 fts. 

The leaves are oval, tapering at both ends, and green on the upper 

and white on the under side. In late autumn, small flowers appear 

on the branches. In the winter of the next year red bean-sized 

oval fruits are produced. From the kernels of the fruits an oil is 

pressed out. The oil is called Tabu*no-abura in KiusJiiu pro- 

vinces, and is used for lighting, but its quality is inferior. 

316. Lindera praecox, Blume., Jap. Abura-chan, Mura- 

dachi ; a deciduous tree of the order Lauraceae, growing wild 

everywhere. Its stem attains to a height of about 10 fts. It 

bears yellowish white small flowers before its leaves appear in 

spring. Its fruits ripen late in autumn. The fruits are quite 

round and have the size of a small finger. Oil is taken from the 

kernels, and is used for lighting. , 

317. Lindera triloba, Blume., Jap. Ukonbana, Hata* 

tikon, Shiro-moji ; a deciduous tree of the order Lauracea?, grow- 

ing wild in mountainous regions 

of cold countries. The stem is 

about 10 fts. high. In spring it bears pale yellow small flowers 

before the leaves appear. It is a diaecious plant. The fruits 

ripen in autumn and are quite round, being about \ inch in size. 

Oil is taken and used for the same purpose as the preceding. 

317. b. Styrax japonicum, 5. et Z., Jap. Ye go, Chisha- 

no-ki ; the green fruits of this tree (546) ripen late in autumn. 

They have about the size of a bean, and enclose a dark yellow 

-hard nut, from which oil is taken as the preceding.

87 

318. Cinnamomum pedunculatum, Nees., Jap. 

H-nikkei, Koga-no-ki, Knsu-tabn ; an evergreen tree of the 

order Lauraceae growing wild in warm regions. The stem is 20come 

forth 

30 fts. high. In summer long branched peduncles 

from the axils of leaves, and produce yellowish flowers, being 

succeeded with black fruits late in autumn. From the kernels 

wax is taken for candles. The wax is oily and soft. 

319. LigUStrum ibota, Sicb., Jap. Koba-no-ibo1a ; a 

half- deciduous tree of the order Oleaceas, growing wild everywhere. 

The stem is 5-6 fts. high. In summer small white 

flowers appear in panicles, and in winter purplish black fruits are 

produced. The kernels of this and other similar fruits are used 

for coffee. On the stems of this and other similar trees a waxy 

matter is accumulated by the action of insects. The wax prepared 

from it is hard and lustrous, and is used for various industries. 

320. Rhus SUCCOdanea, Z., Jap. Haji, RQ-no-ki, Hajeiirushi 

; a deciduous tree of the order Anacardiaceas cultivated in 

warm regions. The stem is about 10 fts. high. In summer 

small flowers appear in panicles on branches. In autumn the 

fruits ripen, which are round and flat and J inch in size. "Wax is 

taken from them. 

321. RllUS vernicifera, D.C., Jap. Urushi-no-ki ; a 

deciduous tree of the order Anacardiacete, cultivated in cold re- 

gions, growing 20-30 fts. high. The leaves are large and 

compound, forming pinnates. In summer diascious small flowers 

appear in panicles. The fruit is almost the same as the preceding, 

and also wax is taken. Lacquer juice is obtained from the stem 

by splitting it. The juice thus obtained is an important ingredient 

for lacquer wares. 

322. Rhus trichocarpa, Miq., Jap. Yama-urushi ; a 

variety of the former, growing wild everywhere. Its fruits are 

-quite the same in shape and use as the former, though smaller.

$8 

322. b. Sapium sebiferum, Roxb., Jap. To./taje, Nan- 

kin-haje ; a deciduous tree of the order Euphorbiaceae cultivated 

in warm regions, growing 20-30 fts. high. In summer it pro- 

duces monaecious flowers, and late in autumn the fruits ripen. 

The fruit is inch in size, and encloses 3 seeds. The fruit is 

covered with a white powder, which is used to make wax. A 

lighting oil is taken from the seeds. 

Note. There are still numerous plants giving oil. Some of 

the principals are Soy-bean (22), Ground nut (46), various species 

of Brassica, nuts of Torreya nucifera (217), Juglans (218, 219, 

220), Hazels (223, 224), and Fagus syivestris (516), and seeds of 

Cotton (327), Carthamus tinctorius (367), Sun-flower (854), &c., 

but these are not described here. Generally in Japan Cereals and 

Legumes are not used for oil, but in China is Soy-bean much used 

for this purpose. Various oils used as medicine are also omitted 

Jiere.

VOLUME II. 

CHAPTER XV. TEXTILE PLANTS. 

This Chapter contains the plants, which give fibrous and 

flexible materials for threads and clothes. Therein are also in- 

cluded those, which stems, barks, and leaves being 

\ 

90 

height of 6-7 fts. The soft young stems and leaves are eaten by 

boiling. 

326. UlmUS montana, Sm., Jap. Atsusht, Atsuni, Ohiyodamo 

; a deciduous tree of the order Urticaceae growing wild in 

mountains of northern provinces. The stem is about 10 fts. high. 

Early in summer, it bears bunches of small green flowers, which 

are succeeded with small flat scale-like fruits. The stiff bark of 

the stem is peeled off and used for fastening instead of a rope. 

In Yezo the fibre is used for weaving 

327. Gossypium indicum, Lam., Cotton, Jap. Kiivata, 

Wata ; an animal cultivated plant of the order Malvaceae. It is 

sown in spring, and attains to a height of 2-3 fts. in summer. A 

yellow flower is produced in, each eaf-axil, and it is succeeded 

with a fruit in the form of a peach. When the fruit ripen the- 

capsule bursts and cotton is exposed. The quality of the fibre is 

different according to the varieties, but it is all used for spinning. 

The oil pressed out from the cottonseeds is used for cookery 

and lighting. 

328. Abutilon avicennae, 6^r/;* M Jap. Ickibi, Kiri- 

asa ; an annual cultivated plant of the order Malvaceae. It is 

sown in spring and attains to a height of 4-5 fts. In summer, it 

bears 5 petaled small yellow flowers in each axils of leaves, being 

succeeded with fruits. The fibre got from the bark of the stem is 

white and silky. The peeled stem is burnt to charcoal and used 

as a tinder. 

329. Hibiscus syriacus, L., Jap. Mukuge, Hachisu ; a 

deciduous shrub of the order Malvaceae cultivated in fields, growing 

6-7 Its. 

1 

high and in" group. It is a good plant for hedges, and 

thrives well in wet places. Late in summer, its flowers open in 

the morning and fade in the evening. They are of different 

colours and of single or double petals. The bark gives fibre, 

which is also used to make Mino (farmers' rain coat), which is a 

famous production in the provinces of Hki and Inaba.

9.1 

330. Hibiscus hamabo, 5. et Z., Jap. Hainabv ; a de- 

ciduous plant of the order Malvaceae growing wild along the sea 

coasts in warm provinces. Its stem attains to a height of about. 

10 fts. Early in summer, it blooms at the top of the branches and 

in the axils of the leaves. The flowers are like those of cotton, 

with yellow petals, purple at the base. A strong fibre is got from 

the bark, and is used as a rope. 

331. Urena sinuata, L. t Jap. Boiideukwa ; a deciduous 

shrub of the order Malvaceae, growing in warm regions and attain- 

ing to a height of 2-3 fts. The leaves are cut into 5 segments 

with green and white variegation. In autumn it blooms bright 

crimson flowers. The fibre taken from the bark is used as a rope. 

332. Corchorus capsularis, L., Jute, Jap. Tsunaso,. 

Ichibi ; an annual cultivated plant of the order Tiliaceae. It is 

sown in spring and grows to a height 

of 3-4 fts. In summer it 

yields small yellow flowers, which are succeeded with fruits. A 

strong coarse yellowish gray fibre is got from the bark, and is 

used as thread. The texture woven from this fibre is used for 

matting or wrapping proposes. 

333. Tilia cordata, Mill., var. japonica, Max., 

Shina-no-ki, Mada-no-ki, Piera- no-ki ; a deciduous tree of the 

order Tiliaceae growing wild in mountains 20-30 fts. high. In 

early summer it bears yellowish white fragrant flowers, which are 

succeeded with small round seeds. .The strong bark is used as a 

rope, and the fibre of the young plant is woven into cloth. It 

seems that the fibre was much used in ancient times. There are 

several varieties, and that with large leaves grows quickly. 

333. b. Acer rufinerve, S. et Z. y Jap. Urihada-kayede ; 

a deciduous tree of the order Aceraceae growing wild in mountains 

of northern regions. The fibre of its bark is used for the same 

purpose as the preceding. 

334. Wisteria chinensis, 

S. et Z. 

S. et Z., Jap. Fuji, Yaina-fuji ; a deciduous climbing plant oi

92 

the order Leguminosae, growing 

wild in mountains and also- 

planted in gardens. In late it spring produces elegant purple or 

white papilionaceous flowers drooping in a raceme with the leaves. 

Afterwards long pods are produced. The branch is strong and 

flexible, and is used for fastening. The fibre taken from the bark 

is used for thread or cloth. The young tendrils when "bleached 

are used for making baskets, etc. The young leaves and flowers 

-can be eaten as vegetables. The seeds are also eaten when grilled. 

Noda-fuji (611) has the same uses. 

334. b. Pueraria thunbergiana, Benth^ Jap. Kudsu; 

the fibre of the bast of this climber (251) is strong and white, and 

as used for weaving, and also to make ropes and nets. The twine 

is used to make baskets. 

335. COCCUIUS tlmnbergii, Zfc., Jap. Tsudsitra-fuji ; 

a deciduous climber of the order Menispermaceae growing wild 

an bushes. The two sexes of flowers are produced separately on 

different plants. Late in spring, it produces yellowish green 

flowers, which are succeeded with round pea-sized black berries. 

The thin tendrils are bleached and used to make baskets, etc. 

which are the famous products of Midsuguchi in Oini. 

335. b. Akebia lobata, Dec., Jap. Mitsuba-akebi ; a 

deciduous climber of the order Lardizabalaceae growing wild in 

mountains. The leaves are triphyllous, and the flowers opening 

in early summer are monaecious and are succeeded with edible 

bruits. In Midsuguchi of Omi and Tsugaru of Mntsu, the 

young vines are bleached and used to make former. 

baskets, etc. as the 

336. Marsdenia tomentosa, Morr. et Decne., Jap. 

Jîiyo-ran, Kijo-ran ; an everygreen climbing plant of the order 

Asclepiadaceae growing wild in mountains of warm regions. The 

leaves are round and smooth pointed at the apex. The flowers 

bloom in the axils of the leaves. The fruit forms a long follicle, 

which discloses a tuff of silky fibres. As the vines are strong 

and tenacious, they are used for making ropes and bow-strings.

53 

337. Musa basjoo, Sieb., Jap. JBas/io ; a perennial 

herbaceous plant of the order Musaceae cultivated in gardens. 

Late in spring it shoots forth its leaves to a height 10 fts. In? 

summer it bears yellow flowers protected with large bracts. They 

are succeeded with fruits, which, however, do not come to- 

maturity unless in hot climates. During the frosty 

season the 

leaves wither and only the sheath remains ; so it must be covered 

during the severe winter. From the sheath, fibre is obtained. In 

the Okinawa Islands, a different species of Musa grows plenti- 

fully, 

arid from its fibre, 

Basho-fu (Musa linen). 

the natives weave a cloth called 

338. Juncus balticus, Dent/i., Jap. Kohige ; a 

perennial herb of the order Juncaceae cultivated in paddy fields^ 

It grows to a height of about 3 fts. In summer its stalk bears 

small flowers arranged in branches under about 3 inches from the 

top of the leaves. The stalks are cut and woven into mate called 

Bingo-omote. They are also used to make hand-baskets. The- 

Tuncus (298) is of the same use, but softer. 

339. Typha angustifolia, ., Jap. Himegama ; a * 

perennial aquatic plant of the order Araceae growing in swampsand 

ponds. In spring it shoots forth broad flat leaves to a height 

of 6-7 fts., and in summer the flower-stalks grow to the height of 

the leaves, bearing male and female flowers separately at the top. 

The latter is in the form of a spadix of a length of 8-10 inches 

and a diameter of an inch. When fully ripen, the flower flies off" 

by the wind like cotten. It is used for tinder, candle-wick, 

paper-making, etc. The leaves are used for mats, baskets, and 

ropes. There are two varieties, large and small, which are of thesame 

use. The young leaves can be eaten as a vegetable. 

340. Cyperus nutans, Vahl. y Jap. Shichido, Riukiu ; * 

a perennial aquatic plant of the order Cyperaceae cultivated in 

paddy fields. In spring, triangular stalks grow to a height of 

4-5 fts., bearing fine flowers arranged on little petioles. In 

autumn they are cut, dried and woven into green mats called 

Riukiu-oDiote or Ao-wushiro. 

i/

94 

341. Carex dispalatha, Bcott., Jap. Kasa-suge / a 

perennial aquatic plant of the order Cyperaceae cultivated in 

paddy fields. The leaves are flat, about \ inch broad, and 3 fts. 

long. In summer it shoots forth stalks, which bear male and 

female flowers. In autumn the leaves are cut and made into a 

kind of hats which is a famous product of the provinces of 

Kaga and Etsti. 

342. Carex, Jap. Mino-suge ; a perennial plant of the 

order Cyperaceae growing wild in swamps. It resembles the 

'former in form, but the leaves are more narrow and strong, being 

used to make farmer's rain coats. Besides these, there are many 

growing wild in mountains, and they are used for the same 

purpose. 

343. Carex pierotii, Miq., Jap. Shio-kugu, Hama- 

kugu ; a perennial herb of the order Cyperacese growing wild in 

salty marshes. The length of the leaves are about 2 fts. In 

summer it shoots forth stalks bearing flowers at the head. In 

autumn the leaves are cut, dried and used to make ropes, etc. 

344. Carex, Jap. Yama-kugu / a perennial herb of the 

order Cyperacea3 growing wild. Its form and use are as the 

preceding. 

345. Elymus arenarius, L., Jap. Tenki, Hama-do, 

Kusa-do ; a perennial grass of the order Graminese growing wild 

on the sea coasts of northern regions. The leaves are about 3 

its. long and \-\ inch broad, and covered with white powder. 

In summer it bears panicles of flowers. In the province of Ugo 

it is cultivated and used for making mats. The natives of Yezo 

use it for weaving, being called Tenki. The leaves being long 

are used for weaving and for making ropes and paper. 

346. Hydropyrum latifolium, Grisb., Jap. 

Makomo ; 

a perennial grass of the order Gramineoe growing in moist ground. 

In summer the sprouts resembling those of bamboo grow to a 

height of 5-6 fts., and in autumn long stalks with male and female

95 

floWei's at the top are produced. The seeds are Usecr^-asrfobd, and 

the new sprouts are also edible. A kind of mats is made from 

the leaves. 

347. Imperata arundinacea, Cyrill., Jap. CJdgaya; a 

perennial wild grass. In late spring it produces flowers in 

panicles, which when young are eaten by children with the name of 

Tsubana or Chibana, and when fully ripen their soft fires are used 

instead of cotton or as tinder. From the leaves a mat and a 

farmer's rain-coat are made. 

348. Andropogon schoenanthus, ., Jap. Ogam, 

kaya ; a perennial wild grass. In autumn its stalk bears flowers, 

with awns twisted like oat. The fibrous roots are white and 

strong, and used to make brushes, etc. There is a variety called 

348. b. Iris ensata, Th., var. chinensis, Max., Jap. 

Neji-ayame ; the fine fibrous roots of the Iris (933) are used in 

the same way as the preceding. 

349. Bambusa aurea, Sieb., Jap. Usen-chiku, Horaichiku 

; a small bamboo, growing to a height of about 10 fts., and 

often used for hedges. In summer the young sprouts are eaten. 

As the stem is tenacious, it is used instead of ropes. 

349. b. Bambusa, Jap. Take-no-kawa ; the sheathes 

protecting the young bamboo sprouts, expecially those of Madake 

(589) and Hachiku (592) are much used for wrapping articles or 

for making Japanese slippers. Those of Shiratake (white bamboo) 

in the province of Chikugo are the best for 

slippers, as they have 

no spot. 

349. c. Chamaerops excelsa, Thumb., Jap. Shuro ; 

the leaves of this palm (711) are used for plaiting purposes or for 

making brooms. Its stalk may be used for other purposes. Its 

hairy fibres are strong and water proving, and are much used for 

making ropes, mats, brushes, and many other articles.

-- 06 

Note. Besides those above mentioned, the stems, straws, and 

vines of many plants have fibres : for Example, the straw of rice, 

barley, wheat, etc.; the leaves of Scirpus (964), Eularia (972), 

Amomurn (128), and Ananas (143); the roots of Osmunda (91) and 

Sagittaria (118); the petioles of Lotus (125) ; the vines of melons ;, 

the bast of Lespedeza (612), Sophora (414), Sterculia (599), and 

Salix (658). 

CHAPTEE XVI. PAPER PLANTS. 

This Chapter comprises the plants giving raw materials and 

pasty fluids for making paper. Generally any kind of fibre may 

be used for making paper, but here are concerned only those 

commonly employed. 

350. Broussonetia papyrifera, Vent., Jap. Koso*, 

Kaminoki ; a deciduous tree of the order Moreaa cultivated ex- 

tensively. It is cut off every year, so that it is only 6-7 fts. high. 

It is a diaacious plant, and the female flowers produce round fruits. 

In winter the stems are cut clown and the barks are stripped off 

as an important material for paper. 

351. Broussonetia kajinoki, Sieb., Jap. Kajinoki; a 

deciduous wild tree of the order Morea3 growing 20-30 fts. high. 

It is a dioecious plant, having the same form as the preceding. 

The use is also the same, though inferior. The ripe fruits are 

beautifully red and sweet. 

351. b. Morus alba, L., var. stylosa, Bur., Jap. Kuwa,~ 

this plant (294) being the same genus with the paper mulberry, a 

good paper may be manufactured from the bast, but as this plant 

is used especially for feeding silkworms, the paper made from the 

branches after the leaves are taken off for silk-worms is of a very 

inferior quality.

97 - 

352. Broussonetia ksempferi, Sieb., Jap. Mukumi- 

kail sura, Tsurukago ; a deciduous climber of the order Urticaceae 

growing wild in warm regions. It is a species of 350 of a climb- 

ing nature. Paper is manufactured with the fibre of the bark. 

353. Edgeworthia papyrifera, 5. et Z., Jap. Mitsu- 

mala, musubiki ; a deciduous shrub of the order Thymeleaceas 

cultivated in many countries. The. stem is about 7 fts. high, and 

its branches are divided into three parts. Late in autumn, after 

the fall of the leaves, buds come forth in tufts at the head of each 

branch. In spring yellow flowers open, and then leaves come 

out. The branches are cut in autumn, and the bark is steeped in 

water, cleaned from the coarse part, and used for paper making. 

354. Wikstroemia canescens, Meisn., var. pauciflora, 

Fr. et Sav., Jap. Ganpi ; a deciduous shrub of the order 

Thymeleaceas growing wild in warm countries, of 5-6 fts. high. 

In summer, it produces flowers with yellow lirnbs and white tubes. 

The plants are pulled out during spring and autumn, and the 

bark is taken for paper. 

355. Wikstroemia japonica, Miq., Jap. Kiko-ganpi, 

irinoo ; a deciduous shrub of the order Thymeleaceie produced 

in warm regions, growing 3-4 fts. high. It resembles the preceding 

in form, but smaller and with yellow flowers. It is also used 

in the same way. 

356 Wikstroemia canescens, Meisn., var. Ganpi., 

Jap. Ko-ganpi ; a low deciduous shrub of the order Thymeleaceae 

growing wild 1-2 fts. high. It resembles the former in shape, but 

smaller, with white flowers shaded with pink. It is used for the 

same purpose. 

356. b. Daphne pseudo-mezereum, A. Gray, Jap. 

Oni-shibari ', Sakura-ganpi ; the bark of this plant (502) has 

fibre of a superior quality and is used for making paper. 

357. Hibiscus manihot, A., Jap. Tororo-aoi, Neri ; 

an annual plant of the order Malvacca3. It is sown in spring, and

98 

grows to a height of 3-4 fts., producing 5 petaled yellow flowers. 

That commonly cultivated is a dwarf variety, being about 1 ft. 

high, but with big roots. In summer the roots are dug out, dried, 

and used as a paste for manufacturing paper. 

358. Hydrangea paniculata, Sieb., var. minor, Max., 

Jap. Norinoki, Kineri, Nibcnoki ; a deciduous shrub of the 

order Saxifragaceas growing wild in mountains. It attains to a 

height 

top 

of 7-10 fts. In summer it bears flowers in clusters at the 

of the branches. The bast of the stem and branches is used 

directly or after drying for pastirg paper 

359. Acer cratsegifolium, S. et Z., Uri-kayede, Myori-no-ki 

; a deciduous shrub of the order Aceraceae growing wild 

in mountains, attaining to a height of 10 fts. In spring it blooms 

and sproats at the same time. It is a monsecious or dioecious 

plant. The bark of this tree is used in Suruga province as a 

paste iu paper-making in summer by steeping it in water. 

359. b. Sterculia platanifolia, ., Jap. Ao-giri ; as 

the bark of this tree (599) gives white and strong fibre, it is used 

to weave cloth and to make ropes, but it is also used in paper- 

making on account of its rich content in a mucilaginous fluid. 

359. C. Kadsura japonica, /,., Jap. Binan-kadiira ; as 

the vine of this plant (403) is rich in a mucilaginous jnice, it was 

only used for hair-dressing, but in Satsnma it is province used in 

pasting an inferior paper. 

Note. The vegetable fibres used for paper-making are not 

confined to those mentioned here. All the plants having fibrous 

barks, i.e. those contained in the division of textile plants might 

be used for this purpose. Especially the straw of rice, wheat, and 

other grasses, as well as coniferous timbers are lately used. There 

are still other plants giving pastes.

99 

CHAPTER XVIL DYE PLANTS. 

This chapter includes the plants giving various dyes from 

their flowers, fruits, leaves, stems, or barks. Here are only 

mentioned those which are cultivated or grown wild and much 

qsed, 

36O. Berberis chinensis, Desf., Jap. Megi ; a de- 

ciduos shrub of the order Berberidaceae growing wild in mountains 

5-6 fts. high. The branches grow very thickly and are provided 

with fine thorns. In spring leaves and then flowers are produced, 

being succeeded with red berries which turn black when fully 

ripe. The bark of the stem is nsed for dying. 

06 O. b. Evodia glauca, Miq., Jap. Kiwada ; the deep 

yeilow bark of this plant (538) is used as a dye and medicine. 

361. Isatis japonica, Miq., Jap. Hatokusa ; a biennial 

herbaceous plant of the order Cruciferae introduced from China at 

the age of Kyoho. The leaves resemble those of rape, and are 

covered with white powder. Late in spring, yellow flowers open 

on stalks, and flat pods are produced. The leaves are used as a 

green dye. 

362. Pyrus toringo, Sieb., var. incisa, Fr. et Sav., Jap. 

Yama-nashi, Dsuuii, Ko-nashi ; a deciduous wild tree of the 

order Kosaceae, growing 5-6 fts. and sometimes 20-30 fts. high. 

Lute in spring it bears pink flowers, which are succeeded with 

small round red or yellow berries of a strong acid taste. The 

bark is used as a yellow dye. 

363. PyrUS, Jap. Odsumi, Su-nashi y Kata-nashi ; a 

deciduous tree of the order Kosaceae growing wild in mountains 

20-30 fts. high. In the beginning of summer it produces 5 

petaled white flowers shaded with pink. They are succeeded with 

round and about one inch sized berries which fall off in autumn. 

The berries are red and very aciduous, but they can be eaten by 

boiling or preserved by drying, being called Sanzashi. The dried

100 

thick bark of the stem gives a yellow dye called Dsumtby boiling 

it with water and coagulating the extract with alum. 

364. Rllbia cordifolia, L., Jap. Akane ; a perennial 

wild climber of the order RubiaceaB. The petioles and tendrils 

are much provided with recurved prickles. In summer it produces 

small white flowers, which are succeeded with small round black 

berries. Formerly the roots were collected in winter and used for 

red dying. 

365. Galium verum, Z., Jap. Kawara-matsuba ; a 

perennial wild herb of the order Rubiaceas, growing 

about 1.5 fts. 

high. In autumn it produces small yellowish white flowers 

disposed in panicles at the top of the young branches. In winter 

the roots are collected and used as a red dye. The roots sold as 

madder in commerce are mostly those of this plant. 

366. Gardenia florida, L., Jap. Kuchinashi ; an 

evergreen shrub of the order "Rubiaceae. It is grown wild in 

warm regions, but much planted in gardens. The stem is 6-7 fts. 

high. In summer it bears 6' petaled white flowers, which turn 

yellow afterwards. The fruits are oblong and tapering at both 

ends, with longitudinal angles. The fully ripen deep yellow fruits 

are preserved after drying and used as a yellow dye or medicine; 

This tree is esteemed for gardens on account of the lustrous leaves 

and fragrant flowers. The petals are eaten as a vegetable. 

367. Carthamus tinctorius, L., Safflower, Jap. Beni- 

bana, Suye-tsumu-hana ; a biennial cultivated plant of the order 

Compositae, growing in summer 4-5 fts. high. The stems and 

leaves are provided with sharp thorns. The reddish yellow 

flowers produced at the head of the branches are collected early 

in every morning and dried to make a red dye called Bent, which 

is used as a cosmetic by women. The seeds give an oil, and the 

young leaves serve as a vegetable. 

368. Dyospyros lotus, L., Jap. Skina-no-ki^ Saru-gaki, 

Mame-gaki ; a deciduous tree of the order Kbenacea3 cultivated 

in cold regions. The stem is 10 fts. or more high. After new

101 

leaves perfect or diaecious flowers are produced. The fruits are 

round or oblong, being about one inch long. The unripe fruits 

are collected and pressed to get Shibu, an astringent juice, which 

is used to give a brown colour to paper, cloth, wood, etc. by 

painting it on them and to protect them from rottening. The 

fully ripe fruits are edible. The centre black wood is called 

Kuro-kaki (black persimmon). The Shibu is obtained also from 

other astringent persimmons. 

369. Ilex pedunCUlosa, Miq., Jap. Soyogo, Suzukashi ; 

an evergreen wild tree of the order Aquifoliacea3, growing about 

10 fts. high. It is a diaecious plant. The male flowers are small, 

white, and in clusters, and the female flowers are loosely arranged 

and produce small round red fruits. A brown dye is got by 

boiling the leaves. 

370. Lithospermum erythrorMzon, S. et Z., Jap. 

Murasaki, Nemurasaki ; a perennial herb of the order Boragi- 

nacea3, grown wild or planted in gardens, attaining to a height of 

about 2 fts. The head of the branches bears small white flowers, 

which produce small round seeds. In winter the roots are collected 

and dried for a purple dye. The wild roots are superior to 

the planted. 

371. Basella rubra, L, Jap. Tsuru-murasaki ; an 

annual cultivated climber of the order Chenopodiaceae. The 

leaf-axils produce branches, which bear loosely arranged flowers 

and then pea-sized small round deep purple berries. The purple 

dye got from the berries is very fine, but it is liable to fade. 

The leaves are edible as a vegetable. 

372. Polygonum tinctorium, L., Jap. At, Tadeai, 

Aitade ; an annual herbaceous plant of the order Polygonacea? 

commonly cultivated in dry fields and sometimes in paddy fields, 

growing 1-2 fts. high. It produces pink flowers disposed in 

spikes, and then seeds. The leave are long and narrow, oval, etc. 

according to the different varieties. The dried leaves are made 

into indigo balls.

102 

373. Mercurialis leiocarpa, S. et Z., Jap. Yama-ai ; 

an evergreen herbaceous plant of the order Euphorbiaceae growing 

wild in shady places 1-2 fts. high. In summer it bears yellowish 

or on the 

green flowers of the two sexes on the separate plant 

same plant. In former times the juice of this plant was used to 

print on clothes in blue colour, but this plant does not contain 

enough the colouring matter to make indigo balls. 

373. b. Justicia, Jap. Riukiu-ai ; an evergreen herb of 

the order Acanthacese produced in Riukiu islands. Several stems 

grow in group from one root, attaining to a height of 1 or 2 fts. 

The leaves are oblong oval and of a bright dark green colour. It 

bears flowers very rarely. In Riukiu it is cut several times in a 

year and made into indigo. As this plant contains a great quantity 

of good indigo, it is now cultivated also in the southern countries. 

374. Myrica rubra, S. et Z., Jap. Yama-momo ; an 

evergreen tree of the order Amentaceas growing wild in warm 

regions, attaining to a height of 10-20 fts. It is a diaecious 

plant. In spring, the male flowers appear in the form of aments, 

and the female in short spikes. The fruits are of a purplish red 

colour with an agreeable sweet taste. There is a variety which 

produces white fruits. The bark which has the name of Momokawa 

or SJiibuki contains much tannin and is used for a 

brown dye. 

374. b. Machilus thunbergii, S. et Z, Jap. Tama- 

kusu, Yama-kiisu, Madami ; the bark of this plant (553. b.) 

serves as a brown dye in Hac/iijo-jima. 

374. c. Ternstroemia japonica, T/i,, Jap. Mokkoku / 

the bark of this plant (661) is used as a brown dye for clothes in 

the Islands of Hachijo, Miyake and Mikura. 

374. d. RhapMolepis japonica, S. et Z., Jap. Hamaniokkoku, 

Hebaru-no-ki [Satmina), Tekachigi (Loochoo), Saema 

(HachiJQ-jima] ; the bark of this plant (671) is used for dying 

dark brown. In the islands of Okinawa, Oshima and Hachijo, 

it is used to dye Tsumugi and other clothes.

103 

374. e. Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Lamk., Jap. Taka- 

tsuku, Kiire-tsuku, Hiroki (OsJiima} ; an evergreen shrub of the 

order Khizophoraceae growing in the sea-coasts of Satsuma. The 

bark of this plant is collected and used to dye reddish brown. Its 

use is the same as the imported Rhizophora bark. 

375. Quercus dentata, Th., Jap. Kashiwa; a deciduous 

tree of the order Amentacea3 growing wild in cold regions, 

attaining to a height of 20-30 fts. After the new leaves come 

forth, it produces male and female flowers separately, the male in 

an amerit form and the female like that of an acorn. The kernel 

of the acorn is bleached and eaten as food. The dried bark is rich 

in tannin and used mostly to dye fishing nets with the name of 

Kashiwagi. There are other species of the Quercus, as Quercus 

cuspidata, Q. serrata, and Q. gland ulifera, which are used for the 

same purpose and also for tanning leather. There are two kinds 

of Kashiwa. One with thin narrow leaves, which fall in winter, 

is called Nara-kashiwa, and the other with thick broad leaves and 

remaining long on the branches after withered is called Mochikashiwa. 

The latter leaves are used to wrap cakes. 

375. b. Elaeacocca COrdata, R. Br., Jap. Abura-giri ; 

the bark of this plant (313) is used for dying as in the preceding. 

376. Alnus maritima, Nutt. t var. japonica, Regel., Jap. 

ITan-no-ki ; a deciduous tree of the order Amentacea? growing 

wild in wet places, attaining to a hight of 20-30 fts. In spring it 

produces male and female flowers separately before it sprouts. 

The male flowers hang down from the branches in the form of a 

catkin, and the female yield round fruits with scales. In autumn 

when the fruits fully ripen, being about 1 inch in length, they 

are collected and dried for dying. Other trees of this genus, as the 

j\Iehari-no-ki y Yama-han-no-ki, Ntkko-bushi, and Kawara-han- 

no-ki, have the same use. 

376. b. Alnus maritima, Nutt., var. obtusa, Fr. et 

Sav. Jap. Mehari-no-kt ; a variety of the preceding with round 

leaves. Its fruits have the same quality as the preceding.

104 

377. AlnUS incana, Willd., var. glauca, Ait., Jap. Yama- 

hannoki ; a deciduous tree of the order Amentaceae growing wild 

in mountainous regions. It resembles 376, attaining to a height 

of about 10 fts., with broad dissected leaves. The fruits are large 

and of a better quality. Fishing nets are coloured with the juice 

of this bark, whence it is called Ami-kawa (net-bark). 

378. AlnUS firma, 5. et Z., var. multinervia, Reg., Jap. 

Nikko-bushi, Yaslia-bushi ; a deciduous wild tree of the order 

Arnentacea3. It is mostly small, but some one grows 

about 10 

fts. high, the fruits are oval resembling those of 376, but are of 

a larger size and more useful, being used instead of gall. 

378. b. AlnUS Viridis, DC., var. sibirica, Regel., Jap. 

Kawara-hannoki ; a deciduous tree of the order Amentacese 

growing plentifully on the Fuji mountain. It resembles much 

the preceding in shape, but it has broader leaves and smaller 

fruits. The fruits are esteemed in dyiug silk in Kai province. 

378. c. Platycarya strobilacea, 5. et Z., Jap. Nobu- 

no-ki, Nogurumi ; a deciduous tree ef the order Juglandaceae 

growing in warm countries, attaining to a height of 10 fts. Barren 

and fertile flowers appear at the same time with the leaves, and 

thorny fruits are produced. The bark is used for dying fishing 

nets. 

379. Curcuma longa, L., var. macrophylla, Miq., Jap. 

Ukon ; a perennial herb of the order Zingiberacea3 found in warm 

regions, sprouting in spring. The leaves are about 2 fts. long, 

and in summer flowers appear in cluster. In autumn the roots 

are collected for a yellow dye and medicine. 

379. b. Curcuma longa, ., Jap. Kyo-o; a species of 

the preceding with the same form and use. 

28O. Commelina benghalensis, L., Jap. dboshibana ; 

a biennial plant of the order CommelinaceaB cultivated in Yamada 

in the province of Omi, It is sown in autumn and transplanted

105 

in spring. It attains to a height of 3-4 fts. It bears blue flowers 

in summer and autumn. They are picked every morning and 

pressed to papers, which are called Aigami (indigo paper). The 

colour is very fine, but liable to fade. 

381. Miscanthus chrysantes, Max., Jap. Kari-yasu ; 

a perennial wild grass growing about 3 fts. high. The panicles 

resemble those of Kularia, but are mostly divided into 3 parts. 

They are cut, dried, and preserved as a yellow dye. 

382. Arthraxon Ciliare, Beauv., Jap. Kobuna-gnsa, 

Rachijo-kariyasu ; a 

perennial wild grass. Its fine procumbent 

stems creep over the ground, stand upright at the end, and bring 

forth panicles in several divisions. Formerly this herb was used 

as a ^fellow dye, but now only used in the Rachijo iceland to dye 

silk. 

383. Rhus semialata, Murray., var. osbeckii., DC., Jap. 

Nurude, Fv.shi-no-ki, Katsu-jw-ki ; a deciduous wild tree of the 

order Anacardiaceaa growing to a height of about 10 fts. In 

summer, it yields fine little flowers disposed in panicles, being 

succeeded with small fruits. Small insects come and stain the 

fruits with salt-like white powder. Thus the upper or lower 

surface of the leaves swells up, and finally brown galls rich in 

tannin are formed. The galls are much esteemed for dying and 

other numerous purposes. 

CHAPTER XIII ODOROUS PLANTS. 

This Chapter includes those plants, the flowers of which are 

esteemed for their fragrance, being used to put them in scent bags 

or to give water their odour. There are also included those which 

have fragrant fruits, leaves, stems, or roots, but those described in 

the chapter of condiments and spices are excluded here. 

384. Magnolia kobus, DC., Jap, Kobushi ; a deciduous 

wild tree of the order Magnoliaceas, growing 1-2 fts. high. In'

106 

spring it bears flowers before leaves. The flowers are single 

pctaled and white shaded with pink, having a nice odour. 

385. Rosa banksise, X. Br., Jap. Mokko-bara ; a 

deciduous climber of the order Rosaceae, thriving well in gardens. 

Jn spring it bears buds with leaves, and yields double white 

fragrant flowers in summer. 

386. Rosa, Jap. ffakuo-bara ; a deciduous shrub of the 

order Rosace se. When kept in hot houses the leaves do not fall 

as an evergreen. It bears fragrant yellowish white flowers all the 

year. 

387. Rosa multiflora, 77*., Jap. No-ibara ; a deciduous 

wild shrub of the order liosaceae. Its long slender branches*grow 

like vines. In summer it bears 5 petaled white fragrant flowers 

in the form of a raceme. Its red berries resemble those of 

Nandina, and are used for medicine, being called Yf-jitsu. This 

tree varies much in size. The flowers are pink or bright red, and 

very beautiful. 

388. Rosa luciae, Fr. et Sav., Jap. Teriha-no-ibara ; a 

species very much like the preceding in shape and quality, with 

smaller lustrous leaves, later opening and more odorous flowers, 

and larger fruits. 

389. Chimonanthus fragrans, LindL, Jap. Robai, 

Nankin-mume ; a deciduous shrub of the order Calycanthaceae 

planted in gardens, growing about 10 fts. high. In winter it 

bears buds and begins to bloom in December. The flowers give 

a nice odour till the end of February. The inner petals are of a 

mottled purple colour, and the outer ones are large and have a 

yellow waxy appearance, whence the name Robai (wax- pi um). 

There are several varieties. The one here mentioned is S/iinno- 

Robai. 

390. Jasminum grandiflorum, /.., Jap. Sokei ; an 

evergreen shrub of the order Jasininaceae introduced from foreign

107 

countries about the year 1820. As it is the product of warm 

regions and cannot bear cold climates, it must be kept 

1 louses. The stem is soft and flexible like a vine, attaining 

in hot 

to a 

lu-ight of about 4 fts. In early summer it brings forth panicles of 

single white fragrant flowers. 

391. Jasminum sambac, Ait., Jap. Morinkwa ; an 

evergreen shrub of the order Jasminaceas introduced from Loochoo 

Islands about the year 15^6. The stems attain to a height of 

about 4 fts. Late in summer, it bears single white flowers with a 

very strong agreeable odour. It resembles the former being of 

the same genus, and in winter it must be kept in hot houses. 

392. Olea fragrans lutea, Jap. Mokusei, 

Kin-mokusei ; 

an evergreen tree of the order Oleacea? planted in gardens, 

attaining to a height of about 10 fts. Late in autumn, it produces 

small reddish yellow flowers in clusters from the axils of the 

leaves. The flowers are strongly fragrant and called Tankei (red 

olea fragrans). 

393. Olea fragrans alba, Jap. Gin-mokusei / a variety 

of the former of the same quality with white flowers and larger 

leaves, but with less odour. A variety having leaves with coarsely 

dentated edges is called Hiragi-mokusci. 

394. Daphne odora, 77/., Jap. Jincho-ge ; an evergreen 

shrub of the order Thyrnelaeaceas planted in gardens, attaining to 

a height of 3-5 fts. It grows in the form of a thicket. In winter 

it brings forth buds in clusters, which open in 

spring. The 

flowers are of purplish red outside, and white inside. The leaves 

are marginned with pale yellow. That with white flowers has 

leaves not marginned, and grows higher than the other, with a 

stronger odour. The one here illustrated refers to the latter kind. 

395. Cymbidium ensifolium, Sw., Jap. Suru-gn-ran t 

O-ran ; an evergreen herb of the order Orchidacese growing wild 

in the provinces of lyo, Kii, and especially Suruga, whence the 

name. The leaves are 2-3 fts. long. In summer and autumn it

108 

bears pale yellow flowers shaded with green. As they have a 

fragrant odour, it is planted in pots. 

396. Cymbidium, Jap. Hosai-ran ; an evergreen terrestial 

orchid growing wild in mountains of warm countries. The 

leaves are of a lustrous dark green, and 2-3 fts. long and about 

an inch broad. In spring dark purplich red fragrant flowers are 

produced on a stalk. 

397. Cymbidium, Jap. Kan-ran ; an evergreen terrestial 

orchid growing wild in mountains of warm regions, differing in 

size according to the its growing places. It blooms in the beginning 

of winter, whence the name Kan-ran (winter orchid). One with 

yellowish green 

flowers illustrated here is called Sei-kan-ran 

(green winter orchid). Another with a purplish red shade is called 

Shi-kan-ran (purple winter orchid). There are manyo ther varieties y 

all of which have fragrant flowers and are admired for blooming 

in winter. 

. Those mentioned here are only a very few of the 

flower bearing plants. There are a great many others used for 

making perfumed 

water and oil. 

CHAPTER XIX. MEDICINAL PLANTS. 

This chapter includes those plants, which are grown wild or 

cultivated in this country and used for medicine. There are a 

great many medicinal plants, but those mentioned here are the most 

noted. The poisonous plants are included in their own chapter, 

and they are not mentioned here. 

398. Coptis brachypetala, 5. et Z., var. major, Miq., 

Jap. Oren, Seriba-oren ; a perennial plant of the order Kanunculaceae 

growing wild in mountains. In spring it shoots forth 

stalks by the sides of the leaves to a height of 3-5 inches, and 

yields small white flowers on divided petioles. When young

109 

leaves flourish, the olJ ones die. The roots are taken and dried 

for a medicine and a yellow dye. They have a very bitter taste. 

399. Coptis occidentalis, Nutt., Jap. Kikuba-oren ; a 

species of the former, with leaves resembling those of Chrysanthemum, 

having the same quality and being used as the former. 

400. Coptis trifolia, Salisb., Jap. Mitsuba-oren ; a 

species of Coptis with ternate leaves of the same as 398. 

quality and use 

401. Coptis brachypetala, S. etZ., Jap. 

Hosoba-oren ; 

a species of Coptis with small fine leaves having the same quality 

and use as 398. 

402. ScMzandra chinensis, Bail!., Jap. Chosen- 

gomiski ; a deciduous climbing shrub of the order Magnoliacese 

brought from Corea about the year 1717. ]n spring it brings 

forth thin petioles bearing flowers in small panicles, and yields 

red fruits, which are dried and used as a medicine. The vine has 

an agreeable odour, 

402. b. ScMzandra nigra, Max., Jap. Matsubusa, 

Ushibtfdo ; a variety of the former growing wild in mountains, 

having the same quality and use. 

403. Kadsura japonica, L., Jap. Binan-kadsura, 

Binan-sr), Sanc-kadsura ; on evergreen climbing plant of the 

order Magnoliacea3, grown wild in mountains and also planted in 

gardens. In summer it shoots forth a thin and short petiole with 

many flowers, and each petiole has many small red berries 

accumulated on a globular stock. The berries are dried for 

medicine. As the vine is rich in a mucilaginous fluid, it is dried 

and used for paper making or hair dressing. 

404. Corydalis ambigua, Cham. Sch/echt., Jap. 

Tsubnte ; a perennial herb of the order Kumariaceae brought from 

China about the year 1720. There are 2 varieties with small and 

targe leaves, and also a variety of Japanese origin. Jn spring it

110 

grows about 5 inches highland it blooms in March and April. 

When the leaves wither in May, the roots form small tubers, 

which arc dried for medicine. 

405. Polygala sibirica, L., Jap. Hime-hagi ; an ever- 

green wild herb of the order Polygalacese. Several stalks, coming 

forth from one root, attain to a height of ^-1 ft. and generally lie 

on the ground. In summer, they bloom purple flowers of papilioshape 

in the leaf-axils. The fruits are flat and round, being about 

\ inch in diameter. The roots are used as a medicine. 

406. Malva pulchelta, Bertm.,3a,p. Fuyu-aoi, Kan-aoi ; 

a biennial herb of the order MalvaceaB, growing wild on the seacoasts 

of many provinces, and also planted in gardens. The stem 

attains to a height of 3-5 fts., and from spring to winter it bears 

flowers in clusters on the axils of leaves. The flowers are about 

\ inch in diameter, and are yellowish white with purple shade. The 

fruits are used as a medicine after drying. The young leaves are 

eaten. One variety with shrivelled edges is called Okanori. 

407. Orixa japonica, 77^.,Jap. Kokusagi ; a deciduous 

wild shrub of the order Eutaceas, growing about 10 fts. high. It 

is a diaecious plant. The leaves are smooth and lustrous, and have 

a strong disagreeable odour. Late in spring, it yields flowers on 

the axils of the leaves. The male flowers form a panicle. The 

female flowers are 4 pataled and yellow coloured, producing small 

fruits. The roots are used as a medicine by drying. 

408. Rhamnus japonica, Max., Jap. Kuro-mume- 

inodoki ; a deciduous wild shrub of the order Kharnnacea3, 

growing 6-7 fts. high. It is provided with thorns. In summer 

it bears greenish yellow flowers on the axils of the leaves. The 

fruits are round and black, serving as a purgative after drying. 

409. Zizyphus VUlgaris, Lam., var. inermis, Bunge., 

Jap. Sanebuto-natsume ; a deciduous tree of the order Khamnacene, 

brought from China about the year 1717, attaining to a 

height of about 10 fts. The branches arc provided with sharp

Ill 

thorns. The shape resembles that of 188. The fruits are round 

and aciduous, and edible when turn red by ripening. The seeds 

arc crushed and their pernels are used for medicine. 

410. Astragalus reflexistipulus, Miq., Jap. Momen- 

tisuru ; a perennial herb of the order Leguminosas growing in 

mountains. The stem lies on the ground in the form of a vine. 

Jn summer yellow or purple flowers are produced in the axils of 

leaves, being succeeded with pods. 

for medicine. 

The roots are dried and used 

411. Trigonella foenum-graecum, ., Jap. Koroha / 

an annual cultivated plant of the order LeguminosaB, brought 

from China about the year 1717. It is sown in spring, growing 

2-3 fts. high. In summer it produces small white papilionaceous 

flowers from the axils of the leaves, being succeeded with thin pods 

of about 3 inches in length. The ripen seeds are used for 

medicine. 

412. Glycyrrhiza echinata, L., Jap. Amakusa ; a 

perennial leguminous herb brought from China about the year 

1717. In spring it sprouts, growing 2-3 fts. high. In late 

summer light puq)le papilionaceous flowers are produced from the 

axils of leaves. When the stems are dead, the roots are dug out 

and dried. The dried roots are yellow and sweet, and are used 

for medicine or for mixing to food. 

413. Euchresta japonica, Bent/t., Jap. Miyama-tobera, 

Isha-daoshi ; an evergreen leguminous climbing shrub growing in 

shady places in mountains ot warm regions. The stem is tender* 

1-2 fts. long, and liable to lie on the ground. In summer white 

|K>pilionoceous flowers are produced in panicles from the axils of 

leaves. The seeds are black when ripen. The roots are dried for 

medicine. 

414. Sophora angustifolia, S. et Z., Jap. 

Knrara ; a 

perennial wild herb of the order Leguminosa3. It produces 

several stems from one root, and grows 3-4 fts. high. Light 

at the head 

yellow popilionuceous flowers arc produced in panicles

112 

of branches, being succeeded with long pods. The roots are 

used for medicine. The juice obtained by boiling the stems and 

leaves is used to destroy insects injurious to vegetables. Fibre is 

taken from the bark of the stems. 

415. Psoralea corylifolia, L., Jap. Oranda-hiyu ; an 

annual leguminous plant brought from China about the year 1717. 

It is sown in spring, and grows 3-4 fts. high. In late summer, 

small balls of light purple flowers are produced on short stalks 

from the axils of leaves. The ripen black seeds are used for 

medicine. 

416. Geum japonicum, Th., Jap. Daikon-so / a 

perennial wild herb of the order Rosacea3, growing 2-3 fts. high. 

In summer it bears 5 petaled deep yellow flowers at the head of 

the stems, being succeeded with prickly balls, which are about 

half inch in diameter and contain much seeds. The roots are 

dried for medicine. The young plants are eaten as a vegetable. 

417. Poterium officinale, L., Jap. Waremoko ; a perennial 

wild herb of the order Rosaceas attaining to a height of 3-4 

fts. In autumn, it bears groups of small purplish 

red flowers at 

the top of the young branches. The reare other varieties, which 

flowers are pink, crimson or white. The roots of the common 

variety are used as medicine by drying. 

418. Bupleurum falcatum, L., Jap. Katnakura-saiko ; 

a perennial wild herb of the order IJrnbellifera3, growing 2-3 fts. 

high. In autumn it bears small yellowish flowers in clusters at 

the head of the branches from the axils[ of leaves. The roots are 

gathered in winter and used as medicine. 

419. Foeniculum vulgare, Gcertn. , Jap. Kureno-o-mo, 

Uikyo ; a biennial herb of the order Umbelliferas cultivated in 

fields. In summer the stem attains to a height of 6-7 fts, dividing 

into many branches, which bring forth small yellowish flowers in 

clusters at the head. When the seeds ripen the plants die. The

113 

seeds have a strong agreeable odour, and they are used as a 

medicine. An oil is also extracted from them. 

420. Anethum graveolens, L., Jap. Inondo, Hime- 

uikyQ ; a biennial plant of the order Umbelliferae, resembling the 

former in shape, but smaller, being about 2 fts. high. Its odour 

is not so strong, but it has almost the same use as the former. 

421. Selinum japonicum, Miq., Jap. Hamaseri, Hama- 

ninjin ; a biennial herb of the order Umbellifera^, growing wild 

in the sandy places of sea coasts, attaining to a height of 5-6 

inches. In autumn small white flowers come forth in clusters. 

After the seeds are ripen, the plants die. The seeds are collected 

and used as a medicine. 

422. Ligusticum acutilobum, S. et Z., Jap. 

] 'awazeri ; a perennial herb of the order Umbelliferae, growing 

wild in mountainous regions, and also being cultivated in gardens. 

Tn summer it attains to a height of 2-3 fts., and brings forth small 

white flowers in clusters at the head of the branches. The roots 

arc collected and used as a medicine. 

423. Silar divaricatum, Benth. et Hook^ Jap. Fude- 

bofu, ; a triennial herb of the order Umbelliferas brought from 

China in the year 1717, attaining to a height of 2-3 fts. In 

summer it bears small white flowers in clusters at the head of the 

fctem. After the seeds are ripen, the roots die. The roots are 

collected in the autumn of the second year and dried for 

medicine. 

424. Archangelica gmelini, DC., Shishi-udo; a 

biennial wild herb of the order Umbellifera?. The stems and 

laves are covered with coarse hair. In summer the stem 

grows to a height of 6-7 fts., and in autumn it brings forth small 

white flowers in clusters. After the seeds are ripen, the roots die. 

The roots are taken in winter and dried for medicine. 

425. Angelica anomala, Pall., Jap. Yoroi-gusa ; a 

triennial herb of the order Umbellifera* cultivated in gardens.

114 

The Chinese kind was introduced to this country in the year 1 717. 

The stem attains to a height of 7-8 fts. In summer it bears small 

white flowers in an umbel at the top of the stem, and after the 

seeds are ripen the plant dies. The Koots are collected in winter 

and dried for medicine. 

426. Angelica decursiva, Miq., Jap. Nodake, Mansairaku 

; a triennial wild herb of the order Umbelliferse, growing 

7-8 fts. high. In autumn it bears small dark purple or white 

flowers in an umbel. The roots are collected and used for medi- 

cine by drying. 

427. Coriandrum sativum, L., Jap. Koyendoro ; a 

biennial herb of the order Umbelliferse, introduced from a foreign 

country. It is sown in autumn, and grows to a height of 1-2 fts. 

in the following year. In late summer it bears small flowers in 

an umbel, and yields fragrant seeds to be used as medicine. The 

leaves and stems have a slight disagreeable odour. The large foot 

leaves are eaten as a vegetable. 

428. Conioselinum univittatum, .Turcz., Jap. Sen- 

kio > Omuna-kadsura ; a biennial herb of the order Umbellifene 

growing wild and also cultivated in gardens. 

a height of 1-2 fts., and in autumn the} 7 

yellowish white flowers at the top. 

odour and are used as medicine. 

The stems attain to 

bring forth small 

The roots h.ive strong fragrant 

429. Angelica ?, Jap. Udo-nwdoki ; a biennial wild herb 

of the order Umbelliferse. Resembling 424 in shape, the under 

side of the leaves is nearly white, the stems and leaves have no 

hair, arid the stems are purple. In summer the stems grow to a 

height 

of 34 fts. and bear small white flowers. The roots are 

haraested for medicine. 

430. Panax repens, Maxim., Jap. Tochiba-ninjin ; a 

perennial herb of the order Araliaccae growing wild in shady 

places of mountains. After 3 pears the stems grow to a height of 

about 2 fts., being divided into 3 branches with 5 cleft leaves, and

115 

bearing small 5 petaled white flowers in cluster at the top of the 

brunches. In autumn small fruits are ripen and beautifully red. 

The roots have knots, though there are straight roots. The roots 

art; dried for medicine. 

431. Panax ginseng, C. A. Mey., Jap. Ninjin, Kano- 

nige-kusa ; a perennial herb of the order Araliaceae introduced 

and cultivated. In third year after sowing, the stems grow about 

2 fts. high, and bear flowers and seeds. It resembles the preceding 

in shape, and the main roots are large. The roots are steamed 

and dried for medicine, and much exposted to China. 

432. Cormis officinalis, S. et Z., Jap. Sanshuyu ; a 

deciduous tree of the order Cornacea?, growing 

about 10 fts. in 

fields. It bears small fine yellow flowers in cluster before sprouting 

in spring. In autumn the oblong red aciduous fruits are 

collected and dried for medicine. 

433. Sambucus racemosa, L. , Jap. Niwatoko, Kitad.su ; 

a deciduous shrub of the order Caprifoliaceas growing wild or 

planted in gardens, attaining to a height of 10 fts. Late in spring 

small round red 

it bears small white flowers in an umbel, forming 

r yellow fruits. The stems and flowers are dried for medicine. A 

good edible fungus called Kikurage grows on the rotten stem. 

434. Lonicera COnfusa, Dl.. Jap. Suikadsura ; a 

. 

deciduous wild climber of the order CaprifoliaceaB. In the 

beginning of summer it produces puqilish white fragrant flowers 

on the axils of leaves. The flowers gradually turn yellow as they 

become old, and they are dried for medicine. It produces black 

round fruits. The vines and leaves are dried and used instead 

of tea. 

435. Uncaria rhychophylla, Miq. t Jap. Kagikatsura ; 

;m evergreen climbing plant of the order Rubiaceae, growing wild 

in warm regions. Late in autumn it bears small light brown 

flowers in the form of a ball about an inch large. The leaves grow 

opposite, and a hooked spine grows in the root of each leaf. The 

spines are used for medicine.

116 

436. Valeriana officinalis, Z., Jap. Kanoko-so t Haru- 

ominayeshi ; a perennial herb of the order Valerianacese growing 

wild in mountains. In spring its stem grows to a height of \\ fts., 

flowers in an umbel. The roots are dried and 

bearing small pink 

used as medicine. Their smell is too strong. 

437. Inula japonica, T/i., Jap. Oguruma; a perennial 

wild herb of the order Composite, growing to a height of 2-3 fts. 

The divided branches bear yellow single petaled flowers, which are 

used for medicine by drying. There are also those with double 

or tubular flowers, being planted in gardens for their beauty. 

438. Artemisia capillaris, 77/., Jap. Kawara-yomugi ; 

a perennial herb of the order Compositae, growing wild in sandy 

places near rivers. The leaves are soft, slender 'and beautiful. In 

summer, its stem attains to a height of 2-3 fts. The branches 

bear many fine flowers which are stronger than Yomogi (68) in 

flavour. The seeds are used for medicine. 

439. Atractylis lyrata, S. et Z., Jap. Okera ; a per- 

ennial herb of the order Compositae, growing wild, and also 

planted in fields. The stem attains to a height of 2-3 fts. In 

autumn it bears white flowers in the form of a ball. A variety 

called Biyaku-jutsu have long and narrow leaves and purple 

flowers. The roots of the 2 varieties are large and have many 

rootlets. They are dried and used for medicine. 

440. Rehmannia lutea, Max., Jap. Sao-hime ; a 

perennial herb of the order Cyrtandraceax In spring it grows to 

a height of 7-8 inches. Tn early summer it bears yellowish white 

flowers shaded with purple on the divided branches at the top of 

the stems. Before the fruits ripen the stems die. The roots are 

used for medicine by drying directly or after steaming. 

441. Ophelia diluta, Ledeb., Jap. Senburi ; an annual 

wild herb of the order Gentianacea3, growing about 1 ft. high. In 

autumn several flowers appear at the top of the stems. The flowers 

r ae5 petaled and pale red shaded with purple, 

There is a variety

117 

with large leaves, which is pictured. The stems and leaves are 

dried and used for medicine. 

442. Endotropis caudata, Miq., Jap. Ikema; a perennial 

climber growing in mountains. In spring the vines are produced? 

bearing small white flowers which are succeeded with capsules. In 

autumn the capsules split out white fibre. The tubular roots are 

collected and dried for medicine. 

443. Scrophularia oldhami, Oliv., Jap. Goma-kusa ; 

a perennial wild herb of the order Scrophulariaceae. In summer 

the stems grow 1-5 fts. high, and produces light yellow flowers in 

The large roots are used for medicine. 

a small panicle. 

444. Nepeta japonica, Max., Jap. Keigai ; an annual 

herb of the order Labiateae. It is sown in spring, growing about 

2 fts. high in summer. Reddish white small flowers are produced 

in a panicle at the top of the stem. When the seeds ripen the 

plant dies. The seeds are fragrant and used for medicine. 

445. Scutellaria machrantha, Fisch., Jap. Kogane- 

yanagi, Kogane-bana ; a perennial herb of the order Labiateae. 

In summer the stem grows about 2 fts. high, and bears white or 

purple flowers in panicles. The large deep yellow roots are dried 

for medicine. 

446. Mentha arvensis, L., var. vulgaris, Benth., Jap. 

Hakka, Mekusa ; a perennial herb of the order Labiates mostly 

cultivated. It sprouts in spring, and grows about 1 ft. high in 

summer, opening small purple 

labiate flowers. The stems and 

leaves are dried and used for medicine or for taking the oil, which 

is very fragrant and refreshing. 

447. Vitex trifolia, L., var. unifoliolata, Schaver., Jap. ^ 

Ilamagr), Hamashikimi ; a deciduous shrub of the order 

Verbenaceae, growing on sea-coasts 3-4 fts. high. The branches 

creep over the ground 

like vines. In summer it bears dark 

purple labiate flowers disposed in panicles at the top of the stem. 

The small round fragrant seeds are dried and used for medicine.

i 

118 

448. PlantagO asiatica, L., Jap. Obako ; a perennial 

herb of the order Plantaginaceae, growing wild everywhere. It 

shoots forth flower stalks of several inches in length from the 

centre of the leaves. The seeds are dried and used for medicine. 

The young leaves are eaten as a vegetable. 

449. Celosia argentea, Z., Jap. No-geitQ, Fude-keito ; 

an annual herb of the order Amarantacesa, growing wild and also 

planted in gardens. It attains to a height of 1-2 fts. The flowers 

are light red and have the form of a Japanese pen. The seeds 

are used for medicine. 

450. Achyranthes bidentata, Bl., var. japonica, Miq. % 

Jap. Inokodsuchi ; a perennial herb of the order Amaranthacese , 

growing wild everywhere, attaining to a height of 2 fts. with square 

stems. In summer it bears flowers in panicles, and forms small 

thorny seeds which easily 

for medicine by drying. 

attach to clothes. The roots are used 

451. Polygonum aviculare, ., Jap. Niwa-yanagi; an 

annual wild herb of the order Potygonacese. In spring its stem 

attains to a height of 10 fts., and in summer it bears small flowers. 

Its stems and leaves are used for medicine. 

452. Polygonum multiflorum, .77*., Jap. Tsurudokudami 

; a perennial wild climbing plant of the order Polygonacea3. 

In autumn it bears small white flowers in panicles. The 

roots consist of many large tubers, and are used for medicine 

by drying. 

453. Rheum undulatum, L., Rhubarb, Jap. Ohoski ,- 

a perennial herb of the order Polygonacea^. It sprouts in spring, 

and in summer the stem grows to a height of 3-6 fts., bearing 

flowers. Its roots are dried for medicine, and its petioles are used 

as a vegetable. 

454. Cinnamomum loureirii, Nees., Jap. Nikkei ; an 

evergreen tree of the order LauracesB, growing 20-30 fts. high 

hi summer it bears small yellowish green flowers. The bark of

119 

the branches and roots are dried and used for medicine, being 

aromatic and refreshing. 

455. Daphnidium strychnifolium, S. et Z., Jap. 

Uyaku ; an evergreen shrub of the order Lauraeeas, growing 4-9 

fts. high in the form of a bush. It bears yellowish green flowers 

in bunches in the axils of leaves, and produces small red berries. 

The tubular roots are dried and used for medicine. 

456. Asarum sieboldi, Miq., Jap. Hiki-no-hitai-gitsa ; 

a perennial herb of the order A ristolochiacetn, growing wild in 

shady places in mountains. In spring it sprouts 

and bears a dark 

purple flower of \ inch in size near" the ground. The rootlets are 


456. b. Asarum variegatum, Al. t Jap. Kan-aoi / a 

species of the former growing wild in shady places in mountains 

The leaves are round and pointed at the top*;, and concave near 

the petioles resembling a horse hoof. The leaves are long or 

round, and differ also in size. The rootlets are used instead of 

the former, but they are inferior, being acrid and bad smelled. 

457. AristolocMa ksempferi, Willd., Jap. Uma-no- 

herb of the order 

siidsu, Ohaguro-bana ; a perennial climbing 

Ai istolochiacea3 growing wild. In summer it shoots forth long 

stalks at the axils of the leaves, and yields tubular flowers on 

small balls. The flowers open at the tip, and form purplish green 

petals. The roots are dried and used for medicine. There are 

other varieties with large or narrow leaves and with white flowers. 

458. Houttuynia cordata, 77/., Jap. Doku-dami, /oyaku 

; a perennial herb of the order Saururacea3, growing wild 

and attaining to a height of 7-8 fts. It gives a disagreeable odour 

when touched. In summer it bears 4 petaled white flowers of 

different sizes. The roots are dried and used for medicine. 

459. Dioscorea sativa, L., var. rotundis, Fr. et Sav., 

Jap. Tokoro ; a perennial wild climbing herb of the order Diosco- 

reacese. It resembles very much D. japonica (111) in form, though

120 

its vine turns left. The fibrous roots are used for medicine by 

drying. 

The tubers are eaten steamed, and are also used to make 

starch. Another kind with lobed leaves is bitter and can not 

be eaten. 

460. Heterosmilax japonica, Kuuth.,3wp. Sankirai / 

an evergreen climbing herb of the order Smilacese. It is a diae- 

cious plant. In spring it shoots forth vines, with hooked tendrils 

under each leaf and with about 10 purplish green flowers on the 

axils of leaves, being succeeded with small round black fruits. 

The tubular roots are used for medicine when dried. There are 

several varieties with narrow or round leaves. 

461. Stemone japonica, Miq. t Jap. Hodotsura; a peren- 

nial herb of the order Koxburghiaceae. There are two kinds, 

standing and climbing. The variety here mentioned is the climb- 

ing one. In summer it yields one or two flowers in the centre of 

the leaves. Many oblong small tubers attached to the roots are 


462. Gastrodia elata, BL> Jap. Nusubito-no-ashi, Kami- 

jio-yagara ; a parasite of the order Orehidaceae growing wild in 

mountains. In early summer it shoots forth a straight yellowish 

red stem to a height of 4-5 fts., bearing flowers in panicles at the 

head. In autumn the stems and roots die. The tubers growing 

laterally to a length of 

are used for medicine. 

about 10 inches with a diameter of an inch 

463. Curcuma longa, L., Jap. Kyo-o, Haru-ukon ; a 

perennial herb of the order Zingiberacea3. It resembles Ukon 

(379), with white hair under the leaves. Late in spring, it shoots 

forth stalks to a height of 68 inches, bearing 2 yellow flowers. 

The tuberous roots are dried and used for medicine. They have 

the smell of ginger, and are yellow. 

464. Amomum, Jap. Gajutsu, Usuguro ; a perennial 

herb of the order Zingiberaceu). It resembles the preceding in 

shape, with dark purple variegation in the centre of the leaves.

121 

In summer it bears red flowers. The dark green tubers are dried 

and used for medicine. 

465. Alpinia japonica, Mi

122 

near sea-shores. In summer it bears flowers at the head of the 

stalk, which grows to a height of about 1 ft. In winter its small 

tuberous roots are collected, dired, and used for medirine. 

471. ScirpUS maritimUS, L., Jap. Mikuri ; a perennial 

aquatic grass of the order Cyperaceas resembling the preceding in 

of 4-5 fts. Its tuberous roots covered 

form, growing to a height 

with black hair are dried and used for medicine. 

472. Pachyma COCOS, Smi., Jap. Matsuhodo ; a parasitic 

fungus growing on pine-roots under ground, forming a tuber about 

the size of a baby's head. The outer skin is black and wrinkled, 

but the interior is white or light pink. 

473. Boletus laricus, Linn., Jap. Eburiko ; a parasitic 

in the 

fungus growing on the old stems of Larix leptolepis 

mountains of northern provinces. It forms a white brittle tuber of 

6-7 inches, being used for medicine. 

474. Jap. Meshimakobu ; a parasitic fungus growing on 

the old stems of mulberry trees found in the island of MesJiiuia, 

one of 5 Islands in Hizen. Its outside is brown, 

is yellow. 

It is used for medicine. 

while the inside 

475. Lycoperdon boViste, L. t Jap. Hokoritake, Chido- 

me, Mimitsubushi ; a terrestial fungus growing in shady places in 

mountains in autumn. It is a small ball about the size of a man's 

head, being 

dark brown and cotton-like. When touched there 

arises from it smoke-like powder, which is used to stop bleeding. 

476. Jap. Hagi-hodo ; a fungi growing under ground, 

especially found in the province Tanba. It resembles 472 in shape, 

but its tuber is smaller. The outer-skin is black or red, and the 

inner grayish white. It is dried and used for medicine. 

477. Digenea WUlfeni, A^., Jap. Makuri ; an alga 

growing on rocks in the sea of southern provinces. It is slender

123 

and divided into branches which are about J ft. high. It is green 

and rough, and it is used for medicine by drying. 

CHAPTER XX. POISONOUS PLANTS. 

This Chapter includes the plants which are poisonous, though 

s< >me are used for medicine. As they are poisonous, care must be 

taken of those which are growing wild. 

478. Clematis paniculata, 77/., Jap. Senninso, PTako- 

bore, Takatade ; a perennial climbing herb of the order Ranun- 

culaceae growing wild. In autumn it bears 4 petaled white 

flowers, being succeeded with fruits of hairy balls. The leaves 

and stems contain a poisonous ingredient. When chewed, it hurts 

teeth, whence the name of Hakobore (teeth-breaker). It also 

blisters the skin when touched. 

479. Ranunculus acris, L., Jap. Kinpoge ; a perennial 

herb of the order Ranunculaceae growing wild. In spring the 

stem grows to a height of 12 fts. , with 5 petaled yellow or white 

flowers, which are sometimes doubled. It contains a narcotic 

ingredient. 

480. Ranunculus sceleratus, Z., Jap. Tagarashi, 

Tatarabi ; a biennial aquatic herb of the order Ranunculaceae 

In spring the stem grows to a height of 1-2 fts., with very lustrous 

K-aves and 5 petaled small yellow flowers. It has the same form 

and quality as the preceding. 

48 L Ranunculus ternatus, Th., Jap. Kitsune-no- 

botan a biennial herb of the order Ranunculacese growing wild 

in moist ground. The leaves are parted and covered with hair. 

The stem attains to a height of about 1 fts. and bears small 

yellowish flowers. It has the same quality 

preceding. 

and form as the 

482. Aconitum chinense, 5. et Z., Jap. Kabuto-giku, 

Torikabuto ; a perennial herb of the order Knnun-

124 

culacese planted in gardens for its flowers, the tuberous roots being 

used for medicine. In spring it grows to a height of about 2 fts. 

In autumn it blooms many blue purple or white helmet-shaped 

flowers. 

483. Aconitum fischeri, Reichenb., Jap. Yama-tori- 

kabuto ; a species of the preceding growing wild in mountains. 

In form it is much alike, growing to a height of 3-4 fts. The 

colour of the flowers is deep purple or blue. It has also the same 

quality as the former. 

484. Aconitum uncinatum, L., var. japonicum, 

Jap. Hanadsuru, Hana-kadsura ; a species of the preceding wtth 

creeping sterns. 

484. b. Illicium religiosum, 5. etZ., Jap. Shikimi, 

Hanashiba ; an evergreen tree of the order Magnoliacese growing 

wild in mountains of warm regions. .It attains to a height of 

about 10 fts. In late spring it bears yellowish polypetalous flowers 

on the axils of the leaves and at the top of the young branches. 

The fruits ripen in autumn and produce seeds which contain a 

deadly poison. As the fruits have an aromatic flavour, they are 

exported to China and used instead of Illicium anisatum. The. 

leaves have also a fragrant odour, and are used to odorn the vases 

offered to Buddha. An incense is prepared from the dried leaves 

by reducing to powder. 

485. Macleya COrdata, R. Br., Jap. Champa-giku, 

Takeni-gusa ; a perennial herb of the order Papaveraceas growingwild 

5-6 fts. high. In autumn it bears small white flowers on 

the branches divided at the top of the stem,, being succeeded with 

small pods. The leaves and stems contain a yellow juice. Bamboo 

becomes soft when boiled with this plant. The decoction of the 

stems and leaves is used to destroy injurious insects. 

486. Chelidonium majus, L., Jap. Kusa-no-u ; a 

biennial herbaceous plant of the order Papaveraccae growing wild 

everywhere. In spring it grows to a height of about 1 ft., bearing

125 

4 petaled yellow flowers, which are succeeded with pods. This 

plant contains a yetlow juice. 

487. Coriaria japonica, A. Gr., Jap, Doku-utsugi ; a 

deciduous shrub of the order Coriariacese growing wild in bushes 

and on river banks. Tt is a dia3cious or monaecious plant. It 

blooms in panicles, and the female flowers are succeeded with 

round red fruits, which are very pretty, but poisonous. 

488. Rhus toxicodendron, Z., Jap. Tsnta-nrushi ; a 

deciduous climber of the order Anacardiaceae growing wild in 

forests and climbing on other trees. The leaves are ternate, and 

the flowers and fruits resemble those of E. vernicifera. The stem 

is used for dying. 

489. Desmodium laburnifolium, DC., Jap. Uji 

koroshi, Miso-iiaoshi, Miso-kusa ; a deciduous shrub of the order 

i^guminosaB growing wild in warm provinces. Tt attains to a 

height of about 1 ft., but it Is mostly herbaceous. In summer it 

shoots forth a panicle, and yields yellowish white papilionaceos 

flowers, being succeeded with long pods covered with hair. The 

leaves are used to kill the worms produced in miso (a kind of 

sauce). 

490. Cicuta Virosa, ., Jap. Doku-jeri. 0-jeri; 

a trien- 

nial herb of the order Umbelliferaa growing wild in ponds and 

marshes. Jt resembles Seri (58) in form, but larger and poisonous. 

Early in spring, its stem is used as a pot-plant, being called C/tontechiku. 

The dried petioles are used for fastening as cord. 

491. Andromeda japonica, Th. t Jap. Asebo, Asebi, 

A \scini ; an evergreen shrub of the order Ericaceae, growing in 

mountains often 10 fts. high. Early in spring it produces bunches 

of campanula te small white drooping flowers. It is used as an 

ornamentel pot-plant. The leaves contain a violent poison, aud 

the decoction is used to destroy injurious insects. 

492. Buddleya curviflora, Lindt., Jap. Fuji-utsugi ; a 

deciduous shrub of the order Loganiaceae growing wild in moun-

126 

tains or on river banks, attaining to a height of 3-4 fts. The 

young branches are four sided and provided with alae. In summer 

it produces purplish pink flowers in panicles. The branches and 

leaves are used to intoxicate fishes for catching. 

493. Datula alba, Nees. y Jap. Chosen- as agao an annual 

solanaceous plant brought from Corea about the year 1744. It is 

sown in spring, and grows to a height of 3-4 fts. In autumn it 

bears white funnel formed flowers, with round seeds enclosed in a 

prickly capsule. 

The seeds, flowers, and leaves are poisonous. 

494. Solanum nigrum, ., Jap. Inu-hMsuki, Kuro- 

hodsuki, Nasubi-sennari ; an annual herb of the order Solanaceae 

growing wild everywhere. In summer it grows to a height of 

2-3 fts., and bears 5 parted white flowers in clusters, being suc- 

ceeded with round black fruits. 

495. Capsicum anomalum, Fir. et Sav., Jap. Hadaka- 

hodsuki, Tachi-hiyodori, Yama-Jiodsuki ; an annual or sometimes 

biennial herbaceous plant of the order Solanaceae growing wild in 

woods and bushes. It attains to a height of 20-30 fts., and resembles 

the preceding. The ripe berries are of a pretty pink colour. 

496. Scopelia japonica, Max., Jap. Hashiridokoro ; a 

perennial herb of the order Solanacese growing wild in valleys. 

Early in spring, the young plant shoots dark purple leaves 

which turn green afterwards. It grows to a height of about 1^ fts., 

producing purple campanulate flowers in the axils of leaves, and 

then green round pea-sized berries. 

497. Solanum lyratum, 7/5., Jap. Hiyodori-jvgo, Horos/ii; 

a perennial wild climber of the order Solanaceae. In summer 

it shoots forth peduncles from the axils of leaves, bearing small 

white flowers, which are succeeded with .small red round berries. 

498. Solanum Dulcamara, L., var. ovatum. DunaL, 

Jap. Maruba-no-JiiyodoriJQgo, Maruba-no-Jioroshi ; a close ally 

of the preceding. Its stem grows as a vine, but the plant is 

smaller. The flowers are light purple, and the berries red.

127 

499. Phytolacca acinosa, Roxb., var. esculenta, Max., 

Jap. Yamagobv ; a j)erennial herb of the order Phytolaccact-iu 

growing wild, but also cultivated for its edible leaves. The stern 

attains to a height of 3-4 fts. In summer it produces panicles 

with small white flowers, which are succeeded with red berries. 

500. Clerodendron squamatum, Bahl., Jap. Hi-giri, 

Td-giri ; a deciduous shrub of the order Verbenaceae growing in 

warm regions, attaining to a height of 3-4 fts. From summer to 

autumn, it bears 5 petaled 

red flowers in bunches The flowers 

stretch out long stamens, and their calyx are also bright red. It 

is planted in gardens for ornamental purposes. 

501. Daphne kiusiana, Miq., Jap. Kosko-no-ki / an 

t-vrgreen shrub of the order Thymeleaceae growing in shady 

places in mountains. Its shape resembles the Daphne odora (394), 

and it attains to a height of 3-4 fts. Early in spring it yields 

small yellowish white tubular flowers in clusters at the end of 

braches, being succeeded with oblong red berries. As the berries 

have the taste of pepper, the name Kosho-no-ki (pepper tree) is 

derived. 

502 Daphne pseudo-mezercum, A. Gray, Jap. Oni- 

sJiibari^Natsii-bQdsH, Sakura-kozo ; a deciduous shrub of the order 

Thymeleaceae growing wild in bushes and on sea-coasts, attaining 

to a height of 34 fts. In spring it produces yellowish green 

flowers, and then red berries. The leaves fall in summer. The 

bast is strong, arid used for manufacturing paper. A variety 

grown in the province of Ec/iigo has large leaves and yellow 

fragrant flowers. 

502. b. Daphne genkwa, 5. et Z., Jap. Fuji-modoki, 

CAojt-safatra, Satsiuna-fuji 

; a deciduous shrub of the order 

Thymeleacea), growing 3-4 fts. high. In spring it produces small 

] >ur pie tubular flowers in clusters before sprouting. It is planted 

in gardens on account of its pretty flow* rs. 

503. Euphorbia lathyris, ., Jap. 

Horutosv ; a bien-

128 

nial herbaceous plant of the order Euphorbiacese brought by Por- 

tuguise about the year 1533. It attains to a height 


In summer it bears flowers, which are succeeded with fruits about 

the size of a finger head. 

504. Euphorbia lasiocaula, Boiss., Jap. TakatMai ; a 

wild in moun- 

perennial herb of the order Euphorbiaceas growing 

tainous regions. It resembles the preceding in shape. 

505. Euphorbia sieboldiana, Morr., Jap. Natsu-ivdai; 

this resembles very much the preceding in shape, with shorter 

sterns and broader leaves. 

506. Euphorbia helioscopia, L., Jap. Tvdai-kusa ; a 

small variety of the preceding, with short and creeping stems. 

\ 507. Euphorbia palustris, L., Jap. No-urushi ; it 

resembles E. lasiocaula (504), growing in the form of a bush in 

watery places. 

508. Croomia japonica, Miq., Jap. Nabe-wari, Kawa- 

nasubi ; a perennial herb of the order Smilacese growing in shady 

places of mountains. The stern attains to a height 

of about 1 ft. 

Early in summer it shoots forth slender branched peduncles in the 

axils of leaves, bearing 4 petaled yellowish green flowers. The 

stem and leaves irritate the tongue. 

509. Nerine japonica, Miq., Jap. Higan-bana, Shita- 

mqgari, Manju-shake ; a bulbous plant of the order Amaryllideaj 

growing wild everywhere. In winter its leaves come forth and 

die in summer. In autumn the peduncles grow to a height of 

about 1 ft., and bear several flowers in clusters at the top. They 

are 6 petaled and of a deep red colour, having long stamen. 

Vulgar people eat the bulbs by drying and steaming. An inferior 

starch is obtained from them. The leaves and flowers of this and 

the next plant are produced at different times. 

Lycoris sanguinea, Maxim. 

510. , Jap. 

Kitsunc-no-kamison ; 

a species resembling the preceding, growing wild in shady places.

129 

The leaves are light green, and grow straight upward not crowded 

in one place. The flowers are orange red, and the roots have the 

same form and quality as the preceding. There is also a variety 

with white flowers. 

511. Veratrum album, L., var. grandiflora, Jap. 

BaikcisQ, Hai-no-doku ; a perennial herb of the order Meran- 

thficeae growing wild in moist places in mountains. The stalk is 

3-4 fts. high, and its branches bear 6 petaled yellowish white 

flowers. Male and female flowers are separated on different plants, 

but sometimes complete flowers are found. The roots are 

poisonous, and are used to destroy flies and other injurious insects. 

512. Veratrum stamineum, Max., Jap. Kobaikei, 

Shishi-no-habaki ; a species of the preceding of a smaller size. 

Its quality and use are the same, but its flowers do not have green 

veins as the preceding. 

513. Veratrum nigrum, L.\ Jap. Skuro-so, Nikko-rau; 

a close ally of 511 with narrower leaves. The flowers are dark 

purple, and have a disagreeable odour. The roots and young 

sprouts are covered with something like chamaerops fibres, whence 

the name S/uiro-so (chamaerops herb). A small sized species is 

called Ao-yagi-sQ. which is the same in quality and use. 

514. Alisma plantago, L., Jap. Saji-omodaka ; a perennial 

herb of the order PlantagineaB growing wild in swampy 

places. In summer its stem grows to a height of 2-3 fts. and 

small white 

is divided into several branches, bearing 3 petaled 

flowers. The tuberous roots are dried and used as 

purple-shaded 

medicine, but the stems and leaves are poisonous. There is another 

species with narrow leaves called Hera-omodaka. 

515. Arisaema prsecox, Deverise., Jap. Yuki-mochi-so ; 

a bulbous herb of the order Aroideas growing wild in mountains. 

The leaves are ternate, and the stem attains to a height of about 

\\ fts. It bears spathaceous flowers with snow white pistils. 

516. Arisaema thunbergii, Blume., Jap. Maidsuru- 

Is

130 

tennanstti ; a bulbous plant of the order Aroideae growing wild 

in shady places in mountains. The leaves are parted into 4 on 

the petiole. It grows to a height of about 1 ft., and bears flowers 

in spathes. The head of the pistils is small and pointed. 

517. Arissoma serratum, 77/., Jap. Hebi-no-daihachi, 

Mamushi-gusa ; it resembles the preceding in quality. The leaves 

are broad and serrated. The stem is covered with a purplish 

brown variegation like the colour of a snake, whence the name 

is derived. 

518. Arissema ringens, Schott., Jap, Musashi-abumi ; 

this resembles Arisaema praecox (515). The flowers have the 

form of a stirrup, whence the name. 

519. Pinellia tuberifera, Ten., Jap. Karasu-bishaku, 

Hesobe ; a bulbous plant of the order Aroideae growing abun- 

dantly in fields. It is a small weed, but is injurious to other 

cultivated plants. The stem grows a height of 7-8 inches, 

bearing small long dark purple spathaceous 

flowers. The roots 

are used as medicine when dried. There is a kind, with the stem 

about 1 ft. high, and larger leaves, flowers, and roots, called 

Oba-hange. 

520. ArisSDma japoniCUm, fil., Jap. Tcnnamho, Yabu- 

konniyaku ; a bulbous plant of the order Aroidea3 growing wild 

in shady places, being the most common of this family. It 

resembles A. serratum (517) in shape, but the leaves have several 

divisions. The stems and leaves are quite green, but the spathe 

is stripped with purple and provided with a oblong finger-sized 

pistil, being followed with small round berries. The roots are 

dried and used for medicine, and also to destroy injurious insects. 

521. Arissema thunbergii, Blume., var. fofiolis 

angustioribus, Jap. Urashima-so ; it resembles A. thunbergii 

(516), but the tips of the pistils are slender drooping in the form 

of a fishing line. The roots are tuberous. 

522. Jap. Tengu-no-karakasa ; a terrestial fungus growing

131 

under trees in autumn. It grows to a height of about 6 inches. 

The size of the pilius is about 5 inches in diameter. The stem is 

provided with something like the guard on the hilt of a sword. 

This and the following fungi are all poisonous. 

523. Jap. Tojm-take ; a terrestial fungus growing in forests 

in autumn or summer. It attains to a height of 4-5 inches. Its 

thallus is about 5 inches in diameter, and yellow in colour. The 

gills are pink. 

524. Jap. Ochiba-take ; a terrestial fungus appearing in 

fallen leaves under woods in late autumn. 

525. Jap. Moyegi-take ; a terrestial fungus appearing in 

moist shady places under woods late in autumn. The shape and 

colour resemble very much those of Hatsu-dake (143), but with 

quite 

a different nature. 

526. Jap. Usu-take ; a terrestial fungus growing in shady 

places under woods late in autumn. The middle part of the 

thallus is concaved like a mortar, whence the Japanese name is 

derived. Both the thallus and stype are white. 

527- Jap. Haikoroshi-take ; a terrestial fungus growing in 

shady places under woods in late autumn. When it comes up at 

first it is like an egg, but bursts afterwards. It has a height of 

about 4 inches, and is white and gummy. 

528. Jap. KoinusQ-take ; a terrestial fungus growing in 

shady places under woods from autumn to winter. Its thallus 

forms a thin lining like a net over the top. Its surface is covered 

with yellow dust and has a disagreeable odour as a rotten animal. 

529. .lap. flaitori-take ; a terrestial fungus growing in 

shady places in late autumn. It resembles Shimeji-take (142) in 

shape. The thallus is greenish white. It is used to poison flies 

by mixing it into boiled rice. 

530. Jap. Tengu-take ; a terrestial fungus growing in moist

132 

shady places in the beginning of winter. It resembles very much 

Shimeji (142) in shape and colour, but about twice in height. 

531. Jap. Hotaru-take ', Tsukiyo-take ; a terrestial fungus 

produced under grasses in plains. 

It resembles Shimeji (142) in 

shape. In night this fungus gives a phosphoric light, whence the 

Japanese name is derived. 

quality and name. 

There are several sorts with the same 

532. Jap. Momiji-take, Warat- take ; a parasitic fungus 

growing on maple trees, resembling Matsu-take (mush-room) in 

shape. If a man eats this fungus, he will be poisoned and wil 

laugh, whence the name is derived. 

CHAPTER XXI. TIMBER TREES AND BAMBOOS. 

This Chapter contains timbers and bamboos, the stems of 

which are used for various purposes, as the buildings of palaces, 

houses, bridges, ships, railways, telegraplis.etc. Though they are 

different in qualities, as hard or soft, and flexible or brittle, yet all 

of them have their respective uses. They 

are also used as fuel. 

533. Magnolia hypoleuea, S. et Z., Jap. Ho-no-ki; a 

deciduous -tree of the order Magnoliacea? growing wild in 

mountains, attaining to a height of 40-50 fts. After the leaves 

shoot forth, it opens pale yellow flowers, which odour is too 

strong. The fruits are oval-shaped, and expose many red berries. 

The wood is yellowish or greenish, and is very fine in structure, 

being suitable to make tailor's tables, stamp-blocks, and many 

other things. The charcoal prepared from this wood is much 

prized by lacquer- makers and gold-smiths for polishing. 

534. Cercidiphyllum japonicum, S. et Z., Jap. 

Katsura ; a deciduous tree of the order Magnoliacead growing in 

mountains 40-50 fts. high. The two sexes of flowers grow 

separately on different plants. In spring, it produces pink

133 

flowers, before it sprouts, and in autumn it produces small pods. 

The wood is brown and fine grained, and is used for making 

chess-boards, tables, boxes, Japanese wood-shoes, and many other 

articles. 

535. JEsculus turbinata, Blume., Jap. Tochi-no-ki; a 

deciduous tree of the order SapindaceaB growing in mountains 

40-50 fts. high. In early summer, it produces white pink-shaded 

flowers in panicles on the branches. In late autumn, its round 

fruits ripen and expose nuts about 1 inch in size. The nuts are 

dried and eaten. The wood is pale yellow, and resembles the 

preceding two in use. It is manufactured by turners for making 

trays, plates, bowls, etc. The old wood is variegated and very 

pretty. 

535. b. Acer pictum, Th., Jap. Itaya-momiji, Tokiwa- 

kayede ; a deciduous tree of the order Aceracea}, growing principally 

in northern countries. Its stem attains to a height of 40-50 fts. 

The wood is light brown and fine grained. As the grains of the 

old wood are very beautiful with a circular figure, it is used for 

ornaments of rooms or to make boxes. Sugar 

the juice of the fresh stems. 

is obtained from 

536. Melia japonica, G. Don., Jap. Sendan; a deciduous 

tree of the order Meliaceae growing to a height of 20-30 fts. In 

succeeded with 

summer, its purple flowers open in panicles, being 

oval fruits about 1 inch long. The fruits ripen in winter und 

become yellow. The wood resembles Zelkowa keaki (557). 

Especially the old wood is very beautiful. Besides this, there is 

a species called Osendan, which grows more rapidly and largely. 

537. Cedrela Chinensis, A. Juss., Jap. Chanchin; a 

deciduous tree of the order Cedrelaceae growing to a height of 

30-40 fts. In summer its small white flowers open in panicles 

and are succeeded with pods. When the pods are fully ripe in 

autumn they expose seeds which fly away. The leaves are 

disagreeably odorous, especially at night. A variety with red 

young 

leaves is called Akebono. The wood is red and hard. Its 

use is nearly the same as the former.

134 

538. Evodia glauca, Miq., Jap. Kihada; a deciduous 

tree of the order Zanthoxylaceae growing in mountains 80-40 

fts. high. It is a diaecious plant. In summer it yields fine 

yellow flowers, being succeeded with round black fruits, which are 

called Shiko-no-hei and used as medicine. The bark is used as a 

yellow dye and also for medicine. The wood is hard and used to 

make boxes and many other furnitures. 

539. Evonymus europsenus, var. hamilitonianus, Jap. 

Yama-nisldkigi ; a deciduous shrub of the order Celastraceae 

growing wild to a height of about 10 fts. Its light green flowers 

open at the same time with its leaves. When the fruits are ripe, 

their outer skins burst and expose red seeds. As the wood is pale 

yellow and fine grained it is used for making combs, ax-handles, 

and many other articles. It is also used by turners. 

540. Hovenia dulcis, Th. t Jap. Kenpo-nashi ; a 

deciduous tree of the order Khamnaceae growing wild to a height 

of several fts. In summer it yields small white flowers, and 

produces small fruits. The peduncles are delicious when they 

become fleshy and turn purple brown. The wood is hard, and 

especially when old it is very pretty. It is used to make tables, 

boxes, and other articles of furniture. 

541. Sophora japonica, Z,., Jap. Yenju ; a deciduous 

tree of the order Leguminocese planted in gardens, growing 

to a 

height of 20-30 fts. In summer it bears pale yellow papilionaceous 

flowers, being succeeded with pods containing many seeds. 

The pod is contricted between the seeds like a rosary. The wood 

is fine grained and hard, being used for many purposes. Imi- 

yenju (Cladrastis amurensis) grows wild, and its wood is employed 

by turners. As the wood is black at its centre, it is also called 

Kuro-yenju (black sophora). 

542. Prunus pseud-cerasus, Lindl., Jap. Sakura; a 

deciduous tree of the order Rosaceae growing wild in mountains, 

being called Yama-zakura (mountain-cherry). The one pi tared 

in this book is called Some-yoshino. It attains to a height of

135 

20-80 fts. In spring, it opens light pink flowers, succeeded with 

small red purple fruits which have a subacid taste. The wood is 

brown and fine grained, being used for engraving and many 

other purposes. The bark is strong and smooth, being suited for 

knitting, fastening, etc. 

543. Prunus groyana, Max., Jap. Uwamidsu- saknra ; 

a deciduous tree of the order Rosaceae growing 

wild about 10 fts. 

high. In early summer it yields small white flowers disposed in 

panicles, being succeeded with pea-sized fruits, which are eaten by 

salting. The wood is yellowish red and fine grained. It is used 

in the same way as the preceding. 

544. Distylium racemosum, 5. etZ., Jap. Isu, Hyon- 

no-ki ; an evergreen tree of the order Hamamelideae much growing 

wild in warm regions, and also planted in cold countries. It 

attains to a height of 20-30 fts. After the new leaves shoot 

forth, it opens small dark red flowers in chusters. Insects very 

often make their nests on the leavesl, and afterwards the nests become 

emptyjshells, whichlare called Hiyon-ko. The wood is hard and 

fine grained, and its colour is red, with a dark brown centre. It 

is used to make combs, eating sticks, musical instruments, boxes, 

and other ornamental works. The ash of this wood is used as a 

glazing material of porcelain. 

545. Acanthopanax ricinifolium, S. et Z., Jap. 

Hari-giriy Sen-no-ki, Yama-giri ; a wild deciduous tree of the 

order Araliacea3 growing to a height of 20-30 fts. The young 

trees are very thorny, but when old the thorns fall off. In summer 

it yields small yellowish white flowers in panicles. The wood is 

used for boxes and turnery. 

The young leaves are eaten. 

546. Cornus macrophylla, Wall., Jap. Midsuki, Midsu- 

no-ki, Midsu-kusa ; a deciduous tree of the order Cornaceae found 

everywhere growing to a height of about 20 fts. In early summer 

it bears small white flowers arranged in an umbel, being succeeded 

with small round dark purple fruits. The wood is white and fine 

grained, but soft. It is used for turnery.

136 

547. Styrax japonicum, S. et Z., Jap. Yego-no-ki, 

Rokuro-gi, Chisha-tio-ki ; a wild deciduous tree of the order 

Styracaceae growing to a height of about 10 fts. In early summer 

it droops peduncles from the axiles of leaves, and opens white 

flowers, which are succeeded with small round fruits containing 

hard seeds. An oil is made from the seeds. Its wood is white 

and fine grained, being used mostly for the handles of umbrellas. 

547. b. Deutzia scabra, 77/., Jap. Utsugi; 

the wood of 

this tree is white and fine grained, being used for mosaic-works, 

and wooden nails. 

548. Viburnum opulus, L., Jap. Kanboku ; a deci- 

duous shrub of the order Caprifoliaceae growing wild in cold 

regions, attaining to a height of 8-9 fts. In early summer it bears 

white flowers in an umbel being succeeded with small red fruits. 

As the wood is white, fine-grained, and flexible, it is used mostly 

for tooth-brushes. 

549. Diospyros kaki, L., Jap. Kaki ; as this plant is 

described in the Chapters of dye plants (368) and fruit trees (194), 

it is only mentioned here of its timber. The one, which central 

part of the wood is black and hard, is called Kuro-kaki (black 

ebony), and the one with black stripes is called S/iima-&a/a (striped 

ebony). Their qualities 

are not inferior to Kokutan wood. They 

are used for turnery, mosaic works, and many other articles. The 

one pictured jin this book is what we call Yaina-gaki (mountain 

persimmons). The wood of Shinano-gaki (368) is also good. 

550. Fraxinus mandshurica, Rupr., Jap. Shioji, 

Yachi-damo ; a deciduous tree of the order Oleaceaa growing wild 

in cold regions, attaining to a height of 20-30 fts. In early 

summer itf yields small narrow petaled flowers in clusters, being 

succeeded with small pods. The wood is yellowish white, hard, 

and fine grained, being used for scale-rods, spokes of wheels, 

handles of several articles, and many others. 

551. Olea aquifolium, S. et Z., Jap. Hiiragi ; an ever-

137 

green tree of the order Oleaceae growing wild, and also planted in 

gardens. The stem attains to a height of 10 fts. In autumn it 

bears fragrant small white flowers in clusters in the axils of 

leaves, being succeeded with small oval fruits which are pur- 

plish blue when ripe. The wood is white, hard, and fine grained, 

and is used to make combs, chop-sticks, engravings, abacus, 

wooden toys, chess-men, etc. 

552. Paulownia imperialis, S. et Z., Jap. Kiri ; a 

deciduous tree of the order Scrophulariaceae planted everywhere 

growing to a height of 20-30 fts. Before sprouting it bears purple 

or white labiate flowers in panicles. The fruits have capsules, 

shaped like a pigeon's egg, and expose many small winged seeds. 

The wood is soft and white, and hollow in the centre. The fine 

grained old wood is called Shiina-giri, and is used for making 

musical instruments, various cases, -tables, etc. 

553. Cinnamomum camphora, Nees^ Jap. Kusu-noki 

; an everygreen tree of the order LauraceaB produced in warm 

regions, growing 30-40 fts. high and several feet in circumference. 

In early summer, it produces long peduncles from the axils of 

leaves, and bears small pale yellow flowers. The fruits are peasized 

and black. The wood is gray and fine grained, and when 

old it becomes harder and brown. The old wood has a circular 

figure and cloud-like variegation. It is used for building houses 

and ships, and also to make book-cases, garment-cases, and many 

other articles, but it is not suitable for table-vessels, because it is 

too odorous. Camphor 

is made from this wood. . 

553. b. Machilus thunbergii, 5. et Z., Jap. Tama- 

knsu, Ao-kusu, Yama-kusu, Kara-damo, Inu-kusu ; an evergreen 

tree of the order Lauraceae growing in warm regions, Staining to 

a height of several feet. In autumn it blooms, and in the follow- 

ing summer purplish black fruits are produced. The wood is 

dark brown, hard, and fine grained, and the old wood has beauti- 

ful whirls and cloud-like variegation. An oil is taken from the 

seeds, and the bark is used for dying.

138 

554. Lindera hypoleuca, Max., Jap. Kuromoji ; a de- 

ciduous shrub of the order Lauracege, growing wild in mountains 

of many countries, attaining to a height of 7-8 fts. It bears small 

yellow flowers in clusters on the branches, being succeeded with 

pea-sized round fruits which are black when ripe. The bark is 

black and fragrant. The wood is white and fine grained, and is 

used for making tooth-picks. The branches and stems are used 

for fences. 

555. Rottlera japonica, 5. et Z., Jap. Akame-gashiwa : 

a deciduous tree of the order Euphorbiaceas growing wild in many 

regions, attaining to a height of 20-30 fts. It is a dia3cious plant. 

In summer it bears small pale yellow flowers in 

panicles, being 

succeeded with many thorny fruits which burst and expose small 

black seeds when they ripe. As the wood is red and fine grained, 

it is used for boxes and pillars of Japanese houses. 

556. Buxus japonica, Mull., Jap. Tsuge ; an evergreen 

shrub of the order Euphorbiacese, growing wild in mountains of 

warm regions. 

The famous places for this plant are Mikura-jima 

of Idsu, Asakuma-yama of fse, Kosho-yama of Chikuzen, the 

provinces of Satsuma and Osumi, Okinawa-island f etc. The 

shape of the leaves differs according to the places where they 

grow, and the colour of the wood also differs. It attains to a 

height of about 10 fts. It is a monaecious plant. In summer it 

bears yellowish flowers, being succeeded with pea-sized fruits. 

The wood is yellow and fine grained, and in hardness it is superior 

to many other woods. It is very valued to make combs, en- 

gravings, stamps, etc. 

557. Zelkowa keaki, Sieb., Jap. Keyaki ; a deciduous 

tree of the order Urticaceoe growing wild or planted everywhere, 

attaining to a height of 30-60 fts. In spring it produces male and 

female flowers separately at the same time with new leaves. The 

flowers are small and yellow, and are succeeded with small flat 

seeds. The young wood is yellowish white, hard and tough, 

being used for houses, ships, tables, boxes, handles of various

139 

articles, etc. The old wood is dark brown and hard, and is 

prized for the whirling and cloud-like variegation of its grain, 

being used for various articles, it is though rather brittle. 

558. Celtis sinensis, Pers. } Jap. Ye-no-ki ; a deciduous 

tree of the order Urticaceas growing wild everywhere, attaining to 

a height of 40-50 fts. It has diaecious, monaecious or perfect 

flowers. The flowers are small and yellow, being succeeded with 

small round fruits which turn red when fully ripe. The sweet 

pulp of the fruits is edible. The wood is yellowish 

fine grained, but soft, and it is used for turnery. 

white and 

558. b. Morus alba, L. , Jap. Kuwa ; as the wood of this 

tree (294) is yellow and hard, it is valuable for making various 

vessels. 

559. Ulmus parvifolia, Sacq., Jap. Aki-nire, Ko-mre ; 

a deciduous shrub of the order Urticaeeae growing wild every- 

where, attaining to a height of 20-30 fts. In summer it bears 

small light green flowers, being succeeded with flat- pods. The 

wood is brown, hard and fine grained, being used 

A species called Haru-nire grows very fast. 

for many 

purposes. 

560. Salix multinervis, Fr. et Sav., Jap. Kori-yanagi, 

Kobu-yanagi ; a deciduous shrub of the order Amentacea? grow- 

ing wild near water. Those which grow in Province Tajima are 

esteemed as the best. The stems grow to a height of 6-7 fts. 

in groups. The stems are used for plaiting after the bark is taken 

off and bleached. 

561. Populus tremula, L., var. villosa, Wesm,, Jap. 

Yama-narasJii, Hako-yanagi, Maruba-yanagi ; a deciduous tree 

of the order Amentaceae growing wild in mountains in ranny 

districts. It is a diaecious plant. The stem grows to a height of 

20-30 fts. In spring it produces catkins before it sprouts. The 

wood is white, fine grained and tough. It is used to make tooth- 

brushes, boxes, engravings, etc. 

562. Populus Suaveolens, Fisch., Jap. Dero-yanagi,

140 

Doro-yanagi, Wata-no-ki ; a deciduous tree of the order Amen- 

taceae growing in mountains of cold regions, attaining to a height 

of 20-30 fts. It is a diaecious plant, and produces catkins before 

the leaves come forth. When the seeds ripen, a kind of fibre like 

cotton is exposed. The wood is white, fine grained, soft and 

brittle, being principally used for matches. 

563. Quercus glandulifera, Bl., Jap. Nara-no-ki 9 

Konara ; a deciduous tree of the order Amentaceaa growing wild 

to a height of 20-30 fts. It is a monaecious plant. Before 

sprouting it produces catkins, with acorns on the cups. The 

wood is hard arid strong, and is suited for fuel. The stems and 

branches are used to cultivate a kind of mush-room called Shiitake 

(140) on them. The kernels are eaten. The shape, quality and 

use of these species are almost common to each other. 

563. b. Quercus crispula, BL, Jap. Onara, Midsunara 

; a species closely allied to the preceding. It is a large tree 

found wild in mountains. It has the same uses as before. 

563. C. Quercus variabilis, Bl., Jap. Wata-nara> Wata- 

kunugi, Abemaki ; a species of Quercus (295) with thick bark 

which is used as cork. The new bark, grown after the outer 

bark was stripped off, is very suitable for this purpose. It requirse 

about 10 years to get good bark. 

563. d. Quercus serrata, Th., Jap. Kwmgi; the wood 

of this tree (295) is the best as fuel. 

564. Quercus acuta, 77*., Jap. Aka-gashi, O-gashi; an 

evergreen tree of the order Amentacea3 produced in warm regions, 

growing to a height of 20-30 fts. It is a monaecious plant. Its 

acorn resembles that of Q. glandulifera (563). The wood is red 

and hard, and is used to make wheels aud other articles. 

564. b. Quercus gilva, Bl. y Jap. Ichii-gashi ; an ever- 

green tree of the order Amentaceas. As it produces edible acorns, 

it is described in the chapter of fruits (226. b.). It grows to a 

height of 30-60 fts. It is a monaecious plant. The wood is red

141 

and very strong, being valued for oars. This wood is commonly 

called also Akagashi as the preceding. 

565. Quercus glauca, 77*., Jap. Shira-kashi ; an ever- 

green tree of the order Amentacea3 produced in warm regions, 

growing to a height of 20-30 fts. It resembles Q. acuta (564), 

but the leaves are thinner and the acorns smaller. The wood is 

white, but the use is almost the same as Q. acuta. 

566. Quercus phyllireoides, A. Gray, Jap. Ubame- 

gashi, Imame-gashi ; an evergreen tree of the order Amentaceae 

produced in warm regions, growing to a height 

of about 10 fts. 

It resembles other oaks in shape, but as it grows very slowly, it is 

difficult to become a large tree. The wood is red and very hard. 

It is principally used for making oars, and also much used to 

make charcoal called Binc/w, which is prized for its great heat. 

567. Pagus Silvatica, L., Jap. Buna-no-ki ; a deciduous 

tree of the order Amentaceae produced in mountains of northern 

regions, growing to a height 

of 30-60 fts. It is a monaecious 

plant. It produces hairy fruits, which expose triangular kernels 

eatable by grilling. Oil may be taken from them. The bark 

contains tannin, and is used next to the oak. The wood is strong, 

being used for wooden spoons and turnery. 

567. b. Castanea vulgaris, Lamk., var. japonica, D.C., 

Jap. Kuri-no-ki ; the wood of this tree (221) is hard and durable, 

being suitable to be used in damp places. 

567. c. Carpinus luxiflora, Bl., Jap. Soro-no-ki, Inu- 

shide ; a wild deciduous tree of the order Amentaceae growing to 

a height of 20-30 fts. Barren and fertile flowers grow separately, 

and they are succeeded with drooping scaly cones or catkins. The 

wood is used to produce Shii-take or as fuel. The stem has an 

uneven surface, being used as pillars for curiosity. 

568. Betula alba, L., Jap. Shira-kaba ; a deciduous tree 

of the order Amentaceae growing wild in northern countries, attain- 

ing to a height of 30-40 fts. it is a monaecious plant, blooming

142 

in summer. The male flowers droop in catkins, and the female 

form a round scaly cone containing many small seeds between the 

scales. The bark of the wood is thin and easily peeled off, being 

used for plaiting and tying, and also to make various articles. 

The wood is white and fine grained, being used for boxes and 

turnery. 

569. Betula alba, L., var. tauschii, Reg., Jap. Mine-hari, 

Ono-ore ; a deciduous tree of the order Anientaceaa growing in 

mountains of northern countries, attaining to a height of 20-30 fts. 

In summer it bears monaecious flowers, and are succeeded with 

small fruits like those of Han-no-ki. The wood is light brown, 

hard and fine grained, being used for making the reed of looms, 

combs, etc. 

570. Pterocarya rhoifolia, S. et Z./ Jap. Sawa-gurumi, 

Kawa-gurumi', Yasu-no-ki ; a deciduous tree of the order Juglandaceae, 

growing wild in mountains of cold regions, attaining to a 

height of 20-30 fts. The flowers are monaecious, and are succeeded 

with small fruits provided with wings. The wood is white, 

fine grained and light, and it is used for making boxes, Japanese 

clogs, etc. The polished bark is made into various articles, being 

called Juko-hi in Nikko. 

571. Juniperus rigida, S. et Z., Jap. Nedsumi-sashi, 

Muro ; an evergreen tree of the order Coniferae growing wild in 

mountains. The stem grows straight to a height of 20-30 fts. It 

is a diaecious plant. In summer it produces small flowers from 

the axils of leaves, being succeeded with round pea-sized black 

oily fruits. The wood is hard and yellow with a fragrant resinous 

odour, being used for ornamental pillars, shelves, and small 

articles. 

572. Juniperus Chinensis, L., Jap. Beni~byakushin t 

Ibuki ; an evergreen tree of the order Coniferae growing wild. 

The one which grows on a high mountain seems like a shrub, and 

the one which grows in plain stands straight attaining to a height 

of about 10 fts. In summer it produces monaecious flowers, and

143 

then fruits. The leaves have two forms. The wood is reddish 

brown, hard and fine grained with a fragrant resinous odour. The 

use is nearly the same as the preceding. 

573. Thuja dolabrata, L. t Jap. Hiba, Asunaro, Hinoki, 

Asuhi ; an evergreen tree of the order Conifers growing in moun- 

tains of northern provinces, attaining to a height of 30-40 fts. In 

summer it produces monaecious flowers and small balls. The 

wood is pale yellow, fine grained and lustrous, and is used for 

house-buildings and furnituras, being important 

next to Hinoki. 

The bark is used as Maki-hada, and also made into a rope-match. 

574. Thuya japonica, Max., Jap. Nezuko, Goro-hiba, 

Kurobe-sngi ; an evergreen tree of the order Conifers growing 

wild in mountains to a height of 20-30 fts. Jn summer it bears 

monaecious flowers. It resembles very much the preceding, bat 

smaller and better as a garden plant. The wood is dark brown, 

and is made into tables and 

resembling Cryptomeria japonica, 

several other ornamental furnitures. There is a different sort 

called Hime-asunarb, which is fine and slender. 

575. Thuya obtusa, Benih et Hook, Jap. Hinoki ; an 

evergreen tree of the order Conifers growing in mountains. Those 

produced in the Kiso mountain in Province S/iinano are very 

famous. It attains to a height of 30-60 fts., and in summer it pro- 

duces monaecious flowers and then small balls. The wood is 

yellowish white, fine grained, and lustrous. This is one of the 

most useful timbers for house-buildings, bridges, etc., being very 

resistible against bending or contracting. 

576. Chamaecyparis pisifera, 5. et Z., Jap. Sawara ; 

an evergreen tree of the order Coniferae produced almost in the 

same districts as the preceding. The shape is also nearly same, 

but the leaves are more pointed and the cone smaller. The wood 

is more yellowish and softer. It is used in the same way, but 

inferior to the preceding. 

577. Cryptomeria japonica, Don., Jap. Sugi ; an ever-

144 

green tree of the order Coniferss produced abundantly everywhere, 

growing to a height of 30-60 fts. It is one of the plants growing 

to a considerable height. In summer it bears monaecious flowers, 

producing cones about the size of a finger. The wood is finegrained 

and light, being yellowish white on the outside and reddish 

brown inside. It is used for house and ship-buildings, bridges, 

boxes, tubs, and many other articles. The wood and bark are used 

to cover roofs, and the leaves are made into incence-sticks. The 

old wood when burried in a pond or marsh becomes dark green, 

and is very esteemed by the name of Jindai-sugi. 

f 

577. b. Cryptomeria japonica, S. et Z., Jap. Yaku- 

sugi ; a variety of the preceding produced in the Island of Yakuskima 

of Province Qsumi. The old wood is brown, resinous, fine 

grained and hard. It is useful for making boxes, tables, and other 

ornamental furnitures. 

578. Podocarpus chinensis, Wall., Jap. Maki t Inu- 

maki, Hitotsuba ; an evergreen tree of the order Coniferae found 

in mountains of many provinces, attaining to a height of 20-30 fts. 

It is a diaecious plant. The male flowers form drooping catkins, 

and the female produce berries formed of two pieces, the under 

one of which is red, freshy and edible, and the upper one is a 

green and pea-sized seed. The wood is white and fine grained, 

and is valuable for building. The wood of Koya-maki (707) is 

also called Ma&t-wood. 

578. b. Sciadopytis verticillata, S. et Z., Jap 

maki, Kusa-maki ; the wood of this tree (707) is esteemed for its 

durability against moisture. The bast of the trunk is called Maki- 

Jiada, and is used to stop the leaking of water. 

578. c. Torreya nucifera, 5. et Z., Jap. Kaya; the 

wood of this conifer (217) is yellowish white and fine grained, 

with a fragrant resinous odour, and is used for various buildings 

in moist places. It is also used to make chess-boards, chess-men, 

abacus, etc.

145 

579. Podocarpus nageia, R. Br., Jap. Nagi; 

an ever- 

green tree of the order Coniferae produced in warm regions, 

attaining to a height of 30-60 fts. It is a diaecious plant. The 

male flowers produce yellowish drooping catkins, and the female 

yield round fruits about the size of a finger. The wood is white 

and fine grained, and is used for furnitures and house building. 

580. TOXUS CUSpidata, 5. et Z., Jap. Ichii, Araragt, 

Onko ; an evergreen tree of the order Conifers growing in mountains 

of various provinces and especially in Zezo. It attains to a 

height of 20-30 fts. It is a diaecious plant. The male flowers 

droop greenish brown catkins, and the female produce small round 

fruits which are red and sweet when ripe, containing black seeds. 

The wood is brown and fine grained, with a fragrant odour. It is 

very good and highly prized to make tables, boxes, and many 

other articles. 

581. Pinus thunbergii, Parlat., Jap. Kuro-matsu, 

O-matsu ; an evergreen tree of the order Conifers growing 

plentifully on the sea coasts of southern provinces, attaining to a 

height of 30-60 fts. It is a monaecious plant. The male flowers 

form small catkins, and the female produce small cones which 

grow 

to the size of a small wrist in next autumn and then the 

scoles burst to scatter about the winged seeds. The wood is 

reddish white, fine-grained, and very resinous. It is used to build 

houses, ships, bridges, etc. 

582. Pinus densiflora, S. et Z., Jap. Aka-matsu, 

Me-matsu ; an evergreen tree of the order Conifers growing wild 

abundantly, attaining to a height 

of 30-60 fts. It is a diaecious 

plant. It is closely allied to the preceding, but the leaves are 

softer and the cones smaller. Its use and nature are also nearly 

the same. Jts round stem with bark is used as pillars and 

ornaments in the rooms of Japanese houses. 

583. Pinus parviflora, ^'. etZ., Jap. Hitne-ko-matsu ; 

an evergreen tree of the order Coniferae growing wild in moun- 

tainous districts of many provinces, attaining to a height of 30-60

146 

fts. It resembles the preceding in form, but it has 5 needles in 

leaves instead of 2. The wood is reddish white, fine-grained and 

resinous. It use is nearly the same as Kuro-matsu, but superior. 

584. Larix leptolepis, Gord., Jap. Kara-matsu, Fuji- 

matsu ; a deciduous tree of the order Coniferae growing wild in 

mountains, attaining to a height 

of 30-50 fts. It bears monaecious 

flowers, and the fertile flowers yield cones of the size of a thumb. 

The wood is hard and reddish brown, being used for buildings 

and esteemed for its durability. 

585. Abies firma, .9. et Z. t Jap. Momi / an evergreen 

tree of the order Conifers growing wild everywhere, attaining to 

a height of 30-60 fts. In summer it produces monaecious flowers, 

female yielding cones about 4-5 inches long. The wood is soft 

and white, and is used for buildings or for making boxes. 

586. Tsuga sieboldii, Carr., Jap. Tsuga, Toga; an 

evergreen tree of the order Coniferae growing wild in mountains 

in many provinces, attaining to a height of 30-40 fts. In summer 

it produces barren and fertile flowers, and yields small cones about 

the size of a thumb. The wood is hard and reddish white, being 

used for buildings and many other articles. The bark is used to 

dye fishing nets. 

587. Abies mengiesii, Land., Jap. 7o/ / an evergreen 

tree of the order Coniferse growing in mountains of many provinces, 

attaining to a height of 30-60 fts. In summer it produces barren 

and fertile flowers, being succeeded with cones resembling those 

of Abies firma, but slender. The wood is white, fine-grained and 

flexible being used to make round boxes and many other articles. 

There are several sorts of this genera, such as Shinko-matsti y Matsu- 

hada, etc., which are nearly the same in use and shape. 

588. Abies veitchii, Henk. et Hochst., Jap. Shirabc, 

Skirabi, Shirabio ; an evergreen tree of the order Coniferse growing 

wild in mountains of many districts, attaining to a height of 

30-60 fts. In summer it produces barren arid fertile flowers. Its

147 

cones resemble those of Abies firma. The wood is white and soft, 

being used for nearly the same purposes as the preceding. The 

Yczo-matsu of Hokkaido is closely allied to this. 

589. Phyllostachys Quilioi, Rw^ J ap . Madake, Kawa- 

take ; an evergreen bamboo of the order Graminea3 planted every 

where, growing wild in warm regions. It grows 60-70 fts. high 

and about H fts. in circumference. In May and June its young 

sprouts are eaten as vegetables. The sheathes covering the young 

bamboo have many uses. The best season to cut the stems is from 

the middle autumn to the middle winter. The stems are used for 

buildings and many purposes. 

590. Phyllostachys mitis, Riv. j ap . m&-chiku; 

a bamboo planted mostly in warm regions for the sake of its 

young sprouts, which are eaten as a vegetable (125. b.) It attains 

to a height of 40-50 fts., the circumference of its stem being about 

2 fts. It is inferior to the preceding in quality, but as it is larger 

it is used for buildings and to make several sorts of vessels. The 

sheatli is used next to the preceding. 

591. Arundinaria japonica, 5. et Z., Jap. Me-dake y 

Nayo-take, Shinobe-take ; a bamboo growing mostly in warm 

regions, being used especially for a shelter on sea-shores. The 

stem is slender, 20-30 fts. high, and 5-6 inches, in circumference. 

Autumn or winter is the best time for it. cutting It is used for 

buildings, hedges, fences, handles, rods, Japanese fans, and many 

other articles. 

592. Bambusa puberula, Miq., Jap. Ha-chiku, Kure- 

take ; a bamboo planted everywhere much growing wild in 

monntains of warm regions. The greatest stem is 40-50 fts. high 

and 2 fts. in circumference. It resembles Madake (589) in quality, 

form, and use. It is admired on account of its spotless sheath. 

The stems are used as ropes, and the roots are also used as sticks 

and whips. p hy || ostachys ^^ Mlmr(._ 

593. 2 - - -M Ja P- Goma-dake, Kuro- 

chiku ; a bamboo resembling the preceding in form, with thin

148 

leaves. The greatest stem is 20 fts. high, having a circumference 

of 5-6 inches. That with a black-spotted stem is called Gomatake, 

and that with a black stem Kuro-chiku. It is used to make 

sticks, handles of several articles, tables, book stands, and other 

various kinds of furnitures. 

594. Bambusa senanensis, Fr. et Sav. y Jap. Sudsu- 

take ; a bamboo growing wild in mountains, attaining to a height 

of 5-6 fts., with broad pointed leaves 5-7 inches long. The stem 

is slender, but strong, being used to make baskets and mats by 

splitting. 

It sometimes yields fruits which are used as food. 

594. b. Bambusa, Jap. Nemagari-take, Magari-take, Jin- 

take ; a bamboo growing in northern provinces. It resembles the 

preceding in form and quality, its stem being bent near the roots. 

595. Bambusa Chino, Fr. et Sav., Jap. Hakone-dake, 

No-dake ; a celebrated bamboo of Hakone mountains in Province 

Sagami. It grows to a height of about 10 fts. It is used for 

making hedges and also to make Japanese pipes, brush handles, 

fans, baskets, ropes etc. 

Note. Though the timbers and bamboos above mentioned 

are principally used for buildings, furnitures, or fuel, yet some of 

them yield edible fruits, some are employed for various other 

purposes, as paper-making, fastening, etc., and some are also 

planted as ornaments in gardens and avenues. Generally speaking, 

if we refer to the uses of woods, there is no plant whatever that 

has not a certain use. Even a small shrub and a tiny bamboo 

may be used as handles of various articles, sticks, whips, etc. 

There are also many other plants which stems are used as woods ; 

for examples Pyrus ussuriensis (189), Zizyphus vulgaris (188), 

Photinia japonica (192), and Juglans sieboldiana (219) 

chapter of fruit trees ; 

in the 

Camellia japonica, Elasococca condata (813), 

Khus succedanea (320), and Rhus vernicifera (321) in the chapter 

of oil and wax plants ; Charnyerops excelsa (711), Rhapis flabelli- 

formis (712), and Bamboos in the chapter of evergreen gardentrees 

and shrubs. The various trees found in southern islands arc 

omitted here.

149 

CHAPTER XXII. DECIDUOUS GARDEN-TREES AND SHRUBS. 

This chapter contains the ornamental plants, which leaves 

and admised of 

fall in autumn. They are planted in gardens, 

their beautiful flowers, fruits, leaves and stems. The plants suit- 

able for avenues, pot- plants, 

here. 

and vase-flowers are also mentioned 

596. Magnolia obovata, 77;., Jap. Mokurenge, S/iinwkuren 

; a garden tree of the order Magnoliaceas attaining to a 

height of about 10 fts. It opens the flowers, dark purple on the 

outside and purple inside, before it sprouts. There is a variety 

called Sarasa-renge (M. obovata purpurea), with small light purple 

flowers. 

597. Magnolia conspicua, Salisb., Jap. Haku-mokuren, 

Giokuran ; a garden plant of the order Magnoliacea3, attaining to 

a height of 10-20 fts. It is nearly the same as the preceding in 

form, but the flowers are pale white, being prized 

fragrant odour. 

for their 

597. b. Magnolia Stellata, Max., Jap. Shide-kobushi, 

Hime-kobtishi ; a species allied to Magnolia kobus (384). The 

flower consists of about 10 petals, which are narrow and pink- 

shaded white. There are still other varieties of Magnolia kobus, 

as called Qkobnshi (large) and Murasaki-kobtishi (purplish). 

598. Magnolia parviflora, S. et Z., Jap. Oyama-renge; 

a garden plant of the order Magnoliaceae growing to a height of 

about 10 fts. It resembles Magnolia obovata (596) in shape, but 

smaller. The flower is white with red stamens, and is fragrant. 

599. Sterculia platanifolia, ., Jap. Ao-giri, Itszi-saki; 

a garden plant of the order Sterculiaceae growing to a height of 

40-50 fts. It produces male and female flowers, and yields pods 

which burst when ripe and expose small round edible seeds at- 

tached to both edges of the pods. Fibre is prepared from the 

bark. The mucilaginous substance contained in the bark is used

150 

as a cement in pepar making. On account of its broad leaves and 

green stems, it is planted in gardens and as avenues. 

600. Stuartia pseudo-camellia, Max., Jap. Natsu- 

tsubaki, S/iara, Yama-kwarin ; a mountain tree of the order 

Ternstraemiacese attaining to a height of 20-30 fts. In summer it 

produces white single-petaled camellia-like flowers, whence the 

Japanese name. It is often planted in gardens, 

are admired to be kept in a vase. 

and the flowers 

601. Acer japonicum, 77;., Jap. Meigetsu-kayede, Ho- 

cliiwa-momiji, Itaya-meigetsu ; a mountain-tree of the order 

Aceracese, attaining to a height of about 10 fts. In spring it 

sprouts at the same time with its male and female flowers, and 

yields seeds with samara. The leaves are large and furnished 

with many segments and are prized as one of the most beautiful 

maples on account of their red tint in autumn. 

602. Acer trifidum, 77*., Jap. To-kayede ; a garden 


plant of the order Aceraceaa, attaining to a height 

The shape of the flowers and fruits are the same as the preceding. 

The leaves are ternate, and are prized for their yellow tint in 

autumn. 

603. Acer polymorphum, S. et Z., Jap. Ichigioji; a 

mountain-tree of the order Aceracese attaining to a height of about 

10 fts. The flowers and fruits are nearly the same as those of the 

preceding, but the fruits fall when fully ripe, and then the foliage 

becomes dark red. A kind with large leaves is called Q-sakadsuki. 

There are several varieties of diverse forms and colours of leaves. 

The varieties originated from Acer polymorpburn, A. japonicum, 

A. pictum, etc. are very numerous. 

604. Acer polymorplmm, 5. et Z., var., Jap. Arisu- 

gawa-moiniji y Beni-sJiidart ; a garden plant 

of the order Aceraceae 

attaining to a height of 7-8 fts. Its branches have a drooping 

nature. This is distinguished for the unchanging dark red colour 

of its foliage with many dissected edges.

151 

605. Hibiscus mutabiliP, L. t Jap. Fuyo, Kihachisu ; a 

garden shrub of the order Malvaceae attaining to a height of about 

10 fts. la cold places 

its stems die every winter, but it brings 

forth new stems in the next spring, growing to a height of 3-4 fts. 

In late summer it bears single or double and white or red beautiful 

flowers. Fibre is obtained from the bark, and also this plant is 

used in the same way as Hibiscus syriacus (329). 

605. b. Hibiscus syriacus, Z., Jap. Mukuge, Hachisu; 

the fine flowers of this plant (329) are pink, white, or blue colour, 

and single or double. 

606. Vitis inconstans, ., Jap. Nishiki-dsuta, Natsu- 

dsj/ta ; a climbing wild plant 

of the order Vitaceae. In summer 

it shoots forth small peduncles from the axils of leaves, and bears 

many tiny flowers which are succeeded with black bean-sized 

round berries. Late in autumn, the foliage turns beautifully red, 

whence the Japanese name. 

607. Evonymus alatuS, T/i., Jap. Nishikigi, Mayumi ; 

a mountain-shrub of the order Celastraceae, growing to a height of 

6-7 fts. Its stems and branches are furnished with longitudinal 

alate expansions. In summer it opens tiny flowers being succeed- 

ed with fruits which expose reddish yellow seeds when ripe. 

foliage turns beautifully red in late autumn. 

608. Evonymus oxyphyllus, Miq., Jap. 

The 

Tsuri-bana ; 

a mountain-shrub of the order Celastraceae, attaining to a height 

of 7-8 fts. The leaves and flowers resemble somewhat those of 

the preceding, but the fruits hang down at the ends of the long 

peduncles, exposing red seeds when ripe. 

609. Evonymus tanakeii, Max., Jap. Koku-tengi ; a 

garden tree of the order Celastraceae, attaining to a height of about 

10 fts. When planted in warm regions its leaves do not fall off. 

Late in autumn the leaves turn reddish purple. The flowers and 

fruits are nearly the same as the preceding.

152 

610. Milletia japonica, A. Gray, Jap. Natsu-fuji^ Doyo- 

Juji, Ko-fuji ; a climbing plant of the order Leguminosae found 

wild in warm regions. The flowers, fruits, and leaves resemble 

those of Wistaria chinensis (334), but smaller. ID mid-sumrner it 

opens white pale yellow flowers. 

611. Wistaria chinensis, S. et Z., var., Jap. Noda- 

fuji; a climbing plant of the order Legumiriosae with long panicles 

of flowers, 2-5 fts. long. It is produced in Noda in Province 

Settsu, whence the Japanese name. 

611. b. Wistaria chinensis, S. et Z., Jap. Fuji> Yama- 

fuji ; the flowers of this climbing plant (334) are generally purple 

and single, but there is a variety with white and double flowers. 

They are used for a garden-ornament by letting creep over trellis. 

612. Lespedeza buergeri, Miq., var. intermedia, Jap. 

in bushes 

Hagi ; a leguminous wild or planted shrub, growing 

from one root and attaining a height of 4-5 fts. Its flowers open 

in autumn, and their colours are white, purple, or reddish purple. 

A variety blooming in summer is called Natsu-hagi. There is 

another variety called Miyagino-liagi, which is very pretty with 

red flowers. 

613. Cercis Chinensis, Bunge, Jap. ffaiuisuo, Suv-bana; 

a garden plant of the order Leguminosae attaining to a height of 

about 10 fts. In spring it opens reddish purple flowers in clusters 

before the leaves shoot forth, being succeeded with small pods. 

614. Albizzia julibrissin, Boivin, Jap. Nemu-no-ki, 

Koka-no-ki ; a mountain tree of the order Leguminosse growing 

to a height of about 10 fts., with bipinriate leaves. In summer it 

produces very ornamental flowers at the the shape of a red tuft. 

tops of the branches in 

615. Prunus mume, S. et Z., var., Jap. Bun-yei-bai ; a 

garden shrub of the order Kosaceaa attaining to a height of 1-3 fts. 

It bears flowers and fruits in the next spring after sowing. The

153 

flowers are white and 5-petaled, and the fruits are larger than 

those of Ko-mume (167). 

616. Prunus mume, S. et Z., var., Jap. Kobai ; its 

flowers are single or double and pink or dark red. The variety 

mentioned here is the common one. Besides this there are several 

other kinds of different colours and forms. 

617. Prunus pseudo-cerasus, Lindl. fl. pleno., Jap. 

Yaye-zakura ; a garden tree of the order Rosaceae attaining to a 

height of 10-20 fts. In spring before sprouting it bears many 

double light pink flowers, which are very fine. Besides the 

common one here mentioned, there are many varieties of white, 

red, yellow, or green and single or double flowers. 

617. b. Prunus pseudo-cerasus, Lindl. fl. simple, 

Jap. Hitoye-zakura ; a variety of the preceding with pink or red 

single petaled flowers. 

618. Prunus pseudo-cerasus, Lindl. fl. pleno., Jap. 

Fitgenzo ; a variety of the preceding. In spring after sprouting 

double pink flowers appear. These flowers produce crimson new 

leaves at the centre. 

619. Prunus SUbhirtella, Miq., Jap. Higan-zakura ; a 

garden tree of the order Rosaceaa, growing several fts. high. It 

blooms before sprouting in spring, and the flowers are single and 

pink, being followed witli small red berries, which turn dark 

purple when ripe. 

620. Prunus subhirtella, Miq., var. pendula, Jap. 

SJddare-zakura ; it has drooping branches, and the flowers and 

leaves are almost the same as the preceding, but more beautiful. 

621. Prunus japonica, 77/., Jap. Niwa-mume; a garden 

slirub of the order Rosaceae attaining to a height of 20-30 fts. In 

spring it opens single small white flowers shaded with pink, being 

succeeded with small purplish red berries of a bitter and aciduous 

taste.

154 

622. Prunus japonica, T/i. t var. B. glandulosa, Jap. 

Niwa-zakura ; its white or pink double flowers are very 

beautiful. 

623. Prunus persica, Benth et Hook, Jap. Momo ; this 

plant (184) is admired of its flowers in spite of its fruits. The 

common variety is mentioned here. There are several others with 

single or double and white or pink flowers. 

624. Prunus persica, Benth et Hook, fl. rubra, Jap. 

Hito ; a variety of peach prized for its double, deep crimson, and 

long durable flowers. 

625. Spiraea thunbergii, Sieb., Jap. 

Kogome-bana ; a mountain shrub of the order Rosaceae grow- 

ing in bushes 4-5 fts. high. In spring it bears small 5-petaled 

flowers in clusters before the leaves. They look like snow flakes, 

whence the Japanese name. 

626. Spiraea prunifolia, 5. et Z., Jap. Shijimi-bana^ 

Haje-bana ; a garden shrub of the order Rosaceae very much 

like the preceding in shape and quality, with round leaves and 

double white flowers in the form of balls. 

627. Spiraea cantonensis, Lour., Jap. Kodemari; a 

garden-shrub of the order Rosaceae attaining to a height 


In spring it bears small white flowers in umbels in the form of 

small balls. 

628. Spiraea japonica, L., Jap. Shimotsuke; a mountain- 

shrub of the order Rosaceae attaining to a height of 3-4 fts. In 

summer it bears small flowers forming umbels. Their colours are 

white, pink, red, etc. 

629. Kerria japonica, D.C., Jap. Yamabuki; a wild 


spring after sprouting it bears single or double yellow flowers. 

The variety of single flowers has several seeds on a calyx.

155 

630. Rhodotypos kerrioides, S. et Z., Jap. Shiroyamabuki 

; a garden shrub of the order Rosaceae attaining to a 

height of 4-5 fts. In early summer it bears 4-petaled 

white 

flowers on the branches, being succeeded with small round black 

seeds. 

631. Rosa acicularis, Lindl. Jap. Sakura-bara ; a garden 


those of 

early summer it bears 5-petaled pink flowers, resembling 

the cherry, whence the Japanese name is derived. Tne variety 

blooming in all seasons is called Koshin-bara. Besides this, there 

are Kibara, Ukyvbara, 

etc. , 

with 

single or double and pink, white 

or yellow flowers. There are still numerous varieties lately 

introduced. 

631. b. Rosa, Jap. Goya-bara, Kaido-bara, Ibara-shobi ; 

a garden shrub of the order Rosaceae resembling the wild rose 

(387) in shape, with its climbing stem. In summer it bears many 

red flowers forming a panicle. 

It is planted for hedges. 

631. C. Rosa microphylla, Roxb., Jap. Sansho-ibara , 

Izayoi-ibara ; a mountain-shrub of the order Rosaceae attaining to 

a height of 5-6 fts. It is furnished with many tuorns, and its 

leaves resemble those of Zanthoxyllum piperitum, whence the 

Japanese name is derived. The flowers are pink 

and double with 

lac on one side, whence it is also called Izayoi-ibara. Its fruits 

ripen in autumn and liave an aciduous taste. 

631. d. Rosa hystrix, Lindl., Jap. Naniwa-ibara ; a 

climbing rose with a long thorny vine. In summer it bears single 

white flowers about 3 inches in diameter, resembling somewhat 

those of Camellia ; so it is also called Summer-camellia. There is 

a variety with pink and double flowers. 

631. 6. Rosa rugosa, 77;., Jap. Hama-nasu ; a garden 

shrub of the order Rosaceae attaining to a height of 2-3 fts. It 

grows wild on sandy ground near sea-shores in northern provinces. 

The flowers are generally single and red, but there are planted

156 

those with double and white flowers. They are very fragrant. 

The bark of the root is used for dying brown. In the district of 

Akita in Province Ugo it is used to dye 

632. Pyrus japonica, Th., var. genuina, Max., Jap. 

Boke, Karaboke ; a garden shrub of the order Rosaceae attaining 

to a height of 6-7 f ts. In spring before sprouting it bears pretty 

flowers, which are red, white, or variegated. The fruits are oval 

.and 2-3 inches long, resembling Pyrus cydonia (191), but smaller 

It is used in the same way, and also as a medicine. 

633. Pyrus japonica, 77/., var. pygma3a, Max., Jap. 

Kusa-boke, No-boke, Skidomi ; a wild shrub of the order Rosaceaa 

attaining to a height of 1-2 fts. In early summer it bears red 

flowers. There is a garden variety with white flowers. Late in 

autumn, the fruits ripen and are edible. 

634. Pyrus spectabilis, Sit., Jap. Kaido ; a garden- 

tree of the order Rosacea? attaining to a height of about 10 fts. 

In spring it produces flowers on long peduncles. When they are 

still in buds, their colour is red, but when they open the outside 

of the petals is white and pink, and the inside is red. Sometimes 

they yield small round fruits a little larger than those of Nandina 

domestica. 

634. b. Pyrus, Jap. Nagasaki-ringp, Ko-ringo, Minari- 

kaido ; a tree resembling very much the preceding, growing a 

little larger. It is used to graft the preceding. The flowers are 

larger and lighter. It yields small apple-like fruits, which are 

yellow when ripe and are edible. 

635. Pyrus, Jap. Rinki, Rinkin, Beni-ringo ; a garden 

tree of the order Rosaceae growing in cold regions, attaining to a 

height of 40-50 fts. Its flowers resemble apple- flowers, but 

smaller. The buds are red, and white when open. It yields 

many red fruits, which are good to eat. 

636. Amelanchier asiatica, C. Kock., Jap. Shide- 

zakura, Zaifuri-boku ; a mountain-tree of the order Rosaceas

157 

found in warm regions growing to a height of about 10 fts. Late 

in spring, it produces hairy leaves and narrow white 5-petaled 

flowers disposed in short panicles, looking very pretty when 

waving by wind. The fruits are small and red when ripe. 

637. Lagerstrcemia indica, L., Jap. Saru-suberi, 

Hiyakujikkv ; a garden-tree of the order Lythraceas attaining to a 

height of about 10 fts. In late summer, it opens pretty red 

flowers in panicles. Other varieties with purplish or white 

flowers have been lately introduced. The trunk of this plant has 

a smooth bark, and it is said that even monkeys cannot climb up 

it, whence the Japanese name. 

638. Deutzia scabra, 77/., Jap. Utsugi, Uno-hana ; a 

wild shrub of the order Philadelphaceye attaining to a height of 

56 fts. In early summer, it produces 5-petaled white flowers. 

There is a variety with double pink flowers. 

638. b. Deutzia sieboldiana, Max., Jap. Maruba- 

utsugi ; a pretty shrub resembling very much the preceding, with 

round leaves and early blooming white flowers. 

1 

638. C. Deutzia gracilis, 5 . et Z., Jap. Hime-utsugi, 

Ckosen-utsugi ; a smaller type of Deutzia scabra growing 

height of about 1 ft., with pretty closely clustered flowers. 

to a 

638. d. Philadelphus coronarius, L., var. satsumi, 

Max., Jap. Baikwa-utsugi, Fusuma-utsugi, Yoyoga'tva-titsugi ; a 

wild shrub with broad leaves and large white 4-petaled fragrant 

flowers. 

639. Punica nana, L., Jap. Ckosen-zakuro, Nankin- 

zaknro ; a garden shrub of the order Myrtaccte attaining to a 

height of 1-2 fts. When cultivated in a fertile soil it grows 

to a 

height of about 10 fts. Jt resembles very much P. granatum, 

though smaller, with single or double flowers which are deeper red. 

639. b. Punica granatum, /.., var., Jap. 

Hana-zakuro ;

158 

it has double flowers, but no fruits. There exists another variety 

with white tips of petals. Both are pretty summer plants. 

640. Hydrangia horteusis, Smith, var., Jap. Ajisai / 

a garden half lignous shrub of the order Saxifragaceae growing 

in the form of a bush, attaining to a height of 4-5 fts. In early 

summer it bears flowers forming a large ball consisting of many 

pseudo-flowers with small real flowers hidden under them. They 

are white in the beginning, but turn blue and finally red. There 

are several sorts of the same nature. 

640. b. Viburnum plicatum, 77*. , Jap. Temari-bana ; 

a variety of the preceding with white flowers forming a ball. 

641. CorylopsiS spicata, 5. etZ., Jap. Tosa-midsuki ; 

a garden shrub of the order Hamameliacere attaining to a height 

of 7-8 fts. In spring it produces yellow drooping flowers with 

the calyx and peduncle of the same colour, being succeeded with 

bean-sized fruits. 

642. Corylopsis pauciflora, 5. et Z. t Jap. lyo-midsuki, 

Inu-midsuki, Kodosa ; a species of the preceding. The leaves 

and flowers are much alike, but smaller. 

643. Hamamelis japonica, 5. et Z., Jap. Mansaku ; a 

mountain-tree of the order Hamameliaciae attaining to a height of 

about 10 fts. In spring before sprouting it bears flowers with 

shott peduncles. The petals are very slender and of a golden 

colour, looking like golden threads. A variety called Mume- 

dsuye has smaller leaves and yellow flowers. 

644. Liquidambar formosa, var. maximowiczii, Jap. 

Fu ; a garden tree of the order Hamameliaceae introduced in the 

year 1811. It attaints to a height of 20-30 fts. In spring it 

produces male and female flowers at the same time with the 

leaves. The female flowers are succeeded with prickly ball. The 

leaves turn red in late autumn, and are very pretty. 

645. Cornus kousa, Bnerg., Jap. Yama-boshi, Karakwa,

159 

Itsuki ; a mountain-tree of the order Cornaceae attaining to a 

of about 10 fts. In summer it bears flowers in clusters in 

height 

the form of a small ball, at which centre are four large white 

sepals looking like petals. 

edible and delicious. 

The ball produces a red pulp which is 

646. Lonicera xylosteum, L., Jap. Hydtan-no-ki, 

Kingin-boku ; a mountain-shrub of the order Loniceracea3 attaining 

to a height of 5-6 fts. It blooms in early summer. The 

flowers are white at first, but turn yellow afterwards. The fruits 

have the form of gourd?. They are red when ripe, but not edible. 

647. Diervilla grandiflora, S. et Z., Jap. Hakone- 

iitsugi, Nana-boke ; a mountain-shrub of the order Gaprifoliacese 

found much on the mountains of Hakone, whence the name. In 

summer it produces many flowers in clustered panicles on the 

branches. They are white in the beginning, but turn pink and 

then red. 

648. Ehretia macrophylla, Wall., Jap. Mitsuna- 

gashiwa, Maruba-chisha, Tosa-giri ; a mountain-tree of the 

order Boraginacea3 found in warm regions, attaining to a height of 

20-30 fts. In summer it opens small yellowish white flowers in 

an umbel, being 

succeeded with bean-sized round fruits which are 

black when ripe. The leaves are thick and rough, being used for 

polishing purposes. 

649. Styrax Obassia, S. et Z., Jap. Hakuun-bokti, Oba- 

jisha ; a mountain-tree of the order Styracaceae attaining to a 

height of 20-30 fts. In summer it bears white flowers in panicles, 

being succeeded with drooping fruits, which give an oil. 

650. Enkyanthus japonicus, Hook, Jap. DMan, 

Dvdan-tsutsuji ; a mountain-shrub of the order Ericaceae attain- 

ing to a height of 7-8 fts. In spring it produces 

shaped small flowers drooping with long peduncles, 

autumn its leaves turn red and arc very beautiful. 

white bell- 

and in late

160 - 

651. Andromeda campanulata, Miq. t Jap. Yoraku- 

dodan, Yasltio-tsutsuji ; a mountain- shrub of the order Ericaceae 

attaining to a height of about 10 fts. It resembles the preceding 

in form, but the leaves are larger. Its pretty small crimson cam- 

panulate flowers droop down from the branches. 

652. Rhododendron sinense, Sweet, Jap. Ki-tsutsitji, 

Renge-tsutsuji, Ki-renge 

; a wild shrub of the order Ericaceae 

attaining to a height of 5-6 fts. In early summer it bears yellow 

flowers in clusters. A variety with yellowish red flowers is called 

Kaba-renge. 

652. b. Rhododendron indicum, Sweet, var. kaem- 

pferi, Max., Jap. Yama-tsutsuji ; a mountain-shrub of the order 

Ericaceae, attaining to a height of 3-4 fts. In early summer it 

bears flowers on the branches resembling the preceding, but 

smaller. There are red and purple varieties, which latter is larger 

in general form and flowers, and blooms earlier. 

652. c. Rhododendron rhombicum, Miq., Jap. Mi- 

tsuba-tsutsuji, Iwayama-tsutsuji ; a mountain-shrub of the order 

Ericaceae attaining to a height of about 10 fts. Late in spring it 

bears purplish flowers, and when the flowers decay it produces 

three leaves in a circle, whence the name (three-leaved Azalea) 

is derived. 

652. d. Rhododendron ledifolium, Don., Jap. Neba- 

tsutsuji, MocJii-tsutsuji ; a mountain-shrub of the order Ericaceae 

resembling Yama-tsutsuji (652. b.), attaining to a height of 8-4 

fts. In early summer it bears purplish flowers on the branches, 

provided with a sticky substance on the peduncles, whence the 

Japanese name (sticky Azalea) is derived. A variety with narrow 

leaves and petals is called Seigai-tsutsiiji. 

Mume-modoki ; a moun- 

653. Ilex sieboldii, Miq., Jap. 

tain-shrub of the order Aquifoliaceae growing to a height of about 

10 fts. In summer it opens small flowers, being 

succeeded witli 

small round berries which turn red or white when ripe in winter

garden 

161 

654. Jasminum sieboldianum, Bin me. . Jap. 

Obai / a 

shrub of the order Jasminacea) with a slender vine-like 

stem, being several feet long. In early spring it bears pure 

flowers before the leaves, and is one of the trees which 

yellow 

bloom very early. There is a variety called summer Jasmin with 

n< rsistant leaves. 

655. Tecoma grandiflora, Delaun., Jap. Nvzen-kadsura 

; a garden climber of the order Bignoniac&e. In late summer 

it produces panicles with several orange red flowers. 

656. Callicarpa japonica, Th., Jap. Yabu-murasakt, 

Mi-murasaki ; a wild shrub of the order Verbenacene attaining to 

a height of several feet. In summer it produces small purple 

flowers in clusters, being succeeded with small round purple 

berries. There are different sorts called Ko-murasaki (small 

purple), Yama-murasaki (mountain purple), etc. 

657- Salix babylonica, Z., Jap. Shidare-yanagi ; a 

garden tree of the order Amentaceae attaining to a height 

of 3-4 

fts. The branches are slender and drooping to the ground. It is 

a diyecious plant, blooming in spring before the leaves. The 

female flowers when ripe disperse white cotton-like fibres. The 

variety here mentioned is Rokkakudo which shoots forth long 

drooping branches. This plant thrives vrell in moist places, and is 

suitable for avenues and gardens. Itf is also used for vase-flowers. 

658. Salix buergeriana, Miq.> Jap. Neko-yanagi, Kawa- 

, yanagi Saru-yanagi ; a wild tree of the order Amentacea3 attaining 

to a height of about 10 fts. It resembles the preceding in 

aspect, but the branches do not droop. The female flowers are 

covered with soft silky hair, whence the name Neko-yanagi (cat 

willow) is derived. The branches are used for vase-flowers. The 

ripe seeds produce cotton- like fibre. 

658. b. Tamarix chinensis, Lour., Jap. Gyoryu / a 

garden tree of the order Tamaricacea3 attaining to a height of 

about 10 fts. The leaves look like needles, and the branches

162 

droop like the weeping willow. In summer and autumn it produces 

panicles of small pink flowers. 

658. c. Forsythia suspensa, Vahl., Jap. Rengfo, Itachi- 

&usa, Itachi-base ; a garden shrub of the order Oleaceae with 

slender drooping branches. In spring it bears 4-lipped tubular 

yellowish flowers before sprouting, being 

shaped fruits. 

succeeded with heart- 

658. d. Stachyurus prsecox, S. et Z., Jap. Ki-fuji, 

Mame-fuji ; a mountain-shrub of the order TernstroemiaceaB 

attaining to a height of 8-9 fts. In spring it produces panicles of 

small yellow flowers 3-4 inches long, being succeeded with bean- 

sized fruits. 

658. 6. Citrus trifoliata, ., Jap. Karatachi, Kikoku ; 

a garden shrub of the order AurantiaceaB attaining to a height of 

5-10 fts. In late spring it bears 5-petaled white flowers, being 

succeeded with small round oranges, which are yellow when ripe. 

They are not eatable on account of their bitterness and acidity. 

The plants are used as stocks for grafting orange trees, and also 

for hedges. 

Note. Many other deciduous garden plants are contained in 

the chapters of fruits, oil and wax, textile and paper-manufacturing 

plants, dying, fragrant, medicine, and timber trees, etc., but they 

are omitted here.

VOLUME III. 

OIIAPTEK XXIII. EVERGREEN GARDEN-TEE ES AND SHRUBS. 

This Chapter includes all ornamental plants which leaves do 

not fall in any season. These are planted in gardens as ornaments 

on account of their green leaves and beautiful yellow or white 

variegation, and also for the beauty 

of their flowers. Besides 

these, some used for hedges, pot-plants, or vase-flowers are also 

mentioned here. 

659. Magnalia compressa, Max., Jap. Ogatama-no-ki ; 

a tree growing in mountains of warm regions, attaining to a height 

of about 10 fts. In early summer it bears white flowers' slightly 

shaded with pink, yielding fruits which expose red seeds when 

fully ripe. 

660. BerberiS japonica, R. Br,< Jap. Hiragi-nanten 

a garden shrub of the order Berberidacea3 growing to a height of 

3-4 fts. In early summer, it produces many small yellow flowers 

attached to a long stalk shooting out of the axils of leaves. After 

blooming, small dark purple berries are produced. Its leaves resemble 

those of Nandina domestica in form, and as its dented edges 

resemble somewhat those of Olea aquifolium, whence the Japanese 

name. 

661. Ternstrcemia japonica, Th., Jap. Mokkoku ; a 

garden tree of the order Ternstroemiaceae growing wild on seashores 

of warm regions. It attains to a height of about 20 fts. In 

the beginning of summer white flowers come forth, being followed 

with small fruits which burst and expose red seeds when ripe. 

Its reddish brown wood, being finely grained, is used to make 

several articles, and its bark is used for tincture.

164 

662. Cleyra japonica, 77;., Jap. Sakaki, Masakaki ; a 

mountain-tree of the order Ternstrosmiaceae attaining to a height 

of about 10 fts. Early in summer, yellowish white small flowers 

shoot forth, being 

generally offered before gods. 

followed with round berries. This tree is 

663. Eurya japonica, 77*., Jap. Hisakaki, Mesakaki, 

Shirashake ; a mountain-tree of the order Ternstroemiaceae attain- 

ing to a height of about 10 fts. Late in spring, small greenish 

white flowers appear on the axils of leaves, being succeeded with 

small berries which turn dark purple when ripe. 

664. Camellia japonica, L., var. aquifolium, Jap. Hii- 

ragi-tsubaki ; its leaves are dented, resembling those of Olea 

aquifolium. It is planted in gardens, growing to a height of 6-7 

fts. Its flowers are light pink or white. 

665. Camellia japonica, Z., var, Jap. Otome-tsubaki ; 

it grows in gardens to a height of 6-7 fts. Its small plants suit to 

plant in pots. Its flowers are double and pink or white, being 

esteemed for their beauty. Besides this, there are many varieties 

of Camellia, but they are omitted here. 

666. Camellia sasanqua, 7Y/., Jap. Sazankwa, Ko- 

tsubaki ; a garden or mountain tree of the order Ternstroemiaceae, 

resembling very much Camellia japonica in form, though smaller, 

growing to a height about 10 fts. The flowers appear 

late in 

autumn, and they are single petaled and of several colours, pink, 

white, variegated, etc. Oil is taken from the seeds as in Camellia 

japonica. 

667. Pittosporum tobira, Ait., Jap. Tobera ; a moun- 

tain-tree of the order Pittosporaceae growing to a height of about 

10 fts. Early in summer, it produces yellowish 

white flowers 

forming a raceme among the leaves. The flowers are succeeded 

with round berries which expose red seeds when ripe. 

668. Ilex crenata, Tk., Jap. Inu-tsuge ; a mountain tree 

of the order Aquifoliaoeas growing to a height of about 10 fts. In

UNIVERSITY 

early summer, small yellowish green flowers open, being succeeded 

with small round dark purple berries. 

669. Ilex latifolia, 77/., Jap. Tarayo ; a mountain tree 

of the order Aquifoliacere, growing to a height of 20-30 fts. In 

summer small greenish flowers come forth in bunches, being follow- 

ed with small red berries. 

669. b. Ilex Integra, 77/., Jap. 

(303) is much planted in gardens or for hedges. 

Mochi-no-ki ; this tree 

670. Evonymus japonicus, Th., Jap. Masaki ; a wild 

tree of the order Celastracere growing to a height of about 10 feet, 

being used generally for hedges. Various kinds of variegated 

leaves exist. In early summer small flowers open on the branches, 

and in late autumn the berries expose red seeds. 

671. Raphiolepis japonica, 5. et Z., Jap. Hamamokkoku 

; a wild shrub of the order Rosacese found on sea shores 

of southern provinces. It attains to a height of 3-4 fts., branch- 

ing out horizontally. In early summer, it bears white flowers 

which resemble those of Prunus mume, being succeeded with dark 

purple berries. Its bark is used for dying (374. b.). 

672. Photima glabra, Th. t Jap. Kaname-mochi, Akame- 

mochi, Kaname-gashi, Soba-no-ki ; a mountain tree of the order 

Rosacese growing to a height 

of about 10 fts. Its small trees suit 

well for hedges. In early summer small white flowers in a ter- 

minal cyrne appear on the branches, being succeeded with small 

round red berries. As the young leaves are red, they are called 

Aka-me (Red-shoots). The wood, being very hard and finely 

grained, is used for wheels and oars in Province Kii. 

673. Fatsia japonica, Decne. et Plane., Jap. Yatsude, 

Tcngn-no-hauchiwa ; a mountain shrub of the order Araliacea3 

growing in warm provinces. It attains to a height of 7-8 fts., 

shooting stems in tufts from a root. In winter, branched peduncles 

are produced in the centre of the leaves, bearing small yellowish

166 

white flowers forming -round balls, being followed with black 

berries. 

674. Dendropanax japonicum, Seem., Jap. Kakure- 

mino, Mitsude, Kara-mitsude, Miso-buta ; a mountain tree of the 

order Araliacere growing in warm provinces, attaining to a height 

of about 20 fts. Late in autumn, it yields flowers. It resembles 

the preceding in all respects, though its berries are a little smaller. 

675. Hedera helix, ., Jap. Fuyu-dsuta, Ki-dsuta ; a 

plant of the order Araliaceaa climbing on other trees or stones, or 

creeping on the ground. In some large vines, the stems are about 

34 inches thick. During winter it blooms being succeeded with 

fruits, which resemble those of Fatsia japonica, though smaller in 

size. A variety with dentate leaves is called Momiji-dsuta . 

676. Aucuba japonica, Tk., Jap. Aokiba, Aoki; a 

mountain shrub of the order Cornaceae growing to a height of 7-8 

fts. It is a dioecious plant. In late spring it shoots young stalks 

on the branches, bearing small purplish green 

flowers. Its fruits 

are red when ripe in winter. The leaves are white or yellow 

variegated or margined, and some are narrow. It thrives well in 

shady places. 

677. Rhododendron brachycarpum, Don., Jap. 

Shakunange ', Shaknnagi ; a mountain shrub of the order Erica- 

ceae attaining to a height of 7-8 fts. Those growing on lofty 

mountains creep on the ground. Their large and thick leaves 

grow closely at the tops of the branches, and in their centre 

beautiful light pink flowers appear in clusters, looking like peony- 

flowers at distance. 

677. b. Rhododendron indicum, Sweet, var. ob- 

tusum, Max., Jap. Kirishima-tsutsuji ; a mountain shrub of the 

order Ericaceae attaining to a height of 3-4 fts. and sometimes 

about 10 fts. The leaves are small and the red flowers, which 

bloom all at the same time, are pretty. There are different 

varieties of flowers, small or large, single or double, white or 

purple, etc.

167 

677. c. Rhododendron indicum, Sweet, var. macran- 

tlium, Max., Jap. Satsuki-tsutsuji ; it grows to a height of 3-4 

fts. Its flowers are a little larger than the preceding. The flowers 

are generally red or purple, but sometimes white. The flowers 

open in May. 

677. d. Rhododendron sablaneeolatum, Miq., Jap. 

Riukiu-tsutsuji ; it resembles the preceding in form, but larger. 

The flowers are white, and sometimes light purple. 

678. Ligustrum ciliatum, Sieb., Jap. Iwaki ; a garden 

shrub uf the order Oleacea? attaining to a height of 5-6 fts In 

early summer, it bears many small white flowers disposed in 

panicles, being succeeded with round dark purple berries. 

679. Daphniphyllum macropodum, Miq., Jap. F- 

dsuriha ; a mountain tree of the order Euphorbiaceae attaining to 

a height of about 10 fts. It is a diaecious plant, and in early 

summer small yellowish green flowers appear stalks produced at 

the centre of the leaves, being 

followed with small oval black 

fruits. The leaves are used for a congraturating decoration on the 

new year's days. 

680. Picus pyrifolia, Pair., Jap. Inu-biiva, Ko-ichijiku ; 

a wild tree of the order UrticaceiB, growing on sea-shores of warm 

regions, attaining to a height of about 10 fts. In late summer, it 

gives round fruits about the size of a thumb. When fully ripe, 

the fruits are dark purple, and edible. The bark is used for paper 

manufacture. The variety drawn in this book is the evergreen 

kind of Bonin Island. ^ 

681. Quercus sessilifolia, Bl., Jap. Tsukubane-gashi / 

a mountain tree of the order Amentaceae attaining to a height of 

about 30 fts. It resembles Quercus acuta (564), but its leaves 

shoot forth straightly in clusters. 

682. Quercus phyllireoides, A. Gray, var., Jap. Chi. 

rimen-gaslii , BiwayQ-gaski ; a variety of Ubame-gashi (566), but 

its leaves are wrinkled.

168 

683. Quercus thalassica, Hance, var., Jap. S/iima- 

gashi, Mokume-gashi ; a variety of Shira-kashi (565), but its 

leaves are variegated. 

It is planted in gardens. 

684. Quercus lacera, Bl., Jap. Hiryo-gashi ; a species 

of Japanese evergreen oak. Its leaves are provided with acute 

narrow dents on the edges. 

685. Quercus pinnalifida, Fr. et Sav., Jap. Hagoromo- 

gashi ; a kind of Japanese evergreen oak, named by the form of 

its leaves. 

686. Pinus densiflora, S. et Z., var., Jap. Shiragamatsu 

; its leaves have white variegation at their extremities. 

Besides this, a variety with white variegation in the middle 

part of leaves is called Ja-no-me, a variety with entirely white 

leaves Sliimo-furi-matsu, and a variety with yellow leaves Qgonmatsu. 

There are still several other varieties with different forms 

of leaves. 

687. Pinus koraiensis, 5. et Z., Jap. Chosen-goyo, 

Kansho, Chosen-matsu ; a garden tree of the order Conifer* 

growing to a height of about 30 fts. with 5 long needle-leaves. 

Its cones are large, being 7-9 inches, and their nuts are edible 

(217. c.). 

688. PinUS parviflora, S. et Z., Jap. Goyo-matsu, 

Shimo-fiiri-goyQ ; a garden tree of the order Conifers attaining to 

a height of 20-30 fts. There are also dwarf trees suited for arti- 

ficial garden-mountains and pot-plants. Those growing in high 

mountains creep over the ground, with short leaves. 

689. Cunninghamia sinensis, R. Br. t Jap. Koyosan, 

Riuhi, Oranda-momi ; a garden tree of the order Conifers growing 

to a height of 30-40 fts. In late spring, male and female 

flowers open, and afterwards cones are produced at the extremities 

of the branches. The pointed leaves grow pinnately 

branches, and sting the hand when touched. 

on the

169 

Juniperus chinensis L. var. procumbens. 

690. - Jap. HaibiyakusJiin ; 

a garden shrub of the order Conifers. Its stems creep over the 

ground for the length of several feet. 

691. Juniperus chinensis, Z., Biyakushin, TaM- 

biyakushin, Sugi-biyakushin ; a conifer resembling the preceding, 

but standing straight to a height of about 10 fts. 

692. Biota orientalis, Endl., Jap. Konote-gashiwa ; a 

garde n/ Coniferous shrub attaining to a height of 6-7 fts. It 

grows 

ni n conical form, and its branches and leaves are arranged re- 

gularily. The leaves have no distinction on both sides and stand 

straight. 

693. Thuya obtusa, B. et //., var., Jap. Kamakura- 

Jiiba ; a beautiful garden-tree. 

694. Thuya Obtusa, H. et #., var., Jap. Chabo-hiba ; its 

leaves and branches are very short. 

695. Thuya obtusa, H. et B., var., Jap. Kujaku-Mba ; 

its leaves resemble peacock's feathers, whence its name is derived. 

A variety Qgon-kujaku (golden peacock) is a little larger in form. 

696. Thuya pisifera, 5. et Z., var., Jap. Shinobu-hiba ; 

its leaves are fine and beautiful. 

697. Thuya Obtusa, S. et Z., var., Yenbi-hiba ; it has 

long drooping branches, which almost reach to the ground. 

698. Chamsecyparis lycopodioid.es, var., Jap. Seirit.- 

hiba ,' its branches are long and drooping. 

699. Thuya pendula, Max., Jap. IHyoku-hiba ; it has 

drooping branches and leaves. There is a variety 

variegated leaves. 

with whitf 

700. Cryptomeria japonica, Don., var., Jap. Ogvn- 

sugi ; it is admired of its beautiful light yellow leaves.

170 

701. Cryptomeria japonica, Don., var., Jap. Yenko- 

; its long extending branches are like monkey-arms. 

702. Cryptomeria japonica, Don., var., Jap. Yore- 

sugi ; its branches and leaves are twisted. 

703. Cryptomeria japonica, Don., var., Jap. Goro- 

sugi ; its leaves grow in a beautiful compact order. 

704. Cryptomeria japonica, Don., var., Jap. Bandaisugi 

; its short leaves grow together and form dense balls on 

the branches. 

705. Cryptomeria japonica, Don. , var. , Jap. Aya-sugi; 

its leaves grow 

twisted on the branches. 

706. Cryptomeria japonia, Don., var., Jap. Yawara- 

sugi ; its leaves are fine and soft. 

706. b. Chamsecyparis squarrosa, 5*. et Z, Jap. Hi- 

muro, Hime-muro ; its leaves resemble those of the preceding, 

but finer and shorter. It grows to a height of about 10 fts. It is 

closely allied to Sawara. 

707. Sciadopytis verticillata, 5. et Z, Jap. Koyamaki, 

Kusa-maki ; a coniferous mountain tree growing high. In 

summer it bears male and female flowers, and afterwards cones 

about the size of a boy-wrist. It is esteemed for its splendid 

appearance in every season, with its stately ramified branches and 

umbrella-like arranged leaves. The wood is endurable for moisture, 

and its peeled bark is used by the name of Maki-hada. 

707. b. Podocarpus macrophylla, Don., Jap. Maki, 

Inu-maki ; it is planted in gardens, and also used for hedges. 

708. Cephalotaxus drupacea, S. et Z, var., Jap. 

Chvsen-gaya ; its leaves resemble the preceding, but smaller. 

709. Taxus tradiva, Laws, Jap. Kyara-boku ; it resem- 

bles Ichii (580). 

The stems are standing or creeping.

171 

710. Cycas revoluta, 77*., Jap. Sotetsu / it grows in 

warm regions, attaining to a height of about 10 fts. and branching 

in groups. Its stem is covered with scales, and is highly prized 

as an ornamental garden or pot- plant on account of its beautiful 

slender lanceolate leaves growing pinnately. The male inflores- 

cence of this dioecious plant comes forth in the middle stem in the 

form of a club, being 2-3 fts. long, while the female flowers open 

on the hand-like stalks, to which the seeds are attached. The 

seeds are about the size of a small peach, and are of a bright 

colour. The kernels are edible when broiled (217. c.). Starch is 

obtained from its stem. Its leaves are used for plaiting hats 

and baskets. 

711. diamserops excelsa, Tk. 9 Jap. Shuro ; it is pro- 

duced in warm regions. Its stem .Stains to a height of 30-40 fts., 

growing straight in the form of a club. The leaves grow at the 

summit of the stem, and expand like fans on long peduncles. Male 

and female flowers grow on separate plants. The male flowers are 

yellow and millet grain sized, and the fruits of the female flowers 

are bean-sized. The outside of the stem is covered with hair called 

Shuro-no-ke, which is used for many purposes (349. c.). 

is also used as an ornamental wood. 

Its stem 

712. Rhapis flabelliformis, Ait., Jap. Shuro-chiku ; 

an ornamental palm produced in warm regions. 

Its sterns grow in 

groups, attaining to a height of about 10 feet. In cold regions, 

they do not grow so high, but only 

about 1 ft. The leaves are 

fan-shaped and deeply cut into segments. Its flowers open in 

spikes spreading into branches. Like the preceding, 

cious plant. Its fruits are small and round with scales. Its stems 

it is a di;o- 

being tough and strong are made into sticks, umbrella-handles, etc. 

713. Rhapis kwannontik, Jap. Kwannon-chiku, Rin- 

kiu-skuro-chiku ; a palm resembling very much the preceding, 

but the stem is covered with much more fibres, and its dark green 

leaves are short and stiff. 

714. _ > Jap. KikkQ-chikn ; a variety origi- 

PhylJostachys heterocycia, Carr.

172 

nated from B. mosa (590), with its knots attaching alternately by 

one another, forming tortoise-shell-figures of a length 

upon the ground. 


715. Bambusa Sterilis, Krz., Jap. Hotei-chiku, Gosan- 

chiku ; an ornamental and useful plant of the order Graminae, 

growing abundantly in warm regions, attaining to a height of 

about 10 fts. The knots of the lower part of its stem are very 

narrow and irregular, forming a curious appearance. It is very 

suitable as a fishing rod, and also used as a stick and an umbrella- 

handle. 

716. Bambusa marliacea, Jap. Shibo-chiku ; it is prin- 

cipally produced in Province Awaji. It attains to a height of 

about 10 fts. with a diameter -|-2 inches. It resembles Madake 

(589) with longitudinal wrinkles on its stem, which give it a 

gracious appearance, being used to make llower vases and for 

other such purposes. 

717. Bambusa pygmsea, Miq., Jap. Kimmei-chiku ; a 

garden bamboo growing to a height of about 10 fts. with a diameter 

of about 1 inches, resembling Madake (589) in shape. The 

stem is green on the side where the branches shoot forth, and the 

reverse side is yellow. The leaves have white stripes, and are 

very pretty. 

718. Bambusa sp., Jap. Han-chiku ; a mountain bamboo 

with many varieties. The variety drawn in this book is that much 

planted in the provinces 

of Onii arid Tamba. The diameter of 

the stem is about 1J inches. Jt lias cloud-like variegation. 

719. Bambusa quadrangularis, Jap. Shikaku-dake , 

Shiho-chiku ; a garden bamboo growing to a height of about 10 

fts., with a quadrangular stern, which diameter is about an inch. 

The leaves are small and narrow resembling those of Madake. It 

is one of the most strange varieties. 

720. Bambusa sp., Jap. Narihira-dake ; a garden bam- 

boo attaining to a height of about 10 fts. Its stem resembles that

173 

of Madake (589), and the leaves resemble those of Medake (591). 

Its sprouts appear in May, and are provided with thick strong 

sheaths. 

721. Bambusa sp., Jap. To-chiku ; a garden bamboo 

having a stem attaining to a height 

of about 10 fts. with a diameter 

of about 1 inch. The stems and leaves resemble the preceding, 

but tbe leaves somewhat thinner, and the stems lighter coloured. 

The distance between every knot is very long. The branches 

grow 

in thick clusters. 

722. Bambusa sp., Jap. Kan-chiku ; a garden bamboo 

attaining to a height of 5-6 fts. It is used for hedges. Its full 

grown height 

is about 10 fts. with a diameter of about 1 inch. 

The stem is purplish in the upper part. From late autumn to 

winter, it produces the young sprouts, which are good to eat. 

Phyllostachys bambusoides, S.etZ. 

723. Jap. Ya-dake, Ya-shino ; a wild bamboo 

attaining to a height of 7-8 fts. The leaves are broad and 

large, resembling those of Kuwa-zasa (732). As the stem is 

slender and strong, it is used to make arrows. It is also useful 

for making baskets, sieves, etc. 

Bambusa vulgaris, Wendl. 

724. Jap. Taisan-chiku, Tvgin-chiku ; a 

garden bamboo attaining to a height of 20-30 fts., with a diameter 

of about 2J inches. The stem is deep green 

with low even knots, 

and the leaves are broad, being very beautiful. It is easily pro- 

pagated by cutting, but as it is originated in warm regions, 

often injured by cold. 

Arundinaria Hindsii, Munro. 

it is 

725. ^ . Jap. Taimin-chiku, Daimyo-dake ; a 

garden bamboo attaining to a height of about 10 fts., with a diameter 

of about 1 inch. The leaves and branches are slender and 

fine. The small plants are planted in pots or between rocks, and 

sometimes in water basins. The stems are suitable to make flutes. 

726. Bambusa sp., .lap. Kansan-chiku ; a garden bamboo 

attaining to a height of about 10 fts., 

with the stem about an inch

174 

in diameter, resembling Medake in shape. Whips are made of its 

roots. The characteristic nature of this bamboo is that the leaves 

are erect and the branches straight upwards. 

or in water vases. 

It is planted in pots 

727. Bambusa nana, Roxb. Jap. rm-chiku; a garden 

bamboo attaining to a height of 4-5 fts. It is suitable for hedges, 

and the small ones are planted in pots. The stems grow in tufts, 

and its leaves grow closely together resembling a bird's tail. 

There is a variety with golden yellow longitudinal stripes on its 

stem, and also a variety with yellow and white stripes on its 

leaves. All these are the varieties of Usen-chiku (349) and Doyo- 

chiku (728). 

728. Bambusa sp., Jap. Doyo-ckiku, Chin-chiku, Kin- 

chiku ; the same species as Usen-chiku (349). As the stems grow 

in clusters, they are used for hedges. The character of this bamboo 

is that its underground stem creeps with close knots and the 

stem above the ground is straight with apart knots. It is used for 

a stick, umbrella-handle, etc. As the sheath is thick and very 

lustrous inside, it is used as a spoon. 

729. Bambusa sp., Jap. Sud-chiku ; a garden bamboo 

attaining to a height of 4-5 fts. Its young stem is red with green 

longitudinal stripes. 

730- Bambusa sp., Jap. Shakotan-cJiiku ; a mountain 

bamboo, being 

a kind of Kuma-sasa. The stem attains to a 

height of about 10 feet, and the part covered with sheash has a 

dark purple variegation. Its origin is in the districts of Shakotan 

in Hokkaidv, whence its name is derived. From its variegation it 

is also called Shako-han-ch/iku (partridge variegated bamboo). As 

the stems are tough and strong, they are used to make Japanese 

pen-holders, tobacco-pipes, sticks, and other articles. 

731. Bambusa Sp., Jap. 

Yakiba-zasa ; a mountain bam- 

boo, being a variety of Kuma-zasa, attaining to a height 


fts. with broard yellowish white margined leaves. It is very

ornamental in gardens, 

175 

purposes. Bambusa vejtchjj> Carr 

and its leaves are used for various 

732. _ . Jap. Kuma-zasa; a famous mountain 

bamboo attaining to a height of 5-6 fts., with broad leaves about 

8-9 inches long. A large variety called Oni-kumazasa is about 

10 fts. high, and a small one called Ko-kumazasa is about 1 ft. 

high. The stems are slender and strong. It rarely gives grains, 

which are edible (20. c.). 

Phyllostachys Kumasasa, Munro. 

733. , Jap. Bungv-sasa, Okame-zasa, Tdba- 

zasa, lyo-zasa ; a mountain bamboo growing to a height of 3-4 

fts. The stem is very slender with elevated knots, and the leaves 

shoot from each knot in a five-leaved-cluster. As its stems grow 

in groups, it is fitted for hedges. The stems are used to make 

baskets, etc. 

Note. Besides those mentioned here, there are many other 

plants which many be included in this chapter. The principal 

ones are as follows : in the Chapter of Timber Trees and Bam- 

boos, Distylium racemosum (544), Olea aquifolium (551), Cinnamomum 

carnphora (553), Buxus japonica (556), Quercus acuta 

(564), Q. glauca (565), Q. phyllioides (566), Juniperus chinensis 

(572), Thuja dolabrata (573), T. japonica (574), Chamsecyparis 

obtusa (575), C. pisifera (576), Cryptomeria japonica (577), Podo- 

carpus chinensis (578), P. nagaea (579), Taxus cuspidata (580), 

Pinus thunbergii (581), P. densiflora (582), P. parviflora (583), 

Abies firma (585), A. tsuga (586), Bambusa puberula (592), 

Phyllostachys nigra (590), etc. ; in the Chapter of Fruit-trees 

Photinia japonica (192), -Elcegnus longipes (213), Torreya nuci- 

fera (217), Quercus cuspidata (225), and Q. glabra (226); all 

kinds of oranges, which are good to plant in pots; in the 

Chapter of Plants for Luxury, Thea chinensis (283) and Ligustrum 

japonicum (290) ; in the Chapter of Oil and Wax Plants, 

Camellia japonica (311) and Cephalotaxus drupacea (314); in 

the Chapter of Dye-plants, Myrica rubra (374); in the Chapter 

of Odorous Plants, Olea fragrans (392) and O. fragrans (393) ;

176 

and in the Chapter of Poisonous Plants, lllicium religiosutn 

(484. b.), etc. 

CHAPTER XXIV. ORNAMENTAL PLANTS. 

This chapter contains all the trees, shrubs, or herbs, which 

are planted in gardens or flower-beds as ornaments, and also suit- 

able for pot-plants or vase-flowers. All their flowers and leaves 

are very beautiful and graceful. 

734. Clematis patens, Morr., et Decne., Jap. Tessen ; a 

climbing plant of the order Ranunculacea3. In spring young 

shoots sprout from the old vines, and in summer blue flowers with 

small purple petals in the centre are produced, being about 2 

inches in diameter. There is another variety which yields white 

flowers with narrow purple petals in the centre. 

735. Clematis florida, 77*., Jap. Kazagitruma; a variety 

of the preceding, but it does not have purple petals in the centre. 

There are blue and white varieties. The variety with double 

white flowers is called Yuki-okoshi, and the variety with double 

blue flowers Ruri-okoshi. 

736. Anemonopsis macrophylla, S. et Z., Jap. Kusa- 

renge, Renge-shoma ; a perennial mountain herb of the order 

Ranunculaceae growing to a height of about 2 fts. In summer each 

peduncle bears a white flower shaded with purple, resembling 

that of lotus. 

737. Anemone japonica, 5. et Z., Jap. Shumei-giku, 

Kibune-giku ; a perennial wild herb of the order Eanunculaceas 

growing to a height 

of about 2 fts. In autumn it shoots forth 

petioles with flowers at the tops. The flower is reddish purple, 

resembling that of chrysanthemum. 

738. Anemone cermia, 77*., Jap. Okina-gusa, Shagmasaigo 

; a perennial wild herb of the order Ranunculaceae. In

177 

spring it bears purplish red flowers, being followed with many 

white fruits. 

739. Anemone hepatica, Gort. y Jap. Misumiso, Yuki- 

wartso, SuJuima-saishin ; an evergreen mountain herb of the 

order Kariunculaeeae. It produces one flower at the top of each 

peduncle. The flowers are of different colours, as red, purple, 

and white. It is often planted in hot houses for flowers in spring. 

740. Caltha palustris, ., var. sibirica, Reg., Jap. Yenko- 

so ; a perennial herb of the order RanunculaceaB growing wild in 

marshy places. In late spring, it shoots oblique peduncles with 

yellow flowers. There is a variety 

peduncles growing straight upwards. 

called Riukinkwa with its 

741. Adonis amurensis, Reg. et Radd., Jap. Fukujiso ; 

a perennial herb of the order Ranunculacea3 growing in northern 

provinces. In spring peduncles with bright yellow flowers are 

produced at the same time with the leaves. It is planted in hot 

houses for selling in early spring. There are many varieties. 

742. Aquilegia glandulosa, Fisch., Jap. Odamaki, 

Odamakiso ; a perennial garden herb of the order Eanunculaceae. 

In late spring it bears single purplish blue or double white flowers 

at the tops of peduncles. The mountain variety is called Yama- 

odantaki. 

743. Poeonia albiflora, Pall., Jap. Shaku-yakti, Kaoyogusa 

; a perennial garden herb of the order Eanunculacea3. In 

spring it shoots forth stems, and in summer it bears flowers, which 

are single or double and red or white. The roots are used as 

medicine. There is also a mountain variety. 

744. Poeonia mautan, Sims. , Jap. Botan, Hatsuka-gusa ; 

a deciduous garden shrub of the order Ranunculacea3. In spring 

it sprouts and bears single or double flowers of diverse colours, 

red, pink, etc. The roots are used as medicine, and the flowers 

are edible.

178 

745. AceranthUS diphyllus, Morr. et Deene., Japi 

Baikwa-ikarisf* ; a perennial wild herb of the order Berberidese. 

In late spring, it shoots forth its stalks and yields flowers arranged 

in panicles. The flowers are pinkish white, and some-what resemble 

plum flowers in shape, whence the Japanese name. 

746. Epimedium violaceum, Morr. et Dec., Jap. 

Tkariso ; a perennial wild herb of the order Berberidea3. In 

spring it produces branched stalks bearing white or reddish purple 

anchor-shaped flowers. 

747. Nandina domestica, Th., Jap. Nanten ; an ever- 

green shrub of the order Berberideae growing wild in southern 

provinces. Generally the stem grows to a height of 4-5 fts., but 

it sometimes attains to 10 fts. It produces small white flowers 

disposed in panicles being 

berries. 

followed with round red or white 

748. Nandina domestica, Th., var., Jap. Kinshi- 

nanten ; a dwarf variety of the preceding, growing to a height of 

6-12 inches. The branches and leaves are very fine. There are 

many varieties. 

749. Nelumbo nucifera, Gartn., Jap. Hasu / a peren- 

nial herb of the order NymphasaceaB. Its roots and seeds are 

edible as described in 125 and 228. In summer it produces long 

peduncles above water-surface, bearing flowers on the tops. The 

flowers are of several sizes and colours, as white, pink, etc. As 

the flowers are very pretty, it is planted in ponds or basins. 

750. Nelumbo nucifera, Gcertn., var,, Jap. Ckawan- 

basu ; a dwarf variety of the preceding, blooming well in small 

basins. 

751. Nymphsea telragona, BemerL, Jap. Hitsuji-kusa ; 

a perennial herb of the order Nymphaeaceas growing in marshes 

and ponds. Its leaves float on the surface of water. In middle 

summer it produces double white flowers which open afternoon.

179 

752. Nuphar japonicum, DC., Jap. Ko-hone / a perennial 

herb of the order Nymphaeaceae growing in marshes and 

ponds. Its leaves are above water-surface. In late summer it 

yields one yellow flower at the top of a peduncle. There are 

several varieties. 

753. Papaver somniferum, L. t Jap. Keshi ; a biennial 

garden herb of the order Papaveraceae, attaining to a height of 4-5 

fts. In early summer it opens flowers of various colours. Opium 

is made from the young fruits. Its young leaves are edible 

when boiled. 

754. Papaver rhseas, Z., Jap. Hina-geshi, Bijin-so ; a 

dwarf variety of the preceding, with hairs on its stem and leaves. 

The stem attains to a height of 1-2 fts., and has only one flower 

on its top. There are several varieties as the preceding. 

755. Stylophorum japonicum, Miq., Jap. Yamabuki- 

so, Kusa-yamabuki ; a perennial herb of the order Papaveraceae 

growing wild in shady placas. It blooms in late spring, and the 

flowers are yellow, resembling those of Yamabuki, whence its 

Japanese name. There is another variety with leaves, resembling 

those of Seri. 

756. Dicentra spectabilis, Miq., Jap. Kemcm-so, Yo- 

raku-botan ; a perennial herb of the order Papaveraceae growing 

in mountains or planted in gardens. In early spring its young 

plants shoot forth, and in late spring it produces peduncles with 

many pink flowers disposed in drooping panicles. 

757. Gynandropsis viscida, Bunge., Jap. Fucho-so, 

Yoka-kusa ; an annual herb of the order Capparidaceae. In 

spring it is sown, growing about a foot high, and in autumn its 

white flowers open at the tops of stems. The flower resemble 

flying Fucko (the name of a bird), whence the Japanese name is 

derived. 

758. Viola patrinii, DC., var. chinensis, Ging., Jap. 

Sumire, Sumotori-bana ; a perennial wild herb of the order

180 

Violacere. In early spring it shoots forth peduncles and opens 

dark purple flowers. There are several other varieties, light 

purple, pink, snow white, etc. 

759. Viola pinnata, ., var. dissecta, Furch., Jap. Yezo- 

sumire ; a perennial wild herb of the order Yiolacese. In early 

spring it shoots forth peduncles with leaves, and only one flower 

blooms on each peduncle. The flower is white with purple 

stripes and light purple veins. 

760. Viola sylVGStris, Kit., var. grypoceras, A. Gray, 

Jap. Tachitsubo-sumire ; a perennial wild herb of the order 

summer it 

Violaceae, growing to a height of about 1 ft. In early 

bears reddish purple or purplish white flowers. 

761. Dianthus superbus, Z., Jap. Nadeshiko, No- 

nadeshiko, Tokonatsu ; a perennial wild herb of the order 

Caryophyllaceae, growing to a height 

summer it bears deeply cut thin petaled pink flowers. 

of about 2 fts. In late 

762. DianthUS Chinensis, ., Jap. Kara-nadeskiko, 

Sekichiku ; a biennial garden herb of the order Caryophyllaceae. 

It produces many stems from one root, growing to a height of 

about 6 inches. In summer it blooms at the top of each stem. 

The flowers are of different colours, as red, white, and variegated. 

763. Dianthus chinensis, L., var. hortensis, Jap. fse- 

nadeshiko, Satsuma-nadeshiko, Osaka-nadeshiko ; a garden variety 

of Nadeshiko (761) with larger flowers. The flowers are single or 

double, and pink, purple, or variegated. The petals are cut 

finely, sometimes drooping 4-5 inches long. 

764. Lychnis grandiflora, Jacq., Jap. Gampi; a 

perennial garden herb of the order Caryophyllaceae. In early 

of about 

spring it sprouts, and in mid-summer it grows to a height 

3 fts., bearing flowers of various colours. A variety 

called 

Kuruma-gampi has several opposite leaves, and produces clusters 

of flowers. 

764. b. Lychinis grandiflora, Jacq., var. calicibus,

181 

.Tap. Matsumoto ; a variety resembling the preceding, growing to 

a height of about 2 fts. In early summer it bears red, white or 

variegated flowers. 

764 c. Lychnis senno, 5. et Z., Jap. Senmke ; a 

variety resembling the preceding, attaining to a height of about 

3 fts. In late summer it bears red, white or other coloured flowers. 

765. Lychnis miqueliana, Rohrb. y Jap. Fushigurosenno 

; a perennial wild herb of the order Caryophyllacere. In 

spring it sprouts, growing in summer to a height of 2-3 fts., when 

it produces 2 or 3 flowers which are red, white, etc. 

766. Silene stellarioid.es, Max., Jap. Shirane-gampi ; 

a perennial herb of the order Garyophyllaceae growing in high 

mountains. In spring it grows to height of about 1 ft., and yields 

white flowers in late summer. It is found in S/izrane-mouufaiu 

of Province Shimo-osa, whence the name is derived. 

767. Silene keiskei, Miq., Jap. Biranji, 

Sakura-senno ; 

a perennial herb of the order Caryophyllacea3 growing in high 

mountains. In spring it grows to a height of 4-5 inches, and in 

late summer reddish purple flowers are produced. 

768. Saponaria vaccaria, L. y Jap. Dokwan-so; a 

biennial garden herb of the order Caryophyllacere. It is sown in 

autumn, and shoots up in the following spring growing to a height 

of 1-2 fts. In early summer it bears pink flowers on the divided 

branches. 

769. Malva sylvestris, L., Jap. Zeni-aoi ; a biennial 

garden herb of the order Malvaceae. It is sown in autumn, and 

in the following spring it grows to a height of about 2 fts., when 

it bears purple, pink or white flowers at the axils of leaves. 

garden 

770. Althaea rosea, L., Jap. Tachi~aoi, Hana-aoi ; a 

biennial herb of the order Malvaceae. It is sown in 

autumn, and grows to a height of 5-6 fts. in the following spring. 

It blooms at the axils of leaves in summer. The flowers are 

single or double, and pink, white or purple.

182 

771. Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, L. y Jap. Riukiu-mukugc , 

Bussoke ; a deciduous shrub of the order Malvaceae growing in 

warm provinces, attaining to a height of about 10 fts. In late 

summer it produces flowers coloured pink, brownish yellow, etc, 

Tn winter it is kept in hot houses. 

772. Pentapetes phoenicea, L., Jap. Goji-kwa / an 

annual garden herb of the order Sterculiaceae. It is sown in 

spring, and in late summer its yellowish red flowers open at noon, 

whence its name is derived. 

773. Hypericum salicifolium, S. et Z., Jap. Byo- 

yanagi ; a deciduous shrub of the order Hypericaceae growing 

wild in mountain- valleys, growing to a height of 4-5 fts. In late 

summer it bears yellow flowers, and the stamens are very long 

looking as golden threads. 

773. b. Hypericum patulum, Th., Jap. Kinshibai; a 

variety of the preceding, growing to a height of 2-3 fts., 

flower is smaller and the stamens shorter. 

but the 

774. Hypericum ascyron, L., Jap. Tomoyeso, Bydsd, 

Q-otogiri ; a perennial wild herb of the order Hypericaceae, grow- 

ing to a height 

of 2-3 fts. In late summer each stalk bears 

yellowish flowers, which resemble those of the preceding. 

775. Geranium eriostemon, Fisch. , Jap. Gunnai-furo / 

a perennial mountain herb of the order Geraniaceae. In spring it 

shoots, and in early summer, each peduncle bears light purplish 

red flowers. 

776. Impatiens balsamina, L., Jap. Hosenkwa; an 

annual garden herb of the order Balsaminaceae. It is sown in 

spring, and in summer it attains to a height of about 1 ft. The 

branches bear single or double, and red, white, purple 

gated flowers. 

or varie- 

777. Impatiens textori, Miq., Jap. TsurifunesQ^ Horaan 

annual herb of the order Balsaminaceae, growing in

183 

shady places as bushes and bamboo woods. It is sown in spring, 

growing to a height of about a foot in summer. Its flowers resemble 

the preceding, being single and light reddish purple. 

778. Impatiens nolitangera, Max., Jap. Kitsurifune- 

so ; an annual herb of the order Balsaminaceae growing in shady 

places of mountains. It grows from the seed sown in spring, and 

attains to a height of about 2 fts. in summer. It resembles the 

preceding in form, but the flowers are yellow. 

779. Oxalis obtriangulata, Max., Jap. Yeizan-kata- 

bami, Miyama-katabami ; a perennial herb of the order Oxali- 

daceae growing in shady places of mountains. Its peduncles shoot 

up in late spring, opening white flowers with pink veins and light 

red lines. 

780. Boenninghausenia albiflora, Reich., Jap. Matsu- 

kajesv, Matsugaye-ruda ; a perennial herb of the order Eutaceae 

growing in mountains. In summer it grows to a height 

fts., and produces many small yellowish white flowers. 


781. Dictamnus albus, L., Jap. Hakusen ; a small shrub 

of the order Kutaceae planted in gardens. In summer the stems 

grow to a height of 2-3 fts. Its flowers in panicles 

are white 

shaded with purple. The seeds resemble those of Fceniculuui 

vulgare. 

782. Thermopsis fabacea, DC., Jap. Sendai-hagi; a 

perennial herb of the order Leguminoceafi growing principally in 

the district of Sendai, whence its Japanese name is derived. It 

attains to a height of about 1 ft. It produces yellow papilio- 

flowers in panicles and flat pods. 

783. Crotalaria sessiliflora, L., Jap. Tanuki-mame ; 

an annual wild herb of the order Leguminocese. It grows from 

the seed in spring, and in summer it attains to a height of about 

1 ft. It produces purple papilio-flowers, being succeeded with 

hairy pods.

184 

784. Cytisus SCOparius, Link., Jap. Yenishida ; an 

evergreen garden shrub of the order Leguminocese. The stems 

are dark green, and grow in groups. When several years old, 

they attain to a height of about 10 fts. In early summer they 

bear golden yellow papilio-flowers, being succeeded with pods. 

785. Spartium junceum, L. 9 Jap. Redama ; an ever- 

green shrub of the order Leguminocea3 produced in warm provinces. 

In winter it is kept in hot houses. The stem is dark 

green. It blooms in early summer, and the papilio-flowers are 

yellow and beautiful. 

786. Indigofera decora, Lindl., Jap. Niwa-fuji, fwafuji 

; a small wild shrub of the order Loguminocese. When 

young, it looks like a herb. In summer it grows to a height of 

1-2 fts., and produces red or white papilio-flowers in panicles. 

787. Indigofera tinctoria, L., Jap. Komatsunagi ; a 

small wild shrub of the order LeguminoceaB, growing to a height 

of 1-2 fts. In spring its young branches and leaves shoot forth, 

bearing in autumn reddish purple or white papilio-flowers. 

788. Astragalus sinicus, 77*., Jap. RengesQ, Gengebana, 

Shomenso ; a biennial wild herb of the order Leguminocea3. It 

creeps along the ground, and produces peduncles with purplish 

red papilio-flowers arranged in the form of an umbrella. It re- 

sembles the lotus flower in shape, though very small, whence its 

Japanese name is derived. The seeds are sown in autumn, and 

in the following year the plants are buried under the ground 

as manure. 

789. Lathyrus messerschmidii, Fr. et Sav., Jap. 

Nanten-hagi, Tani-watashi, Futaba-hagi ; a perennial wild herb 

of the order Leguminocese. In summer it grows to a height of 

about a foot, and in autumn it yields reddish purple papilio- 

flowers, being succeeded with small pods. 

790. Lathyrus palustris, L., var. linearifolius, Ser. t 

Jap. Renriso, Kamakiriso ; a perennial wild herb of the order

185 

Leguminoceae. In early summer it grows to a height of about 

1 ft., and in autumn it produces peduncles from the axils of 

leaves, bearing deep purple papilionaceous flowers in panicles. 

791. Vicia sativa, Miq., Jap. Yahadsu-yendo ; a biennial 

leguminous wild herb. In spring its slender tendrils come forth, 

and in early summer It produces very small reddish purple papilio- 

naceous flowers at the axils of leaves, and then pods. 

792. Lathyrus maritimus, Mig., Jap. 

" 

Hama-yendo ; 

a perennial leguminous herb growing on sandy sea-coasts. In 

early summer the stem grows and creeps over the ground, producing 

purple papilionaceous flowers from the axils of leaves. 

793. Rubus rosifolius, Sm., var. B. coronarius, Sims., 

Jap. Tokin-bara, Tokin-ibara, Goyaogi ; a garden deciduous 

semi-ligneous shrub of the order Kosacea3. In summer its slender 

stem grows like a vine, bearing double yellowish white flowers, 

which resemble rose-flowers. 

794. Lythrum virgatum, L., Jap. Miso-hagi; a peren- 

Dial herb of the order Lythrariaceae growing in moist places. In 

summer it grows to a height of about 2 fts. In autumn it pro- 

duces reddish purple flowers disposed in panicles. 

795. Bredia hirsula, B!., Jap. Hashikanboku ; an evergreen 

small shrub of the order Melastomaceae growing in warm 

countries. In autumn it is kept in hot houses. It bears several 

ivddish flowers in panicles at the ends of branches in late autumn. 

796. Melastoma macrocarpa, Don., Jap. Nobotan / 

an evergreen shrub of the order Melastornacese growing in warm 

provinces. In water it must be kept in hot houses. In summer 

it produces reddish purple flowers at the ends of branches and the 

axils of leaves. 

767- Myrtus tomentosa, Wight, Jap. Tenninkwa ; an 

evergreen slirub of the order Myrtacese grown in warm regions. 

In winter it must be kept in hot houses. In summer it bears

186 

pink flowers on small peduncles produced at 

and the tops of branches. 

the axils of leaves 

798. Epilobium angUStifolium, L., Jap. Yanagi-ran, 

Yanagi-sQ ; a perennial mountain herb of the order Onagraceas. 

In summer it attains to a height of 2-3 fts. Its flowers are reddish 

purple, being disposed in panicles on the branches. The seeds are 

provided with fibres. 

799. Passiflora cserulea, L., Jap. Tokei-so / an ever- 

green climber of the order PassifloraceaB growing in warm regions. 

In winter it must be kept in hot-houses. In summer it blooms at 

noon. The flower is provided with many fibrous petals, and the 

outer petals are white, while the inner petals are purple. Its 

pistils and stamens resemble a clock in form., whence the Japanese 

name is derived. 

800. Sedum sieboldi, Sweet, Jap. Misebaya-so, Tama- 

no-o ; a perennial garden herb of the order Crassulacea3. It has 

many drooping stems, and so it is planted in hanging baskets. In 

summer, it produces small pink flowers in branches at the top of 

the stem. The plants of this species do not fade without mois- 

ture, and thrive well from the cut stems. 

801. Sedum erythrostictum, Miq. , Jap. Benkeiso ; a 

perennial herb of the order Crassulaceae planted in gardens. It 

produces many leaves from one root and grows to a height of 

about 1 ft. In summer it produces many small pink flowers on 

the peduncles divided on the top of the stem. 

802. Sedum kamtschaticum, Fisch et Mey. t Jap. 

Kirinso ; a garden perennial herb of the order Crassulaceae. It is 

allied to the preceding, but the leaves are narrow arid the yellow 

flower-s are arranged in an umbel. 

803. Sedum, Jap. Iwa-kirinso ; a perennial herb of the 

order Crassulaceae growing in high mountains. Its stem grows to 

a height of about 1 ft. and stands obliquely. In late autumn, it

187 

opens small yellow flowers disposed in an umbel at the top of 

the stem. 

804. Sedum linear, 77/., Jap. Mannenso ; a perennial 

herb of the order Crassulaceas. It is planted on rocks in gardens. 

It grows to a height of 6-7 inches, and in summer it yields small 

5 petaled golden yellow flowers at the top of the stem. 

805. Sedum subtile, Miq., Jap. Maruba-mannenso ; a 

variety of the preceding with round leaves. It thrives well by 

road sides and between rocks. Its stem grows obliquely and 

reaches to a height of 4-5 inches. In summer it yields small 5 

petaled yellow flowers in bunches at the top of the stem. 

806. Cotyledon spinosa, Z., Jap. Tsumerenge ; an 

evergreen herb of the order Crassulacea3 growing on roofs and 

rocks. It is also planted in pots. In summer its stems grow to 

a height of 4-6 inches. It opens small pink flowers disposed in 

panicles. 

807. Cotyledon malacophyllum, Pall., Jap. Iwa- 

renge ; a variety of the preceding, but the leaves are round, 

broad, and covered with white powder. Its leaf resembles a 

lotus-flower. It also grows like a lotus. 

808. Opuntia fiscus, L., Jap. Sdboten ; a peculiarly 

formed evergreen shrub of the order Cactaceae growing in warm 

provinces. The stem is flat, broad and juicy, and covered with 

thorns. When young, it has slender leaves. It is about 1 ft. 

long and 2-3 inches broad and attached one upon another, reach- 

ing to a height of about 10 fts. In summer it produces double 

yellowish red flowers. The fruits resemble figs, and are thorny. 

They are edible when fully ripe. The young soft stem can be 

eaten as a vegetable. The juice is used for washing, whence the 

Japanese name Saboten (soap) is derived. 

809. Bibes ambiguum, Max., Jap. Yasha-bishaku, 

Tembai ; a deciduous small shrub of the order Saxifragacea?, 

growing on old trees of high mountains. It grows to a height of

~ 188 

1-2 fts. In summer it blooms, being succeeded with hairy small 

oval berries edible with. a sour taste. 

810. Saxifraga sarmentosa, ., Jap. Yukinoshita / an 

evergreen herb of the order SaxifragaceaB growing mountain 

valleys, and much planted on rock works of gardens. In late 

summer, it shoots forth long peduncles 

posed of 2 large and 3 small petals. 

with white flowers com- 

811. Saxifraga cortussefolia, 5. et Z., Jap. Daimojtso, 

YukimochisQ ; a perennial herb of the order Saxifragaceae grow- 

ing in mountain valleys. 

clusters forming a panicle. 

In summer it produces white flowers in 

811. b. Saxifraga CortUSSefolia, S. et Z., var. mandida, 

Max., Jap. finjiso, Kikuba-daimojisv ; a variety of the preceding 

with chrysanthemum-like leaves. 

812. Saxifraga sendaica, Max., Jap. Sendaiso, Taki- 

wakiso, ffariso ; a variety of the preceding with its stem 6-7 

inches high and thick smooth leaves in clusters. Peduncles shoot 

forth from the centre and bear small white flowers in bunches 

resembling the preceding. 

813. Tiarella polyphylla, Don., Jap. Dsuda-yakushu ; 

a perennial herb of the order Saxifragacea3 growing in mountain- 

valleys. In summer it bears small white flowers at the top of the 

stem, being followed with small pods containing line seeds. 

813. b. Mitella japonica, Miq., Jap. CharumerusQ, Me- 

yukinosJuta ; a variety of the preceding. Its flower looks like a 

trumpet. 

814. Astilbe japonica, Miq., Jap. Awamoriso, Awamorishoma 

; a perennial wild herb of the order Saxifragacese. 

The leaves are dark green and lustrous. In summer it grows to a 

height of about 1 ft., and yields small white flowers in panicles at 

the top.

189 

815. Rodgersia podophylla, A. Gray, Jap. Yaguruma- 

50 / a perennial herb of the order Saxifragaceas growing in high 

mountains. The 5 small leaflets attach to one petiole. In 

summer it grows to a height of about 2 fts., and bears small white 

flowers in clusters. 

816. Parnassia foliosa, Hook., Jap. Skirahtgeso, Haku- 

san-nadeshiko ; a perennial herb of the order Saxifragaceae grow- 

ing in high mountains. In summer it shoots forth a peduncle to 

a height of 6-7 fts. and bears flowers with 5 white fringed petals, 

resembling those of Dianthus superbus (761). 

817. Parnassia palustris, L., Jap. Mumebachisn ; a 

variety closely allied to the preceding growing wild. In late 

autumn it produces a peduncle of a height of 8-10 inches, and 

bears yellowish white 5 petaled flowers at the top. 

818. Hydrangea stellata, Max., Jap. Shickidankwa ; a 

deciduous shrub of the order Saxifragaceae growing to a height of 

3-4 fts. In summer it blooms light purple flowers. From the 

centre of the flower it produces another peduncle with flowers, and 

so on till 5-7 stages. 

819. Deinanthe bifida, Max., Jap. Gingaso, Dango- 

batta, Ginbaiso ; a perennial herb of the order Saxifragaceie grow- 

ing in high mountains, with a height 

of 1-2 fts. In summer it 

produces several peduncles with white flowers at the tops, re- 

sembling tea-flowers. 

820. Hydrangea involucrata, Sieb., Jap. Tama-ajisai; 

a deciduous semi-ligneous shrub of the order Saxifragaceas growing 

in high mountains, with a height of 3-4 fts. In summer it pro- 

duces globous buds, being followed with small purplish pink 


821. Hydrangea involucrata, Sieb., var., Jap. Giokudankwa 

; a variety of the preceding with double flowers. From 

the centre of the flower it produces another peduncle with flowers. 

The flowers are greenish white at ii rst, and then turn reddish white.

190 

822. Cardiandra alternifolia, S. et Z, Jap. Kusa-gaku, 

Kusa-ajisai ; a perennial mountain herb of the order Saxifragaoeas, 

growing to a height of l|-2 fts. In summer it produces pink 


823. Patsia horrida, Smith, Jap. Haribuki, Kmnadara ; 

a deciduous mountain shrub of the order Araliaceas, growing 

to a 

height of 4-5 fts. Its leaves and stems are thorny. In summer 

it shoots peduncles at the top, and yields small light pink flowers 

in the form of a round bulb. 

824. Cornus canadensis, L., Jap. Gozen-tachibana ; an 

evergreen herb of the order Cornaceas growing in shady places of 

high mountains. It grows to a height of 4-5 inches. From the 

centre of the 6 leaves at the stem-end, it produces a peduncle 

with greenish white flowers, being succeeded with edible small 

red berries. 

825. Ixora Stricta, Roxb., Jap. Sandankwa ; an ever- 

green shrub of the order RubiaceaB found in warm regions. It 

does not thrive in cold regions. In summer it produces several 

peduncles, each with crimson flowers forming an umbel. 

826. Gardenia radicans, Thunb., Jap. Ko-kuMnaski, 

Yaye-kuchinashi ; an evergreen shrub of the order Bubiacese* 

being a variety of Gardenia florida (366). It is much planted in 

gardens. 

white flowers. 

In summer it produces peduncles with double yellowish 

827. Damnacanthus indicus, Gartn., Jap. Aridoski, 

Kotori-tomaradsu ; an evergreen small shrub of the order Rubiacea3 

found in the mountains of warm provinces, growing to a height of 

about 2 fts. Its thorny branches come forth in thick bushes. In 

early summer, it bears clove-like small white flowers, being succeeded 

with small round red berries which remain on the branches 

till the new berries of the next year are produced. 

828. Patrinia scabiossefolia, Link., Jap. Ominayeshi, 

Awa-bana ; a perennial wild herb of the order Valerianaceae,

191 

growing to a height of 3-4 fts. In late summer it produces 

beautitul yellow flowers in an umbel at the top of the stem. 

829. Scabiosa japonica, Miq., Jap. Matsumushiso, 

Rimbv-gikn ; a wild biennial plant of the order Dipsaceae, grow- 

ing to a height of 2-3 fts. In autumn it shoots forth peduncles 

with small purple flowers in a composite form. Its young leaves 

are edible. 

830. Eupatorium Chinense, Miq.> Jap.' Fuji-bakama ; 

a wild perennial herb of the order Compositae, growing to a height 

of 3-4 fts. Late in autumn, it bears fragrant purple 

the top. 

flowers at 

831. Aster triuervius, Roxb., var. congesta, Fr. et Sav., 

Jap. Kon-giku ; a wild perennial herb of the order Compositae 

closely allied to Aster cantoniensis (65). It grows to a height of 

about 1 ft., and in late autumn it bears deep purple flowers. 

832. Aster spathulifbiius, Max., Jap. Darwna-giku, 

SJiinano-giku ; a garden perennial herb of the order Compositae, 

growing to a height of about 1 ft. Its leaves are covered with 

fine hair. In autumn it produces several purplish pink flowers 

at the top. 

833. Aster tataricus, L. , Jap. Shion / a garden peren- 

nial herb of the order Compositae, growing straight 5-6 fts. high. 

In late autumn it bears purplish flowers. There is a dwarf variety, 

being about 1 ft. high. 

834. Aster cantoniensis, DC., var., Jap. No-skungiku, 

Skungiku ; a garden perennial herb of the order Compositae, growing 

to a height of about 1 ft. From early summer to autumn it 

bears reddish purple flowers. There is also a variety with white 

flowers. 

835. SolidagO Virga-aurea, L., Jap. Akino-kirinso, 

Awadachisv ; a perennial wild herb of the order Compositae, 

growing to a height of 1-2 fts. In late autumn it bears 5 petaled

192 

small yellow flowers in panicles. There is also a variety with 


836. Pyrethrum, Jap. Q-giku ; a perennial garden herb 

of the order . Composite There are two varieties, the summer and 

the autumn crysanthemums. The one here mentioned is the 

autumn variety. It grows to a height of 2-4 fts., and in early 

autumn it opens flowers with diverse colours, red, yellow, white, 

orange, etc. Some of the flowers are several inches in diameter. 

Their petals are also various, flat, tubular, etc. They are the best 

of the autumnal flowers. 

837. Pyrethrum, Jap. Natsu-gikti ; a perennial garden 

herb of the order Compositas, growing to a height of 2-3 fts. In 

summer it bears flowers of several colours and forms. 

838. Pyrethrum, Jap. Ko-gikii ; a perennial garden herb 

of the order Composite, growing to a height of about 1 ft. In late 

autumn its divided branches bear flowers of yellow, white, or red 

colours and of different sizes. They are mostly 

Iwa-giku. 

derived from 

838. b. Pyrethrum, Jap. Kan-giku ; a variety of the 

v preceding, bearing small yellowish flowers in late autumn. 

839. Leucanthemum nipponicum, Fr. et Sav., Jap. 

Hama-gikzi ; a perennial herb of the order Compositse, growing 

wild on sea-coasts and also planted in gardens. Its stems do not 

die through the year, growing about 2 fts. high. In late autumn 

it bears white flowers with a yellow centre at the tops of the 

branches. 

840. Leucanthemum arcticum, DC., Jap. Ko-hama- 

giku ; a perennial herb of the order Composite, growing on the 

sea-coasts of northern provinces. It grows to a height of about 

1 ft., and in late autumn it produces white flowers which turn 

purplish pink when old. 

841. Callistephus chinensis, Nees., Jap. Ezo-giku, 

Satsuma-kon-giku ; a biennial garden plant of the order Com-

193 

posita?. It becomes also an annual plant according to the season 

iu which the seeds aiv sown, it grows to a height of 1-2 fts. 

The biennial one blooms in summer, and the annual one in autumn. 

The flowers are purplish blue, red, white, etc. 

842. Achillea sibirica, Led., Jap. Ha&oromosv t Noko- 

îriso ; a perennial wild herb of the order Composite, growing to 

a height of 2-3 fts. In autumn it produces small white or pink 

1 lowers in clusters at the head. 

843. Artemisia schmidtiana, Max., Jap. Asagiriso : 

vergreen herb of the order Composite produced 

in northern 

provinces. Its leaves are slender, green, and lustrous. It grows 

to a height of 1-2 fts., and in autumn it bears small yellow 

ilowers in panicles. 

844. Gnaplialis japonica, Max., Jap. Arare-giku f 

Yama-hahako ; a perennial wild herb of the order Composite, 

growing to a height of about 1 ft. Late in autumn, it bears many 

small white flowers with yellow centres. The flowers remain still 

after the stems were withered by frost. 

845. Senecio japonica, Schitltz., Jap. Hankwaiso ; a 

perennial wild herb of the order Composite. Its leaves are broad 

and deeply dissected. It grows to a height of about 3 fts., and in 

autumn it blooms yellow ilowers on the branches divided at the 

head of the stem. There is a variety called C/torioso closely 

allied, but the dissection of the leaves is less and it grows to a 

height 

of about 5 fts. 

. 

846. Senecio ksempferi, DC., Jap. Tsuivalniki ; an 

evergreen herb of the order Composite?, growing 

wild on the s< -a- 

coa>ts of southern provinces and also much planted in gardens. 

In autumn its stems grow to a height of about 2 fts. and divided 

into branches, Injuring yellow flowers. The petioles of the young 

leaves are eaten as a vegetable (07. K). The variety called 

V-tsuwabuki is 

largr, 

blooms in winter. 

and the \T: -d Kan-tsuwabuki

194 

847. Senecio fiammeus, DC., Jap. Korinkwa; a perennial 

herb of the order Composite closely allied to Senecio cam- 

pestris, growing wild in the dry places of mountains and fields. 

It grows to a height of about 1 ft., yielding many reddish yellow 

flowers at the top of the divided branches. 

848. Calendula officinalis, L., Jap. Kinsenkwa ; n 

biennial garden herb of the order Composite. It becomes annual 

according to the time of its sowing. It grows to a height of about 

1 ft. The biennial blooms in late spring, and the annual in late 

autumn. The flowers are reddish yellow or light yellow, and n 

variety with large 

flowers is called Tokinsen. 

849. Echinops sphserocephalus, L., Jap. Rn 

Higodai ; a perennial wild herb of the order Composite, growing 

to a height of 2-3 Its. In autumn it bears composite flowers form- 

ing very pretty purplish blue balls at the top of the divided stems. 

850. Cnicus SpicatUS, Max., Jap. Yama-azami, Oniazaun 

; a perennial wild herb of the order Composite growing to 

a 

height of about 2 fts. The leaves and stems are thorny. 

.In 

late summer, it is divided into branches at the top, and bears 

reddish purple J lowers. 

850. b. Cnicus buergeri, Max., Jap. No-asami ; it 

resembles the preceding, but smaller. It blooms in early summer, 

and the flowers are purple. 

There is a variety called Hana-azaini 

with pretty flowers of diverse colours, red/white, etc. 

851. Rhaponticum atriplicifolium, DC., Jap. Kitma- 

tori-bokucJii, Yama-gobo, Yama-Itokuclti ; a perennial wild herb 

of the order Composite*?, growing to a height of 3-4 fts. Its stems 

and leaves are covered with flne white hair. Jn autumn it produces 

globular thorny buds, and then dark purple flowers. The 

young leaves are edible, and the old leaves are used to make 

u tinder. 

852. Serratula coronata, ., Jap. Tamnrasi, Tauia- 

boki ; a perennial wild herb of the order Composite, growing to a

UNIVERSITY) 

-195- V ^x 

height of 2-3 i'ts. In autumn it bears reddish purple 

flowers at 

the top of the branches. It resembles Cnicus spicatus, but lias 

no tliorn. 

853. Taraxacum officinale, //7 /^-? Jap- Tampopo ; a 

jinial herb of the order Composite growing wild everywhere. 

In spring it shoots peduncles among the leaves, and yields deep 

yellow flowers at the top. There are .several varieties of various 

flowers and leaves. The young leaves are eaten as :i vegetable, 

:g >oft and delicious. 

854. Helianthus annuus, L., Jap. ffimawari, ///- 

guriiina, Xichirinsv ; an annual garden plant of the order Coin- 

p.xsita;, growing to a height of 6-7 fts. In autumn it bears one 

llower at the head of each stem. The flower is 8-9 inches 

yellow 

in diameter, and turns round towards the sun. The seeds are 

1 to take an oil. 

855. Platycodon grandiflorum, DC., Jap. Kikyu ; a 

]K3reunial wild herb of the order Carnpanulaceixi, growing to a 

lu'ight o[ 2-3 fts. In autumn it shoots peduncles at the top, and 

;rs purplish blue flowers. There? are many varieties planted 

in garde -. 

856. Wahlenbergia marginata, DC. , Jap. 

a p wild herb of the 

- 

order Campanulace. o. Its slender 

\vs obliquely to n height of 4-5 inches. In late summer, 

stem shoots branches and bears small bluish purple flowers. 

857- Glossoconiia lanceolata, Reg., Jap. 

a p:jreniiial wild climber of the order Campanulaoare. 

In autumn 

it produces flowers from the axils of leaves. The flower is greenish 

white with dark purple vein-nets in the outside, and dark purple 

v

growing to a height 

196 

of 2-3 fts. In late summer it bears narrow 

petaled purple or white flowers in panicles at the head of the stem. 

859. Campanula punctata, Laml\, Jap. Holam-bukuro, 

Tsiiriganeso, CIiQchin-bana ; a perennial wild herb of the order 

Campanulaceae, growing to a height of 2-3 fts. In summer it 

bears campanulate purplish flowers with deep purple spots or 

white flowers with purple spots. 

Those growing on high mountains 

have a height of 34 inches, and their flowers are very pretty. 

860. Adenophora trachelioides, Max., Jap. Sobana ; 

a perennial herb of the order Campanulacea; growing in mountains. 

In late summer it grows to a height of 2-3 fts., and bears light 

purple campanulate flowers in panicles. 

861. Adenophora verticillata, Fisch., Jap. Tsnrigane- 

nlnjin ; a perennial wild herb of the order Campanulaeeae, growing 

to a height of 8-4 fts. In summer it produces small bluish 

purple or white campanulate flowers in panicles. 

862. Adenophora denticulata, 77;., Jap. Hiwc-shajin ; 

a small variety of the preceding growing on high mountains, grow- 

ing to a height of about 2 fts. In autumn it produces greenish 

purple campanulate flowers in panicles at the head of the stein. 

863. Campanula glomerata, L., var. genuina, Hen/., 

Jap. Yatsushiro-gikyQ ; a perennial herb of the order Campanulaceaj 

growing in moist places. In late summer it grows to a 

height of about 2 fts., and yields campanulate purplish blue flowers 

in clusters from the axils of leaves at the head of the stem. 

864. Conandroii ramondioides, $. et Z., Jap. Iiva-na r 

liva-jisha, hva-tabako ; a perennial herb of the order Cyrtandracea3 

growing on rocky mountains, producing one leaf from each 

root. Its stalk grows in summer, divided into branches, with 

several flowers which are pink, purple, or white. In late spring 

its young leaves are eaten as vegetables. 

865. Rehrnannia glutinosa, Libosch.. Jap. Sc-nri^ma ;-

197 

a perennial garden herb of tlie order Cyrtandraceie. Jn summer 

it grows to a height of about 1 ft. and bears labiated flowers. The 

out-side of the flower is light red shaded with purple, and the in- 

side is yellow with purple spots. 

866. Andromeda polifolia, L., Jap. Hime-shakunage ; 

an evergreen small shrub of the order Ericaceae growing in inoist 

places of high mountains. In summer it grows to a height of 

about 1 ft. and produces peduncles at the top of the branches, 

bearing one campanulate light red flower on eacli peduncle. 

867. Phyllodoce taxifolia, Don., Jap. Tsuga-zakura ; 

an evergreen small shrub of the order Ericaceae growing on high 

mountains, growing to a height 

small light red campanula with five petals. 

of about 1 ft. In summer it bears 

868. Pyrola rotundifolia, Z., Jap. Ichiyakusu, Kikko- 

so ; an evergreen wild herb of the order Ericaceae In summer it 

shoots peduncles to a height of about 8-9 inches, and bears 

yellowish white flowers. There are several varieties. 

869. ChiinapMla japonica, Max., Jap. MnmcgasasQ, 

KinugasasQ ; a small evergreen herb resembling the preceding, 

growing in shady places of mountains. In summer it shoots 6-8 

inches long peduncles from the axils of leaves, and tears greenish 

white ilowcrs in panicles. 

870. Chlorantliiis brachystacliys, BL, Jap. Swryo ; 

an evergreen herb of the order Chloranthaceaj produced in warm 

provinces, growing to a height of 2-3 fts. In summer it produces 

m

198 

flowers, being- succeeded with round red berries which remain on 

the branches for a long time. There are varieties with white or 

yellow berries. 

872. Bladhia crenata, Jap. Karatachi-bana , Koji ; an 

evergreen shrub of the order Myrsinaceao produced 

gions, growing to a height 

in warm re- 

of about 1 ft. In summer it bears 

greenish white flowers, being succeeded with small round berries, 

which are red., yellow, or white. The leaves are various. 

873. Ardisia japonica, /., Jap. Yabu-kojt, Yabn-tachibana 

; an evergreen wild shrub of the order Myrsinacerc, growing 

to a height of about 1 ft. In summer it produces bluish white; 

flowers at the axils of leaves, being succeeded with small round 

red berries. There is a variety with white, berries which remain 

for a long time on the branches. There are also several varieties 

with various leaves. 

874. Asdepias curassavica, L.. Jap. Totvata; an an- 

nual garden herb of the order Asclepiadacese growing to a height 

of 2-3 fts. In summer it produces red flowers at the top, being- 

succeeded with pods. When ripe, the pods open and expose the 

seeds provided with white fibrous tufts, 

875. Hoya carnosa, R. Br., Jap. Sakzira-ran ; an ever- 

green climber of the order Asclepiadacere produced in warm pro- 

vinces In winter it must be kept in hot-houses. In summer it 

produces peduncles bearing light red bell-flowers. 

876. Amsonia elliptica, Rccm. et Sch. t Jap. Choji-so ; 

a perennial wild herb of the order Apoeynacea^ growing to a 

height of 2-3 fts. In summer it produces greenish purple flowers. 

Jts ripe pods contain seeds provided with fibrous tufts. 

877. Nerium odoruin, Soland, Jap. KiQcJiikutv / an 

evergreen shrub of the order Apocynaceae found in warm regions 

growing to a height of about 1 ft. In late summer it bears pink, 

purple, or white flowers.

199 

878. Vinca rosea, L. , Jap. XichinichisQ, Nichinichikiva ; 

an r 

annual herb of the order Apoc3 nacea3 brought formerly from 

foreign countries, growing to a height 

of about \ It. In late 

summer it blooms every clay. The flowers are pinkish purple 

or white. 

879. Gentiana scabra, ]>nngc t var. Buergeri, Max., Jap. 

Rind) Sasa-rindo ; a perennial wild herb of the order Gentia- 

nacea:-, growing to a height of 1-2 fts. In late autumn it bears 

blue flowers in clusters. The bitter roots are used for medicine. 

880. Gentiana squarrosa, Ledcb., Jap. Koke-rindQ, 

1 [aru-rindo ; an annual wild herb of the order Gentianaceae, 

growing to a height of 4-5 inches. In spring it produces purplish 

ln.wn flowers. A variety called Fude-sQ is large in form. 

881. Crawfurdia japonica, 5. et Z., Jap. Tsuru-rindo ; 

a perennial herb of the order GentianaceaB growing in shady places 

var. integrifolia, Fr. et 

Sav.y Jap. QMrugao; a large variety of the preceding, with large 

pretty flowers. 

885. Calystegia soldanella, A'. Br., Jap. Ilama-hinigao, 

Aoi-kadsura ; a perennial creeper of the order Convolvulacea? 

(

i 

200 

Crowing in sandy places near sea-coasts. In late summer it bears 

red flowers resembling Lliriigcto in form. 

886. Ipomaea bona-box, ., Jap. Tlari-asagao, C/ioji- 

asagao ; an annual climbing herb of tlie order Convolvulacete, 

brought from foreign lands. The vine in covered with soft pricks. 

Jn late summer it produces purple funnel-shaped ilowers. The 

receptacles of the seeds are bi and droop by their own weight. 

The young fruits are eaten as a vegetable. 

887. Pharbitis triloba, Miq., Jap. Asagao ; an annual 

turning herb of the order Convolvulacea3 planted in gardens. In 

late summer it blooms at the leaf-axils only hi early morning. 

The flowers and leaves are various. 

888. Oniphalodes krameri, Fr. et Sav., Jap. RuHso ; 

A perennial wild herb of the order Boraginaeea3, growing to a 

height 

of 8-9 inches. In summer it bears several blue flowers at 

the top of its stem. A variety with red ilowers is called Sa?igoso. 

889. Omplialodes krameri, Fr. et Sa-c. t var., Jap. 

Hart-so ; a variety of the preceding with white flowers. 

890. Veronica longifolia, /.., var. japonica, Max., Jap. 

Ruri-torano-o ; a perennial wild herb of the order Scrophulariacejo, 

growing to a height of 1-2 fts. Tn late summer it produces small 

4-petaled purplish blue flowers in panicles. 

891. Veronica incana, L., Jap. Tvtei-ran, Hama-tora- 

no-o ; a perennial, herb of the order Scrophulariaceje growing to a 

height of about 2 fts. The stems and leaves are hairy. In late 

summer it bears small pinkisu purple flowers in panicles. 

892- Veronica oncei, Fr. et Sav. y Jap. Hlyokuso ; :i 

perennial wild herb of the order ScrophulariaceaB, growing to a 

2 branches at each leaf-axil. 

height of about 1 ft. It produces 

In summer it bears purple ilowers in panicles. 

893. Veronica sibirica, /. ; Jap. Kukaiso ; n perennial

201 

wild herb of the order Scrophulariaceas growing to a height of 3-4 

fts. Several leaves grow at the same point, forming layers. In 

it bears small purplish blue flowers in panicles. 

894. Paederota villosula, Miq. t Jap. Sudsukakesv ; a 

perennial wild herb of the order Scrophulariaceie. Ifc stem is 

slender and creeps over the ground. In summer it produces small 

purplish bliv 1 lowers forming 

a ball. 

895. Pedicularis gloriosa, Biss. et Moor., Jap. Han- 

kwai-aui-mi ; a perennial herb of the order Scrophulariacesc found 

in shady places of: mountains. The stem grows to a height of 2-3 

fts. In late summer it bears purplish pink labiate ilowers in 

panicles at the top of the stem. 

896. Linaria japonica, J//

202 

bana ; a perennial wild herb of the order Primulacete. In spring 

it shoots a stem amidst dense leaves to a height of 7-8 inches, and 

the stem is divided into several peduncles, yielding pinkish purple 

flowers which resemble cherry-flowers. Varieties planted in gardens 

are numerous. 

901. Primula japonica, A. Gray, Jap. KnrinsQ ; a 

perennial mountain herb of the order Primulaceae. In spring its 

stalk shoots forth in the dense leaves to a height of about 1 ft. r 

bearing crimson flowers in circles and layers. Those planted in 

gardens have flowers of different colours, crimson, pink, varie- 

gated, white, etc. 

902. Primula kisoana, Miq., Jap. Kakkosu ; a peren- 

nial herb of the order Primulacess growing 

wild in mountain- 

valleys. In late spring it produces a stalk with several flowers at 

the top. The flowers are pinkish purple, but some are white with 

red stripes. 

903. Gomphrena globosa, L., Jap. Scnnichisv ; an 

annual garden herb of the order Amaranthaceae. It is sown in 

spring, and grows to a height of 1-2 fts., dividing into branches.. 

It blooms in a globular form, and the flowers are red, white, etc. 

904. Celosia argentea, L., Jap. Keito ; an annual garden 

herb of the order Amaranthacea?. It is sown in spring, and grow 

to a, height of 2-3 fts. in summer. Its peduncle covered with 

small red ilowers resembles a cox-comb. The leaves are also 

red. There are several varieties. 

, 905. Polygonum cuspidatum, 5. et Z., Jap. Itadori 

a perennial wild herb of the order Polygonacea^, growing to a 

height of 7-8 fts. Late in summer, it produces greenish white 

small flowers in panicles at the axils of leaves. Its young stalks 

are eaten as a vegetable (75. b.) 

pink flowers is called Mcigetsuso. 

A variety with small leaves and 

906. Polygonum blumei, J/m;/., Jap. Sakura-tadc, 

Tadtmodoki ; an annual herb of the order Polysonacese growing

\ 

20S 

near water. It grows to a height of about 2 fts., and in autumn it 

produces panicles at the top and the axils of leaves. Its flowers 

are pink, crimson or white. 

907. Polygonum orientate, Z., var. pilosum, Mdsn., 

-lap. Oke-tadc y Hotani-tade ; an annual wild or garden herb of 

the order Polygonaoe, growing t a height of 5-6 fts. In 

autumn it produces panicles at the top and the axils of leaves, 

with many red flowers in clusters. 

908. Polygonum bistorta, /.., Jap. Ibuki-torano-o ; a 

perennial mountain herb of the order I'olygonaceie. In summer 

its stalk shoots forth to a height of 1-2 fts., and bears pink or 

white flowers in panicles at the top of the stem. 

909. Polygonum filiforxne, ///., .Jap. MUkuhiki ; a 

perennial herb of the order Pojygonaoefs growing in forests and 

bushes. It OUTOWS to a height O of about 2 fts., and in summer it 

produces long filiform red panicles at the end of the branches. 

910. Begonia evansiana, Andr. y Jap. s/ui-hmfo ; a 

perennial garden herb of the order Pegoniacea3. It has male and 

female flowers. It thrives \vell in moist shady places. It grows 

to a height of about 2 fts.. and in autumn it produces red flowers 

at the axils of leaves. The leaves are irregular heart-shaped. 

This plant is juicy and aciduous. 

911. Asarum blumei, Ditch., Jap. 

Kan-aoi : an ever- 

green herb of the order Aristolochiaceae growing in shady places 

high 

mountains. In winter it blooms near the roots and the 

1 lowers resemble those of Asarum sieboldi (456), but are yellowish 

green. It is prized for its pretty variegated le,-iv< s. 

912. Pachysandra terminalis, .s. et /.., Ja[ I\u-/tyisd r 

l : ukkisQ ; an evergreen mountain-herb of the order Kuphorbiacese, 

growing to a height of about 1 ft. In late summer it produces 

panicles at the top, baring small yellowish green i lowers, which 

ar esucceeded with small rouisd white ber:

204 

913. Cymbidiuin, Jap. Me-ran ; an evergreen herb of 

.the order Orchidete resembling Suruga-ran (1)95) in form, though 

with broad leaves and tender nature. It is admired as a, pot-plant* 

914. Cymbidium virens, L., Jap. Hokitro, Hakuri, 

Kitsa-ran ; an evergreen wild orchid. In spring it shoots forth 

.peduncles with yellowish green little fragrant flowers. The flowers 

.are edible when preserved in salt. 

915. Calanthe japonica, /?/., Jap. Kantn, Riitkiu-yebinc, 

Kwaran ; a perennial orchid prod deed in warm provinces. In 

cold regions it must be kept in hot-houses during winter. In late 

summer it produces peduncles to a height of about 1 ft., and bears 

red, purple or white flowers. 

916. Bletia hyacinthina, R. /;/-., Jap. Shiran, Shuran, 

Shikei ; a perennial orchid. Late in spring, it shoots forth peduncles 

to a height of about 1 ft., and bears 5-6 reddish purple or 

white flowers at the top. This plant thrives well hi gardens. The 

roots are used to make paste. 

917. PhajUS maculatUS, Jap. Gauscki-ra'n t hhi-ran ; 

.-in evergreen orchid produced in warm provinces. Late in summer, 

it shoots forth its peduncle to a height of about 1 ft., with several 

golden yellow flowers. A variety with yellow variegation on the 

leaves is called HosJiikci, and when its variegation is very fine it is 

called Kinkci. 

918. Anglsecum falcatum, 77. < -t //"., Jap. Fa-ran ; an 

evergreen orchid growing on the old tree- trunks of high mountains 

in warm regions. In summer it produces a peduncle to a height 

> 5-6 inches, and the peduncle is divided into branches, with 

slightly fragrant white flowers. 

919. Cymbidium japonicum, J//V-> 

an evergreen orchid produced in warm provinces. In late spring 

and early summer, it shoots a peduncle to a height of 6-7 inches, 

bearing several yellowish white flowers. 

J il

205 

92O. Aerides japonicum, Lintil., Jup. Xtigo-rau ; an 

evergreen orchid growing on old trees in mountains of warm re- 

gions. In summer it produces peduncles 0-7 inches high, and 

bears several reddish white slight!}* fragrant 

921. Cleisostoma ionosmum, IAudi., Jap. 

ran ; an evergreen orchid growing on Irhnote mountain of Oki- 

naiva Island?. The stein attains to a height of 2-'> fts. In 

summer it shoots peduncles, and yields several 3 7 ellow flov* 

with reddish brown spots. 

922. Cypripedium japonicum, 77/., Jap. 

Hctfiso : a perennial wild orchid, growing to a height 

of about 

1 ft., with 2 large broad leaves. From spring to summer, it 

blooms purse-like yellowish green flowers with dark purple spots. 

There is a variety called Afsiimoris (('. rnaciunthum, S-TJ.). 

923. Habenaria radiata, 77/., Jap. Sagi-so ; a perennial 

orchid growing in marshy places. In spring it produces its 

peduncle about 1 ft. high, and yields 2-o white fringed Ilwers. 

924. Goodyera schlechtendaliana, Reich., Jap. Ka- 

Jiwme-ran. Miyaum-udsura, Toyoskima-ran ; an evergreen wild' 

orchid, growing to a height of 4-5 inches, with white variegated 

leaves. From summer t< autumn, it bears reddish white flowers 

in panicles. 

925 Dendrobium moniliforme, Sic., Jap. Sckkokn, 

Iwadokusa ; an evergre

.>, 

206 

herb of the order Maruntaeese growing to a height of 2-3 its. In 

cold regions, the plant fades, but the root remains like a perennial. 

In summer it opens several orange-red flowers. The ripe seeds 

lire round, black, and hard, and they sprout readily when sown. 

928. Musa COCCinea, Willd., Jap. Hime-bashQ, Bijii 

.an evergreen herb of the order Musaeeie produced in warm regions. 

It does not thrive in cold weather. It grows to a height of 4-5 

fts., and in autumn it 3'ields deep red flowers in layers. 

929. Iris tectorum, J/^r., Jap. Jchihatsu; a perennial 

herb of the order Jridaceie planted in gardens and sometimes on 

straw-roofs. In spring it shoots forth its stalks to a height of 

.about \\ fts., and in summer it boars several purplish green or 


930. Iris Isevigata, FiscJi., Jap. Kakitmbata; a peren- 

nial herb of the order Iriclaceao planted in shallow water growing 

to a height of 2-3 fts. In summer it produces purplish blue, white 

red, or blue flowers. 

931. Iris Isevigata, Fisch., var. laernpfereri, Jap. Hana- 

s/iobn ; a variety of the preceding, blooming earlier. The flowers 

are purplish blue, white, or variegated, and very pretty. 

932. Iris sibirica, L.\ var. orientals, Jap. Ayamc, Haua- 

ayamc ; it grows wild in marshy places, attaining to a height of 

about 1 ft. .In early .summer it bears purplish blue or white 

flowers. 

933. Iris emata, ///., var. dunensis. Jap. Xcji-ayamc : 

it is closely allied to the preceding, but the leaves are twisted. It 

.blooms in early summer, and the flowers are white with purple 

.ctnpes. 

Its fibrous roots are fine and strong (348. b.). 

934. Iris sibirica, L., var. h.-omatophylla, Jap. Kaina- 

yama-shobu; a perennial garden herb of the order iridaceio, re- 

sembling Ayame (932), with leaves 2-3 fts. long. As the leaves 

are stronir and flexible, they are used for tvinir.

935. Iris japonica, Y//., Jap. V/^.^vr / ail evergreen shrub 

f the ord

208 

Jap. Hama-yu, Hawa-omoto ; an evergreen bulbous plant of tlie 

order Amaryllidaceas, growing on sea-coasts of warm regions. 

When fully grown, it attains to a height of 1-5 fts., with several 

large broad leaves in the upper part. 

In. summer it shoots forth 

peduncles in the centre of leaves, and blooms about ten flowers in 

an umbel form. The flowers are 6-petaled and white. 

941. b. Nerine japonica, Miq., Jap. Higan-bana ; this 

bulbous plant (509) grows abundantly everywhere, and so not 

precious, but its red flowers arc beautiful. 

941. c. Lycoris radiata, Herb., Jap., Kitsune-w-Jeami- 

sort; tins bulbous plant (510) has also beautiful flowers. 

941. d. Nerine sarniensis, Z., Jap. Shvki-ran ; a 

variety of the preceding, with broad leaves and pretty yellow 

flowers. 

941. e. Amaryllis squemigera, Max., Jap. Natsu- 

dsuisen ; a variety closely allied to the preceding, with reddish 

purple flowers. 

942. Lilium krameri, Th., Jap. Sasa-yuri, Yama-yuri; 

a wild bulbous plant of the order Liliacese. In summer its stalks 

an>w to a Light of 2-3 fts., and bear reddish whitli 

6-petaled The bulbs are edible (121. b). 

fragrant flowers at the top. 

942. b. Lilium tigrinum, Gawl., Jap. Oni-yuri ; 

this (121) is principally noted for its edfbie roots, but tbe flowers 

are also pretty. The varieties with double or yellow flowers 

or with flat peduncles are especially beautiful. 

942. c. Lilium callosum, S. tt Z., Jap. Sugc-yuri ,- 

a wild variety of the preceding with slender leaves. 

943. Lilium japonicum, var., Jap. Satsuki-yuri, Sa- 

yuri; a variety of the preceding, blooming earlier, with red pollen. 

944. Lilium auratum, LimlI., Jap. Iforaiji-yuri ; its 

flowers are white with a yellowish band and dark .red spots. It is

209 

produced abundantly in //^r^/>V-mountain of Province 

whence the Japanese name is derived. 

945. Lilium auratum, 7//., var. rubro-vittaturn, 

The 1 lowers have a 

Beni-suji-yuri ; a variety of Sasa-yiiri (i)42). 

red band and dark red spots. It is mostly propagated by culti- 

vation. 

946. Lilium speciosum, 77*., var. rubrum, Jap. Kano- 

ko-yuri; it is cultivated in gardens, growing to a height of 2-3 fts. 

In summer, it bears several flowers at the top of its stem. The 

flowers are recurved like those of L. tigrinum (121), and are pink- 

shaded white with many scarlet spots. The bulbs are yellow 

and bitter, being not edible. 

946. b. Lilium speciosum, 7//., var. alburn, Jaj>. 

Shiro-kanoko-yuri, Shiratama-ynri, Minc-no-ynki ; a variety of 

the preceding with white flowers. Its bulbs are less bitter and 

edible. 

947. Lilium hansoni, LeichtL, Jap. Takeshiiiia-yuri ; 

a species of lilies growing to a height of 2-3 fts. Several 

leaves grow together and form layers. In summer it produces 

under- recurved and purple-spotted red flowers. 

948. Lilium batemanni, Jap. Hirato-yuri; it grows 

to a height of 2-8 fts. In snmmer it bears several flowers at the 

top. 

The flowers are orange-red, yellow or red. 

949. Lilium COnCOlor, Salisb., var. pulchellum, Fisch., 

Jap. Hime-ynri, Aka-hime-yuri ; a smallest garden lily, growing 

to a height of about 1 ft. In summer it bears several red flower 

at the top. 

949. b. Lilium concolor, Salisb., Subr. Coridon, Jap, 

Ki-hime-yiiri ; a variety of the preceding, with yellow flowers. 

95O. Lilium thunbergianum, Roem. et ^cknlt., Jap. 

Xatsu-sukashi-yuri ; it grows on sea-con-ts of southern province.-.

210 

It is about 1 foot high, with several red flowers facing upwards. 

There is an empty space between each petal. It is admired as a 

flower-plant, and the bulbs are edible (121 . c). 

950. b. Lilium thunbergianum, J\. et S., var., Jap. 

Haru-sukashi-yitri ; it blooms early, and the flowers are various. 

951. Lilium longiflorum, T/i., Jap. Teppo-yuri, Riu- 

kiu-yuri ; it is planted in gardens growing to a height of 1 *-2 fts. 

In summer it opens many flowers laterally at the top. The flowers 

are about 6 inches long, white, and very fragrant. 

952. Fritillaria thunbergii, Miq., Jap. Haru-yuri. 

Haha-yuri, Amigasa-yur i ; a, garden bulbous plant of the,- ioirder 

Jjiliaccic, growing to a height of about 1 ft., with 

long narrow 

leaves. The three leaves at the top are rolled up at the end. In 

spring it produces short peduncles from the axils of leaves; and 

droops one flower from each peduncle. The flowers are 6-p'etaled, 

bell-formed, light yellow with green veins, and purple spotted 

inside. 

953. Pritillaria japonica, 3 fig. , Jap. 

Koba-imo, 

yuri ; a small variety of the preceding, growing in shady places 

of valleys. It attains to a height of 3-4 inches. In spring it 

blooms on short peduncles produced from the axils of. leaves, 

much resembling the former. 

954. Fritillaria camtschatensis, 

' 

Gawl.\ Jap. 

yuri, Koku-yuri ; it grows on high mountains of northern regions. 

It attains to a height of about 1 ft. In early summer it bears 

6-petaled bell-shaped dark purple flowers facing laterally at the 

top of the plant. It is not a. real lily. The bulbs are eaten by the 

native of Yeso. 

955. Hemerocallis flava, /..,. Jap. Wasure-gusa ; a 

perennial wild herb of the order Liliaceae, In summer it grows to 

a height of about 2 fts., with several flowers at the top, blboming 

-successively. The flowers are 6-pctaled ;i.nd reddish yellow, f 

l'hey

in the morning and fade in the oven';:-. Tii- 'lower- MI! 

young shoots are eaten as vegetables, being soft and s\\- 

955. b. HemerocaUis flava, L..i\. ])leno., Jap. Ytw- 

kwaazv, Yabn-kiâurJj, Oni-kisaiizu ; a double-petaled variety 

of tlie preceding, growing to a height of about :> fts., with large 

brown ilowers. It is u>ed in the same 

long leaves and yellowish 

way as the preceding. 

956. HemerocaUis minor, J////.. Jap. 

Beni-sugc ; a variety of Wasure-gusa (055), growing 

wild on 

mountains, and also much planted in gardens. In summer it 

grows to a height of about ~\\ Its., and produces several yellowish 

dark-red ilowers at the top. 

957- HemerocaUis dumortieri, Morr., Jap. Ilime- 

kivansc), Kisugc : a small variety of Wasure-gusa (U55), with 

golden yellow ilowers in early summer. 

957. b. HemerocaUis, Jap. Zenteikiua, Setteikivj, Xik- 

ko-kisuge ; a species of Hernerocallis smaller than 955, but larger 

i'ia!! th' pr

212 

959. Funkia sieboldiana, Hook., Jap. TogMski ; a 

perennial garden herb of the order -Liliaceto, producing many 

leaves from one root. In summer it grows to a height of -1-5 fts., 

and baars many white 0-petaled flowers in panicles at the top of 

the stein. The flowers do not open fully. A variety called 

Tamanokanzashi has narrow leaves, and its flowers open fully.. 

Another variety called Tokiidaina is small, and its loaves an? 

covered with white powder. 

960. Funkia OVata, Spreiig., Jap. Gitoshi ; a small: 

wild variety of the preceding, growing to a height of .1-2 fts. Jn 

summer it bears purple or white flowers. There are many 

varieties. The petioles of all these varieties are edible. 

960. b. Funkia japonica, Sprcng., var., Jap. Sujigiboshi 

; a garden variety of the preceding with yellow or white' 

stripes on leaves. 

961. Rhodea japonica, Roth., Jap. Omoto ; an ever- 

green herb of the order Liliacere, growing in mountains of warm. 

regions, but principally planted in gardens as a pot plant. The 

leaves are dark green, broad and about 1 ft. long. 

It shoots out 

a peduncle from the centre of several leaves to a height of 5-(- 

inches, and produces small flowers, being succeeded with a cluster 

of beautiful red berries. The leaves arc various with different 

sizes, shapes, and variegations. They 

their beautiful evergreen leaves. 

are admired on account oE 

962. Plectogyne variegata, Link., Jap. Haran .; an, 

evergreen garden herb of the order Liliaceie. The leaves are 

narrow or broad, and 2-o fts. long. The narrow leaves stand 

straight, while the broad leaves inclined at the end. Jn spring it 

yields a dark purple flower near the roots, being succeeded with 

blue fruits as lare as a finer's head. 

963. Tofieldia nuda, Max., Jap. 

kisho ; a perennial herb of the order Liliaceu-- growing on rocks of 

valleys. The leaves nre lonir and narrow. In summer its hoots ;

213 

peduncle* from the centiv of the leaves and produces 

1 lowers in panicles. 

small white 

964. ScirpuS laoustris, L., var. genumus, Grcn., Jap. i 

1'iitoi. '1 o/. Tsuknino, Harugaina ; \\. perennial 

herb of the order 

Gyperaoeaa. growing in ponds and marshes. The stalk is round, 

j'.ncl grows to a heigt of 5-6 fts. In summer it produces several 

peduncles with many yellowish green flowers. The stalks are 

used to make mats called Gitwa-inushiro, and also used to make 

Lepironia mucronata, Rick. 

965. . -Jap. Anperai, Jttrtisngc, Xebikigusa ; an 

evergreen li^rb of the order Cyperaceni growing in the marshy 

places of warm provinces. The leaves are Hat and round, being 

about 3 fts. long. In summer its stalk shoots forth from the 

2U 

the leaves on the roof on the May-festival day. 

is made from the roots. 

A kind of incence 

969. Acorus gramineus, Ait., Jap. Sckisln ; a small 

species of the preceding, growing in valley-rivulets. It is planted 

by water-sides to prevent sand from its sliding down. There are 

several varieties of planted Acorns. They arc highly prized by 

amateurs as evergreen ornamental pot-plants. A few of them are 

described in the following articles. 

970. Acorus graxnineus, Ait., var., Jap. 

' 

sckisho ; a variety of the preceding with a beautiful dark green 

straight leaves. 

971. Acorus graniineus, Ait., var., Jap. Birvdo-scki- 

s/io ; a dwarf variety of the preceding with tiny leaves less than 

1 inch in lenth. 

972. Miscanthus s i n 6 n S i S, Ander^^ Susuki, Ghana ; 

a perennial wild herb of the order Graminese. In autumn it shoots 

up leaves to a length of 5-6 fts. Panicles of flowers grow at the 

top, and the ripen seeds fly off by their own pappus. It is planted 

as one of the seven autumn herbs. The leaves are used to make 

rope. 

973. Miscanthus sinens'lS, Anders, var. zebrina, Jap. 

Takanoha-susuki ; a variety of the preceding. Its leaves have 

lateral white stripes like the wing of a hawk. A variety with 

longitudinal stripes is called Shivta-susuki* 

974. Miscanthus, Jap. Ito-susuki ; a species of Susiiki 

(972) with slender leaves about 2-3 fts. long. 

975. Equisetum ramosissimum, Desf., Jap. Inu- 

dokusa, Kaivara-tokusa ; a perennial herb of the order Equisetacese 

growing in sandy places near water, resembling K hiemale 

(296), though smaller. 

975. b. Equisetum hiemale, L., Jap. Tokusa ; this

215 

herb (296) is evergreen growing in clusters, and planted among 

tives and rocks. 

976. Gleichenia glauca, Hook., Jap. Urajiro, Shida, 

 

Xuribashi, Kujakitsv ; a perennial fern growing in valleys. On 

one petiole more than 10 leaflets shoot forth pinnately on both 

sides, resembling a peaeock-tail. 

Its young leaves are scarlet, and 

C>FTHE

216 

its petioles are lustrous and dark purple. The petioles without 

leaflets are used to make brooms. 

981. Adianthum monochlamys, Eat., Jap. Hakone- 

s/iiddf, Hakone-sQy Oranda-so ; an evergreen fern growing on steep 

rocks of deep mountain-valleys. The leaves are about 1 ft. long. 

The petioles and stalks are lustrous and purplish black. The 

leaflets resemble a duck- foot. 

982. PteriS serrulata, L., Jap. Inomotoso, Tori-no-ashi , 

KeisokusQ ; an evergreen fern growing in shady places. The 

leaves are about 1 ft. long, growing in tufts. In summer the 

A large variety is called 

spores grow underneath the leaf-margin. 

Q-inomotosQ. 

983- Pteris cretica, L., var. alba-lineata, Jap. Matsu- 

s&ka-shida, Okiua-shida ; a variety of the preceding with white 

stripes in the centre of the leaves. 

984. Asplenium nidus, L., Jap. Taniwatari^ Q-tanizvatari 

; an evergreen fern, growing in shady places of warm 

regions. The leaves are broad and large without segments. Its 

large leaves are about 3 fts. long. 

985. Scolopendrium vulgare, Sm., Jap. Ko-tani- 

watari, Taka-no-ha ; an evergreen fern growing in mountains. 

It resembles the preceding, but small. The leaves are provided 

with petioles about 1J fts. long, bearing the spores as in the 

preceding. 

986. Lomaria nipponica, Kunse, Jap. Shiskigashira, 

Knsa-sotetsu ; an evergreen fern growing in valleys with many 

leaves in cluster, expanding horizontally. The leaves grow pinnately 

on both sides of the petiole like comb- teeth, and are about 

] ft. long, generally coiling at the tips. 'Die spore-bearing fronds 

grow separately. 

987. Camptosorus sibiricus, Ruper., Jap. Kumanosu- 

shida ; an evergreen fern growing on mountain-rooks. The single

217 

leaves are 6-7 inches long, and their tips grow slender, reaching 

to the ground and shooting roots. The spores grow on the back 

of the leaves. 

988. Gymnogramme elliptica, Baker, J ap. faa- 

Xikkv-shida ; an evergreen fern creeping 011 rocks and trees of 

mountain?. The leaves grow pinnately on both slues of the 

petioles in the form of expanded fingers. The spores are attached 

to the back of the leaves. 

989. Aspidum lepidocaulon, Ifook, .I;ip. Oridmru- 

shiiia, Tsurit-sotetsn ; an evergreen fern growing in mountains of 

warm regions, with several leaves in cluster. The leaves grow 

pinnately on both sides of the petioles. The tips of the petioles 

grow slender, and reach to the ground to take roots. 

990. Aspidum falcatum, Sw. f .Jap. Oni-shida, Ushi- 

gomi-shida ; an evergreen fern found on sea-coasts of southern 

provinces, producing several leaves from a root, with leaflets on 

both sides of the petioles. The leaves are lustrous and dark green, 

being about 1 ft. long. It grows on the rocks of Uskigoitti in 

Tokio, whence the Japanese name is derived. 

991. Polypodium buergerianum, MLq., Jap. Yanone- 

shida ; a perennial fern creeping on the rocks of mountains. Its 

leaf rernbles the head of an arrow, whence the Japanese name is 

derived. The spores are spotted on the back of the leaver. 

992. Polypodium lingua, S., Jap. Hitotsuba ; an 

evergreen fern creeping on rocks and decayed woods in warm 

regions. The leaves are narrow, and their backs are yellowish 

brown. They arc about 1 ft. L-UJ. 

993. Polypodium hastatum, 77/., Jap. Uraboshi, 

Hoshihitotsuba ; an evergreen fern creeping on rocks and trees of 

mountains. The leaf is not dissected, but sometimes forms a 

trifid or difid. The spores grow on the back of the leaves, being 

arranged separately like stars.

218 

994. Polypodium ensatum, 7//., Jap. Kuriharan / a 

large variety allied to the preceding, growing on mountain-rocks. 

The leaves are about 1 ft. long. The spores grow on both sides 

of the main vein underneath the leaves. 

995. Polypodium tricuspe, Swartz, Jap. Iwa-omo- 

daka ; a variety of Polypodium lingua (992), with ternate leaves, 

woods of mountains. 

growing on decayed 

996. Polypodium lineare, 77/., Jap. Noki-shinobu r 

Yatsumcran ; an evergreen fern growing on trees, rocks and 

roofs. The leaves are narrow and 4-5 inches long. The spores 

adhere on both sides of the vein undeneath the leaves. 

997. NephrolepiS tuberosa, Presl., Jap. Taina-shida ; 

an evergreen fern growing in shady places of mountains in warm 

regions. It shoots many fronds from one tuft to a height of about 

2 fts. The leaves grow pinnately on both sides of the petioles. 

The roots are slender, strong and straight, creeping over and some- 

times under the ground. The underground roots are provided 

with many bulbs, from which the plants propagate. 

998. Lygodium japonicum, Sw., Jap. Tsuru-shinobu, 

Samisen-dsnrn , Kani-kusa ; a wild perennial scandent fern. The 

stalk is slender like fine wire, being several feet long, with com- 

pound leaves. The leaves are finely dissected, and have spores on. 

the back. The ripe spores look like brown sand, being used as a 

medicine called Kaikinsha. This plant is a curious species of 

ferns. 

999. OpMoglossum vulgatum, L., Jap. Hanayasiin ' 

; 

a wild perennial herb of the order Filices. The rhizomes extend 

under the ground in every direction, and shoot forth stalks which 

attain to a height of 6-6 fts., with a spoon like leaf on each stalk. 

File-like spikes of spores are attached to the ends of the branches. 

The ripe spores produce very fine powder as in the preceding. 

1000. Botrychium lunarium, Sw., Jap. Akinohanawarabi 

; a perennial ophioglossaceous fern growing in shady

219 

places of mountains. Its stalk grows ton height of 6-T inches, 

being provided with a pinnate leaf. Small spores fire attached to 

the ends of branches in panicles. This is the same species with 

B. ternaturn (91. b), and is rarely found. 

1001. Lycopodium aloifolium, L.. Jup. Xankaku- 

ran, Jivamoini : an evergreen herb of the order Lycopodiacese, 

growing on decayed woods of mountains in warm regions, drooping 

to a length of 8-9 inches. The stem is closely imbricated 

with small leaf-like scales. The spores are produced at the head 

of branches and the axils of leaves. 

1002. Lycopodium sieboldi, J //>/., Jap. Himorau, 

iimo, Ifofifran ; an evergreen Lycopod growing on decayed 

trees of mountains in warm regions. Several drooping slender 

stems are about 1 ft. long, and divided into many branches. The 

small leaves grow closely together, and look like a cord. The 

is of fructification are closely allied to the preceding. 

1003 Lycopodium clavatum, L., Jap. 2Iikage-nokadmra 

; an evergreen mountain Lycopod. Its vine creeps over 

the ground and takes roots everywhere. Some vine is about 10 

fts. long, and is divided into several branches. Stems and branches 

are covered with small scale-like leaves. Its branches bear pe- 

duncles divided into 2 or 3, and produce spores which when ripe 

yield fine yellowish white powder. This powder is used to 

smoothen globes and boots. 

1004. Lycopodium japonicum, 77/., Jap. Mannen- 

giisa, Mannen-siigi ; an evergreen Lycopod resembling the prece- 

ding, with standing stems divided into many branches, which produce 

spikes of spores at the top. The roots creep under the 

ground, shooting up the stems everywhere. This plant does not 

change its aspect, though it dries up. 

1005. Lycopodium complanatum, /,., var., chamae- 

cyparissus, A/., Jap. Asuhu&adzura, Tsnru-hiba ; au evergreen 

Lycopod growing on high mountains. It resembles L. clavatum

. Iwa-watsu 

220 

(1003), but the leaves are small, wrinkled, and attached more 

closely. 

1006. Selaginella caulescens, Spring Jap. Kata-hiba, 

Hime-hiba ; a perennial herb of the order Lycopodiaceae growing 

on trees and rocks of mountains. Its roots creep and produce 

stalks everywhere, dividing many branches in layers. The stalk 

stands obliquely to a height of 6-7 inches. This plant is covered 

with small leaves closely put together like scales, producing spikes 

of spores amidst the leaves. 

1007. Selaginella involvens, Spring, Jap. Iwa-kiba, 

; an evergreen Selaginella growing on rocks of moun- 

ains. Several plants grow together, and produce many horizontal 

branches, which are covered witli numerous scale-like leaves. The 

branches lengthen when it rains and shrivel when they face the 

sun. In antunin it produces fine spikes. There are many va- 

rieties planted in pots. 

1008. Psilotum triquetrum, Siv., Jap. Matsuba-ran, 

Chikii-ran ; an evergreen herb of the order LycopodiaceaB growing 

on rocks in shady places of mountains in warm regions. The 

roots creep in ground, and shoot stalks everywhere. It has a 

height of about 1 ft. , and is divided into many brandies. The 

leaves are thin and steril. It produces yellow small spores on 

the branches. There are more than 100 varieties. 

1OO9. Polyporus niponicus, Jap. AVv///, Saiwai-take, 

Mannen-take ; a fungus growing on decayed roots with cloudlike 

variegations on the pileus attached to the stipe. In summer 

it grows in the form of a Japanese writing-brush and gradually 

of the 

expands forming the pileus. The stem and upper part 

pileus are red, purple, or yellow, with a lacquer-like lustre, and the 

under part of the pileus is brown and coarse. It is hard like a 

cork and can be preserved for a long time. It is precious as a 

pot- plant. Sometimes it has two lagers of the pileus or it is divided 

into several branches. 

*

221 

1O1O. Polyporus, Jap. Rokkaknshi ; a variety of the 

preceding growing rarely in mountains. The stem in divided 

into many branches, but not provided with pileus, though it has 

a brown part at the head. The whole shape resembles antlers. 

Note. Ornamental plants are very numerous, and those 

described in this chapter are only a part. Among wild plants, 

there are many ornamental plants with beautiful flowers, variegated 

leavers, dwarf forms, ete. Many plants growing in mountains and 

valleys are also ornamental. Especially ornamental garden-plants 

are very numerous with leaves and flowers of various colours 

stripes, spots, variegations, sizes, shapes, etc., and some of them 

have more than hundred varieties ; so among their varieties only 

ne or two were described hi this chapter. Ornamental garden- 

plants described in other chapters are Hibiscus manihot (o57), 

Valeriana oflicinalis (436), Aconitum chinensis (482), etc. ; orna- 

mental pot-plants are Fetasites japonicus (67), Caspicum longum 

(107), Orithia exypetala (258), etc. ; and ornamental plants for 

vase-flowers are Brassica chinensis (48), Chrysamthemum corona- 

rium (62), Pueraria thunbergiana (251), etc. 

CHAPTER XXV. OK.NAMKNTAL PLAXTS LOJ: COVKKIXQ 

AM> SHADING THE GKOUND. 

This Chapter contains the plants used for lawns, and those 

planted n river-banks, sea-coasts, mountain-cliffs, or mounds to- 

prevent sand from falling down are also metioned here. 

1O11. Ophiopogon japonicus, Cawl^ Jap. Riimo-hige, 

Jano-hige : an evergreen herb of the order Liliaceae, being a 

veriety of O. spicatus (467) with narrow leaves. It grows wild in 

bamboo-Woods and forests. The leaves are about a foot long, 

gi-owing in tufts, in summer it produces peduncles, and bears 6petaled 

purplish flowers in panicles, being succeeded with blueround 

pea-sized berries. Jt thrives well in shady places under 

trees.

1O12. Zoysia pungens, Willd., Jap. Chosen-shiba 

Yaye-shiba, Korai-shiba ; a perennial grass with very fine small 

leaves, creeping over the ground and taking roots at the joints. 

The leaves are 1-2 inches long, and amidst them produces small 

panicles of flowers, being succeeded with fine seeds. It is the 

best plant Tor lawn. A variety with tiny leaves is called Chiri- 

jiicn-shiba , 

which fades in cold weather. 

1012. b. Zoysia macrostacliya, Fr. et Sav., Jap. 

Skiba* No-shiba ; a large species of the preceding growing every- 

where. It is planted on mounds, mountain-cliffs, etc., to protect 

earth from falling down. 

1013. Miscanthus japonicus, Be nth., var., Jap. Toki- 

iua-snsuki y Kan-snmki ; an evergreen grass growing in bushes by 

sea-coasts of warm regions. The leaves are about 5-6 fts. long. 

In cold regions the leaves wither more or less, but. most of them 

(remain evergreen. In autumn it produces panicles of 'flowers. 

This plant is planted on sea-coasts to protect the sand from being 

washed away by waves. The sheath of the young leaves are made 

into ropes, and the voung panicles are made into brooms. 

Miscanthus sacchariflo rus, Hack. 

1014. MiscanthtlS, Jap. Ogi, Ugi-yoshi, Umi-yoshi; 

a perennial grassv growing by water-sides and in plains. Its 

rhizomes creep c iider the ground, and produce stalks from each 

joint to a height of 5-6 fts. The leaves resemble those of Mis- 

Acanthus japonicus (972), but have no sharp dissection on the edges. 

The. panicles also resemble those of 1)72, but larger and longer. 

This grass is fitted to protect mounds from falling off. 

1015. Phragmites . roxburghii, Kunth, Jap. Yoshi, 

As/iit ; a perennial grass growing in marshy places. ]ts roots 

creep under the ground and shoots up stalks to a height of about 

6 fts., bearing panicles at the tops. The stalks resemble small 

bamboos, being slender, light and lustrous, and they are used to 

make blinds. The thickness of the stalk depends on the fertility 

of the ground. Those growing by sea-coasts are slender, flexible 

.and strong. This grass is planted in wat'T-sid'.'s to protect mud

from being washed away by waves. Its young sprouts are edible. 

Those produced in /

-h 

A 

+ 

B 

m ft 

rft 

K 

fr 

m 

mn m

14 DAY USE 

RETURN TO DESK FROM WHICH BORROWED 

This Dook is 3ue on the lasrdate stamped below, or 

on the date to which renewed. 

Renewed books are subject to immediate recall. 

3958 

AUG 271963 

RECTD i n 

AUG 3 7 1963 

LD 21A-50m-8,'57 

(C8481slO)476B 

General Library 

University of California 

Berkeley

Untitled - University of Oregon

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?