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REESE LIBRARY<br />
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA<br />
,<br />
[/<br />
CA/ss No.<br />
,<br />
l8Q&.
SOLD BY<br />
R. KISHIMOTO, i.<br />
No. 188, Oimatsucho San- ^_<br />
chome, Kitakn,<br />
Osaka, Japan.<br />
l\~
_.<br />
4^.<br />
g.-<br />
USEFUL PLANTS<br />
OF<br />
JAPAN<br />
DESC1UBKI) AND ILLUSTRATED.<br />
UNIVERSITY<br />
if<br />
AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN<br />
TAMEIKE i, AKASAKA,<br />
TOKYO.<br />
1895.
USEFUL PLANTS OF JAPAN<br />
DESCRIBED AND ILLUSTRATED.<br />
VOLUME I.<br />
CHAPTER I.<br />
CEREALS & LEQUMINOUS PLANTS.<br />
The agricultural products included under this general name<br />
consist of the most indispensable articles of human food. These<br />
grains are used as our daily food or to brew sake (rice-beer) or<br />
shQyR (soy). The straw is used for the manufacture of various<br />
articles or to feed cattle. The young pods of beans and young<br />
shoots of buck-wheet, etc. are consumed as culinary vegetables.<br />
1. Oryza sativa, L.. aquatica, Common or Paddy rice,<br />
Jap. Koine, Uruchi ; an annual cereal grass cultivated in paddy<br />
or marshy ground. There exist several kinds of rice, but only<br />
three kinds are usually distinguished, early, middle, and late.<br />
The grains hulled, pounded, and boiled play an important role in<br />
the Japanese alimentation as meal and porridge, or are used in the<br />
preparation of rice ferment, sake, and vinegar. Dango (dumpling)*<br />
and sembci (a kind of cracknell) are made from the flour. The<br />
boiled rice<br />
dried makes what the Japanese<br />
call Jioshii and is eaten<br />
grilled. Starch is also obtained from the rice, and the paste is<br />
made by boiling ttie flour. Besides these, rice hulls and straw<br />
serve for different uses ; especially the straw is used for paper<br />
m: iking and other manufactures.<br />
2. Oryza montana, Lour., Upland rice, Jap. Okabo ;<br />
an annual cereal of the order Gramineae, cultivated in ordinary<br />
dry land. Two kinds exist, common and glutinous<br />
quality, shape, as well as use are like the paddy r.'oj.<br />
rice. The
3. Oryza glutinosa, Rurnpli., Glutinous rice, Jap.<br />
in its<br />
Mochigpme\ a kind of rice differing from O. sativa, L., only<br />
colour and lack of lustre, and it is<br />
toughy and highly elastic in the<br />
nature of the meal. The grains mixed with beans of Phaceolus<br />
radiata and steamed make what the Japanese call kriff'a-meshi.<br />
Mochi (bread made by beating the meal in a morter), /ios/iii (dried<br />
meal), kanzarashiko (starch flour), cakes, and ame (a kind of<br />
Turkish delight) are made of this grain. The straw of this rice<br />
owing to its softness and easy manipulation<br />
ropes, mattings, straw hats, etc.<br />
4. Hordeum Vulgar<br />
,<br />
is used to make<br />
., Barley, Jap. Omugi ;<br />
a biennial graminous plant cultivated in common dry-land. The<br />
stalk, attains a height of about 3 fts. This grain<br />
is<br />
only second to<br />
rice in importance and usefulness. The grain pounded and partly<br />
crushed are used chiefly to make porridge and meal, to brew<br />
shoyu (soy), etc. Parched barley is used to make barley-tea. The<br />
malt of this grain is necessary to brew beer and to make ame.<br />
Shinju-mugi (literally pearl barley, the grain hulled to a pure<br />
white) is used to put in soup. The flour is baked into bread.<br />
The straw of this plant owing to its softness and high lustre is<br />
prepared to straw-mosaic, hats, and different articles.<br />
5. Hordeum vulgare, ., forma mutica, Jap.<br />
Bvdsu-mugi ; a subspecies of Hordeum vulgare of the same<br />
and uses. The difference is that this one lias no awn or<br />
quality<br />
beard.<br />
6. Hordeum vulgare, L., forma nudum, Naked<br />
Barley, Jap. Hadaka-mugi ; a subspecies of Hordeum vulgare.<br />
Its grains are easily separated from the hulls.<br />
7. Triticum vulgare, L., wheat, Jap. Komugi ; a<br />
biennial cereal, having several varieties cultivated in ordinary<br />
dry land. Its stalks grow to a height of about 3 fts. The grains<br />
are used to make iniso (a kind of sauce in solid consistency) and<br />
to brew s/ioyu and vinegar. The wheat-meal is used to make<br />
bread, manjil (a small cake) & other kinds of cakes. Macaroni,<br />
vermicelli,/)/; (a kind of food), s/iofu (starch for paste)<br />
are all made
3<br />
of this grain. But the straw of this kind is<br />
rough and only ussd<br />
to thatch the roofs of farm houses. Besides this there are two<br />
kinds of Chinese origin, one with reddish and the other with<br />
white straw used for hat making, the latter being deemed superior.<br />
8. Triticum vulgar e, L., forma nudum, Jap.<br />
Bodsu-komngi ; a subspecies of wheat having the same quality<br />
and use, but no awn to the flower.<br />
9. Panicum miliaceus, L., Common or Panicle millet,<br />
Jap. Kibi, Uru-kibi ; an annual cereal grass cultivated in<br />
ordinary dry field. The stalks grow to a height of 5-4 fts.<br />
The white grains are used as a food in the shape of msal, porridge,<br />
or made into dan go (dumpling).<br />
10. Panicum miliaceus, Z., var. glutinosa, Glutinous<br />
millet, Jap. Mochi-kibi ; a variety of the preceding.<br />
Owing to its more toughy and elastic nature it is usad to make<br />
mochi and dango. It is used to brew sake (rice-beer).<br />
11. Panicum italicum, L., Italian millet, Jap. Awa ;<br />
an annual cereal grass cultivated in common dry<br />
stalks attain a height of 4-5 fts.<br />
field. Its<br />
The grain<br />
is<br />
yellowish white and<br />
is used as meal and porridge<br />
Ame is also made of it.<br />
12. Panicum italicum, Z., var., Big Italian millet,<br />
Jap. O-awa ; a variety of the preceding, but only larger.<br />
13. Panicum italicum. L., var., Black Italian millet,<br />
Kuro-a-wa ; a variety of Panicum italicum, /..,<br />
with panicles of<br />
a darker colour.<br />
14. Panicum italicum, .,<br />
var. glutinosa, Glutinous<br />
Italian millet, Jap. Mochi-awa ; a variety of Panicum italicum,<br />
L., with the same quality and use. Owing to its more elastic<br />
nature it is<br />
prepared to make mochi. Sake (Rice-beer), shochiu<br />
(dis- tilled spirit), and ame are made of this grain.<br />
15 Sorghum vulgare, Purse, Guinea Corn, Jap.<br />
MorokosJii-kibi ; a cereal grass grown in common dry land. Its
stalks attain a height of 7-8 fts. The flour of this grain<br />
is used to<br />
make mochi, daugu and kanzarashi (flour obtained by elutriating<br />
the grains during the coldest season).<br />
16. Oplysmenus frumentaceum, Kunth, Crow-foot<br />
millet, Jap. Hiye ; an annual cereal grass cultivated both in<br />
paddy and common dry field. It is the most robust kind of<br />
cereals. The stalks grow to a height of about 3-4 fts. It is<br />
consumed as meal, prorriclge, macaroni, and dumpling. The grain<br />
is kept long without damage.<br />
17. Eleusin coracana, Gaertn., Finger millet, Jap.<br />
Kamoinata-kibi, Kobo-kibi ; an annual cereal grass cultivated<br />
in common dry field, easily distinguished by the forked shape of<br />
its panicles and its hardiness. The height<br />
of the stalk is about<br />
1J fts. The grain is used like Oplysmenus frumentaceum (10).<br />
17. b. Seeds of Zizania aquatica, Z., Jap. Makomo ;<br />
the seeds of this plant mixed with rice are consumed as food by<br />
\ boiling.<br />
18. Beckmannia erucseformis, Host, Jap. Minogome<br />
; a biennial cereal grass growing wild in swamps,,<br />
ponds, or marshy ground lying down on the surface of water, and<br />
forthing up its stalk to the height of about a foot. The boiled<br />
grain is eaten as food.<br />
18. b. Panicum viride, Z., Jap. Au-yagi. In the<br />
province of Tamba this grass is cultivated for the sake of its grain<br />
which is used as food boiled with rice, or used to make danga<br />
(dumpling). It answers the same purpose as Oplysmenus frumentaceum.<br />
19. Zea mays, Z., Maize, J'ip. TomorokosJit^ Koraikibi<br />
; an annual cereal grass cultivated in an ordinary dry land,<br />
growing to a height of abont 7-8 fts. The grain is eaten either<br />
boiled as meal and porridge, or parched. Bread ai.d cnke are<br />
made of this flour. Also starch and sake (rice beer) are made of<br />
this grain. It is of greatest economic value. There is a variety
with the name Haje-morokoshi to make haje (parched grain<br />
in a bursting state).<br />
20. COJX lachryma, L. Job's tear, Jap. Tomugi,<br />
Hatomugi ; an annual cereal grass cultivated in common dry land.<br />
The stalks grow to a height of 4-5 fts. The grain pounded<br />
in a morter and cleaned is consumed as meal and michi. An<br />
infusion of the parched and ground grains is used instead of<br />
tea, and is called Koscn.<br />
A chinese variety of larger grains grayish brown in colour<br />
with thinner shells is more easily crushed and cleaned.<br />
2O. b CoJX agrestJS,<br />
'four. Ja p. Judsii-dama ; a species<br />
of the preceding. The shells being much harder are used<br />
to make budhist rosaries. It is also consumed in the sam.3<br />
way as the former. There is one another variety with the name of<br />
Ojiuisudama which is and rounder.<br />
the<br />
larger<br />
20. C. Seeds of Bamboo, Jap. Jinengj / the sseds o<br />
Bambusa s^nanensis and Sudsutake and few other kinds are<br />
used as food in the shape of flour. The seed resembles the wheat<br />
in<br />
form.<br />
21. Glysine hispida, Moench, Black soy-bean, Jap.<br />
Kuro-mame ; an annual leguminous plant cultivated in ordinary<br />
dry laud. The stalk grows to a height of about 2 fts. The<br />
beans have black skin. They are eaten either boiled or parched<br />
and also used to make miso (a kind of sauce with solid consistency),<br />
cakes, and natto (a cooked bsans eaten as relish to ric?).<br />
22. Glycine hispida, Moench, White soy bean, Jap.<br />
Shiro-mame ; a variety of the former (2 1 ), bearing a<br />
yellowish<br />
white skin of its bean. Numerous varieties as to<br />
six-:-, form, or duration of growth occur ,<br />
and all are eaten either<br />
boiled or parched. Many important services are due to this bean.<br />
They are used to make malt, miso (a kind of sauca), s/ioyu (bean<br />
sauce'), and yuba (a kind of food). The mamenokj (bean flour)<br />
is made of the beans and is eaten with dangz, etc. It yields ^
dye called Maine-no- go. Oil is also pressed<br />
bears. They are used in many other different ways.<br />
out from these<br />
23. Glycine hispida, Moench, var., Green bean, Jap.<br />
Acwcme ; a variety of the Glycine hispida, Moench (21)<br />
with larger seeds of greenish colour. One variety with green<br />
colour both of the skin and albumen called KonrinzaiwxwiV&> and<br />
is<br />
used to make Aonmme-no-ko (green bean flour).<br />
24. Glycine hispida, Moench, var., Jap. GoisJiimame<br />
; a variety of Glycine hispida, Moench, (21). This seed<br />
is flat and black, and eaten boiled.<br />
Mamc ;<br />
25. Glycine hispida, Moench, var., Jap. Gankui-<br />
a variety of Glycine hispida, Moench, closely allied to the<br />
preceding. The beans are larger and thinner in the middle, and<br />
eaten principally boiled.<br />
26. Dolichos cultratUS, Thunb., Kidney bean, Jap.<br />
Fuji-mame, Sengoku-mame, Shakjo-mame; an annual leguminous<br />
climber with long tendrils, cultivated in ordinary dry land. The<br />
young poels are eaten boiled. Two kinds of flowers, white and purple,<br />
exist, and the grayish white beans of the former have softer pods ;<br />
those of the latter are of a purplish colour and inferior in taste,<br />
but the<br />
plant is stronger.<br />
27. Dolichos (Lablab) vulgaris, Smith, var.,<br />
Jap. Ajiiname, Hiramamc ;<br />
a variety of the preceding with<br />
larger edible pods. The beans have white, dark purple, or<br />
other colours, and all<br />
of them are good<br />
to eat boiled.<br />
28. Dolichos umbellatus, TImnb, var. volubilis,<br />
Jap. Sasage ; An annual leguminous climber comprehending<br />
various varieties. The illustration represents the variety with<br />
white flowers, green pods, and white beans. The young pods are<br />
eaten boiled, and the beans are used to make white An (made by<br />
crushing the beans and mixed with suger).<br />
29. Dolichos umbellatus, Thunb, var., Jap. ////-<br />
roku-sasage ; a variety of Dolichos umbellatus with pods about<br />
2 fts in length, which are eaten boileel when green and soft.
30. Dolichos umbellatus, Thunb, var., Jap. Akasaskgc<br />
: a variety of Dolichos umbellatus, Thunb. The pods<br />
are purplish, ami are used as the preceding.<br />
31. Dolichos umbellatus, Thunb, Jap. Hata-sasage,<br />
Kintoki-sasage ; a non-climbing variety of Dolichos umbellatus,<br />
Thunb i<br />
with large, flat, and oval beans. As they are of the same<br />
colour as the Phaseolus radiata are used in the same way. The<br />
leaves are consumed as a vegetable.<br />
32. Dolichos umbellatus, Thunb, var. seminibus<br />
albis nigris, Jap. Yakko-sasage \<br />
a variety of the preceding<br />
with beans of yellowish colour and black spots.<br />
It answers the<br />
same purpose as No. 28.<br />
33. Dolichos bicontortUS, Ditrien, Jap. Meganesasage<br />
; a species of sasage( Dolichos) characterized by its opposite<br />
pods winding round in opposite direction in the shape of a spectacles.<br />
34. Phaseolus radiatus, .,<br />
var. subtriloba, Jap.<br />
2$undo, Yaycnari an ; annual leguminous plant cultivated in<br />
common dry land. The shape and use resemble very much<br />
the Phaseolus radiatus, but its beans are green. Its stalks<br />
grow to the height of about 1 ft. and the beans are used to make<br />
green An (made of crushed bean with suger) or eaten boiled mixed<br />
with rice as meal or porridge. It is also used to brew sake<br />
(rice beer), and to make dango and macaroni, It is used also to<br />
make malt called Togasai in China.<br />
35. Phaeolus radiatus Z., Ked-fruitcd dwarf bean,<br />
Jap. Ad-suki ; an annual leguminous plant cultivated in<br />
common dry land, consisting of numerous varieties. It grows to<br />
the height of about 2 ft. The beans are mixed with rice and eaten<br />
boiled, used to give a reddish colour to Kowameshi (glutinous<br />
rice boiled with the bean), made into confections, or used as<br />
washing powder instead of soap.<br />
35. b. Phaseolus radiatus, L., Var., Jap. Shiroadsuki<br />
(IVhite adsuki] ; a variety of the preceding with white<br />
beans specially used for making white An (crushed bean mixed
8<br />
with sugar) and also confections or used as washing powder<br />
instead of soap.<br />
36. Phaseolus radiatus, Z., var. pendula, Jap. Tsuruadsuki<br />
; a climbing subspecies of Phaceolus radiatus (35). The<br />
beans are smaller and longer than those of common Phaseolus<br />
radiatus and are used in the same way.<br />
37. Phaseolus radiatus, Z., var., Jap. Dainagonadsuki<br />
; a variety of Phaseolus radiatus, L. (35) with larger beans<br />
of clear red colour. But the use and quality are the same with<br />
the common one (35).<br />
38. Phaseolus VUlgaris, Z., Jap. Ingen-mame,<br />
Gogatsu-sasage, Nido-sasage ; an annual leguminous climber cultivated<br />
in common dry land. Its young pods are eaten boiled.<br />
The beans are white, crimson, variegated, etc. All of them are<br />
eaten as vegetable.<br />
39. Phaseolus nanus, Z., Jap. Tsurunashi-ingen ; an<br />
erect standing sort of Phaseolus vulgaris, L. attaining the height<br />
of about 1ft.<br />
40. Phaseolus VUlgaris, Z., var., Jap. Aoi-mame,<br />
Gomon-mame ; an annual leguminous climber cultivated in<br />
common dry land. The shape and colour of the bean resemble<br />
somewhat the variegated asarum leaf, hence the name of Aoi-rname<br />
or Asarum bean derived.<br />
They are eaten boiled as vegetable.<br />
41. Pisum sativum, Z., Common pea, Jap. Yendo,<br />
Yendo-mame ; a biennial leguminous climber cultivated in<br />
common dry land. The stalk grows to the height of 3-4fts.<br />
It's peas are eaten either boiled or parched or used to put in<br />
cakes.<br />
42. Pisum sativum, Z., var., Jap. Saya-yendo ; a<br />
variety of Pisum sativum with white flowers and smaller greenish<br />
peas. The pods are eaten for their softness and sweetness.<br />
42. b. Pisum sativum, Z., var., Dwarf pea. Jap.<br />
Chabo-yendo ; a variety of Pisum sativum, Z. (43). It attains the<br />
height of about 1ft. It<br />
has the same quality as the preceding.
43. Vicia faba, L. y<br />
Jap. Sora-mame ; a biennial leguminous<br />
plant growing to the height of about 2fts. The beans are<br />
eaten boiled or parched or used for making miso and slnyTi (soy).<br />
43. b. Vicia faba, L., var., Jap. Otafuku-soramame ; a<br />
kind of the preceding with flatter and larger beans and of a better<br />
ones which are soft and delicious.<br />
taste, especially of the young<br />
44. Canavalia incurva, D.C., Jap. Tatewaki, Nataviaine<br />
; an annual leguminous climber in two varieties, one with<br />
white and the other, purplish beans. The young pods of the<br />
former are preserved in salt, and the latter is eaten fresh and<br />
boiled.<br />
45. Mucuna capitata, Wigt. et Am., Jap. OsJiaraku-mame><br />
Hassho-mame ; an annual leguminous climber cultivated in common<br />
dry land. The young soft grains are eaten boiled and have a<br />
taste of Vicia faba, Z,., but this bean contains a poisonous ingredient<br />
in a slight quantity ;<br />
so it is advisable to eat moderately.<br />
46. AracMs hypogaea, L., Pea-nut, Jap. Tojinmame,<br />
Nankin-mame ; an annual leguminous plant cultivated in<br />
common dry land. It puts forth numerous stems in all directions<br />
under ground, and they bear nuts. They are eaten parched<br />
or used in confectionary or to extract<br />
A oil.<br />
variety with larger nuts about 3 times bigger was introduced<br />
from America in 1873.<br />
47. Fagopyrum esculentum , Mocnch,<br />
Buck- wheat,<br />
Jap. Soba ; an annual cultivated plant of the order Polygonaceae<br />
found in several varieties. It grows to a height of about<br />
2fts. The flour of book-wheat is used for making Soba-neri<br />
(flour kneaded with hot water to a dough) or Soba-kiri (macaroni<br />
form), or made into Kori-soba-kiri (Soba frozen and dried) and<br />
Hoshi-soba-kiri (dried soba). The grains steamed and dried are<br />
eaten boiled or made into bread or Manju (a small cake). Its<br />
young leaves are eaten as a vegetable, and its stalks are used<br />
to feed cattle.
10<br />
CHAPTER IT.<br />
LEAF VEGETABLES.<br />
The vegetables included under this chapter are principally<br />
those, which leaves and stems are used for culinary purposes either<br />
raw or boiled, or preserved dry or kept in brine as pickles. But<br />
there are also a great many such vegetables among chapters of<br />
Eoot and Flower vegetabes, Cucurbitaceous fruits, Spices and Condiments<br />
to be consumed in the same way. Those are not concerned<br />
here and will<br />
be described under their respective chapters.<br />
48. Brassica chinensis, ., var., Jap. Mikawashimana,<br />
Tsukena ; a biennial cultivated plant of the order Cruciferce.<br />
The length of its leaves is about IJfts. The village of Mikcrcvas/iima,<br />
district Teshima, province Musashi, is famous for producing<br />
the best variety, whence it derives its name. The leaves<br />
are preserved in salt as pickles from late autumn to winter.<br />
Its flower buds can also be eaten, and its panicled flowers are<br />
esteemed as cut vase-flowers among the Japanese.<br />
49. Brassica rapa, L., var. amplexicaulis, Jap. Shirakukina,<br />
Hirakukina, Tona ; this resembles much the preceding,<br />
but is shorter in height. Its yellowish white leaves have crapelike<br />
wrinkles and are eaten either boiled or as pickles preserved<br />
in salt.<br />
50. Brassica Chinensis, L., var. Jap. Komatsuna,<br />
Hatakena, Fuyuna ; a biennial cultivated plant of the order<br />
Cruciferae, with leaves growing to a length of 6-8 inches.<br />
In late winter to the spring they are used much as a culinary<br />
vegetable either boiled or preserved in salt as pickles. Its<br />
young leaves or cotyledons are used to flavour soup called<br />
Tsumamina ; a late variety of this is called Uguisuna.<br />
51. Sinapis chinenesis, L., Jap. Midsuua, Kiona ;<br />
a biennial cultivated plant of the order Cruciferce. The petiole<br />
attains the length of about 1 ft. and comes forth in bundles of<br />
several hundreds from a root. This vegetable<br />
is used in<br />
winter and spring either boiled or as pickles preserved<br />
in salt.
52. Sinapis chinensis, L.,<br />
UNIVERSITY<br />
a subspecies<br />
of the preceding with broad leaves and without segments,<br />
and it is used for about the same purpose as others, but<br />
superior in quality.<br />
The village Mibu in Kudsimo district,<br />
Yamashiro province,<br />
is noted for this ,<br />
vegetable whence the name<br />
is derived.<br />
52. b. Brassica chinensis, Z., var. Jap., Suikukina ; a<br />
biennial cultivated plant of the order Cruciferae. Its leaves<br />
nible those of the turnip and are about 1 ft. in length. In the<br />
district of Kamo, province Yamashiro, they are extentively<br />
cultivated and preserved in salt with the name Suikukina.<br />
53. Sinapis integrifolia, Wild, Jap., Takana, U-garashi,<br />
Oba-garasJii ; a biennial cultivated vegetable. Its leaves are<br />
full of crape-like wrinkles and of 2 3 fts. in length.<br />
In winter<br />
and spring they are much consumed as culinary vegetables<br />
either boiled or preserved in salt as pickles, and are of a very good<br />
quality.<br />
54. Sinapis cermia, Thimb, Jap, Karashina ; like<br />
the preceding, with leaves 7 9 inches in length, which are<br />
eaten much as pickles in winter and spring. There are black<br />
and white seeds, both used as spices and condiments or for medicinal<br />
purposes.<br />
54. b. Sinapis cernua, Thnnb, \ar., Jap., Chirimenna,<br />
Jrana ; a variety of the preceding with wrinkled purple leaves.<br />
The finely serrated edges look very pretty. They are eaten<br />
either boiled or as pickles preserved in salt.<br />
55. Tetragonia expansa, Ait., Jap., Tsuruna ; an<br />
evergreen herb of the order Ficoidece growing wild on the seacoast<br />
of warmer regions. It creeps over the sandy ground.<br />
It is also cultivated from seeds, and its leaves are eaten as vegetable<br />
in summer and autumn.<br />
56. Spinacia inermis, Moench, Jap., Horenso ; a<br />
cultivated biennial plant of the order Chenopodiacea3. It is<br />
sown twice in a year, in spring and autumn. It grows to the
12<br />
\<br />
height of 5 8 inches. It is the vegetable of late spring and late<br />
autumn and eaten boiled. It has a very sweet flavour. The<br />
plant is dioecious, and care must be taken for collecting seeds in<br />
distinguishing the fertile seeds.<br />
56- b. Beta VUlgaris, L., Jap., Tqfisa, Fudanso ; a<br />
biennial cultivated plant of the order Chenopodiaceae. The seeds<br />
are sown twice in a year, in spring and autumn, and the leaves<br />
are used as vegetables in all seasons of the year, whence the name<br />
of Fudanso (everlasting herb). A variety with crimson tinted<br />
leaves, stems, and roots is called Kwa-ycn-sai (Flame vegetable) or<br />
Sangojuna (coral vegetable) and much used for the decoration of<br />
dishes.<br />
57. Sonecio sp., Jap. Suijeujina ; an evergreen herb<br />
of the order Compositae. As it fears cold it is cultivated in hot<br />
beds during winter, and in spring taken out and planted in open<br />
ground. Its stalk attains a height of about 2 fts. In summer<br />
and autumn its soft and sticky leaves are consumed as vegetable.<br />
58. Oenanthe stolonifera, D.C., Jap. Seri; a perennial<br />
marshy plant of the order Umbelliferce growing wild in<br />
shallow water or any damp ground, and in late winter and spring<br />
the leaves are consumed as vegatable. Those cultivated in swampy<br />
ground Lave petioles above I ft. in<br />
length.<br />
59. Cryptotoenia canadensis, D.C., Jap. Mitsuba,<br />
Mitsuba-jeri ; a perennial herb of the order Umbelliferae<br />
but much cultivated from seeds or<br />
growing wild in moist valleys,<br />
by dividing the roots. In spring young leaves come forth to a<br />
height of about 1 ft.<br />
They are eaten boiled, and the roots can also<br />
be eaten fried. One variety with fine thread-like petioles and<br />
shooting in bushes to 8 10 inches high<br />
is called Ito-mitsuba<br />
(thread Hanewort).<br />
6Q. Angelica sp., Jap.<br />
A shitaba, HacJiijona ; a<br />
triennial herb of the order Umbelliferae growing wild to a<br />
height of about 4-5 fts. In the Island of Hachijo<br />
it is<br />
cultivated from seeds, and the youug leaves are consumed as
13<br />
vegetables in all seasons boiled or pickled in salt. Its large roots<br />
are eaten either boiled or made into dango (dumpling). There<br />
is a plant called Hama-udo resembling<br />
it<br />
very much in form, but<br />
very poisonous. But they can be easily distinguished, as when<br />
cut the former emits a yellow juice, while the latter does not<br />
emit any.<br />
61- Aralia cordata, Thunb, Jap. Udo ; a perennial plant<br />
of the order Araliaceae growing wild in mountainous districts,<br />
also much cultivated in farm lands. Its young and soft stalks<br />
are eaten as vegetable in spring and summer. The<br />
is a cultivated variety about 1 ft.<br />
high. Besides this,<br />
udo (winter udo), Nenjiu-udo (whole year Udo), etc., are also<br />
cultivated.<br />
62. Chrysanthemum coronarium, .,<br />
Jap. Shungiku^Kikuna,<br />
Mujuiso ; a biennial cultivated plant of the order<br />
Compositae. In autumn the seeds are sown, and the young plants<br />
are eaten in winter and spring either boiled or fresh. In summer<br />
the flower stalks shoot up to a height<br />
of about 2 fts. covered<br />
chrysanthemum-like single white flowers about 2J<br />
diameter. They are also used for floral decoration.<br />
inches in<br />
62. b. Papaver somniferum, L., Jap. Keshi / the<br />
young plants are eaten as vegetable after being scalded.<br />
63. Lactuca sativa, L., Jap. Cliisa, Chishana ; a biennial<br />
cultivated plant of the order Compositae. Its seeds are sown<br />
twice in spring and autumn, and its leaves are consumed as a vegetable<br />
either boiled or raw from December to May. It grows to<br />
a height of about 3 fts.<br />
64. Cichorium endivia, L., Jap. Kikujisha / a cultivated<br />
plant resembling much Lactuca sativa, L.<br />
Two kinds occur,<br />
one with broad and the other with narrow leaves. In winter<br />
and spring the young leaves are eaten fresh. Its stalk grows to<br />
2-3 fts. in height.<br />
64. b. Veronica anagallis, L., Jap. Kawa-jiska ; a<br />
biennial herbaceous plant of the order Scrophulariaceae growing
14<br />
wild in swampy places. In spring and summer the leaves are<br />
used instead of Lactuca sativa, L. It is also sown early in spring<br />
to eat its cotyledonous leaves.<br />
65. Boltonia cantoniensis, D.C. (Aster cantoniensis,<br />
.Z>/.), Jap. Yornena ; a perennial plant of the order Compositae<br />
growing wild in mountainous districts. In autumn when they<br />
have grown to about 3 fts. an umbel of blue chrysanthemumlike<br />
single flowers comes out. From late spring to summer<br />
the young leaves are eaten after passing in boiling water.<br />
66. Cnicus nipponicus, Max., Jap. Na-asami ; a perennial<br />
herb of the order Compositae growing wild in mountainous<br />
districts attaining a height of 2 3 fts. and opening flowers in<br />
autumn. From spring to summer the young leaves are consumed<br />
as vegetable.<br />
67. Petastes japonicus, Mig., Jap. Fuki ; a perennial<br />
plant of the order Compositae growing wild or cultivated. Its<br />
grow to the length of about 2 fts. In spring<br />
petioles<br />
and summer months<br />
they are eaten after passing in boiling water or preserved in salt.<br />
Its flower-buds owing to their flavour and agreable slight bitter<br />
taste are eaten boiled or used as condiments and spices.<br />
67. b. Petastes japonicus, Mig., var., Jap. Akita bnki ; a<br />
very large variety of the preceding, pretty enough as an ornament of<br />
its extensive round leaves, but inferior in taste as vegetable.<br />
67. c. Senecio kcempferi, D.C., Jap. Tsuiva-buki ; the<br />
petioles of this plant are eaten either boiled or preserved in<br />
salt as the preceding.<br />
68. Artemisia VUlgaris, L. t Jap. Yomogi ; a perennial<br />
plant of the order Compositae growing wild every-where<br />
on hillsides.<br />
Its stalks grow to a height of 2 3 fts. In spring<br />
the young plants are eaten after passing in boiling hot water or<br />
used to flavour and colour mochi or dan go (durngling). Its<br />
leaves are made into Mogusa.<br />
69. Amarantus mangostanus, L., Jap. Hiyu ;<br />
an annual cultivated plant of the order Arnaranthaceae growing
15<br />
to a height<br />
of 2-3 fts. In summer and autumn months<br />
the leaves are eaten either boiled or as pickles preserved in salt.<br />
It is the vegetable of the hottest months.<br />
70. Salsola asparagoid.es, Miq., Jap. Matsuna ; an ^<br />
annual plant of the order Chenopodiaceae growing wild<br />
near seacoasts<br />
and attaining a height of about 3 fts. ;<br />
but also cultivated in<br />
farm ground from seeds. In<br />
plants are eaten after passing in boilng water.<br />
spring and summer months the young<br />
71. Salsola Soda, L., Jap. Okamiru, Oka/iijiki,<br />
Miruna ;<br />
an annual plant of the order Chenopodiaceae growing wild<br />
in sandy sea-shores with a long stem. It is also cultivated from<br />
seeds, and in summer and autumn months its leaves and stalks are<br />
eaten after scalding in boiling hot water.<br />
72. Chenopodium acuminatum, Wild, Jap. Akaza ;<br />
an annual herbaceous plant of the order Chenopodiaceae<br />
growing wild everywhere, attaining a height of about 4-5 fts.<br />
The large old stems are used as canes. Besides this, Shiro-akaza<br />
(white variety), No-akaza (field variety), and several other<br />
varieties<br />
occur of the same economic value.<br />
73. Brasenia peltata, Pnrch., Jap. Junsai, Nunawa ;<br />
a biennial aquatic plant growing wild in old ponds and marshes.<br />
Jn spring and summer the young leaves covered with a mucilaginous<br />
substance are eaten fresh seasoned in vinegar.<br />
74. Portulaca oleracea, L., var. sativa, Jap.<br />
Osuberi-liiyn; an annual cultivated plant of the order Portulacaceae.<br />
It attains a height of about 1 ft. In spring and<br />
summer months, the leaves and stalks arc eaten either raw or<br />
scalded.<br />
75- Rumex acetosa, L., Jap. Snkampo ; a biennial<br />
plant of the order Polygonaceae growing wild in mountainous<br />
rtgoins and attaining a height of about 2 fts. In spring the<br />
joung soft leaves and stalks are eaten either boiled or preserved<br />
is salt.<br />
They have a pleasant acid nous flavour.<br />
75. b. Polygonum cuspidatum, ^. et Z., Jap. Itadori;
16<br />
the young stalks of this plant (905) growing wild in<br />
mountainous districts are eaten either boiled or raw, or preserved<br />
in salt, when they have attained a height of about 1 ft.<br />
and 1 inch in diameter.<br />
76. Acanthopanax spinosum, Miq., Jap. Ukogi ; a<br />
deciduous shrub of the order Araliaceaa attaning a height of<br />
7-8 fts. Its thorny branches fit well for hedges. In spring the<br />
young<br />
leaves are eaten scalded.<br />
77. Aralia Chinensis, Z., Jap. Tara-no-ki ; a deciduous<br />
shrub of the order Araliaceae growing wild on mountainous<br />
regions and attaining a height of about 10 fts. covered with<br />
sharp thorns. In spring young leaves are eaten after passing in<br />
boiling water.<br />
This is the best of edible tree shoots.<br />
78. Clethra barbinervis, 5. et Z., Jap. Riyobu, Hatatsumori<br />
; a deciduous tree of the order Ericaceae growing<br />
wild in mountainous districts. Its stem attains a height of<br />
about 10 fts.<br />
In spring the young leaves are eaten boiled with rice.<br />
It is<br />
much used by peasants of remote mountain villages.<br />
79. Helwingia rusciflora, Wild, Jap. Hana-ikada ;<br />
a deciduous shrub of the order Garryaceae growing wild in<br />
mountainous districts to a height of about 8 fts. In spring<br />
young<br />
soft leaves<br />
are eaten boiled.<br />
80. Alliiim fistulosum, ., Onion, Jap. Negi ; a perennial<br />
herbaceous plant of the order Liliaceae. The tubular leaves<br />
grow about 2 fts. in height, and the length of white underground<br />
part varies according to the skill of cultivators. They are<br />
eaten either boiled or fresh in all seasons, but they are best and<br />
sweetest<br />
in winter.<br />
80. b. Allium fistulosum, ., var., Winter onion,<br />
Jap. O-ncgi, Ippoii-negi ; a variety of the preceding, but larger<br />
and standing erect solitally and is wholesome and sweet.<br />
81. Allium fistulosum, L., var., Jap. Iwa-tsuki-negi ;<br />
a variety of the preceding smaller in siza. Owing
17<br />
to its<br />
good taste it is much valued as a special product<br />
district Iwatsuki in the province of ^InsasJii.<br />
of the<br />
82 Allium esculentum, L, Jap. Wakegi, Fuyimegi ;<br />
a kind of Allium with long slender leaves. The name of Wakegi<br />
is derived from its benig easily propagated by division. In spring<br />
and winter months when they shoot out are eaten for their good<br />
taste and less<br />
odour.<br />
83. Allium sp.<br />
,<br />
Jap.<br />
Karigi, Natsu-negi; a smaller species<br />
of Allium fistulosum, L. (50).<br />
As it shoots out in summer it is<br />
used as a vegetable in that season.<br />
84. Allium ledebourianum, Schult, Jap. Asatsuki ;<br />
a species of Allium resembling Allium fistulosum, L., growing wild,<br />
but also much cultivated. The leaves are long and slender,<br />
with small bulbs. In spring the leaves shoot out luxuriously to<br />
a length of about 1 ft. Both leaves and onions are eaten together,<br />
and the taste resembles that of Allium fistulosum, Z., being less<br />
odourous, but much soft and smooth.<br />
85. Allium nipponicum, Fr. et Sav., Jap. Nobiru ; a<br />
small kind of Allium growing wild with leaves about 1 ft.<br />
long,<br />
forming small onions at foot. In spring and summer both leaves<br />
and onions are eaten together.<br />
86. Allium odorum, L., Jap. Nira ; a leek much resembling<br />
allium fistulosum, L. (80). In spring the flat leaves<br />
come out luxuriantly from old onions, attaining a length of about<br />
1 ft. In summer and autumn they serve as a vegetable.<br />
87. Colocasia antiquorum, Schott, Jap. To-no-imo,<br />
Aka-imo ; 'a cultivated tuberous plant<br />
of the order Araceae.<br />
Its petioles grow to a length of about 5 fts. with expanded<br />
leaves at the top, and are eaten boiled and also preserved dried<br />
or in salt. This variety does not produce many } r oung tubers,<br />
but the mother tuber grows to a considerable size.<br />
It is an excellent<br />
article of food for its sweet taste.<br />
87. b. Colocasia antiquorum, Schott, var., Jap. Midsuiuu<br />
; a close ally of the preceding cultivated in swampy
\<br />
ground in the warm regions. The petioles are principally used<br />
for food.<br />
18<br />
88. Colocasia indica, Kth. (Caladium esculentum.<br />
Sieb.), Jap. Hasu-imo ; a species very nearly related to the<br />
preceding, with leaves growing to a length of abont 3-4 fts. It is<br />
called Hasu-imo (Lotus caladium), because the leaf has the form of<br />
Lotus-leaf. As the petioles of this kind are not bitter they are<br />
eaten either raw or boiled and also preserved dry.<br />
89. Smilax herbacea, Z., var. nipponicum, Miq., Jap.<br />
Shiode ; a perennial wild climber of the order Smilaceae. The<br />
young leaves are boiled and eaten as a vegetable.<br />
90. Osnmnda regalis, ., var.japonicaJap. Jenmai;<br />
wild on<br />
a perennial herbaceous plant of the order Filices growing<br />
mountains and woody places and forming a large clump. In spring<br />
or in salt.<br />
young coiling fronds are eaten boiled or preserved dry<br />
The white fibres covering the young<br />
fronds are woven into clothes.<br />
91. Pteris aquilina, ., Jap. Warabi; a perennial herbaceous<br />
plant of the order Filices. Its rhizomes extend in all directions<br />
under ground and shoot up young leaves everywhere, and<br />
are eaten boiled or preserved in brine. Starch is also got from<br />
the rhizomes, called Warabiko or brakefern meal. The fibre of the<br />
rhizomes after the meal emptied out are used to make rope of<br />
a dark brownish colour, bearing against rottening by moist.<br />
91. b. Botrychium ternatum, Sw., Jap. Hana-warabi<br />
Fuyu-warabi ; a perennial plant of the order Filices growing<br />
wild on mountainous districts. In autumn the leaves come out<br />
with flower stalks, one to eash leaf generally. Tkey attain a<br />
height<br />
taste.<br />
of 6-7 inches and are eaten boiled with a soft delicious<br />
92. Ceratopteris thalictroides, Brong, Jap. Midsuwarabi,<br />
Midsu-riirijin ; an annual herbaceous plant of the order<br />
Filices growing wild in moist swampy plases.<br />
Those growing in<br />
water get larger than -those grown in dry land. In late spring<br />
the young leaves are boiled and eaten as vegetable.
19<br />
Besides those mentined in this chapter there are innumerable<br />
other plants with edible leaves. For instance, in the chapter of<br />
Cereals and Leguminous plants, the cotyledons of Glycine hispida,<br />
Afocnch (21-23) and Phaseolns radiata, L. subtriloba (34), and the<br />
young leaves of Doliclios umbellatus, Thunb, var. volubilis (28-33),<br />
Pisum sativum, L. (41-42), Vic-ia faba, L. (42), Fagopirum esculentum,<br />
Alccnch, etc. are eaten as vegetables. Among the chapter of<br />
Root vegetables, the young leaves of almost ail plants except 2-3 are<br />
used for the same purpose, as Eaphanus sativus, L. (93-102),<br />
Brassica rapa, L. (103-106), Daucas carota, L. (107), Lappa major,<br />
Gaertn. ( 108), Batatus edulis, Chois, and Solatium tubsrosa, L.<br />
Among the Flower vegetables, the leaves of Pyrethrum sinense,<br />
Sabin^ and tue }^oung shoots of Amomum Mioga, 1 h. or Zingiber<br />
mioga, Roscoe; among Cucurbitaceous plants the petioles<br />
of Cucurbita<br />
pepo, L. (129-130); the young leaves and stalks of several<br />
contained in the chapter of Spices and Condiments, as Eut-<br />
plants<br />
rema Wcusabi, Max. (162), Raphauns sativus, L. (167), Perilla<br />
arguta, Betith (170), Capsicum longum, L. (167), and Polygonum 1/<br />
nodosum, L.\ among Starch yielding plants the young<br />
leaves of<br />
Erythronium deniscanis, L. (257) and Orichia edalis, Miq. (258) ;<br />
among Economic plants the soft young leaves and stalks of<br />
Kochia scoparia, Schrad (300) and Luffa petola, Scr. (305) ;<br />
among Oil and Wax plants<br />
the leaves of Brassica chinensis, L.<br />
(308) ; among Textile plants the young leaves of Typha japonica<br />
(339) and Zizania aquatica, Miq. (346) ; among Dye<br />
plants the leaves of Basella rubra, L. (371) among Medicinal<br />
plants the .young leaves of Malva pulchella, Berttn. (406)<br />
;<br />
and Plantngo asiatica, L. (448) and the petioles of Eheum undulatum,<br />
L. (453);<br />
among Timber trees and Bamboos the young leaves<br />
'f Cedrela chinensis, fuss-, among Evergreen trees the young<br />
leaves of Cycas revoluta, Thunb ; among Ornamental garden<br />
trees the young soft leaves of Althoea rosea, Cav. (769), Scabiosa<br />
japonica, Miq. (809), Taraxacum officinale, Wigg. (853), Adenophora<br />
vcrticellata, Fisch($\) t<br />
Conandron ramondioides, S. et Z.<br />
(959) and Funkia sieboldiana, fafffc{9GQ) are all eaten as vegetables.<br />
Besides these, among Trees and Shrubs there are many serving to
20<br />
the alimentation in unexplored cold and hot climates, but these<br />
are mostly mere substitutes of food in time of famine or for<br />
quriosity, and are therefore not mentioned in this section.<br />
CHAPTER III.<br />
ROOT VEGETABLES.<br />
This Chapter includes all vegetables<br />
which roots or bulbs<br />
serve for alimentation and are principally consumed in fresh<br />
state in spring and summer or preserved<br />
dried or salted for<br />
the use of other seasons. Some containing large quantities of<br />
starch are eaten in place<br />
some are also used as vegetables.<br />
of cereals. The leaves and stalks of<br />
93. RaphanilS satiVUS, Z., Jap. Daikon, Sudsushiro ;<br />
a biennial cultivated plant of the order Cruciferae with many<br />
varieties. The species painted in the illustration is the Nerima<br />
raddish grown in the Musashi province. Of this species two<br />
forms exist, one called Naga (long), and the other Tomari<br />
(stopped). The former is about two feet long and two<br />
inches in diameter, tapering toward the end and without a taproot.<br />
The other is about the same length, club-shaped, and<br />
has a long tap-root.<br />
It is eaten boiled or preserved in rice-bran<br />
and brine. Both, roots and leaves are used as food fresh, or<br />
dried.<br />
94. Raphanus satiVUS, Z., var., Jap. Sakurajimadaikon<br />
; this is the largest kind of raddish. It is a speciality<br />
of the place called Sakuraji'ma, province Osumi, whence it<br />
derives the name. There are three varieties, early, middle, and<br />
late, the last of which is the largest. It is about 3 fts. in circumference<br />
and weighs 20-30 Ibs. It is thick in middle<br />
and tapers slightly towards both ends. It is eaten raw, boiled,.<br />
dried, or preserved in salt, and has a sweet wholesome tast.<br />
95. Raphanus satiavus, L., var., Jap. Azami-daikon,<br />
Suikwa-ctaikon ; a variety of raddish with numerous segments<br />
on leaves. The roots and leaves are used like those<br />
of the former.
21<br />
96. RaphanUS sativus, L., var., Jap. Otafuku-daikjn,<br />
Kamcido-daikon ; a variety of raddish (93). The special place<br />
called Kameido in the district Minamikatsiishika^ Musashi province,<br />
produces the best quality, whence the name is derived. It<br />
consists of three varieties, early, middle, and lute. The middle<br />
variety which is taken up about the month of May has a root<br />
about IJfts. long and \\ inches in diameters and it is<br />
greenish<br />
at the top where the leaves come out. It is<br />
superior in taste,<br />
an.l<br />
eaten raw, boiled, or preserved<br />
in salt.<br />
96. b. Raphanus sativus, ., var., Jap. Hosone-daikon ;<br />
a slender kind of liuphanus sativus, Z., (93), being<br />
a foot in<br />
length with a diameter of about \ inch. This is well sown at any<br />
time, affording fresh vegetable at any time in the year, whence<br />
it is called Toki-sJiiradsu (non aware of time). It is also called<br />
Otafnku, but is quite different from that grown<br />
in Kameido of<br />
the same name (96). It is<br />
good to eat raw, boiled, or preserved<br />
in salt.<br />
97. RaphanUS sativus, Z., var., Jap. Ji-daikon or<br />
Tokun-daikon ; a variety of raddish (93), being club-shapsd<br />
thick at lower end and about a foot long. It is<br />
good to eat<br />
boiled.<br />
98. RaphanUS sativus, L., var., Jap. Miyashigs-daikjn,<br />
Oivari-daikon ; a variety of raddish (93). This is specially<br />
produced in Miyashige, district Nishikasugai, province Owari.<br />
It is thick at the top tapering towards the tip without a tap-root,<br />
and about IJfts. in length and 3 inches in diameter. It is the<br />
sweetest of raddish and the best to be boiled, preserved dry,<br />
or pickled. It soon loses its fine quality when cultivated in<br />
other districts.<br />
98. b. RaphanUS sativus, L., var., Jap. Hvrio-daikon ;<br />
a variety of raddish (93), the special product of the village<br />
Horio, district Kaito, province Owari. There are two varieties,<br />
one greenish at the head, and the other all white. The lattar<br />
is better in quality. It resembles much Miyashige-daikon in
22<br />
shape (98 a),<br />
but with a tail-like root. It is of a very large size<br />
"with a length of 2fts. and a diameter of 8 inches, and rivals the<br />
early variety of Sakiirajima-ctaikon (94). It is consumed as the<br />
preceding.<br />
98. C. Raphanus sativus, Z., var., Jap. Shogoindaikvn<br />
; a close ally of the preceding with a larger diameter.<br />
It is about a foot long and 6-7| inches round, and of the<br />
superior flavour and taste. This is a variety got from the seed of<br />
98. b sown in the village of Shogoin in the district of Atago,<br />
province Yamashiro.<br />
9. Raphanus sativus, L., var., Jap. Pladano-daikon,<br />
Moriguchi-daikon ; a slender shaped variety of the raddish (93).<br />
There are different varieties with a length of 3-4 fts. and a<br />
diameter of about a inch. The districts of Hadano in the<br />
province Sagami and of Morigitchi in the province Kawachi<br />
are firmd for this product. It is hard and better in taste.<br />
This raddish pickled in sake-\ev is called Moriguclii-dsuke<br />
(Mcriguchi-Tp\Gk\e}. Dried it is called Mino-beslii (dried raddish<br />
of the province Mir,o\ It is eaten boiled or preserved in a<br />
mixture of vinegar and soy.<br />
100. Raphanus sativus, Z., var., Jap. Sangatsn-daikon,<br />
Nincngo ; a variety of the raddish (93). The seeds are sown at<br />
the end of autumn, and the roots are eaten at the end of<br />
spring, being white, thin, and hard.<br />
101. Raphanus satiVUS, L., var., Jap. Natsu-daikon ; a<br />
variety of Sangcitsu-daikon lOOj. It is sown in spring and<br />
eaten in summer.<br />
102. Raphanus sativus, L., var., Jap. Aka-daikon><br />
Murasaki-daikon ; a variety of raddish (93). The leaves and<br />
roots are purple tinted. There are summer and autumn varietes<br />
originated from the common raddish.<br />
1O2. b. Raphanus sativus, L,, var., Jap. Sangojudaikon<br />
; a turnip-shaped variety of raddish (93). The outside is<br />
smooth and light crimson j<br />
the flesh is white. It has a diameter
23<br />
of about 2^ inches. It is planted in a pot as an ornamental plant<br />
for the new year. It is eaten raw or preserved in salt.<br />
103. Brassica rapa, L., Jap. Kokabnra ; a biennial cultivated<br />
plant growing in ordinary dry ground, belonging to the<br />
order Cruciferae, with numerous varieties of different colours and<br />
shapes. The variety painted in this volume is one commonly<br />
cultivated in the eastern provinces. The root has a diameter of<br />
1<br />
1^ inches. In winter months the roots as well as leaves are<br />
eaten boiled or preserved as pickles.<br />
104. Brassica rapa, L., var., Jap. Omi-kabura, Smuarikabu<br />
; a variety of Brassica rapa, L., of an enormous size. It is<br />
round and flattish with a diameter of about a foot. The province<br />
of Omi is praised for its product, whence derived its name. It is<br />
sweet and wholesome and good to eat boiled, pickled in salt or in<br />
sake-lee, or dried. The leaves and stalks are also preserved dry<br />
and used as vegetables. The variety got from tins seed in the<br />
village of Shogoin in the district of Atago, province Yamas/it're,<br />
is named Shogoin-kabura and praised for its<br />
good taste.<br />
105. Brassica rapa, L., var., Jap. Tennoji-kabura ; a<br />
variety of Brassica rapa, L., the special producet of the village of<br />
Tcnnoji, Settsu. The root is round and somewhat flattened. It<br />
has a diameter of about 8 inches. It is soft and brittle in quality.<br />
It is cut into thin slices and pickled in salt or in vinegar seasoned<br />
with soy, or eaten raw, and especially good to preserve dried.<br />
1O5. b. Brassica rapa, L., var., Jap. Murasaki-kabura,<br />
Hino-kabura\ a variety of Brassica rapa, L. (I03j like Tennoji-kabura<br />
(105) with purpish leaves and stems. The rind of<br />
the root is of a deep purple the flesh is white. It is pickled in<br />
;<br />
salt. The village of Hino in the district of Higaini, Omi, is<br />
praised for this produce, whence derived its name.<br />
1O5. C. Brassica rapa, L., var., Jap. Aka-kabura, Benikabura,<br />
Hino-kabura, ; a variety of Brassica rapa, L. (103). The<br />
root is round and flat with a diameter of about 4 inches. The<br />
rind as well as the interior is of a bright crimson colour ;<br />
the leaf-
24<br />
stalks are shaded with crimson. When pickled in salt it gets a<br />
more bright red colour, whence called Hino-kabura (crimson<br />
turnip).<br />
The village Saiin-Takehara in the district of Onsen^<br />
lyo, is famed for a fine strain of the variety.<br />
1O6. Brassica rapa, Z., var., Jap. Naga-kabura ; a variety<br />
of Brassica rapa, Z., (103) with a long raddish-like shape and of a<br />
length of about a foot, thicker towards the end. It is soft and<br />
wholsome, and best to eat boiled or preserved as pickles in salt.<br />
106. b. Brassica rapa, Z., var., Jap. Momiji-kabura ; a<br />
variety of the Brassica rapa, L. The root is about 9 inches long<br />
with a diameter of 1-1<br />
-Jinches.<br />
The rind is bright pink;<br />
the flesh is white. It is much cultivated in the neighbourhood<br />
of Hikone, Omi. When it is dried or pickled, the flesh turns<br />
crimson.<br />
It is also used to decorate dishes.<br />
107. DaUGUS carota. Z., Jap. Ninjin, Ninjinna ; a<br />
biennial cultivated vegetable of the order Umbelliferae. The<br />
root, about 1^ fts.<br />
long and \\ inches in diameter, is<br />
orange yellow.<br />
In winter and spring months it is eaten boiled or used raw cut<br />
into slices with other food as a Namasu, etc. It is also preserved<br />
in miso (a kind of soy of a solid consistency) or in sakc-\QQ. In<br />
autumn months the young soft leaves are eaten boiled.<br />
One variety called Kintoki-uinjin has a bright crimson colour<br />
and is of a larger size. Its taste is sweet and wholesome. It is<br />
much grown in the neighbourhood of Osaka. Another variety<br />
called Mur&saki-ninjin (purple carrot) is of a deep purple colour<br />
outside and yellow in the center.<br />
108. Lappa major,' Gaertn., Jap. Gobo ; a biennial<br />
The seeds are sown<br />
cultivated vegetable of the order Compositae.<br />
twice in a year, in spring and autumn. The root has a length of<br />
about 2J fts. and a diameter of 114 inches. A very large kind<br />
called Mumeda-gobo<br />
is cultivated at Mmneda in the district of<br />
Saitama, Musashi. This is eaten boiled or preserved<br />
The young soft leaves are also eaten boiled.<br />
in salt.
25<br />
.<br />
into, Riukiu-imo ; a cultivated tuberous creeping plant of the order<br />
Convolvulacae and of several varieties according to the shape and<br />
colour of the tul>ers. They are eaten raw, boiled, baked, or<br />
steamed, and are the most important food next to cereals. They<br />
are also cooked to make cakes. They are cut into slices and<br />
preserved dry, and also reduced to flour to make dango (dumpling).<br />
Starch, ame, (a kind of Furkish delight), and sake (ric beer) are<br />
also made. The young leaves are eaten boiled as vegetables.<br />
109. b. Solanum tuberosum, L., Jap. fagatara-imo ; a<br />
cultivated tuberous plant of the order Solanaceae. There are two<br />
sorts, white and red skinned. They are eaten boiled or steamed<br />
and are preserved dry. Miso, shoyu, and sake are prepared from<br />
them. They yield also starch. The young leaves can be eaten,<br />
while the young shoots are very poisonous.<br />
110. Dioscorea BatatllS, Dene.<br />
1O9. BatatUS edulis, Chois, Jap. Satsuma-iino, Kara-<br />
Jap. Tsnkuneimo<br />
; a cultivated tuberous creeping plant of the order Dioscoreaceae.<br />
The underground tuber is large, solid, irrerular, flat,<br />
about 9-10 inches in diameter, and elastic. As it contains a large<br />
amount of starch and is wholesome in taste, it is eaten simply<br />
boiled or steamed or as Tororo (a kind of gruel made by grinding<br />
the fresh tuber).<br />
It is also used in various other ways in cooking<br />
and confectionary. It is dried and made into meal. Starch is<br />
obtained from it.<br />
Icho-imo and Ise-imo are its varieties.<br />
111. Dioscorea japonica, 77*., Jap. Jinenjo, Yamanoimo<br />
; this is the typical species of the former (110) growing wild<br />
in hills and mountains. It produces cylindrical<br />
long.<br />
It is superior in quality, but used quite differently.<br />
tubers 5-6 fts.<br />
112. Dicscorea japonica, 77*., var., Jap. Naga-imo ;<br />
the cultivated form of the preceding. The tubers have the same<br />
shape,<br />
but are shorter. They<br />
are 3-4 fts. long.<br />
113. Dioscorea japonica, 77*., var., Jap. Ichincn-imo,<br />
Lakitda-iino ; its tubers ripen in one year, attaining only to 1-2<br />
fts.<br />
They are watery and inferior in quality.
113. b. Tubers of Dioscorea japonica, 77;., Jap. Mukago,<br />
Niikago ; the small tubers about the size of the thumb grown<br />
at the leaf-exils of Dioscorea japonica, T/i. (110-111),<br />
eaten boiled or plantjd as the seeds.<br />
etc. are<br />
114. Colocasia antiquorum, Schott., Jap. Sato-imo,<br />
Hatake-imo ; a cultivated tuberous plant of the order Araceae<br />
embracing several varieties. It resembles very much To-no-imo*<br />
but is quite green instead of purple. The petioles grown<br />
to the<br />
length of 3-4 fts. are eaten boiled or preserved dried and eaten<br />
as vegetable.<br />
115. Colocasia antiquorum, Schott., var., Jap. Yatsugashira<br />
; a variety of To-no-imo (871 The leaves come out in<br />
bundles of 8 or 9 inches with thin long petioles from the single<br />
tuber. The latter grows to the size of 5-6 inches in diameter,<br />
consisting of several sprouts, but very rarely produces young<br />
tubers. It is eaten simply boiled or steamed. The taste is<br />
To-no-imo.<br />
wholesome resembling that of<br />
116. Colocasia antiquorum, Schott., var., Jap. Yeguimo,<br />
Hana-imo ; a variety of Sato-iino (114). Because of its<br />
strong acridity it is grown under thick heaps of dust in rnalt state,<br />
which is eaten by the name of Ne-imo (yam-root). The young<br />
tubers are likewise eaten boiled.<br />
117. Conophallus konjak, Schott., Jap. Konniyaku-imo;<br />
a cultivated tuberous plant of the order Araceae. The tuber forms<br />
a round ball extremely acrid in taste in fresh state. The people<br />
used to make Konniyaku, a gelatinous tough food, by passing the<br />
raw tubers in boiling hot water, but they now make it<br />
by reducing<br />
the dried tubers into flour.<br />
118. Sagittaria sagittifolia, L., Arrow- head, Jap.<br />
Kuwai, Sliiro-kuwai ; a bulbous plant cultivated in<br />
swampy soil<br />
and belonging to the order Alismaceae. Several stalks sprout from<br />
one root and produce one tuber to each at the bottom, and in winter<br />
months the tubers are collected and eaten thoroughly boiled. They<br />
are also used for several purposes in cooking. Starch is obtained<br />
from the bulbs. Generally the tuber is of a diameter of 1J inches
a<br />
27<br />
and sometimes larger. Besides tliis there is a Chinese kind with<br />
long oval tubers.<br />
119. Sagittaria sagittifolia, L., Jap. SuHa-kuwai,<br />
Omodaka, Gowai ; a srnail kind of Kuweit (118) growing wild<br />
in swampy field, but often cultivated for the sake of its tubers.<br />
It is about<br />
half a inch in diameter and is eaten boiled.<br />
120. Scirpus tuberosus, Smi., Jap. Kuro-kuwai ; a bul- "<br />
bous plant of the order Cyperaceae growing wild in marshy places.<br />
It is also cultivated in<br />
paddy land for the sake of its tubers. In<br />
winter they are dug out and eaten either raw or boiled. They<br />
resemble the chestnut in taste. In China starch is made from<br />
them and called Batci-fun.<br />
121. Lilium tigrinum, Gaivl., Tiger lily, Jap. Oni-yuri ;<br />
Ryori-ynri cultivated bulbous<br />
-, plant of the order Liliacese.<br />
In winter the bulbs are taken up and eaten boiled and cooked.<br />
]t is<br />
very sweet and wholesome, the flavour varying with the<br />
soil. This variety produces in the axils of leaves small bulbs<br />
with which we can propagate the plant. The wild growing variety<br />
is also eaten. The stem grows to a height of 3-4 fts., blooming<br />
many flowers which are very beautiful.<br />
121. b. Lilium auratum, Lindl., Jap. Yama-yuri, Sasayuri<br />
; this bulbous plant (942) is much praised for the beauty of<br />
its flowers and also much cultivated for the sake of its bulbs.<br />
In winter when the bulbs have grown to a great size, they are<br />
taken up and consumed as vegetables. The flowers are much<br />
valued for<br />
their fragrance and .the beauty of their colours.<br />
121. c. Lilium elegans, Tkunb., Lilium thunbergianum,<br />
Roem. et ScJntlt., Jap. Hime-yuri, Hi-yuri, SukasJiiyuri<br />
; tiiis kind is much cultivated for its edible bulbs for summer.<br />
The bulbs are about I inches in diameter and pure white. It<br />
contains no bitter principle.<br />
The ornamental flower-lity, Lilium<br />
concolor (9-i9), has the same Japanese name, but is quite different.<br />
122. Allium sativum, L., Jap. Ninniku, Him ; a bulbous<br />
cultivated plant of the order LiliaceaB, of the same family<br />
as
28<br />
Allium. fistulosum. It forms the bulb of a strong pungent odour.<br />
In spring both the leaves and bulbs are eaten.<br />
123. Allium splendens, Wild. (A. arenarium, Thunb.,<br />
A. bakeri), Jap. Rakkio, Giyoja-biru ; it<br />
belongs to the same<br />
family as the preceding (122). The small bulbs of the size "of a<br />
thumb are eaten boiled or preserved as pickles in an air tight<br />
vessel in a boiled mixture of sake ( rice- beer), vinegar, and soy<br />
They are eaten after two months thus steeped.<br />
124. Stachys Sieboldi, Mis:., Jap. Cho-rogi, Chiyo-rogi ;<br />
a cultivated biennial plant belonging to the order Labiatae<br />
Many white rosary-like tubers of the size of a finger grow attached*<br />
to the root. In winter these tubers are taken up and eaten boiled<br />
or preserved<br />
in. salt or Uute-dsu (pi urn- vinegar). Those preserved<br />
in the latter juice is very good and beautiful being pink coloured.<br />
124. b. .<br />
LycopUS lucidus, Turcs. Jap. Shir one, Ajekoshi ;<br />
a perennial plant of the order Labiatae growing wild in swarnps<br />
or near ponds. Its white rhizomes grow to a length abont 1ft.,<br />
and thicken towards the end where it reaches to the size of a<br />
finger. It is knitted and of the same shape as the preceding,<br />
but of a length of 5-6 inches. In winter they are eaten boiled or<br />
\<br />
preserved<br />
in salt.<br />
k<br />
125. Rhizome of Nelumbo mucifera., Jap. Hasu-no-ne,<br />
Renkon a perennial plant of the order Nymphacaceae cultivated<br />
in swamps and marshes. The rhizomes lie far down in the mud<br />
and grow to a length of 3-4 fts. They arc cylindrical, white, and<br />
consist of a succession of joints. The interior is<br />
permeated with<br />
out and<br />
about 10 canals. In winter and spring they are dug<br />
eaten boiled or presewed in .sugar or reduced into starch called<br />
Hasii-no-ko (Lotus-meal). One kind recently introduced from<br />
China has thicker irregular rhizomes with small holes at the joints,<br />
and is wholesome in taste. The young leaves are likewise eaten<br />
as vegetables. The fruits and flowers are respectively described<br />
in the dcvision of fruits (228) and ornamental plants (149).<br />
125. b. Bamboo sprout, Jap. Takc-no-ko, Takanna ; the
29<br />
bamboo sprouts<br />
are the young soft stems of bamboos belonging<br />
to the order (iramineae. Almost all kinds of bamboos are edible*<br />
but j\Ioso-chiku is noted for its<br />
good<br />
taste. Xext to this are<br />
HacJiikii, HotL'ic/iiku, Madake, etc. These are eaten boiled, or<br />
preserved in salt or dried. The young sprouts are clothed with a<br />
sheath which is taken off after the sprout has grown to full size and<br />
is used f< >r various purposes. Those of Madake and ffachiku are<br />
most extensively used.<br />
125. c. Small bamboo sprouts, Jap. Haimo, Yokotake,<br />
Muchiko ; a young bamboo sprout growing up obliquely from<br />
the end of bamboo roots, resembling the preceding one in shape<br />
and taste. They grow at all seasons of the year, but in autumn.<br />
they are mostly produced. For the sake of propagating the bamboo<br />
wood, it is advisable not to take them out of the ground.<br />
125. d. Young shoots of Phragmites roxburghii,<br />
Kunth, Jap. Yoshigo, Yoshi-dsuno ; the young shoot of this plant<br />
resembles the small sized bamboo sprout and is eaten in the same<br />
way. In China this shoot taken out of the sheath is dried and<br />
preserved with a coating of salt on it, and used for various cooking<br />
purposes.<br />
125. 6. Asparagus lucidus, Lindl., Jap. Tcnmondo ;<br />
tubers growing together about the size of a finger are preserved<br />
in su-ar, or used for various cooking purposes after having been<br />
boiled in water to take away the acidity.<br />
Note. The plai.ts<br />
mentioned in this chapter are some of the<br />
principal kinds which roots are used as vegetables, but there are<br />
many other different varieties produced in different places; for<br />
example in the sweet potato there are many varieties produced in<br />
warm countries such are too numerous to be mentioned in this<br />
limited space. The bamboo sprout though really not a root<br />
y< v.< t<br />
t;,lile is<br />
temporally put in this division.
30<br />
CHAPTER IV.<br />
FLOWKB VEGETABLES.<br />
This chapter includes plants which petals, buds, and peduncles<br />
are eaten as vegetables. They are of a limited number. Most<br />
of them are cooked after scalding in boiling water. They are<br />
eaten rather as a curiousity of culinary herbs ;<br />
some of them are<br />
used partly for condiments and spices.<br />
126. Pyrethrum sinense, Sabm, Jap. Riyori-giku; a<br />
perennial cultivated plant belonging to the order Compositae.<br />
There are two kinds; one blooms only in autumn, and the other in<br />
summer and autumn. The former attains a height of about 2fts.<br />
and the latter, a little shorter. Their yellow flowers are eaten<br />
cooked after slightly boiled in water. They are also dried and<br />
Their leaves are likewise eaten when fried.<br />
\preserved. 127. Equisetum arvense, L., Jap. Tsukushi; a perennial<br />
plant of the order Equisetaceae, growing<br />
wild in fields. In<br />
the beginning of spring before the flower-stalk produces its spores,<br />
it is eaten boiled, preserved in salt, or put in vinegar mixed with<br />
soy after havig been boiled in water.<br />
128. Amoinum mioga, 77/., Jap. Myoga / a perennial<br />
plant of the order Zingiberaceae growing wild. It is also<br />
cultivated. It grows to a height<br />
of about 3fts. There are two<br />
with red kinds and white roots. In summer and autumn the<br />
flowers with the bracts are taken and eaten either raw or boiled.<br />
has an aromatic odour with a slight acid taste. The old leaves<br />
when twisted and kneaded are used for making saddles.<br />
128. b. Brassica flowers, Jap. Na-no-hana ; all the<br />
flowers of the Brassica family are edible as vegetables, especially<br />
flowerbuds of Brassica chinensis.<br />
It<br />
128. c. Flowers of Petasites japonicus, Miq., Jap.<br />
Fuki-no-tQ; the flower-buds of Petasites japonicus, Miq., are eaten<br />
either raw or boiled on account of their aromatic bitterness.<br />
128. d. Flowers of Paeonia moutan, Sims., Jap.<br />
Botan-no-Jianc ; the petals of white and pink peony flowers are<br />
eaten cooked after boiling, and those of Paeonia officinaris likewise.
31<br />
128. e. Flowers of Gardenia florida, ., Jap. KuchinasJii-no-Jiana<br />
: the six parted monopetalous fragrant flowers are<br />
eaten after having been boiled and cooked.<br />
128. f. Flowers of Heinerocallis flava, .,<br />
Jap.<br />
Kinvanzo-no-hana ; the flowers of Hemerocallis flava,<br />
L. (955) are<br />
r:iten when slightly boiled or preserved. The young leaves are<br />
likewise eaten as a vegetable. Almost all the flowers belonging<br />
ti this > species are edible the buds of thin ; single flowering soils are<br />
much used for cooking purposes in China, and are called Kinsliinsai<br />
which are prepared by drying after having been slightly<br />
boiled.<br />
128. g. Flowers of Prunus pseudo-cerasus, Lindl.,<br />
Jap. Sakura-no-hana ; the double flowering cherries, especially<br />
those which petals do not readily fall off, are preserved<br />
in salt<br />
and prepared to a drink like tea. The variety called Yedozakura<br />
is often selected for this purpose.<br />
128. h. Flowers of Cymbidium virens, Lindl., Jap.<br />
Ran-no-Jiana ; the flowers of some orchids are often preserved<br />
in salt and put in hot water, being used as a drink. Especially the<br />
flowers of Hokuri (914), Cymbidium virens, Lindl., is used for<br />
this purpose. It is also preserved in plum- vinegar.<br />
CHAPTER V.<br />
CUCURBITACEOUS FRUITS.<br />
This chapter includes herbaceous plants which fruits are consumed<br />
as vegetables principally in summer and autumn, such as<br />
melons, cucumbers, egg-plants, etc. They are eaten either raw,<br />
boiled, baked, or preserved in salt or sugar according to their<br />
nature. Besides those mentioned in this chapter, there are some<br />
other cucurbitaceous fruits as well as fruits produced from trees<br />
used as vegetables. They are mentioned in the chapter of fruits.<br />
129. Cucurbita pspo, Linn., Jap. To?tasu, Bobura, Nankiu<br />
; an annual cultivated climbing plant belonging to the order<br />
Cucurbitaceae. It consists of different sizes of fruits which are
32<br />
eaten boiled or dried and preserved. In anturnn and winter<br />
their petioles are likewise eaten as vegetables. The one here<br />
mentioned is a flat variety called NaitQ-twiasu.<br />
130. Cucurbita pepo, Linn., Jap. Kabocha ; this is a<br />
variety of the preceding (129). Its sliape resembles that of the<br />
gourd and is used in the same way.<br />
131. Cucurbita aurantia, Linn. y Jap. Kintoga, Benitoga,<br />
Akatvgau ; it is of the same family as the preceding<br />
of a long oval sliape and red lustrous skin. It is rather insipid, and<br />
so cannot be eaten ; it is<br />
only used as an ornament in fruit stores<br />
on account of its beautiful appearance.<br />
132. Cucumis common, Th., Jap. Shiro-uri, Asa-uri ;<br />
an annual cultivated climbing plant of the order Cucurbitaceae.<br />
The fruit is light green or almost entirely white with an oblong<br />
oval shape about a foot long.<br />
It is eaten raw or boiled, preserved<br />
in salt or sa&e-lee, or dried. There are also black and green<br />
varieties.<br />
133. Lagenaria dasistemon, Miq. Jap. Toga, Tvgan,<br />
Kamouri ; an annual climbing plant cultivated in farms belonging<br />
to the order Cucurbitaceae. The melon is oval and a ft. in<br />
diameter. The skin is covered w^ith fine hair and white powder.<br />
It is preserved fresh or in sugar for the use in autumn and<br />
winter months. The young soft melons when they have grown to<br />
about 2-3 inches in diameter are used for various cooking in<br />
Osaka and are called Chosen-uri (Corean melon). Another variety<br />
about 3 fts. in length grows<br />
in Kiushiu. It is smooth and lustrous<br />
without white powder.<br />
134. Cucumis satiVUS, Z., var., Cucumber, Jap. Kiuri ;<br />
an annual climbing cucurbitaceous plant cultiatved in<br />
fields or forced<br />
in hot beds to have melons in early spring.<br />
The fruits are oblong<br />
oval, and provided with small numerous protuberance?. They are<br />
eaten raw or roasted when they are about 2-7 inches long. They<br />
are also preserved in salt or in bran. The fruits when ripe are<br />
eaten boiled.
33<br />
134. b. Cucumis sativus, L., var., Jap. Naga-kmri<br />
(long cucumber) ;<br />
a variety of cucumber with a length of 2-3 fts.,<br />
used in the same way.<br />
134. C. Cucumis sativus, Z., var., Jap. Shiro-kiuri (white<br />
cucumber); a variety of cucumber (134) with less protuberances<br />
and is of a better quality.<br />
135. Cucumis flexuosus, L., Jap. Mamdsukc, Kata-uri,<br />
Tsuke-uri\ a melon resembling Cucumis melo, L. (247), but green<br />
and hard. It is preserved in salt as the Japanese pickles. It is<br />
cut long in the form of a screw, dried, and preserved and is called<br />
Kauiiiiari-bosJii.<br />
135. b. Citrullus edulis, Spach. (Cucurbita citrullus, L.<br />
et Th.\ Jap. Suikwa, the water-melon ;<br />
when the water-melons<br />
(2^5) in their young state have attained the size of 3 or 4 inches<br />
they are preserved in salt and eaten.<br />
136. Cucurbita longa, Jap. Yugao, Naga-fukube ; an<br />
annual cultivated cucurbitaceous plant with a oblong<br />
oval melon.<br />
It is 2-3 fts. in length. It is eaten either boiled or dried after<br />
being cut into pieces, being soft and sweet. Its full grown hard<br />
shells are made into vessels like gourds.<br />
136. b. Cucurbita, Jap. Maru-yiigao, Fukitbe ; a variety<br />
of the former, but the melons are large and round. They are<br />
principally used to make Kampio by drying after cutting into long<br />
slices.<br />
137. Cucumis, Jap. Hime-uri, Mikan-uri ; a melon<br />
allied to Cucumis melo (247). It has the size of a swan s egg, and<br />
is eaten either raw or boiled.<br />
137. b. LufFa petola, Scr., Jap. Hcchima, Ito-uri ; the<br />
melon when green<br />
is eaten -either boiled, baked, fried, or prevervcd<br />
in salt, (see Xo. 305).<br />
137. c. Momordica charantia, /,., Jap. Tsiim-reishi,<br />
Xirja-uri ; this melon when green<br />
is eaten fried or roasted after<br />
having been cut into fine slices. It has a slight bitter taste, (see<br />
No. 219).
84<br />
137. d. Trichosanth.es japonica, Re gel, Jap. Kikarasuuri<br />
; tliis small melon is eaten when }"oung either boiled or<br />
preserved<br />
in salt.<br />
It has a bitter taste.<br />
138. Solatium melongena, L., Egg plant, Jap. Nasu,<br />
Nasubi ;<br />
an annual plant of the order Solanaceae comprising<br />
many varieties. It attains a height of 2-3 fts. Its young<br />
fruits are eaten either boiled, roasted, or fried. They are also<br />
preserved in salt mixed with bran. The fruits simply preserved<br />
in salt are good to eat when boiled. It is also cut into slices and<br />
preserved in a dry state. The fruits of this plant are generally of<br />
an oval form, but some are slightly flattened at the bottom with<br />
longitudinal wrinkles near the calyx and are called KincJiaku-<br />
Nasn (pulse egg plant). The large kind brought from China<br />
is about 9 inches in diameter and is of a light purple colour.<br />
138. b Solanuin melongena, L., var., Long egg plent,<br />
Jap. Naganasu ; a variety of the former with long and slender<br />
fruits. A Chinese kind grows to a length of about 2 fts. and a<br />
diameter of about 1J inches. It is soft and good to eat when boiled,<br />
or it can also be preserved in salt.<br />
139. Solanum melongena, L., var., Green egg plant,<br />
Jap. Ao-nasu ; a variety of egg plaut (IBS) with a green rind. It<br />
is of 2 kinds, rouud and club shaped. The large round kind is<br />
inferior in taste to the long club shaped<br />
Ao-naga-nasu (Long green egg plant).<br />
one which is called<br />
139. b. Solanum melongena, /,., var., Jap. Gin-nasu,<br />
Tamago-nasu ; a kind of egg plant with the fruit resembling<br />
a hen's egg. It can be eaten boiled, but is rather insipid.<br />
139. c. Lycopersicum esculentum, Wall., Jap. Sangoji-nasu,<br />
Aka-nasn ; an annually cultivated plant of the order<br />
Solanaceae, with its fruit shaped and coloured somewhat like the<br />
persimmon. It was at first used for an ornamental purpose on account<br />
of its beautiful form, but as foreign cooking now prevails in<br />
tliis<br />
country it is used for culinary purposes. The fruits are eaten<br />
raw or dressed with vinegar and salt.<br />
They are also boiled,<br />
baked or reduced to paste. Its young leaves are salted and eaten
35<br />
Not'.<br />
11- -sides those mentioned above the Ipomaea bona-box<br />
(886) and Capsicum longtim (1
36<br />
on the "upper side of the pileus and resembles a small Japanese<br />
wine cup. There are two kinds, red and green ;<br />
the former is<br />
called Aka-Jiatsutake and the latter Ao-hatsutake. Both are<br />
eaten roasted or boiled when fresh.<br />
144. Agaricus sp., Jap. Samatsu-dake ; a fungus<br />
growing in pine woods in summer. The form and size resemble<br />
those of Matsu-take (141), but inferior in taste. It is esteemed<br />
for its early production.<br />
145. Agaricus sp., Jap. Sentbon-shimeji ; a fungus<br />
growing in tufts 011 the ground. It has a delicious taste.<br />
Besides this there is a kind resembling Shimcji (142) with slender<br />
stipes growing also in tufts, but is different, though<br />
it has the<br />
same name.<br />
146. Agaricus sp., Jap. Kurt-take; a fungus growing<br />
on decayed chestnut trunks. Late in autumn it is taken and eaten<br />
by boiling.<br />
146. b. Agaricus sp., Jap. Mai-take; a fungus growing<br />
in tufts on the bark of rotten trees. It is eaten fresh by boiling<br />
and preserved after drying.<br />
147. Exidia auricula, fuda., Jap. Kiku-rage ; a fungus<br />
growing on the bark of decayed trees. It is like a man's ear<br />
with a diameter of 3-4 inches and of a brown colour. On mountains<br />
it is often seen growing on the rotten part<br />
of several kinds<br />
of trees, but that growing on Lambucus racemosa, Z., var. sicboldiana,<br />
Miq. is esteemed as the best. It is dried, preserved, and<br />
used as a vegetable. When, eaten it makes a noise as Kurage (a<br />
kind of medusa).<br />
148. Lichenes digitatus, Ach. t<br />
Jap. hva-takc, Iwagoke<br />
; this is not a fungus, but is<br />
put in this section on account<br />
of the similarity of its use with that of the fungus. Jt grows on<br />
rocks among mountains. Its upper surface is flat, smooth, and of<br />
a grey colour, but the under- part is black, rough, and provided<br />
with short stipes.<br />
It is dried, preserved, and used as food.
37<br />
149. Tuber spadiceum, Jap. Shoro / a terrestrial fungus<br />
growing in sandy soil near the sea-shore and also among pine<br />
trees in spring and summer. Its sh-^pe is a small round ball<br />
alxnit | or 1 inch in diameter with somewhat of a pine resinous<br />
iinvour. J t is divided, into 3 kinds according to its colour, namely<br />
Koinc-shoro, Awa-sJioro, and Hiyc-shoro. It is used in cooking<br />
when fresh and also preserved in salt or sugar.<br />
150. H/dnum wrigtltii, Jap. Kawa-takc, Shishi-take,<br />
Ko-takt ; a terrestrial fungus growing in mountainous regions on<br />
heaps of fallen leaves under trees. It is like a small shallow cup<br />
ab->ut 5 or 6 inches in height and covered with scaly hair. It is<br />
us d in cooking when dried. It is of a dark colour with a nio3<br />
flavour.<br />
15O. b. Hydnum w right ii, Jap. Rofl, Rojin; a fungus<br />
much the former. It is dark on the outside and<br />
resembling very<br />
white inside. It has a slight bitt3r taste and is eaten whan roasted.<br />
It is like a Japanese umbrella in form.<br />
CHAL 3 TER VII.<br />
EDIBLE ALGAE.<br />
This Chapter includes the aquatic plants of tin order Algae.<br />
They are very numerous, but those for economic purposss are<br />
few in number. Those described in this saction are dried and<br />
used for food. Some others used as starch are d3sc;*ibed in th.3<br />
chapter of " Different uses." Some of ths algi3 are raised by<br />
artificial cultivation.<br />
151. Porphyra vulgaris, Sur., Jap. Asatusz-wri, Aminori<br />
; this is an algae growing on rocks where t!i3 sea is shallow,<br />
but it is also cultivated artificially by placing bramlns of trees in<br />
the mud of the sea which enables it to grow plentifully. In<br />
winter and spring<br />
it is taken, dried, anl used fv fool called<br />
Asakusa-nori. The eastern provinces ar.3 not3 1 for this production.<br />
The products in different placas are alnmst t!i3 sam3 in<br />
all respects, but Kuro-nori (black algi3) anl Upp:iriii-juri are<br />
somewhat different in shapa and colour.
38<br />
j 152. Alaria (Ulopteryx) pinnatifMa, Jap. Wakame ;<br />
an algae growing in the sea. Its stem is the length of 3-4 fts.<br />
expanding into a leaf parted into many divisions at the top. Late<br />
in spring<br />
its<br />
young leaves are taken, dried, and preserved. They<br />
are eaten by soaking in vinegar, roasting, or boiling.<br />
The Ito-wakame of Ise province, Ndruto-wdkame of Aiua<br />
province, etc. are noted products of different places. The Nanbuvuakame<br />
has long segments.<br />
From the ear-like folds attached to both sides of the stem<br />
rn elastic glue called<br />
Wakame-tororo is taken and eaten.<br />
There are also Ao-ivakame (green wakaine] and Hira-wakavie<br />
(flat wakaine) with entire leaves.<br />
153. Laminaria japonica, Aresck., Jap. Konbu, Kobu,<br />
Hirome ; a large long algae growing in the cold seas of Hokkaido<br />
ar.d the nourthern provinces. This is taken in summer and is<br />
preserved by drying. It comprises many subspecies<br />
different in<br />
form, taste, and colour.<br />
A kind called Atsu-konbii (thick Laminaria) has a considerable<br />
breadth and is used to make Hana-ori-konbu and Motoscroye-konbu.<br />
Its length is about 6 or 7 fts. and is of a good<br />
thickness. It is delicious and is used for cooking.<br />
-Another kind called Mitsu-ishi has a length of 3-4 fts. and<br />
a breadth of 3-4 inches, and has a good taste.<br />
Naga-konlu (long Laminaria) has an extensive length of 60-<br />
70 fts, and a breadth of 5-6 inches, and is used to make what is<br />
called Naga-kiri-konbu (long cut Konbu} which is much exported<br />
to China.<br />
Kuro-konbu (black Laminaria) is small in size, of a dark<br />
colour, and inferior in taste to the preceding. Konbu tinted<br />
with verdigris is called Ao-ita-konbii ; when cut into fine pieces<br />
it is called Kizami-konbu.<br />
Konbu (Laminaria) is eaten boiled, roasted, fried, or preserved<br />
in salt or sugar.
39<br />
It is used to put in boiled rice after having been cut into small<br />
pieces. Ft is also used to give a flavour to soup, or as an infusion<br />
like ten.<br />
The Chinese call the Larninaria Kaitai, and the cut one,<br />
Taishi ; both are esteemed by them as a delicious food.<br />
153. b. Laminaria sp., Jap. Hosomc, Bonmc ; a small<br />
kind of Laminaria inferior in taste is<br />
produced<br />
ii> the ''seas of<br />
the northern provinces. It is used at the feast of lanterns called<br />
Bon in Japan, whence derived the name Bourne.<br />
\ 153. C. Laminaria sp., Jap. Hokka-kombu ; a species of<br />
Laminaria (153) growing in the sea of Riknzen or Rikuchiu.<br />
thin and inferior in taste.<br />
It is<br />
153. d. Laminaria sp., Arthrothamnus bifidus,<br />
Jag., Jap. Nfko-ashi-konbUi Mimi-koubu ; a species of Laminaria<br />
(153) growing in the cold seas of Nemuro and Kushiro and their<br />
neighbouring provinces. It is about 4 fts. in length and 2-2 \<br />
inches in breadth. As it has ear-lobe-like protuberances at both<br />
sides of the base of the frond, it is called ear-like or cat's foot<br />
Laminaria and has a good taste.<br />
153. 6. Laminaria sp., Jap. Tororo-konbu, Chizimikonbu<br />
; a species of Laminaria (158) growing<br />
in the seas of<br />
Xcinuro and Kushiro in Hokkaido. It has a length of 3-4 fts.<br />
with a breadth of about 2 inches, covered with wrinkles on the<br />
whole surface. It is very rich in a gluey fluid and is eaten like<br />
the gruel of the dioscorea tuber.<br />
154. Capea elongata, Ag., Jap. Arame, Kurome ; an *<br />
algae much produced in the seas of different provinces.<br />
It is<br />
divided into parts containing several leaves at the top of a long<br />
stem ;<br />
eacli leaf has a length of 1-2 fts. with a breadth of H-2J<br />
inches and is flat in form and of a dark grey colour covered with<br />
wrinkles, but when dried it becomes quite black. They are gathered<br />
late in spring and preserved by drying and used as food.<br />
154. b. Capea richardiana, Jap. Kajime, Sagarame ;<br />
an algae resembling very much Capea elongata, Ag. (154) in form,
40<br />
but narrower. It has rough longitudinal wavy<br />
wrinkles. The<br />
taste is almost the same, but inferior to the preceding. Its stem is<br />
strong with a length of about 2 fts. and used as walking sticks and<br />
handles of umbrellas, and for other similar purposes.<br />
155. Chondria, Jap. Hijiki ; an algae growing on rocks<br />
in shallow seas. It is 3-4 inches in length having<br />
leaves and<br />
branches. When fresh it is dark green, but becomes black when<br />
dried. It is gathered in spring, dried, and eaten after boiling in<br />
water. The product in the province<br />
kind.<br />
of he is noted as the best<br />
156. Chondria, Jap. Naga-hijiki, CJivsen-hijiki, Michi-<br />
"hijiki ; a species of the Hijiki (155) with a length of about \ ft.<br />
It is of the same quality as the former.<br />
157. Enteromorplia compressa, Grev.^ Jap. Ao-nori;<br />
a fine algae growing on rocks and woods in water near the mouths<br />
of rivers. It has fine fibres. In winter and spring they are<br />
of 3-4 inches.<br />
gathered when they have grown to the length<br />
They are preserved by drying and eaten by baking, being esteemed<br />
for their flavour.<br />
158. Phicoseris smaragdina, Kg., Jap. Aosa, Tisanori<br />
; a broad flat green algae growing on stones or woods in<br />
shallow sea water. .From winter to spring<br />
it is taken, dried, and<br />
preserved. It resembles the preceding in taste, but inferior. One<br />
kind called Bekko-aosa is<br />
very pretty on account of its lustrous<br />
green colour.<br />
158. b. Phicoseris australis, Kg., Jap. Kawa-nori ; an<br />
algae growing on stones in streams among valleys. Its form<br />
and colour resembles those of Phicoseris smaragdina, Kg. (158).<br />
In spring months it is collected, dried, preserved,<br />
roasted. It is superior in flavour to the latter (158).<br />
Those produced in a river Daiya-gawa in<br />
and eaten when<br />
Nikko and a river<br />
Shiba-kawa at the foot of Fuji mountain are esteemed as the best<br />
quality.<br />
158. C. Phylloderma sacrum, Jap. Suijenji-nori ; an
41<br />
algae growing in the stream of the valley of the temple Snijenji<br />
near Kawamoto in the province Higo. it is soft and of a<br />
dark green colour and of different sizes. It is preserved by<br />
drying in the form of paper, and eaten boiled or dipped in vinegar.<br />
The prepared algae called Jusentai of the province Higo<br />
is of<br />
the same quality.<br />
159. Gelidium corneum, Lamour., Jap. Tokorotengusa,<br />
Tcngusa : a finely branched algae growing on stones in sea-water.<br />
It is about 5-6 inches in length and dark purple in its colour<br />
when fresh, but turns yellow when bleached and dried. It is<br />
made into a jelly by boiling. This jelly<br />
when dried and congealed<br />
is called Kanten (gelatine vegetale in French or Japanese<br />
isinglass in English). It is also made to Kanten-gami (gelatine<br />
vegetale in the form of paper), Misltima-nori, etc.<br />
159. b. Campylaephora hypnaeoides,/. Ag., Jap. Yego,<br />
Ukeudo, Magari ; a parasitic algae growing on other sea-weeds.<br />
It is very fine and divided into many branches provided with<br />
hooks at their ends which readily entangle therrnselves with other<br />
objects. It is dark purple when fresh, but turns white when<br />
bleached. It is eaten by reducing to a gelatinous substance<br />
by boiling, or used to mix with the Japanese isinglass or gelatin of<br />
Japan. The whole plant tinted red is called Shojo-nori and is<br />
used as an ornament.<br />
159. c. Jap. Igisu ; an algae growing on stones in the sea<br />
with numerous fine branches. It is dark purple when fresh, but<br />
turns white when bleached. It is eaten in a gelatinous state.<br />
160. Halochloa macrantha, Kg., Jap. Hondawara,<br />
Kawaranio ; an algae growing on rocks in the sea. It grows to<br />
a length of 2-3 fts. with alternate leaves which are provided with<br />
l<<br />
new<br />
numerous small air-cells.<br />
It is eaten when young, and also used as an ornament for<br />
year's day.<br />
L/<br />
16O. b. Mesogloia decipiens, Sur., Jap. MoJsuku ; an<br />
algae growing on Halochloa macrantha, Kg. It is of a smooth
42<br />
and soft nature having numerous fine branch.es and is eaten<br />
preserved in salt.<br />
161. Hallymenia dentata, 5. Z., Gleopeltis rigens,<br />
Grcv., Jap. Tosaka-nori ; a thick, broad, and pink algae with<br />
dentate edges resembling a cock's ootnbattaining a length of several<br />
inches. There is a kind of a thinner and softer nature having many<br />
parts. They are preserved by drying and are sometimes eaten<br />
boiled or in a state of jelly.<br />
161. b. Gracilaria confer ioides, Grev., Gigartina<br />
divided into<br />
tenelle, Harvey, Jap. Ogo, Ogo-nori; a long fine algae<br />
many branches, growing on stones or shells in muddy sea-water.<br />
It attains a length of about 2 fts. In the eastern provinces they<br />
are used to ornament the table<br />
by placing<br />
them beside the dishes.<br />
They are boiled in lime water to make hard and stiff.<br />
They<br />
also used to make glue when dried.<br />
are<br />
Note. Besides those mentioned above there are many other<br />
algae which are eaten, but they are boyond description in this<br />
limited volume for ; example Miru (Codium), Shiramo (Sphaerococcus<br />
japonicus, Sitr.\ Umi-somcn (Nemalion vormiculare),<br />
Tsurumo, Mat sumo, Kyono-himo or Kawag'isJii, Kome-nori, etc.<br />
are used for this purpose. Also Tsuno-mata (Gymnogongrus<br />
japonicus, Stir.) and Funori (Gigartina intricata, Sur.) described in<br />
the division of plants of " Different uses" and some of the fresh<br />
water algae are eaten in<br />
the same way.<br />
CHAPTER VIII.<br />
CONDIMENTS AND SPICES.<br />
This Chapter includes the plants which have an aromatic<br />
flavour and pungent taste increasing appetite. Some of their leaves<br />
are used as culinary vegetables, and some of the seeds are used as<br />
medicine.<br />
162. Eutrema wasabi, Maxim<br />
,<br />
Jap. Wasabi; a per-><br />
ennial herb of the order Cruciferae growing wild in valleys, but<br />
often cultivated near streams and rivers. The roots are used as a<br />
stimulant, and the leaves and stems as a vegetable.
163. Raphanus satiVUS, L., var., Jap. Nedsnmi-daikon,<br />
Karaiui-daikon ; a biennial cruciferous vegetable which is the<br />
celebrated product of the village Uyeno at the foot of Ibukimountain<br />
in the province Omi. It is short and thick at the<br />
end in the form of a club. As it is<br />
provided<br />
with rat's tail like<br />
taper roots, it is called Ilmki-daikon or Rat-daikon. It is very<br />
acrid in taste and used as a condiment, but it is also good to be<br />
eaten boiled.<br />
Besides this, Sangatsu-daikon (March-raddish), Natsu-daikon<br />
(Summer raddish), etc. are used for condiments.<br />
163. b. SinapiS cernua, Thunb., Jap. Karashi ; the seeds<br />
of Sinapis cernua, Tint-lib., are grind into powder<br />
condiment or preserved in salt.<br />
and used as a'<br />
164. Citrus aurantium, ., Jap. Yudsu, Mochi-yudsu ;<br />
an evergreen cultivated tree of the order Aurantiacea3. It<br />
attains a height of 10-15 fts. It thrives in cold regions<br />
as well as in warm countries. Early in summer it produces<br />
flowers arid gives fruits in winter. It is the size of a wrist and<br />
of a pure yellow colour when fully ripe.<br />
Its rind is<br />
very fragrant<br />
and is eaten fresh, boiled, or preserved in sugar. Its flower-buds<br />
and young fruit-rinds are used in cooking to give<br />
aromatic flavour.<br />
the food an<br />
164. b. Citrus aurantium, L., var., Jap. Toko-yudsu,<br />
Hatia-yudsu ; a variety of the preceding (164); the smaller fruits<br />
remain on the branches for a long time. It is inferior in quality,<br />
but of the same use. It is usually used when young.<br />
165. Zanthoxylum piperitum, D. C., Jap. Sansho ; a<br />
wild mountain deciduous shrub of the order Zanthoxylaceas. It<br />
is also cultivated in gardens. Its ripe fruits, young flower-buds,<br />
and leaves, as well as the inner bark of the stem which is called<br />
Kara-kaiva are eaten when boiled. A kind called AsakurasaiisJio<br />
has shorter thorns, but the fragrance of its leaves and<br />
fruits is stronger.<br />
165. b. Prunus Grayana, Max., Jap. Uwamidsu-sakura ;<br />
the fruits of this tree are called Au-nin in Yechigo. The flower-
44<br />
buds and young fruits are eaten when preserved in salt and have<br />
a pungent delicious taste.<br />
166. Phellopterus littoralis, Fr., Jap Yaoya-bofu,<br />
Hama-bofu ; a triennial umbelliferous herb growing in sandy<br />
ground near sea shores. Its young<br />
soft leaves are eaten raw. In<br />
Tokio they are cultivated in farmyards; they grow throughout<br />
the year, and their young leaves are used to decorate dishes.<br />
167. Capsicum longum, L., Jap. Togarashi, Nanban;<br />
an annual cultivated plant of the order Solanaceae comprising<br />
many varieties. The fruits of the ordinary kind are red in colour,<br />
but some are yellow and others dark purple. In form some are<br />
long and thin, and others round or ovate. The plant with long<br />
fruits is called Nikko-tQgarashi, and the short one, Taka-no-tume*<br />
Both are very acrid and hot, but there is a kind called Amatogarashi<br />
which owing to the mildness of its acridity is eaten<br />
as a vegetable. The variety here mentioned is called Tenjikumori<br />
or Yatsu-busa, and is much cultivated in the vicinity<br />
of Tokio.<br />
168. Capsicum longum, Z., var., Jap. Shishi-togarashi ;<br />
a variety of Capsicum longum. L., with wrinkles on the skin. It<br />
has the same use as the preceding.<br />
169. Capsicum cerasiforme, Jap. Yenomi-togarashi ;<br />
a kind of pepper with its fruits resembling those of Celtis sinensis.<br />
They have the same quality and use as the pepper.<br />
170. Perilla arguta, Bcnth., Jap. Shiso ; an annual<br />
cultivated plant of the order Labiatae growing to a height of<br />
about 2 fts. Its<br />
young seeds are eaten raw or boiled. Its leaves<br />
and flower-racemes are used as condiments or preserved<br />
in salt ;<br />
especially the leaves are used to give a purplish<br />
red tint to the<br />
salt-preserved Prunus rnume. A variety with wrinkled leaves<br />
has a deep purple colour. In early spring the seede are sown<br />
uuder glass and their cotyledons are used as a condiment.<br />
171. Perilla arguta, Benth., var., Jap. Aoso, Shiroso ; a<br />
variety of Perilla arguta, Benth., with green leaves and stems and
45<br />
white flowers. As it has a strong flavour it is used as a spice or<br />
preserved by drying<br />
or in salt.<br />
172. P olygonum maximowiczii, Re gel., Jap. Yanagitaiie<br />
; an annual cultivated plant of the order Polygonaceae.<br />
There are several varieties, some with narrow, and others with<br />
broad leaves, which are purple or green. The kind here mentioned<br />
is the green narrow leaved variety, and as it has a sharp acrid<br />
property its young leaves are used in cooking. A kind called<br />
Kawa-tade thrives well even in winter.<br />
173. Polygomim maximowiczii, Regel., var., Jap.<br />
KinsJii-tadc ; a variety of the former with fine narrow leaves.<br />
There is a kind with purple leaves. They are also the same in<br />
quality and use.<br />
173. b. Actinidia polygama, Planck, Jap. Matatabi;<br />
a deciduous climbing plant of the order Dilleniaceae growing wild<br />
on mountains.<br />
In summer it bears white flowers resembling those<br />
of Prunus mume. Its leaves are eaten boiled, and also its<br />
young<br />
salted. Both have an acrid taste. Cats<br />
fruits are eaten after being<br />
are very fond of this plant.<br />
174. Zingiber officinale, Rcscoe, Jap. Shoga, Hajikaini<br />
; a perennial cultivated plant of the order Zingiberaceae<br />
attaining a height of about 2 fts. The young shoots come forth<br />
from the new roots produced from the old stocks. They are<br />
very ornamental. Their red stems have an agreable aromatic<br />
flavour and a slight acrid and pungent taste.<br />
They are used for<br />
various purposes in cookery. Its roots have a strong acid taste.<br />
They are used as a condiment, and are also preserved in salt, sugar,<br />
or syrup. They thrive well in warm regions where the roots are<br />
sound and large with a good aromatic taste, while those cultivated<br />
in cold regions are small and hard with numerous fibres.<br />
Note. In the division of Leaf- vegetables Oe nan the stolonifera,<br />
D.C. (58), Anilia cordiita, Tit. (61), and the flowers of Petasites<br />
japonicus, Th. (67) and Allitim fistulosum, L. (SO) ;<br />
in<br />
the division of Flower- vegetables the flower of Zingiber Mioga,<br />
Roscoc, and its<br />
young shoots, young plants of Mentha arvensis, L.
46<br />
var. vulgaris, Benth. (446), rind of<br />
citrus nobilis, Lour. (230), and<br />
seeds of Sesamum indicum, L. (309), Oannabis sativa, L. (323), etc.<br />
are used as condiments and spices.<br />
CHAPTER IX<br />
FRUITS.<br />
This Chapter includes the fruits produced from trees and<br />
herbs.<br />
There are several kinds. Most of them are eaten raw, but<br />
many are preserved being dried or kept in salt or sugar, and some<br />
are used for fermenting wine. Many plants of this division furnish<br />
timbers, but they are not mentioned here.<br />
175. Prunus mume, Sieb. et Zucc., Jap. Mume, Ume ;<br />
a deciduous tree of the order Rosaceae attaining a height of about<br />
10 fts. It bears flowers early in spring before the leaves appear.<br />
It comprises many different varieties, being single or double<br />
petal ed, and pink or white coloured. The fruits also differ in<br />
size. These various kinds are cultivated more for the sake of<br />
their flowers than for their fruits. Its fruits are gathered before<br />
being fully ripe and preserved in salt.<br />
They give a red tint when<br />
mixed with the leaves of Perilla arguta, and are eaten as a relish.<br />
It is also used for various preserves, such as Mume-bishio (jelly),<br />
dried plum, etc.<br />
176. Primus mume, 5. et Z., var., Jap. Yatsubnsa-nomume<br />
; a variety of Prunus mume, 5". et Z. It has abont 8 fruits<br />
on one calyx, but as some fall off before they ripe only two or<br />
three come to maturity.<br />
rather for curiosity.<br />
They are not very good to eat, but prised<br />
177. Prunus Hiume, 5. ct Z., var., Jap. Bungo-mume; a<br />
variety of Prunus uuime, 5. et Z. (175) with a larger fruit about<br />
2^ inches in diameter, but not so prolific<br />
as the common mume.<br />
They are eaten raw, boiled, or preserved in salt or sugar.<br />
178. Prunus mume, 5. et Z., var., Jap. Komnme, SJiinano-mmne<br />
; a variety of Prunus mume, 6". et Z. (175) with very
47<br />
small furits which ripen early in June. They<br />
are noted for theit<br />
small size and are preserved in salt or sugar.<br />
179. Prunus mume, 5. et Z., var., Jap. Tokomwne,<br />
AoDiimic, Futiaii-mume ; a variety of Prunus mume, 6". et Z,<br />
Jts<br />
fruits remain on the tree long after maturity, whence they are<br />
called Toko-nnime (everlasting plum) and are eaten fresh.<br />
They<br />
may be kept a long time without decay.<br />
a<br />
ISO. Prunus armeniaca, L.. Jap. Andsu, Karamomo ;<br />
deciduous tree of the order Rosaceae resembling Prunus mume,<br />
5. et Z., in form. It attains a height of about 10 fts. In spring<br />
it blooms next to P. mume, 5. et Z., with single pinkish white<br />
flowers. It ripens early in summer. Its fresh is easily separated<br />
from the seeds. They are yellow when ripe and of a delicious<br />
sweet flavour.<br />
They<br />
are eaten either raw or dried.<br />
181. a. Prunus triflora, Roxb., Jap. Snmomo, Su-ume ;<br />
a deciduous fruit tree of the order<br />
Rosaceae attaining a height of<br />
about 10 fts. The white single flowers appear in spring after<br />
Prunus mume, S. et Z. The round and lustrous red fruits ripen<br />
in summer and are delicious to eat.<br />
They are also picked before<br />
maturity and preserved in salt.<br />
There are several varieties.<br />
181. b. Prunus triflora, Roxb., var., Jap. Urabeni-sumomo<br />
; a variety of the preceding with a deep red pulp. In the<br />
provinces of Kiushiu it is named Ikitri. There is one variety with<br />
good round fruits in the province of Satsuina, being called YonemoDio<br />
; it has also a red pulp.<br />
182. Prunus triflora, Roxb., var., Jap. Shiro-sumomo ;<br />
a variety of P. triflora, Roxb. (181), differing from it<br />
only by its<br />
yellowish white colour. Another variety of a yellow<br />
also called Shiro-sumomo and is superior<br />
in taste.<br />
colour 'is<br />
183. Prunus triflora, Roxb., var ,<br />
Jap. Togari-sumomo,<br />
Hadankio ; a variety of Prunus triflora, Roxb., with large and<br />
pointed fruits.<br />
There are two kinds, one red arid the other white.<br />
Another variety with round fruits is ealld Botankyo.<br />
184. Amygdalus persica, Benth. et Hook, Jap. Momo;
48<br />
a deciduous tree of the order Kosaceae attaining a height of<br />
about 10 fts. In spring<br />
it blooms pretty flowers of varions kinds,<br />
single or double, red or white, etc. Delicious fruits are produced<br />
from those of the single pink flowers. The fruits ripen either in<br />
summer or in autumn. The size is abont 1-2 inches. It is<br />
good<br />
to eat fresh, or preserved in sugar or salt.<br />
184. b. Amygdalus persica, Benth. et Hook., var. ,<br />
Jap.<br />
Kam-momo, Fuyu-monw ; a late ripening variety of peacli (184).<br />
The fruits are preserved till winter and even to spring.<br />
185. Amygdalus, Jap. Amende; a dwarf variety of peach<br />
(184) attaining a height<br />
of 60-70 fts. When it is about a foot<br />
high it forms a pretty looking dwarf plant with many branches<br />
covered with long narrow leaves and flowers in clusters. There<br />
are several kinds of flowers, single or double, pink, white, or variegated,<br />
etc.<br />
Its fruits are ripe<br />
in antumn.<br />
186. Amygdalus, Jap. Dsubai- momo, Tsubaki-momo ; a<br />
variety of peach (184) with red smooth delicious rouud fruits.<br />
There is one which docs not ripen to red ;<br />
it is called Aodsubai<br />
(green variety).<br />
186. b. Myrica rubra, Sieb. et Zucc.,3wp. Yama-momo;<br />
this tree yields great quantities of fruits in warm regions. They<br />
are round about the size of a thumb. When ripe they are of a<br />
dark red colour and rich in a sweet juice.<br />
with white and yellow fruits.<br />
There are the varieties<br />
187. Prunus tomentosa, Thunb., Jap. Yusura-mume ;<br />
a deciduous shrub of the order Kosaceae attaining sometimes a<br />
height of 7 8 fts, but generally smaller and slender than the<br />
preceding. In spring<br />
it<br />
produces five petaled white flowers before<br />
the leaves. In summer it bears round dark red lustrous fruits<br />
which resemble cherries.<br />
They are sweet, juicy, and delicious.<br />
188. Zizyphus VUlgaris, Lam., Jap. Natsume ; a deciduous<br />
tree of the order Ehamnaceae attaining a height of<br />
about 20fts.<br />
In the beginning of summer it blooms small yellowish<br />
green flowers on the branches. In autumn its oval or oblong
-49-<br />
fruits are yellow when ripe, but gradually turn to a reddishbrown<br />
colour afterwards. It is eaten fresh or when dried and<br />
preserved.<br />
188. b. Zizyphus vulgaris, Lam., var., Jap. Naganatsume,<br />
Tokuri-natsume ; its fruits are long and pointed when<br />
ripe.<br />
189 Pyrus communis, L., Pear, Jap. Nashi, Arinoini<br />
; a deciduous tree of the order Kosaceae attaining a height<br />
of about 30 fts., but in cultivating it is generally trained down<br />
over trellis. In spring,<br />
it blooms single white flowers, before<br />
are of different<br />
it sprouts. The fruits ripen in summer ;<br />
they<br />
forms, sizes, and tastes.<br />
They are eaten fresh, and preserved by<br />
drying or made into jam. The variety drawn here is common<br />
called Taihei in Tokio. The fraits, which ripen late, are preserved<br />
till the next summer. Many varieties are cultivated in<br />
different places. We will mention here few varieties in the<br />
following lines.<br />
189. b. Pyrus communis, Lam., var., Jap. Ao-nashi ;<br />
its<br />
green fruits ripen early and are juicy.<br />
189. c. Pyrus communis. Lam., var., Jap. Inu-naski,<br />
Yama-nasJii ; an original species of pear attaining a considerable<br />
heiirht. with small hard fruits and thorns on the branches. The<br />
-own and the young plants are used for grafting stocks.<br />
189. d. Pyrus communis, Lam., var., Jap. Tanenashi-arinomi<br />
,<br />
Tane-nashi-innashi ; the fruits are very small,<br />
but have no seed.<br />
190. Pyrus ringo, Jap. Ringo ; a deciduous tree of<br />
the rder Kosaceae, attaining a height of about lOfts., with<br />
slender extended branches. In spring<br />
it blooms after producing<br />
the leaves. The buds are pink, but when open, they are almost<br />
white. The fruits are round about an inch in diameter, and their<br />
parts facing t. the sun are pink. They are eaten fresh, and may
50<br />
"be preserved by drying after cutting into slices. A variety with<br />
very small aciduous fruits is called Ko-ringo,<br />
190. b. Pyrus ringo, var., Jap. Beni-ringo, Rinkin ;<br />
the trees (635) produce plenty of fruits in cold regions. The<br />
fruits are round or oval, with a diameter of about an inch. In<br />
autumn they ripen and are scarlet. Their taste is better than<br />
that of the former. They are eaten fresh and also preserved by<br />
drying.<br />
191. Pyrus chinensis, Pair, Jap. Kwarin, Karanaski;<br />
a deciduous tree of the order Rosaceae, attaining a height<br />
of 20<br />
30fts. Its bark peels down itself every year, and cloudlike<br />
variegated scars are left behind. Late in spring<br />
it<br />
produces<br />
single pink flowers with the leaves. Its fruits ripen late in<br />
autumn. They are yellow and oval with rough surfaces. They<br />
are too sour to be eaten fresh so ; they are baked or steamed.<br />
191. b. Pyrus cydonia, L. y<br />
Jap. Marumero ; a species<br />
-closely allied to the preceding, attaining a -height of 70 SOfts.,<br />
with many branches growing in clusters. The flowers are pink<br />
and about an inch in diameter. The fruits are covered with fine<br />
hair, and their surfaces are very uneven. They are about 2i<br />
inches in length, and are eaten fresh. This species thrives better<br />
in cold climates.<br />
191. C. Pyrus japonica, Th., var. genuina, Jap. Boke,<br />
Karaboke ; it<br />
produces many fruits, which resemble those of<br />
Pyrus chinensis, Pair, but smaller in shape and inferior in taste.<br />
191. d. Pyrus japonica, Th., var. pygmaea, Max., Jap.<br />
Noboke, Kusaboke, Shidomi ; this tree (633) produces many fruits<br />
which resemble those of Pyrus japonica, Th. (632). The fruits<br />
are round with uneven surfaces, and are very<br />
sour in taste.<br />
192. Photinia japonica, 77*., Jap. Biwa; an evergreen<br />
of about 20fts. In<br />
tree of the order Rosaceae, attaining a height<br />
early winter, it blooms single, white, and fragrant flowers disposed
51<br />
in panicles, and produces fruits in the next summer. The fruits<br />
ar.'<br />
yellow and round, covered with fine hair.<br />
They are as large<br />
as finger-heads, and are very delicious and aciduous ;<br />
so they<br />
are highly prized. They contain 2 3 large seeds. A variety r<br />
with the fruits which skin has white powder,<br />
is called Shiroko-biwa.<br />
192. b. Photinia japonica, T/i., var., Jap. Tobiwa /<br />
its fruits are large, with a very good taste, and the leaves are alsolarge.<br />
When 8 9 years are passed after the seeds were sown,<br />
the young trees grow 6 7 its. high, and produce very good fruitsas<br />
their mother trees.<br />
192. C. Photinia japonica, T/i., var., Jap. Nagaftbiwa ;<br />
its fruits are oval and sometimes obovate.<br />
193. CrataegUS CUneata, 5. et Z., Jap. Saiizashi ; a<br />
deciduous shrub of the order Kosaceae, attaining a height of 5<br />
6 fts., with many thorny branches. In spring it produces single<br />
white flowers<br />
in clusters, being followed with round red or yellow<br />
skinned fruits about \ inch in diameter. The fruits are slightly<br />
sweet and acidouous.<br />
193. b. Crataegus sanguinea, Pall., Jap. Osanzaski;<br />
u species closely allied to the preceding, with larger leaves and<br />
fruits, attaining a height of about 10 fts.<br />
194. Diospyros kaki, L., Persimmon, Jap. Kaki ; a de-<br />
of 20 30<br />
ciduous tree of the order Ebenaceoe, attaining a height<br />
fts. In late spring,<br />
it shoots forth new branches and leaves ;<br />
in<br />
early summer, it opens male and female flowers separately ;<br />
and<br />
in antumn, its fruits ripen and are yellowish red or crimson.<br />
The forms of the fruits are various, and their taste is sweet or asttigent.<br />
Kisawas/ii (sweet kaki)<br />
is eaten fresh, and Shibti-kaki<br />
(astrigent kaki} is made into Umi-kaki, Sawashi-kaki, S/iibu-<br />
)>uki-kaki, AmabosJii-kaki, Koro-kaki, Kaki-tsuki etc., and then<br />
dible. The variety drawn here is a Kisawashi called Zcnjimaru<br />
being produced abundantly in eastern provinces. The varieties
52<br />
of this plant are very numerous ;<br />
so only a few among them are<br />
described in the following articles.<br />
195. Diospyros kaki, Z., var., Jap. Hachiya-gaki ;<br />
Mino-gaki ; a variety with large oblong fruits, being about 3J<br />
inches in height and 8 9 inches in circumference. The seeds are<br />
long and narrow, and few in number. The fruits are very good<br />
to eat when made into AmabosJii-kaki or Koro-kaki. They are<br />
chiefly produced in fJac/iij>a-vi\l&ge of J/z;z
The<br />
53<br />
persimmon) ;<br />
its fruits remain withered on the branches, even after<br />
ripen.<br />
197. d- Diospyros lotus, ., Jap. Skinanogaki, Mamegciki<br />
; a species of persimmon with smallest fruits, being as large as<br />
h'ngerheads. They are round or oblong in form. They are gathered<br />
in winter and dried to eat. As the preceding, they also dry up<br />
on the branches. From the young fruits Kaki-shibu (an astringent<br />
juice) is obtained.<br />
198. Punica granatum, Z., Jap. Zakuro, Jakuro ; a<br />
iduons shrub of the order Myrtaeeae, attaining a height of<br />
8-9 fts., growing in group, but sometimes being tall as a large<br />
tre . flowers bloom during the rainy season of summer.<br />
There are many varieties with single or double, and light red,<br />
dark red or white variegated flowers, but only the variety with<br />
single and dark red flowers produce fruits in late autumn. The<br />
fruits are light red and round, and have thick skin with sepals at<br />
the top. "When ripe, the skin bursts and exposes red seeds with a<br />
pellucid pulpy coating. There are two sorts, one with aciduous<br />
and the other with sweet pulp.<br />
198. b. Punica granatum, L., var., Jap. Shiro-sakuro;<br />
its<br />
pulp is almost white, slightly shaded with pink, and the taste<br />
i><br />
very delicious.<br />
199. Vitis vinifera, L., Grape, Jap. Budo ; a deciduous<br />
climber of the order Titaceae. The stems of some large vines are<br />
-.'nil inches round. It is cultivated in gardens and extended<br />
over trellis. In early summer it<br />
produces small yellowish green<br />
flowers disposed in panicles from the axils of the leaves, being<br />
sur-ceeded with the bunches of grapes which ripen in autumn.<br />
The grapes are \-^ inch in size. There are at least 6070 grapes<br />
in each bunch. The fruits are generally ovate, but some are<br />
round. The fruit-skin is<br />
green shaded with purple. The variety<br />
produced in province Kai is beautifully shaded with purple.
54<br />
There are several other varieties with purple or white skins.<br />
They are eaten fresh, and have a sweet and refleshing taste.<br />
They are dried and preserved in sugar. Wine is made from<br />
them.<br />
199. b. Vitis labrusca, .., Jap. Yama-bucto ; a deciduous<br />
climber of the order Vitaceae, growing wild in mountains.<br />
The leaves are broad, and their under surface is covered with<br />
brown hairs. The fruits are purplish black and inferior in quality<br />
being too aciduous. There are several other wild varieties. The<br />
one called Yebidsuru is closely allied to this, but smaller.<br />
200. Actinidia arguta, Planch., Jap. Sarunashi, Shirokuchi,-<br />
Kok2iwa ; a deciduous climber of the order Dilleniaceae<br />
growing abundantly in mountains. The largest stems of this plant<br />
are about \\ fts. round In summer it blooms single white flowers,<br />
about inch in diameter, being succeeded with round berries, which<br />
are eaten fresh or dried.<br />
201. Broussonetia papyrifera, Vent., var., Jap. Himekozo<br />
; a deciduous tree of the order Urticaceae, attaining a height<br />
of about 10 fts. It has distinct male and female flowers upon<br />
separate trees. The fruit forms a round ball congregated of small<br />
sweet red pulpy seeds. This is closely allied to Broussoneiia<br />
papyrifera, Vent, and B. hajinoki, Sieb., occuring wild on mountains<br />
and in fields. The fruits have almost the same form.<br />
202. Rtlbus parvifolius, L., Jap. Nawashiro-ichigo ;<br />
a deciduous trailing plant of the order Kosaceae growing wild in<br />
plains and bushes, attaining a length of 4-5 fts. The leaves are<br />
ternate and their under surface is white. It blooms five-petaled<br />
purplish small flowers on numerous small branches at the end of<br />
the stem. They are succeeded by red juicy sweet berries which<br />
ripen in summer. All these berries are formed by the collection<br />
7<br />
of small pulp} seeds, having the same taste and different colours.<br />
These grow wild abundantly, but are also cultivated in gardens.<br />
The fruits are eaten fresh or made into jam or wine.
55<br />
2O3. Rubus phoenicolasius, Max., Jap. Yebikaraichigo,<br />
Saru-ichigo ; a species closely allied to the preceding,<br />
but of a larger form, growing wild among mountains, attaining t?<br />
height of 6-7 fts. The leaves and stems are covered with red hair.<br />
in autumn.<br />
The fruits are yellowish red in colour and are ripe<br />
2O 4. Rubus buergeri, Miq., Jap. Fuyu-ichigo ; a deciduous<br />
small shrub of the order Rosaceae, attaining a height of<br />
3_4 ftp. and growing wild everywhere. The leaves and stems are<br />
furnished with hooked spines. The former have 5 or 7 lobes somewhat<br />
like a maple-leaf. In the beginning of summer it blooms<br />
five petaled white flowers about an inch in diameter from the axils<br />
of the leaves and yields yellowish berries.<br />
205. Rubus palmatus, 77*., Jap. Awa-ichigo ; a deciduous<br />
small shrub of the order Rosaceae. Its stem is 3-4 fts.<br />
high, growing wild everywhere. Both the stem and leaf have<br />
tliorns. The^ leaf is like that of maple, and in early summer it<br />
opens white flowers which have five petals, being about an inch in<br />
length.<br />
Its fruits are yellow when ripe.<br />
206. Rubus incisus, Th. y Jap. Ki-ichigo, Niga-ichigo ;<br />
a species closely allied to the preceding, growing wild on mountains<br />
and in bushes, with smaller flowers and red berries which are<br />
of an inferior taste.<br />
207. Rubus trifidus, 77/., Jap. Kaji-ichigo, Chosenichigo<br />
; a deciduous small shrub of the order Rosaceae. with a<br />
straight stem of a height of 5-6 fts. The leaves are broad and<br />
five lobed with the diameter of 6-7 inches. In summer it blooms<br />
five-petaled white flowers, and the sweet yellow berries are ripe<br />
in autumn.<br />
208. RubUS morifolius, Sieb., Jap. Kuma-ichigo ; a<br />
deciduous shrub of the order Rosaceae, attaining a height of<br />
56 fts. Its leaves and stems are furnished with sharp thorns.<br />
The leaves are broad and 4-5 inches in diameter. The fruits are<br />
large and red.
06<br />
208. b. Debugeasia edulis, Wedd., Jap. Yanagi-ichigo ,<br />
To-ichigo, Ka?asu-yamamomo ; a deciduous shrub of the order<br />
Urticaceae, growing abundantly in warm districts. The fruits are<br />
yellow and resemble those of the straw-berry.<br />
209. Vaccinium vitis-idaea, ., Jap. Oyama-ringo,<br />
Hama-nashi; a tiny evergreen shrub growing in alpine regions,<br />
attaining a height of 6-7 inches. In the beginning of summer it<br />
blooms small white and pink shaded flowers. The berries are<br />
round and of a red colour with an aciduous taste. They are |--<br />
inch in size, and are eaten fresh or preserved in salt or sugar.<br />
210. Vaccinium OXycoccos, ., Jap. Tsuru-kokemono;<br />
a procumbent tiny evergreen plant of<br />
the order Ericaceae, growing<br />
in moist places of mountains. It has many stems which produce<br />
only one flower at each end, being succeeded with small berries<br />
which droop. Their shape and appearance resemble those of the<br />
preceding, but they are larger and more convenient for use.<br />
21O. b. Vaccinium bracteatum, Tti., Jap. SJiashambo,<br />
Wakurawa ; an evergreen shrub of the order of Ericaceae<br />
occuring wild in warm regions. In autumn it<br />
produces many<br />
small dark purple berries in panicles, and they are subaciduous in<br />
taste.<br />
21O. C. EpigSBa asiatica, Max. t<br />
Jap. Rvanashi, Sunaichigo<br />
; a small evergreen shrub of the order Ericaceae, principally<br />
found in the provinces of Yamato, Yamashiro, Settsu, and their<br />
vicinities. In spring<br />
it blooms small pink liowers in clusters and<br />
ripens large bean-sized fruits in summer. The fruits are covered<br />
with sand-like grains, and are soft, brittle, and subacid.<br />
210. d. Empetrum nigrum, Z., Jap. Gankoran ; a<br />
tiny evergreen shrub of the order Empetracese, growing<br />
wild on<br />
alpine regions. It has distinct male and female flowers on separate<br />
plants. Late in spring it blooms flowers, being succeeded with<br />
small purplish black subaciduous berries.<br />
211. Elaeagnus pungens, 77/., Jap Natsu-gumi ; a
57<br />
deciduous shrub of the order Elaeagnaceae, growing wild on<br />
mountains and in fields. It is also cultivated for its fruits. It<br />
attains a height of 8-9 fts., and late in spring<br />
it blooms flowers<br />
from the axils of the new leaves and bears red oval or sometimes<br />
round berries with white spots.<br />
astrjngency.<br />
The taste is subacid with a slight<br />
212. Elseagnus umbellatus, 77*., Jap. Aki-gumi\ a<br />
deciduous shrub of the order Elaeagnacere, growing wild on mountains<br />
and in fields, attaining a height of about 10 fts. It yields<br />
fruits when still a young plant. Late in spring<br />
it blooms several<br />
flowers in clusters from the axils of the leaves, and is succeeded<br />
by red round berries with white starry spots. The taste is subacid<br />
with a slight astringency.<br />
213. Elseagnus longipes, A. Gray., Jap. Nawashirogiuni,<br />
Tawara-gumi ; an evergreen shrub of the order Elaaagnaceae,<br />
attaining a height of about 10 fts. In winter it bears<br />
flowers from the axils of the leaves, and oblong red berries ripen<br />
The fruits<br />
in the beginning of the summer of the following year.<br />
are red and covered with micaceous starry spots, having a subacid<br />
and slightly astringent taste.<br />
213. b. Cudrania javanensis, TrecuL, Jap. Kwakwatsugayn<br />
; an evergreen shrub of the order Urticaceae, of a vinelike<br />
nature, provided with thorns on the stem, and found in the<br />
provinces of Satsiima and Osnmi. The barren and fertile flowers<br />
shoot separately on distinct plants. It bears flowers in summer<br />
and reddish yellow sweet fruits in winter. They are eaten fresh<br />
or preserved in sugar. The wood is used for dying yellow.<br />
213. c. Ribes grossularioides, Max., Jap. Suguri ;<br />
a small shrub of the order Saxifragaceae, with slender stems attaining<br />
a height of 2-3 fts., provided with sharp thorns. The small<br />
flowers droop from the axils of the leaves, and the greenish<br />
aciduous berries are ripe<br />
in summer.<br />
213. d. Kibes rubrum, Z., var. bracteosum, Max., Jap.
58<br />
Fusa-sugnri ; a small shrub of the order Saxifragaceas, found in<br />
4;he forests of Hokkaido. It attains a height of 5-6 f ts. The drooping<br />
flowers are disposed on panicles. The red berries have a<br />
subacid taste.<br />
214. Ficus carica, ., Fig, Jap. Ichijiku ; a deciduous<br />
shrub of the order Urticaceas, cultivated in warm countries, attaining<br />
a height of about 10 fts. In summer it produces fruits at the<br />
.axils of the leaves. The flowers are concealed inside the fruits.<br />
The fruits are green and ovate at first, and then turn dark purple<br />
outside and reddish inside. It is soft, sweet, and slightly<br />
aciduous. Several good varieties have been recently introduced.<br />
Especially one with a greenish white skin is sweet like honey<br />
when ripe and is<br />
good for drying.<br />
214. b. FicilS carica, L., var., Jap. Shiro-ichijiku, Nankin-ichijiku<br />
; a variety of fig of a dwarf nature. The leaves and<br />
iruits are also small. When fully ripe the inside of the fruits is<br />
white and of an inferior taste. The fruits of Ficus pyrifolia and<br />
Ficus nipponica are also eaten.<br />
215. Stauntonia hexaphylla, Dec., Jap. Mube, Tokiwaakebi<br />
; an evergreen climbing plant of the order Menispermacese,<br />
growing wild and also cultivated as an ornament and for it fruits.<br />
In summer it<br />
produces fine peduncles, and male and female<br />
flowers grow separately. The fruits ripen late in autumn. They<br />
are oval, and about 2i inches long and 1 inch in diameter. They<br />
have a dark-red colour outside, and contain many black seeds.<br />
Their white pulpy flesh is sweet like honey. Formerly<br />
the fruits<br />
were presented to the Emperor as delicious and of great rarity<br />
brought from the province of OntL They were highly prized at<br />
that time, as sugar was then unknown. The fruits of Akebia<br />
quinata and A. lobata are also eaten, and from these seeds oil is<br />
extracted.<br />
216. GinkgO biloba, ., Jap. Ginnan ; the nut of this<br />
plant is called Ginnan. This tree belongs to the order Coniferae,
59<br />
having deciduous leaves and attaining a height of 40-50 fts.<br />
Barren and fertile flowers bloom separately on distinct plants.<br />
The leaves resemble the webbed foot of a duck. In spring<br />
flowers appear with the young leaves. The fruits ripen late in<br />
autumn. They are round and of a pale yellow colour. The nuts<br />
are obtained by taking off the fleshy substance. They are ^-<br />
inch in length, and their kernels are eaten baked or boiled, or<br />
used in confectionery.<br />
217. Torreya nucifera, S. et Z., Jap. Kaya, Kaye ; an<br />
evergreen tree of the order Conifers, growing wild every-where,<br />
but also cultivated for ornamental purposes. It attains a height<br />
of several feets. In winter it blooms male and female flowers<br />
separately on distinct plants.<br />
Its fruits ripen late in autumn.<br />
The fruits are oblong or oval with a resinous flesh covering the<br />
nut, which is first steeped in ash-water, then in fresh water,<br />
afterwards dried and preserved. The nuts consist of two sorts,<br />
round or oval. They are eaten raw or baked, and have an<br />
aromatic flavour. They are also used in confectionery<br />
taking oil.<br />
or for<br />
217. b. Torreya nucifera, S. et Z., var., Jap. ShibunasJii-gaya,<br />
Hadaka-gaya ; a variety of the former. The inner<br />
skin of the nut is attached to the shell, and the kernel is easily<br />
separated from it. This is called the bare Torreya nut, and is of<br />
the best quality. The provinces of Mino, Iga, and Yamato are<br />
noted for its production.<br />
217. c. Pinus koraiensis, S. et Z., Jap. Cliosen-matsuno-mi<br />
; the seeds of Pinus koraiensis (687). The kernels o<br />
these seeds are eaten and have a resinous aromatic flavour. The<br />
acorn is about 6 inches in length, and its seed about half an inch<br />
long.<br />
217. d. Cycas revoluta, 77*., Jap. Sotetsu-no-mi ; the<br />
seeds of this plant are produced among the leaves at the head of<br />
trunk. Several grains are attached to a brownish peduncle, and<br />
in autumn they ripen to a vermilion-red flat oval form about 1
60<br />
inch long. The kernels have the taste of chest nuts and are eaten<br />
either fresh or dry.<br />
218. Juglans sieboldiana, Max., Jap. Onigurumi,<br />
Ogurzimi ; a deciduous tree of the order Juglandacese, attaining a<br />
height of 20-30 fts. In summer it produces<br />
male and female<br />
flowers, being succeeded with many fruits clustered together.<br />
'The fruits resemble the peach in shape, and ripen in autumn to a<br />
black colour. The flesh is taken off, and the nuts are collected.<br />
Their form and size are different according to the species<br />
of the trees.<br />
219. Juglans regia, L., var. sinensis, Casim., Jap. Knwashi-giirumi,<br />
Chosen-gurumi, To-gurunii ; this is closely allied to<br />
the preceding, but it has broader leaves and yields solitary fruits<br />
instead of clustered ones.<br />
When ripe the fruits burst themselves and<br />
expose the nuts which are large and round. Their shell is easily<br />
^broken. They are delicious and used as a desert when dried.<br />
220. Juglans cordiformis, Max., Jap. Hime-gurumi,<br />
Me-gurumi ; a species of Juglans. Its nuts are flat, narrow, and<br />
smooth with a shell. They are easier to break the shell than that<br />
of Juglans sieboldiana, and are much used as Mukiguruini (peeled<br />
kernels) for cooking and confectionery. They are also used for<br />
making oil, which is used for cooking and polishing wooden<br />
articles. The skin of the fruit is used for dying brown in the<br />
same way as Juglans sieboldiana.<br />
221. Castanea vulgaris, Z., var. japonica, D.C., Jap.<br />
Kuri ; a deciduous tree of the order Amentaceae cultivated everywhere<br />
in the country, attaining a height of 30-40 fts. and sometimes<br />
50-60 fts. It bears male and female flowers separately on<br />
the same tree in June. Its fruits ripen late in autumn. When<br />
they are ripen, they burst themselves and expose several nuts.<br />
The nuts are of different varieties. The kernels are eaten baked,<br />
steamed, or boiled, and they are also used in cookery and confectionery.<br />
Sometimes oil is extracted from them. The variety<br />
called Tamba-giiri is the largest, and the one called Hako-guri<br />
contains several nuts in one fruit.
61<br />
222. Castanea Vlllgaris, Lam., Jap. Shiba-guri, Sasagiiri<br />
; the original species of chestnuts, growing wild. They are<br />
cut down every year, but they yield many fruits at the height of<br />
1-2 fts. The one called Yamaguri (mountain-chestnut) grows to<br />
the height of 20-30 fts.,<br />
and produces many fruits, which are used<br />
as food, and also dried and preserved. The fruits are about an<br />
inch in size.<br />
223. Corylus heterophylla, Fisch., Jap. Hashibami,<br />
Kinchaku-hashibami ; a deciduous shrub of the order Amentaceae,<br />
growing wild and attaining a height of 6-7 fts., with<br />
ban-en and fertile flowers separately on the same plant. The<br />
flowers bloom early in spring, and the fruits ripen late in<br />
autumn. They are round and about | inch in size, with thick<br />
shells containing kernels, which are like chestnuts in taste.<br />
224. Corylus rostrata, Ait., var. sieboldiana, Max., Jap.<br />
Tsuno-hashibami, Naga-hasJiibami, Oni-hashibami ; a species of<br />
the preceding which resembles in shape, but the leaves are smaller.<br />
The acorns are concealed in a long slender covering. They are<br />
oval with a pointed head, and are used in the same way<br />
former.<br />
as the<br />
225. QuereUS cuspidata, 77*., Jap. Shiinomi; an ever-<br />
warm<br />
green tree of the order Amentaceae, growing abundantly in<br />
regions and attaining a height of 30-40 fts. It blooms in summer,<br />
and its fruits ripen late in the autumn of the following year. Its<br />
acorns are eaten parched. As the wood is hard and strong, it is<br />
used to make handles for oars.<br />
226. QuereUS glabra, 77*., Jap. Matebashii, Satsumashii<br />
; an evergreen tree of the order Amentaceae, found principally<br />
in warm regions, attaining a height of 20-30 fts. It blo>nns<br />
and bears fruits at the same time as the preceding. The fruit is<br />
oblong oval and about 1 inch in length. The acorn rests on a<br />
receptacle, and has the shape of that of the oak. It is delicious<br />
when parched.
62<br />
226. b. Quercus gilba, Bl., Jap. Ichiigashi, Ichii ; an<br />
evergreen tree of the oder Amentaceae, growing principally in<br />
warm regions, attaining a height of 20-30 fts. The acorn is like<br />
that of Quercus acuta, Th. or Q. glauca, but is edible being less<br />
bitter.<br />
227. Euriale ferox, Salisb., Jap. Onibasu ; an annual<br />
aquatic herb of the order Nymphaeaceae, growing in ponds and<br />
marshes, with broad round leaves floating on the water. It is<br />
green on the upper part and purple underneath, with thorns on<br />
both sides. In summer it bears flowers above the water surface,<br />
opening during the day and fading in the evening. After the<br />
flowers fade, the thorny balls grow to a size of 3-4 inches. They<br />
contain several round seeds about of the size of a finger. The<br />
seeds are collected for their edible kernels, which are dried and<br />
preserved and used to make starch. Its young<br />
are also edible.<br />
stalks and roots<br />
228. Nelumbo nucifera, Gaertn., Jap. Hasu-no-mi;<br />
the seeds of this plant are produced about 30 in number in a<br />
carpel. They are oblong and oval, being about of the size of a<br />
finger. The kernels are eaten fresh when they are green. The<br />
shell is black and hard when ripe, and has a white kernel inside.<br />
The kernel is dried and preserved by taking away the embryo<br />
which is bitter. It is used for cookery, and made into starch.<br />
229. Trapa bispinosa, Roxb., Jap. Hishi-no-mi; an<br />
annual aquatic herb of the order Onagracea?, growing in ponds and<br />
marshes. Its leaves float on the water surface, and it blooms 4<br />
petaled white flowers, being succeeded by 2-4 horned fruits, which<br />
are of different sizes and are used in the same way as the lotus.<br />
230. Citrus nobilis, Mandarin orange, Jap. Mikan ; an<br />
evergreen tree of the order Aurantiacea? cultivated in warm<br />
regions, being about 10 fts. high. It blooms early in summer, and<br />
its fruits ripen iu winter. The fruit-skin is of an orange colour,<br />
and incloses a juicy pulpy carpel. There are several varieties<br />
according to the climate in which they are cultivated. The dis~
63<br />
trict of Yatsushiro in the province of Higo<br />
is noted for the<br />
production of the frints, but the most celebrated place is the<br />
province of Kit. Some of the superior varieties of the orange<br />
family are as follows.<br />
230. b. Citrus, Jap. Yuko ; a variety of orange standing<br />
between Citrus nobilis, Lour., and C. medica limonum, Brandis.,<br />
in form, taste, and flavour. So it is harder than the mandarin<br />
orange. It is<br />
good to eat, although somewhat inferior to the<br />
preceding.<br />
230. C. Citrus, Jap. Ujukitsu ; the shape<br />
of this fruit<br />
is round or pointed with a yellow skin. It is juicy, but not very<br />
sweet unless it is preserved<br />
till summer.<br />
231. Citrus nobilis, L., var., Jap. Unshiu-mikan ; a<br />
variety oi sweet orange with large fruits of about 3 inches in<br />
diameter and 1<br />
J inches in height. It has a thin skin, few seeds,<br />
and a rich sweet juice. It is the best Japanese orange. Lately<br />
large quantities of these oranges have been produced in the<br />
province of Kii. There are several varieties of this sort. One<br />
called Rifujin-kitsu in Kiushiu and Shikoku belongs also to this<br />
species.<br />
231. b. Citrus nobilis, L., var., Jap. Tomikan ; a<br />
variety of the preceding<br />
with a thick warted skin and few seeds.<br />
It grows abundantly in the provinces of Mikawa and Owari, and<br />
also in other eastern parts. Though inferior in quality<br />
preceding, yet it is well fit for preservation.<br />
to the<br />
232. Citrus aurantium, L., var., sinense, Galisco.,<br />
Jap. Kunenbo ; an evergreen tree of the order Aurautiaceae,<br />
cultivated in warm provinces, being about 10 fts.<br />
high. It resembles<br />
the sweet orange in shape, but larger. In early summer it<br />
blooms fragrant white flowers, being succeeded by<br />
fruits which<br />
ripen in the following year. The fruit is about 2J inches in diameter<br />
with a thick rind and nice flavour. Though not very sweet,<br />
yet it is preservative.
64<br />
233. Citrus decumana, L. , var. , Jap. Jaga-tara-mikan ;<br />
an evergreen tree of the order Aurantiaceae cultivvted in warm<br />
regions, being about 10 fts. high, with large leaves as those of the<br />
preceding. It blooms in summer and bears orange red fruits in<br />
winter. They are thick-skinned, being about 5 inches in diameter<br />
and 2^ inches in height, and are sweet and juicy.<br />
234. Citrus nobilis, L. t var., Jap. Kofi-mifcan, Kofi ;<br />
an evergreen tree of the order Aurantiaceae cultivated in warm<br />
regions, being harder than the mandarin orange. It is about 10<br />
fts. high, spreading over a space of more than ten steps, yielding<br />
many fruits. The fruits are smooth and thin skinned, and though<br />
moreacid than the mandarin orange yet they are noted for ripening<br />
earlier than others. When they are kept till March or April, they<br />
become very sweet. There are two varieties, one yellow and the<br />
other red.<br />
234. b. Citrus nobilis' L., var., Jap. Beni-mikan ; the<br />
fruits of this species are round, flat, and beautiful with a smooth<br />
thin red skin. They are sweet and juicy. Those of the variety<br />
called Beni-koji resemble them very much in appearance, but are<br />
larger and inferior in taste.<br />
235- Citrus bigaradia, Dupam., Bitter orange, Jap.<br />
Daidai, Zadaidai ; an evergreen tree of the order Aurantiaceae,<br />
being about 15 fts. high. Its flowers bloom in summer and its<br />
yellow fruits ripen in winter. "When left on the branches till the<br />
following year they turn green again so they are called Kwaiseito<br />
;<br />
which means turning-green. The variety called Kabusu resembles<br />
much this. Both are round with a diameter of about 24<br />
inches. The Juice is pressed and used as vinegar, and is very<br />
strong. The young<br />
fruits are preserved in sugar, and is used in<br />
place of Marubushukan (241). The ripe fruits are also preserved<br />
in syrup. From the rind a fragrant oil called Tvhiyu (orange oil)<br />
is obtained.<br />
235. b. Citrus aurantium, Risso., var., Jap. Amadaidai<br />
; this resembles the Kabusu orange in shape and colour.
65<br />
but less aciduous, being esteemed for its juicy fruits. The Toumikan<br />
of 7osa and Kinkunenbo of Satsuma are the same varieties,<br />
but of a better quality. All these oranges are difficult<br />
to peel.<br />
235. C. Citrus, Jap. Natsu-daidai ; this is the<br />
product of the province of Nagato. The fruit is large, flat, and<br />
yelloNv. It has an aciduous juice, and is<br />
preserved for<br />
summer use.<br />
235. d. Citrus, Jap. Naruto-mikan ; this is the<br />
product of the province of Awaji. The fruit is round in form,<br />
and has rough yellow skin and rich aciduous juice. It is in the<br />
same quality and use as the preceding.<br />
235. 6. Citrus, Jap. Tddaidai ; this is found<br />
principally in southern and western provinces. The fruits are<br />
large, round, and pointed at the top, with an orange red<br />
skin, and they are very sweet.<br />
236. Citrus japonica, T/i., Jap. Kinkan, Marumikinkan<br />
(kumquat orange); an evergreen shrub of the order<br />
Aurantiaceae cultivated in warm regions. Some of the largest<br />
specimens are 6-7 fts. high. Even when young<br />
it blooms in<br />
summer and yields round fruits which ripen in winter, having<br />
about the size of a finger, with yellow skin. Its pulp is sour, but<br />
the skin is sweet and fragrant. It is preserved in sugar. When<br />
the fruits are left on the branches till March or April of the<br />
following year they turn very sweet.<br />
237. Citrus japonica, 77/., Jap. Nagami-kinkan ;<br />
a variety of the kumquat orange with elliptical obovate fruits,<br />
which are used in the same way as the preceding.<br />
238. Citrus decumana, Z., var., Shaddock or Pompolmos,<br />
Jap. Uchimurasaki, Tokuneubo, Buntan ; an evergreen<br />
tree of the | order Aurantiaceae cultivated in warm regions,<br />
bsing about 10 fts. high. It blooms in summer and the fruits<br />
ripen in winter. The fruits are 6-7 inches in diameter, and 5-6-
inches in height. They have thick skin and beautiful purplish<br />
pulp. They are the largest among the orange family, with an<br />
agreeable subaciduous taste, and they are eaten fresh.<br />
239. Citrus decumana Z., Jap. Zabon ; this is clossly<br />
allied to the preceding, but its fruits are smaller, and the pulp<br />
is of a bluish white colour.<br />
240. Citrus media, Risso., var., chirocarpns, Jap.<br />
BusJiukan, TebusJiukan ; an evergreen tree of the order<br />
Aurantiaceae cultivated only in warm regions. It blooms in<br />
summer, and yields fruits in winter. The fruits are yellow with<br />
several finger-like protuberances at the top. Their skin is<br />
very thick. They are highly odorant and may be preserved, but<br />
they are principally used for ornamental purposes.<br />
241. Citrus media, Risso., Jap. Maru-bnshukan ; a<br />
species with an oval form and pointed head, being about 6 inches<br />
in height. It has also thick skin with very<br />
little<br />
pulp ;<br />
so it<br />
is not fit for deserts, but the thick skin is<br />
preserved in salt and<br />
eaten as vegetables. Its young fruits are preserved in sugar or<br />
syrup in the same way as the preceding.<br />
242. Citrus, Jap. Tachibaua, Ukon-no-tacJiibana ;<br />
an evergreen tree of the order Aurantiaceae, being about 10 fts.<br />
high, with the fruits shaped like Koji (mandarin orange, 234),<br />
but smaller and with thicker skin. The fruits are beautifully<br />
yellow with a slightly<br />
bitter and aciduous taste.<br />
242. b. Citrus, Jap. Sudachi, Riman ; this is<br />
produced<br />
in the provinces of Kii, Awa, and their vicinities,<br />
resembling the former in form, with thin skin and sour juice<br />
which is pressed out and used instead of vinegar. A variety<br />
produced in Hizen in the name of Kinosu resembles this<br />
very much.<br />
243. Bromelia ananas, L., Jap. Ananasu ; an evergreen<br />
herb of the order Bromeliaceae produced in hot regions. It is<br />
cultivated in Loochoo and Bonin Islands. It must be kept in
67<br />
hot-houses in winter in temperate regions. The leaves are broad<br />
.and flat, being 2-3 fte. in length. In summer it blooms among<br />
'the leaves, and ripens yellow scaly oval fruits which arc 5-6<br />
inches in length. The fruits are sweet and of a nice flavour.<br />
243. b. Musa sapientum, Jap. Mlbasho, Banana ; a<br />
species of "M usa yielding edible fruits and purple flowers. It is<br />
cultivated in Loochoo and Bonin Islands. When the fruits are<br />
ripen, they are yellow and 4-5 inches in length. The pulpy<br />
flesh is edible by peeling off the skin, and sweet and fragrant.<br />
'They are esteemed as the best fruits of the south. They are used<br />
to make alcohol and vinegar.<br />
244. Jambusa VUlgaris, DC., Jap. Hoto ; an evergreen<br />
tree of the order Myrtaceae, being about 10 fts. high, and produced<br />
in warm climates, as in Bonin Island. In temperate regions it<br />
must be kept in hot-houses during winter.<br />
form a ball of numerous white stamens.<br />
In summer the flowers<br />
The fruits resemble the<br />
loquat, with yellow skin and large seeds. They are very sweet<br />
and juicy.<br />
244. b. Nephelium longan, Lam., Jap. Riu-gan ; an<br />
evergreen tree of the order Sapindaceae found in warm regions.<br />
It is cultivated in Loochoo Island. It is to be kept in hot-houses<br />
in winter. The leaves grow up pinnately on a petiole.<br />
The<br />
fruits are round and about the size of a finger. When ripen they<br />
are eaten either fresh or dried.<br />
244. C. Nephelium litchi, Camb., Jap. Reishi ; very<br />
closely allied to the preceding, but the plant and fruits are twice<br />
in largeness. When ripen<br />
it has a beautiful red shrivelled skin.<br />
It is sweet and delicious. It is preserved longer than any other<br />
fruit. The plant does not thrive in cold places, but it<br />
grows in<br />
the southern part of Osumi province.<br />
245. Citrullus edulis, Spach., Water melon, Jap.<br />
Suikiva ; an annual cultivated climber of the order Cucurbitaceae.<br />
It produces barren and fertile flowers separately on the same vine.<br />
Its fruits ripen in mid-summer. The fruit is larger than a man's
68<br />
head, with dark green skin and generally red pulp and black<br />
seeds. As the pulp contains plenty sweet liquid, it is eaten fresh,,<br />
and when young it is preserved in salt and eaten as pickles. There<br />
are several sorts of colours and forms.<br />
246. Citrullus edulis, Spach., var., Jap. Shiro-suikwu /<br />
a variety of the preceding. The fruit has a white skin, yellow<br />
pulp> and red seeds.<br />
247. Cucumis melo, L., Melon, Jap. Makuwa-uri ; an<br />
annual cultivated climber of the order Cucurbitaceae. It is produced<br />
much in the village Makuwa in the province Mino, whence<br />
the name is derived. The male and female flowers are separately<br />
on the same vine. The fruits ripen in mid-summer. They are<br />
ova]-shaped, about 5 inches long, and of a yellow colour, with<br />
longitudinal stripes. They are eaten 1 or 2 days after having<br />
been collected, and are very sweet and delicious. There are<br />
several varieties of different colours and forms.<br />
248. Cucumis melo, L., van, Jap. Ginmakuwa-urt,<br />
Ginmakuwa ; a variety of the melon with large fruits of a green<br />
rough skin. It is inferior in taste to the preceding.<br />
249. Momordica charantia, L. y<br />
Jap. Tsnru-reishz,<br />
Niga-uri ; an annual cultivated climber of the order Cucurbitaceae.<br />
The male and female flowers are separately on the same<br />
vine. The fruit ripens in summer. It is green, about 4 inches<br />
long and 2i inches in diameter, and covered with irregular warts.<br />
It turns yellow when ripe, and bursts at the top and exposes<br />
several red pulpy seeds of the size of a finger. The plup i&<br />
beautifully red, soft, and sweet, containing peculiar seeds. In the<br />
provinces of Kinshiu there is a variety with a long fruit about 2<br />
fts.<br />
long called Nan-reishi (long reis/ii).<br />
The young fruits are<br />
eaten as vegetables.<br />
Note. The varieties of fruits here mentioned are only a few<br />
selected ones. Murne-plums, apricots, peaches, plums, and<br />
especially pears, persimmons, and oranges have a great many<br />
varieties which are too numerous to ba mentioned respectively in
69<br />
-this limited space. Moreover their cultivation increases newvarieties<br />
continually. Besides these there are many plants<br />
yielding edible fruits. The following are the names of such<br />
plants; Morus alba, L. (294), Pyrus toringo, Sicb. t var. incisa,<br />
Fr. et Sav. (362), Pyrus (363), llovenia duleis, T/i , Cornus<br />
kousa, Bnergt (645), Primus pseudocerasus, Limit., Cornus<br />
officinalis, 5. et Z. (432), Tnxus cuspidata, 5. et Z. (580), Ccltis<br />
sinensis, Pcrs, (558), Aphananthe aspera, PI. (297), Opuntia<br />
ficns, L. (808), Kibes ambignum, Max. (809), Cornus canadensis,<br />
L. (824), Sterculia platanifolia, L. (599), Aesculus turbinata, Bl.<br />
(535), Quercus serrata, T/i. (2P5), Q. glandulifera, Bl. (563), Q.<br />
.acuta, TJi. (564), Q. glauca, 77i. forma sericea, etc.<br />
CHAPTER X.<br />
STARCH PLANTS.<br />
This Chapter includes the plants<br />
which roots, stems, or seeds<br />
yield a white powder-like substance, which is made into starch.<br />
Starch is nutricions and used for making several sorts of<br />
food, as bread, paste, etc.<br />
250. Apios fortune!, Moench., Jap. Hodo-imo ; a<br />
perennial climber of the order Leguminosae growing wild. The<br />
-compound leaves have 3-5 leaflets on a common petiole.<br />
The<br />
vine is thin and is about 10 fts. long. In summer it<br />
produces<br />
greenish yellow papilionaceous flowers in panicles from the leafaxils,<br />
being succeeded with pods about 2J inches long. The roots<br />
creep under ground with round bullet-like tubers. In winter they<br />
are dug out and eaten boiled. A kind of starch is also manufactured<br />
from them.<br />
251. Pucraria thunbergiana, Bcnth., Jap. Kudsu,<br />
]\Iakiidsu ; a perennial climber of the order Leguminosae growing<br />
wild. The leaves are ternate, and the vine separates into<br />
many branches. In autumn it produces purplish red flowers in<br />
panicles, which are succeeded by flat hairy pods containing small<br />
seeds. The largest roots are 3-4 fts. and have about the thickness-
70<br />
of a man's arm. In winter they are, taken, and an excellent<br />
starch is prepared from them. It is used as food or paste. The<br />
vine is used to make baskets, and its fibre is taken for cloth. The<br />
leaves are used to feed cattle.<br />
252. Trichosanth.es cucumeroides, Ser., Jap.<br />
Karasu-itri, Tama-dzusa ; a perennial climbing plant of the<br />
order Cucurbitaceae growing wild every-where. The leaves are<br />
3-5 lobed and hairy on the surface. The male and female<br />
flowers are on the different vines. In summer white flowers open,<br />
succeded by fruits of the size of a duck's egg. In winter they are<br />
taken and dried to be used for washing instead of soap. The<br />
seeds have a form as a clasped letter paper, whence derived the<br />
name Tamadsnsa (letter). In winter the roots are collected to<br />
make starch.<br />
253. Trichosanthes japonica, Regel., Jap. Kikarasunri,<br />
Gorl ; a perennial climbing plant of the order Cucurbitaceae<br />
growing wild everywhere The barren and fertile flowers open on<br />
the different plants. It resembles very much the preceding, but<br />
the leaves are lustrous on the surface and the fruits arc twice aslarge<br />
when they ripe. The young<br />
fruits are eaten preserved in<br />
soy or salt. In winter the roots are collected and made into<br />
starch called<br />
Teiikwa-fun.<br />
254. Dioscorea japonica, 77/., var. bulbifera, Jap.<br />
Kashin-iino, Ke-imo ; a perennial climbing plant of the order<br />
l)iosc
71<br />
peduncles with flowers, which are succeeded with round berries.<br />
In winter the roots are taken and made into starch. They are<br />
also eaten dried and preserved in sugar or syrup.<br />
256. Polygonum VUlgare, Dcst. t<br />
Jap. Amadokoro ;<br />
a perennial herb of the order Smilaceae growing wild about 2 fts.<br />
high. It resembles the preceding in shape, but harder. In winter<br />
the roots are taken to make starch.<br />
257. Erythronium dens-canis, /.., Jap. Katako-yuri,<br />
Kata-kuri ; a perennial herb of the order Liliaceae growing<br />
wild in cold regions. It has two leaves which are oval and<br />
pointed. A peduncle grows in the centre of the leaves and bears<br />
a flower like that of the lily.<br />
The roots are collected and made<br />
into starch which is coarsely grained and sticky. The starch is<br />
used to make vermicelli and cakes. The leaves and stalks are;<br />
eaten<br />
boiled.<br />
258. Orithia oxypetala, Kunth., Jap. Amana, Himesniseti)<br />
Toro-bana ; a perennial herb of the order Liliaceae growing<br />
wild. In spring<br />
it shoots two leaves, and in the midst of<br />
these a peduncle grows, which bears six petaled white flowers with<br />
dark purple veins. The roots are taken and made into starch,,<br />
and the leaves are eaten as a vegetable.<br />
259. Liliuin cordifolium, T/i., Jap. Uba-ynri, Gaivaynri<br />
; a perennial herb of the order Liliaceae growing on<br />
mountains. The small bulbs bear only 2-3 leaves without any<br />
flower, but the large bulbs have thick stalks about 2-3 fts. high<br />
with several leaves on the upper part, and produce 2-3 greenish<br />
white flowers at the top, facing laterally. The roots form scaly bulbs<br />
of the size of a large chestnut like that of the lily. They are<br />
collected to make starch for food. The young leaves are<br />
eaten boiled.<br />
Note. Besides these above mentioned, there are many plant<br />
which are rich in starch, as the root of ferns (91), batatas (109),<br />
pototo (109. b), Diosoorea (110), Colocasia (114), Sagittaria (118),<br />
Scirpus (120), lily (121), etc.; the roots of Nerine (509),
Lycoris (510), Alisma (514), et. ;<br />
the stems of Cycas (710); the<br />
grains of rice (1), wheat (7), maize (19), Coix (20), buckwheat (46),<br />
etc.; the dry fruits of chestnuts (221 223), nelumbium (228),<br />
trapa (229), etc.<br />
CHAPTER XI.<br />
FORAGE PLANTS.<br />
This Chapter includes the plants used for feeding cattle. The<br />
stalks of cereals and fabaceous plants and the leaves and roots of<br />
vegetables are good as fodder, but as these are of a limited quantity,<br />
various wild herbs are used for this purpose.<br />
260. Medicago denticulata, Jap. Uma-goyashi;<br />
a biennial plant of the order Leguminosae growing wild in spring<br />
about 2 fts. long. The leaves are ternate, and from their axils<br />
fine peduncles are produced together with small yellow flowers<br />
which are succeeded with thorned and screw-shaped pods. It is<br />
highly relished by horses, whence the Japanese name is derived.<br />
It is not only used as a forage, but also eaten as a vegetable.<br />
261. Medicago lupulina, L., Jap. Kometsubu-magoyashi<br />
; a species of the preceding of almost the same shape, but<br />
smaller und covered with hairs. As the seeds are like rice grains<br />
the name was derived. It is used in the same way as the foi.-rner.<br />
262. MelilotUS suavoleus, Ledeb., Jap. Shinagawahagi,<br />
Yebira-hagi ; a triennial herbaceous plant of the order<br />
Leguminoseae, growing wild in Shinagaiva in the province of<br />
M^tsas/l^, whence it derives tbe name. It is about 3 fts. high,<br />
and in summer it<br />
produces small papilionaceous flowers, followed<br />
with small pods.<br />
263. Vicia hirsuta, Kock., Jap. Sudzume-no-yendo ;<br />
a biennial herb growing wild. Its slender stems creep on the<br />
ground or climb to other things, being about 2 fts. long. In early<br />
summer it bears small white flowers on fine peduncles, being<br />
succeeded with small pods.
73<br />
264. Vicia sativa, Miq., var. angustifolia, Jap. Karasuno-yendo<br />
; it resembles the former, but is larger. Its flower is<br />
purple, and pod larger.<br />
265. Vicia tetrasperma, Maench., Jap. Kasumagusa<br />
; a variety of No. 263, resembling in shape, with two<br />
light purple flowers on a fine peduncle.<br />
266. Vicia cracca, Z., var. japonica, J//?., Jap. Kusafuji;<br />
it resembles ]ST o. 263, but is larger. Its light purple<br />
flowers open in cluster.<br />
267. Sonchus oleraceus, Z., Jap. Xagcski, Keskiazaini<br />
; a biennial herbaceous plant of the order Compositae<br />
growing wild everywhere, sprouting up at late autumn. During<br />
spring and summer of the following year<br />
it becomes about 2 ft.<br />
high, producing yellow composite flowers on branched stems.<br />
When the seeds are ripe, they are provided with papus and fly<br />
about in the air. The leaves and stems contain a milky juce<br />
which is bitter in taste. The young plants are eaten boiled.<br />
268. Panicum viride, ., Jap. Yenokorogusa, Nekojaraslti<br />
; an annual plant of the order Gramineae growing wild<br />
everywhere. It sprouts in spring, and in summer it becomes<br />
1-2 fts. high. The flowers open in a panicle with long purplish<br />
and sometimes green brisky hairs like a fox-tail. In autumn the<br />
seeds ripen resembling much those of Panicum oplysmenus (16).<br />
They are eaten under the name of Aoyagi.<br />
269. Panicum littoralis, Sw., Jap. Hiyegaytri ; a<br />
biennial graminous plant much found wild.<br />
oplysmenus (16), and attains a height of about 2 fts.<br />
Jt resembles Panicum<br />
270. Panicum crusgalli, L., Jap. Inu-biye, No-biyc ;<br />
an annual graminous plant growing wild everywhere, resembling<br />
Panicum oplysmenus (16) and having small seeds.<br />
271. Panicum crusgalli, /.., var., Jap. Keinu-biye.<br />
llidsu-biye, Kusa biye ; a different form of the preceding, growing<br />
in moist places. It has a stronger stem and a larger panicle,<br />
.
74<br />
As both are only the wild forms of Panicum oplysmenus (16),.<br />
they may grow either in moist or dry ground.<br />
272. Eleusine indica, Gacrtn., Jap. Ohi-shiba, Chikara-<br />
021sa ; an annual graminous plant growing wild in dry ground or<br />
at the road side, being a about a ft. high. The panicles are<br />
divided into several branches. The leaves and stem are tough<br />
and strong.<br />
J 273. Panicum sanguinale, Z., Jap. MM-shiba, Yatsumata-gusa<br />
; an annual graminous plant growing wild everywhere,,<br />
being 2-3 fts.<br />
high, with many branched panicles.<br />
274. Avena fatua, Z., Jap. Karasu-mitgi, Chahikigiisa<br />
;<br />
a biennial graminous plant growing wild about 2 fts. high,<br />
blooming in panicles. The awn is large, and provided with long<br />
hairs twisted to the left. The grain<br />
is thin as wheat.<br />
275. BromUS japonicas, Th., Jap. Natsu-no-karasnmugi,<br />
Natsu-no-clialiiki ; a biennial graminous plant frequently<br />
found wild, resembling the preceding, but more slender, being<br />
about 2 fts. high. The awns and hairs are smaller, and the seeds<br />
are also smaller, ripening later.<br />
276. Glyceria caspia, Trin., Jap. Dojo-tsunagi ; an<br />
annual grarninons plant growing wild. In early summer it isabout<br />
2 fts.<br />
high.<br />
277. Arundinella anomala, Steud., Jap. Toda-shiba ;<br />
an annual graminous plant growing wild in clumps. In summer<br />
it attains to the height 2-3 fts, The panicle is divided into many<br />
fine branches and is about an inch long.<br />
278. Trisetum cernuum, Trin., Jap. Kanitsuri-gusa ;<br />
a biennial graminous plant frequently occuring wild. In the<br />
beginning of summer it grows to the height of about 1 ft. with a<br />
panicle formed of many small divisions provided with fine long<br />
hairs. This is one of the earliest maturity of graminous plants.<br />
279. Poa annua, ., Jap. Sudznmc-no-katabira ; a<br />
-biennial graminous plant much found at the road side in late
75<br />
autumn, attaining a height of 5-6 inches. Jt blooms in late<br />
spring, and its seeds ripen in early summer. This is one of the<br />
earliest<br />
maturity of graminous plants.<br />
28O. Poa fertilis, Host., Jap. Ichigo-tsunagi, Niramigusa<br />
; a biennial graminous plant growing with everywhere and<br />
attaining a height of 1-2 fts. in summer. It resembles very mueh<br />
the former in form, but is larger.<br />
no-Jiiyi ;<br />
281. Paspalum thunbergii, Knnth., Jap.<br />
a biennial graminous plant much found wild, attaining a<br />
height oE 1-2 fts. in summer. The panicles<br />
branches on a stalk.<br />
consist of several<br />
Note. Those mentioned in the above Chapter are only a<br />
few of the wild forage plants. There are great many other<br />
forage<br />
plants.<br />
CHAPTER XII.<br />
PLANTS FOE LUXURV.<br />
Tin's Chapter includes those plants<br />
which are next in importance<br />
to food-yielding plants and rather resemble spices and<br />
condiments in qualit}'. They are indispensable for the luxury of<br />
mankind.<br />
Some of them are wholesome, but others not so.<br />
282. Thea chinensis, Sim., Tea, Jap. Cha-no-ki ; an<br />
Though it grows<br />
everygrten shrub of the order Ternstaemiaccse.<br />
wild in mountains, it is extensively cultivated. It attains a height<br />
of 6-7 fts. in the wild state, but the cultivated plants are generally<br />
cut down and trained to a height of 2-3 fts. In late autumn the<br />
white flowers are produced, and the fruits ripen in the autumn of<br />
the following year. In early summer the young leaves are gathered<br />
for Clia (tea) which in prepared by steaming, rubbing, rolling, and<br />
drying up. It is prepared in many different ways, giving various<br />
t- as as Seii-cha, Matcha, Ryoku-cha, (green tea), Ko-cha, (red or<br />
black tea), etc.<br />
Oil is pressed out from the seeds.
76<br />
283. Thea Chinensis, Sim., var. macrophylla, Jap. To-<br />
,<br />
Kikko-cha ; a species of the former with larger leaves and<br />
flowers. As its leaves are bitter more than those of the common<br />
tea, only the first shoots are used for making the common Japanese<br />
tea (Sen-cha), but they are well fitted to prepare the red-tea<br />
(Ko-c/ia).<br />
284. Lycium chinense, Mil!., Jap. Kuko ; a deciduous<br />
shrub of the order Solanacete. The stem is slender and flexible<br />
like a tendril, but when fully grown<br />
it becomes thick and about<br />
10 fts. long. The leaves are narrow and soft, being about an inch<br />
in length.<br />
It blooms in spring, and the small red fruits ripen late<br />
in autumn. The stem is provided with thorns. A thorny variety<br />
.is called Oni-kuko (devil lycium), and a little thorned one To-<br />
.kuko, (Chinese lycium). The young leaves of both are used to<br />
make a kind of tea. They are also eaten boiled.<br />
285. Acer tataricum, Linn., var. ginnala, Max., Jap.<br />
Maira-c/ia, Kara-kogi ; a deciduous tree of the order Aceraceae<br />
;growing wild on mountains. It attains about 10 fts. high. It<br />
proudces male and female flowers separately on the same plant.<br />
leaves are gathered and used for tea.<br />
Its<br />
young<br />
286. Cassia mimosoides, L., Jap. Kobo-cha, Kitsun e-<br />
.no-binzasara, Ncmu-cha, IcJiinen-cJia ; an annual herb of the<br />
order Leguminosea3 growing wild and also cultivated. Irs stem<br />
attains about 2 fts. high. It bears small pinnate leaves and yellow<br />
flowers, followed with pods an inch long. The young stem and<br />
leaves are cut and dried as a substitute of tea. In shape<br />
it<br />
resembles Kusa-nemu (Aeschinome indica, L.) which is poisonous.<br />
287. Akebia quinata, Decne., Jap. Akebi, AkMkatsura<br />
; a deciduous climber of the order jMenispermacece growing<br />
wild. There are 5 leaves on a stalk, and male and female<br />
.flowers on the same plant. A dark purple fruit ripens in autumn.<br />
It resembles very much the fruit of Stauntonia hexaphylla, but<br />
the former generally bursts when fully ripe.<br />
The young
77<br />
leaves are gathered, steamed, and dried up, and used as a substitute<br />
of tea. There is a species with three leaf-lets called Mitsnba-akebt<br />
(Akebia lobata, Dccne.\ having the same use.<br />
288. Hydrangea thunbergii, Sieb., Jap. Ama-cha ;<br />
a half lignous shrub of the order Saxifragacca?, growing wild or<br />
in gardens. From one root many stems grow in a group 3-4 fts.<br />
high, sprouting in spring and flowering in summer. The flowersare<br />
green at first, but turn red afterwards. The young leaves are<br />
gathered, steamed, rolled between hands, and dried up, and used<br />
to make a sweet beverage called Amacha (sweet tea).<br />
It is also<br />
mixed with Japanese soy to give a sweet taste.<br />
289. Gynostemma cissoides, Bcntli. et Hook., Jap.<br />
Tsurit-ainacha, Ajnacha-dsnru ; an annual climbing herbaceous<br />
plant of the order Cucurbitacea3 growing wild. Its trailing<br />
stem is slender and 5-7 fts long, with 5 leaves on a petiole. Theleaves<br />
are used in the same way as the former.<br />
290. LigUStrum japonicum, Th., Jap. Nedsumi-mochi;<br />
an evergreen shrub of the order OleaceaB growing wild 7-8 fts.<br />
high.<br />
In summer small white flowers appear, being disposed in a<br />
panicle at the tops of branches, and afterwards small dark purple<br />
globular berries are produced. The seeds are collected, roasted'<br />
and used as a substitute of coffee. The seeds of Ligustrum ibota<br />
are also used in the same way. Besides these the seeds of Ilex<br />
latifolia and the roots of Kiku-nigana<br />
are used for the samepurpose.<br />
291. Saccharum officinarum, Z., Sugar cane, Jap.<br />
Sato-kiln ; a perennial graminous plant cultivated in warm regions.<br />
It is 5-6 fts. high, with narrow leavas 2-3 fts. long. In<br />
hot regions it<br />
grows about 10 fts. high, with the stem more than,<br />
1 inch in diameter, and with rush-like flowers and seeds. In late<br />
autumn the stems are harvested, and their saccharine juice is<br />
pressed out to make sugar by refining. There are black, red,<br />
white, and other sugars, which are all used in a great quantity.<br />
Th: uncrystallized sugar or syrup is often used for the preparation
78<br />
of alcohol. Besides this there are sugar-maple, sugar-beet, sugarsorghum,<br />
etc. as sugar-yielding plants.<br />
292. Nicotiana tabacum, L., Tobacco, Jap. Tabako ;<br />
an annual herbaceous plant of the order Solanaceae cultivated in<br />
fields. Several varieties are produced in different places,<br />
and the<br />
ways of cultivation are different in every place. Generally the<br />
seeds are sown in spring and transplanted in fields in summer, but<br />
in warm regions they are sown in the beginning of winter and<br />
planted in fields early in the following year. In summer the<br />
stems are 4-5 fts. high and produce many flowers at the top.<br />
The stems are, however, generally cut at the top before flowering,<br />
and the leaves are taken off from time to time. The harvested<br />
leaves are dried and preserved to make smoking tobacco by cutting<br />
or rolling.<br />
293. Humulus lupulus, L. ,<br />
var. cordifolius, Max.<br />
,<br />
Hop,<br />
Jap. Karahauaso ; a perennial climbing herbaceous plant of<br />
the order Urticacea3 growing wild in mountainous districts of<br />
northern regions. Jt is much improved by cultivation. Male and<br />
female flowers open on separate plants. In summer the male<br />
plant produces flowers in loose drooping panicles, while the female<br />
plant grows scaly cones or cutkins. At the base of the scale there<br />
are included small round seeds, which are bitter and fragrant, and<br />
constitute what are called hops used by brewers and bakers.<br />
Note. The processes of preparing tea, sugar, and tobacco are<br />
impossible to be described completely in these limited lines, and<br />
so they were briefly mentioned here. Besides those mentioned in<br />
the foregoing numbers, roasted barley, beans, and coix, and also<br />
cut and slightly roasted sea gardle are used in the same way as<br />
tea, and so these may be included in this chapter. The leaves of<br />
Sterculia platanifolia, pines, etc. are also used as a substitute of<br />
tobacco, but they are omitted here.
79<br />
CIIAPSKK XIIJ.<br />
ECONOMIC PLANTS OF DIFFERENT USES.<br />
This Chapter includes useful plants for the mankind with<br />
different economic purposes, except those used as food.<br />
294. Morns alba, L., Mulberry tree, Jap. Kuwa ; a<br />
deciduous tree of the order Urticaceae. The male and female<br />
flowers are produced on separate plants. It reaches to the height<br />
20-30 fts. when growing wild, but when cultivated it is cut down<br />
to a certain height for the purpose to gather the leaves easily.<br />
spring the flowers appear<br />
In<br />
before the leaves. The leaves are of<br />
many different shapes, being produced from the two typical forms<br />
of entire and dentate edges. These leaves are necessary food for<br />
silk-worms. In summer the purplish red fruits ripen, and they<br />
are eatable with an agreeable subacid taste. The young leaves are<br />
used to make a kind of tea, and the bark-fibres are used for the<br />
preparation of paper.<br />
295. Quercus serrata, 77*., Jap. Kumigi ; a deciduous<br />
tree of the order Amentaceae growing wild on mountainous<br />
regions, but much cultivated for fuel. It grows about 10 fts.<br />
high. In early summer it<br />
produces male and female flowers<br />
separately on the same plant, and in autumn it produces acorns<br />
of the size of a thumb. The leaves are used to feed several<br />
worms producing silk. Other quercus species allied to this are<br />
used for the same purposes.<br />
296. Equisetum hiemale, Z., Jap. Tokusa / an<br />
evergreen herb of the order Equisetaceae, growing<br />
wild or in<br />
gardens. The stalk is hollow and tabular with many joints,<br />
being abour 2 fts. high. As it is hard and rough,<br />
it is used for<br />
polishing various articles as wood and horn. The h'owers are<br />
produced at the top of the stalk, resembling those of Equisetum<br />
arvense, L. The quality of the stalks for polishing purpose<br />
differs according to the place where produced. Those produced<br />
from the village Waka-mori of the district Funai in the province<br />
Tamba are most famous for their good quality.
80<br />
297. Aphananthe aspera, Pl, t Jap. Muku-no
SI<br />
301. Sapindus mukurosi, Gartn., Jap. Mukuroji,<br />
Tsiibii ; a deciduous tree of the order Sapindacese cultivated<br />
in several countries, growing about 20 fts. high. It produces<br />
small flowers in panicles, which are succeeded with round fruits<br />
of the size of about J inch. When fully ripen the outer covering<br />
with wrinkles is yellowish brown in colour and includes a round<br />
hard black seed. The extract of this covering or skin is used for<br />
washing, and the black hard seeds are used to make buddists'<br />
rosaries and playing buckles.<br />
302. Gledistschia japoilica, Miq., Jap. Saikachi / a<br />
deciduous tree of the order Leguminocece. It grows wild or in<br />
gardens. It attains a height of 20-30 fts., the stem being provided<br />
with sharpe thorns. In summer it<br />
produces small flowers, which<br />
are succeeded with pods 9-10 inches long and 1 inch or more<br />
wide, containing small flat seeds. The juice of this pod<br />
is used<br />
for washing, and is said it cleans well without impairing the<br />
articles, and is much used to wash furnitures. The young leaves<br />
are eaten when boiled.<br />
303. Ilex Integra, T/i., Jap. Mochi-no-ki ; an evergreen<br />
tree of the order lllicinea?. It grows wild, but is much cultivated<br />
in gardens. It attains a height of 20-30 fts. It bears male and<br />
female flowers on separate plants. In summer it<br />
opens yellowish<br />
white flowers which are succeeded with red pea-sized berries.<br />
Bird-lime is prepared from the bark by pounding.<br />
304. Trochodendron aralioides, .9. et Z., Jap. Yamakuruma,<br />
Q-mochi-no-ki ; an evergreen tree of the order Magnoliaceae<br />
growing wild on mountains, attaining a height of about 10<br />
fts. In summer it<br />
produces umbrella-like flowers which are<br />
succeeded with small pea-sized berries. From the bark of this<br />
tree bird-lime is prepared by pounding and washing several times.<br />
305. LllfFa petola, Ser., Jap. Hechima, Ito-iiri ; an<br />
annual climbing herb of the order Cuturbitacea3 cultivated in<br />
fields. In summer it<br />
produces yellow flowers, male and female<br />
separately on the same plant. In autumn its fruits ripen, about.
82<br />
1 1 Its. long and with, a diameter of 3 or 4 inches. The inside of<br />
the is<br />
pepo<br />
filled with a fibrous web which is bleached till it<br />
becomes white and soft and is used as an washing article like a<br />
sponge. The fibres are also used for many other purposes<br />
as to<br />
line the inside of slippers and hats, and to make summer shirts.<br />
The young<br />
fruits and leaves are eaten as vegetables.<br />
305. b. Luffa petola, Ser., var., Jap. Naga-hccJdma.<br />
Riukiu-hechima ; a variety of the preceding, with its<br />
pepo about<br />
6 fts. long, and of the same use.<br />
306. Lagenaria VUlgaris, Ser., Jap. Hioian ; an annual<br />
climber of the order Cucurbitacene cultivated in fields.<br />
There<br />
are male and female flowers separately on the same plant. In<br />
summer evening<br />
it<br />
opens its white flowers, and closes them in the<br />
morning. Its fruits are ripen in autumn, and they are used to<br />
make liquid- vessels by taking out the soft pulp and seeds, after<br />
the pepoes were steeped in water, and drying afterwards. They<br />
resemble cucurbita pepoes (136), differing only in forms. The<br />
shape of the pepo is just like 2 balls with a narrow joint. The<br />
length of the fruit is about 1 ft. There are many varieties, and<br />
the common kind is eaten as the cucurbita pepo, but the variety<br />
bearing small fruits can not be eaten, having a bitter taste.<br />
306. b. Lagenaria VUlgaris, Ser., var., Jap. v-hiotan;<br />
a variety of the preceding having a very large fruit. Generally<br />
only one fruit is left on each plant, and for getting a very large<br />
fruit several plants are grafted together.<br />
3O6. c. Lagenaria vulgaris, Ser., var., Jap. Shakuhiotan,<br />
Hisago, Tsuru-kubi ; a variety of 306 with a long neck<br />
at the top of the fruit just like a handle, its under part forming a<br />
round body. It is just like a dipper<br />
dipper.<br />
in form and is used as a<br />
306. d. Lagenaria VUlgaris, Ser., var., Jap. Hyakiinari-Jiiotan<br />
; a variety of 306 with small fruits about 4 inches
They are all of a similar use. A/<br />
83<br />
long. It is used as a small vessel like the preceding. As the<br />
taste is bitter, it can not be eaten.<br />
306. 6. Lagenaria VUlgaris, Ser., var., Jap. Sennari-<br />
Jiyotan ; a variety of the former, but with smaller fruits which are<br />
about \\ inches long.<br />
307. Gymnogongms pinnulata, Harvey, Jap. Tsuno- ^<br />
mata ; an alga? growing in group on rocks in water, attaining a<br />
length of 6-7 inches. It is forked in several parts.<br />
When fresh,<br />
;the colour is purple, but when bleached it turns to a yellowish<br />
white. It is used as paste or to wash hair. It is eaten when<br />
boiled in a state of jelly.<br />
In the harbour CJiQ-shi, the jelly is<br />
called linuma-konnyaku. There is a variety with a very large<br />
size, a foot long and 3-4 inches broad, and a variety called Kotsuno-mata<br />
is about 2i inches long growing in shallow water.<br />
307. b. Gloeopeltis coliformis, Harvey, Jap. Funori ;<br />
a species of<br />
_ algae growing on rocks where the tide ebbs. Its form<br />
is like that of a hollow tube at first, but it is<br />
gradually divided<br />
into branches which are about 4 inches long. When fresh it is<br />
dark purple, but when washed and bleached it turns to a pale<br />
yellow colour. It is made into a flat sheet, and then it is called<br />
bleached funori and is used for its mucilaginous paste.<br />
It is also<br />
simply dried and eaten as food. The form is different according<br />
to the places where it<br />
grows. That found in the province of<br />
Satsinna is superior in form and quality.<br />
3O7. c. Gymnogongms ( ? ), Jap. Saimi, Hachijo-funori<br />
; a species of algne resembling the preceding, but with solid<br />
stems. When bleached, it is pale yellow, hard, and strong in<br />
texture. It is used for its<br />
mucilaginous paste. It is<br />
produced<br />
abundantly in the Island of HachiJQ.<br />
307. d. Chondrus plotynus, G. Ag., Jap. Hotokenonriini<br />
; a species of algae growing in .the iceland of Yezo and the<br />
northern province of the main land. It resembles the large leaves
84<br />
of Tsuno-mata in form, though thinner with two divisions. "When?<br />
fresh it is dark purple, but it turns pale yellow when bleached..<br />
It is<br />
used for its mucilaginous paste.<br />
CHAPTER XIV.<br />
OIL AND WAX PLANTS.<br />
This Chapter comprises the plants yielding oil, wax, lacquer,,<br />
etc. The oil is used for food, lamps, and various industrial purposes.<br />
The wax is used to make candles and other articles. The<br />
lacquer is the necessary ingredient for lacquer work. Insect-wax.<br />
is the production of insects.<br />
308. Brassica chinensis, L,, var., Eape, Jap. Aburetna<br />
; a cultivated biennial plant of the order Cruciferoe. Late in.<br />
autumn the young plants are produced, and late in spring they<br />
shoot up flower-stalks to the height 3-4 fts., sometimes 8-9 fts.<br />
Early in summer the ripen seeds are gathered and are called rapeseeds.<br />
An oil is extracted from the seeds, and it is used for<br />
cookery, lamps, and several other purposes. The flower-buds and*<br />
leaves are eaten by boiling or preserving in salt.<br />
309. Sesamum indicum, Z., Sesamum, Jap. Gama ;<br />
an annual cultivated plant of the order Bignoniaceae. The seeds<br />
are sown late in spring, and the 4-sided stem grows<br />
3-4 fts.<br />
high,<br />
bearing at leaf-axils labiate flowers which are succeeded with long,<br />
capsules, splitting longitudinally when fully ripe. They contain a<br />
great many fine seeds. There are three varieties, black, white,<br />
and brown coloured. The latter variety is the best to take oil.<br />
The oil is principally used for dressing food. The grilled seeds<br />
are used to add to cakes, salads, etc.<br />
310. Perilla ocymoides, L., Jap. Yegoma ; an annual<br />
cultivated plant of the order Labiates. Its seeds arc sown late in<br />
spring, and its stems grow about 2 fts. high. It produces long<br />
panicles from its branches, bearing small white labiate flowers. Ire<br />
autumn the seeds ripen and are gathered to take oil. As this oil!
85<br />
lias a drying nature, it is used to oil water-proof cloaks and<br />
Ibamboo umbrellas, and also for cookery. It is often used to<br />
mix with rape seed oil to prevent the freeging of the latter. The<br />
seeds are used instead of Sesamum seeds on grilling and also for<br />
deeding small birds.<br />
311. Camellia japonica, L., Jap. Tsubaki, Yabutsubaki<br />
; an evergreen tree of the order Ternstroemiaceae, growing<br />
in warm provinces to a height of 20-30 fts.<br />
Early in spring it<br />
produces red flowers which are succeeded by round fruits. The<br />
fruits ripen at the end of autumn, when the shell splits out and<br />
^exposes 2 or 3 dark hard seeds, which are gathered for oil called<br />
TsJtbaki-abiira or Kino-mi-abura. The oil is used for food or<br />
industrial purposes. The Islands of Idsu produce a great deal of<br />
this oil. The seeds of Camellia sasanqua also yield an oil, which<br />
is called KatasJii-no-abura in the provinces of KytisJiiii, and is<br />
used for the smilar purposes.<br />
Tea-seeds give also an oil.<br />
312. Bicinus communis, Z., Jap. Tv-gama* T6-nojroma<br />
; an annual plant of the order Euphorbiaceae. The seeds<br />
are sown in spring and grow to a height of 8-9 fts. The leaves<br />
are broad and palmate. Male arid female flowers are separated on<br />
the same plant. The fruits are of the size of a finger head and<br />
covered with small thorns. One fruit contains 3 seeds, which are<br />
oval and white and dark variegated. From the seeds a thick oil is<br />
pressed out, being used to put in ink for stamps and for medicine<br />
And industrial purposes.<br />
313. Elaeococca cordata, R. Br.^ Jap. Abura-giri,<br />
Dokuye, Korobi ; a deciduous tree of the order Euphorbiaceae,<br />
frequently cultivated in warm provinces. It grows about 10 fts.<br />
high, branching much. It is a diaecious plant.<br />
The leaves are<br />
large and broad, and 3, 5, or 7 lobed. The flowers appear at the<br />
Lead and are very pretty, having 5 pink petals. In autumn the<br />
ripe<br />
fruits are collected to make an oil. The fruits are round<br />
and contain 3-4 seeds in each. The oil is thick and poisonous,<br />
and is used for lighting and to make oil-paper.
86<br />
314. Cephalotaxus drupacea, S. et Z. t<br />
Jap. Imigaya r<br />
Hebo-gaya ; an evergreen tree of the order Cohiferse, growing,<br />
wild everywhere in mountains. It is also cultivated for oil. The<br />
stem attains a height of about 20 fts. It is a diaecious plant. In<br />
April it blooms, and its fruits ripen late in autumn. The fruits<br />
are red, oval, and about 1 inch long. Oil is pressed out from the<br />
nuts, but it is<br />
only used for lighting, as it is poisonous.<br />
315. Litsaea glauca, Sieb.,. Jap. Shiro-damo, Aka-damo r<br />
Shiro-tabu ; an evergreen tree of the order Lauraceae growing in<br />
warm regions. The stem attains a height of about 20-30 fts.<br />
The leaves are oval, tapering at both ends, and green on the upper<br />
and white on the under side. In late autumn, small flowers appear<br />
on the branches. In the winter of the next year red bean-sized<br />
oval fruits are produced. From the kernels of the fruits an oil is<br />
pressed out. The oil is called Tabu*no-abura in KiusJiiu provinces,<br />
and is used for lighting, but its is<br />
quality inferior.<br />
316. Lindera praecox, Blume., Jap. Abura-chan, Muradachi<br />
; a deciduous tree of the order Lauraceae, growing wild<br />
everywhere. Its stem attains to a height of about 10 fts. It<br />
bears yellowish white small flowers before its leaves appear in<br />
spring. Its fruits ripen late in autumn. The fruits are quite<br />
round and have the size of a small finger. Oil is taken from the<br />
kernels, and is used for lighting.<br />
,<br />
317. Lindera triloba, Blume., Jap. Ukonbana, Hata*<br />
tikon, Shiro-moji ; a deciduous tree of the order Lauracea?, growing<br />
wild in mountainous regions of cold countries. The stem is<br />
about 10 fts. high. In spring<br />
it bears pale yellow small flowers<br />
before the leaves appear. It is a diaecious plant. The fruits<br />
ripen in autumn and are quite round, being about \<br />
inch in size.<br />
Oil is taken and used for the same purpose as the preceding.<br />
317. b. Styrax japonicum, 5. et Z., Jap. Ye go, Chishano-ki<br />
; the green fruits of this tree (546) ripen<br />
late in autumn.<br />
They have about the size of a bean, and enclose a dark yellow<br />
-hard nut, from which oil is taken as the preceding.
87<br />
318. Cinnamomum pedunculatum, Nees., Jap.<br />
H-nikkei, Koga-no-ki, Knsu-tabn ; an evergreen tree of the<br />
order Lauraceae growing wild in warm regions. The stem is 20-<br />
30 fts. high. In summer long branched peduncles come forth<br />
from the axils of leaves, and produce yellowish flowers, being<br />
succeeded with black fruits late in autumn. From the kernels<br />
wax is taken for candles.<br />
and soft.<br />
The wax is oily<br />
319. LigUStrum ibota, Sicb., Jap. Koba-no-ibo1a ; a<br />
half- deciduous tree of the order Oleaceas, growing wild everywhere.<br />
The stem is 5-6 fts. high. In summer small white<br />
flowers appear in panicles, and in winter purplish black fruits are<br />
produced. The kernels of this and other similar fruits are used<br />
for coffee. On the stems of this and other similar trees a waxy<br />
matter is accumulated by the action of insects. The wax prepared<br />
from it is hard and lustrous, and is used for various industries.<br />
320. Rhus SUCCOdanea, Z., Jap. Haji, RQ-no-ki, Hajeiirushi<br />
; a deciduous tree of the order Anacardiaceas cultivated in<br />
warm regions. The stem is about 10 fts.<br />
high. In summer<br />
on branches. In autumn the<br />
small flowers appear in panicles<br />
fruits ripen, which are round and flat and J inch in size. "Wax is<br />
taken from them.<br />
321. RllUS vernicifera, D.C., Jap. Urushi-no-ki ; a<br />
deciduous tree of the order Anacardiacete, cultivated in cold regions,<br />
growing 20-30 fts. high. The leaves are large and<br />
compound, forming pinnates. In summer diascious small flowers<br />
appear in panicles.<br />
The fruit is almost the same as the preceding,<br />
and also wax is taken. Lacquer juice is obtained from the stem<br />
by splitting The it. juice thus obtained is an important ingredient<br />
for lacquer wares.<br />
322. Rhus trichocarpa, Miq., Jap. Yama-urushi ; a<br />
variety of the former, growing wild everywhere. Its fruits are<br />
-quite the same in shape and use as the former, though smaller.
$8<br />
322. b. Sapium sebiferum, Roxb., Jap. To./taje, Nankin-haje<br />
; a deciduous tree of the order Euphorbiaceae cultivated<br />
in warm regions, growing 20-30 fts. high. In summer it<br />
produces<br />
monaecious flowers, and late in autumn the fruits ripen.<br />
The fruit is inch in size, and encloses 3 seeds. The fruit is<br />
covered with a white powder, which is used to make wax. A<br />
lighting oil is taken from the seeds.<br />
Note. There are still numerous plants giving<br />
oil. Some of<br />
the principals are Soy-bean (22), Ground nut (46), various species<br />
of Brassica, nuts of Torreya nucifera (217), Juglans (218, 219,<br />
220), Hazels (223, 224), and Fagus syivestris (516), and seeds of<br />
Cotton (327), Carthamus tinctorius (367), Sun-flower (854), &c.,<br />
but these are not described here. Generally in Japan Cereals and<br />
Legumes are not used for oil, but in China Soy-bean<br />
is much used<br />
for this purpose. Various oils used as medicine are also omitted<br />
Jiere.
VOLUME II.<br />
CHAPTER XV.<br />
TEXTILE PLANTS.<br />
This Chapter contains the plants, which give fibrous and<br />
flexible materials for threads and clothes. Therein are also included<br />
those, which stems, barks, and leaves being<br />
90<br />
height of 6-7 fts. The soft young stems and leaves are eaten by<br />
boiling.<br />
326. UlmUS montana, Sm., Jap. Atsusht, Atsuni, Ohiyodamo<br />
; a deciduous tree of the order Urticaceae growing wild in<br />
mountains of northern provinces. The stem is about 10 fts.<br />
high.<br />
Early in summer, it bears bunches of small green flowers, which<br />
are succeeded with small flat scale-like fruits. The stiff bark of<br />
the stem is peeled off and used for fastening instead of a rope.<br />
In Yezo the fibre is used for weaving<br />
\<br />
327. Gossypium indicum, Lam., Cotton, Jap. Kiivata,<br />
Wata ; an animal cultivated plant of the order Malvaceae. It is<br />
sown in spring, and attains to a height of 2-3 fts. in summer. A<br />
yellow flower is produced in, each eaf-axil, and it is succeeded<br />
with a fruit in the form of a peach. When the fruit ripen thecapsule<br />
bursts and cotton is exposed. The quality of the fibre is<br />
different according to the varieties, but it is all used for spinning.<br />
The oil pressed out from the cottonseeds is used for cookery<br />
and lighting.<br />
328. Abutilon avicennae, 6^r/;* M Jap. Ickibi, Kiriasa<br />
; an annual cultivated plant of the order Malvaceae. It is<br />
sown in spring and attains to a height of 4-5 fts. In summer, it<br />
bears 5 petaled small yellow flowers in each axils of leaves, being<br />
succeeded with fruits. The fibre got from the bark of the stem is<br />
white and silky. The peeled stem is burnt to charcoal and used<br />
as a tinder.<br />
329. Hibiscus syriacus, L., Jap. Mukuge, Hachisu ; a<br />
deciduous shrub of the order Malvaceae cultivated in fields, growing<br />
6-7 Its.<br />
1<br />
high and in"<br />
group. It is a good plant for hedges, and<br />
thrives well in wet places. Late in summer, its flowers open in<br />
the morning and fade in the evening. They are of different<br />
colours and of single or double petals.<br />
The bark gives fibre,<br />
which is also used to make Mino (farmers' rain coat), which is a<br />
famous production in the provinces of Hki and Inaba.
9.1<br />
330. Hibiscus hamabo, 5. et Z., Jap. Hainabv ; a deciduous<br />
plant of the order Malvaceae growing wild along the sea<br />
coasts in warm provinces. Its stem attains to a height of about.<br />
10 fts.<br />
Early in summer, it blooms at the top of the branches and<br />
in the axils of the leaves. The flowers are like those of cotton,<br />
with yellow petals, purple at the base. A strong fibre is<br />
got from<br />
the bark, and is used as a rope.<br />
331. Urena sinuata, L. t Jap. Boiideukwa ; a deciduous<br />
shrub of the order Malvaceae, growing in warm regions and attaining<br />
to a height of 2-3 fts. The leaves are cut into 5 segments<br />
with green and white variegation. In autumn it blooms bright<br />
crimson flowers. The fibre taken from the bark is used as a rope.<br />
332. Corchorus capsularis, L., Jute, Jap. Tsunaso,.<br />
Ichibi ; an annual cultivated plant of the order Tiliaceae. It is<br />
sown in spring and grows to a height of 3-4 fts. In summer it<br />
yields small yellow flowers, which are succeeded with fruits. A<br />
strong coarse yellowish gray fibre is got from the bark, and is<br />
used as thread. The texture woven from this fibre is used for<br />
matting or wrapping proposes.<br />
333. Tilia cordata, Mill., var. japonica, Max.,<br />
Shina-no-ki, Mada-no-ki, Piera- no-ki ; a deciduous tree of the<br />
order Tiliaceae growing wild in mountains 20-30 fts. high. In<br />
early summer it bears yellowish white fragrant flowers, which are<br />
succeeded with small round seeds. .The strong bark is used as a<br />
rope, and the fibre of the young plant is woven into cloth. It<br />
seems that the fibre was much used in ancient times. There are<br />
several varieties, and that with large leaves grows quickly.<br />
333. b. Acer rufinerve, S. et Z. y Jap. Urihada-kayede ;<br />
a deciduous tree of the order Aceraceae growing wild in mountains<br />
of northern regions. The fibre of its bark is used for the same<br />
purpose as the preceding.<br />
334. Wisteria chinensis, S. et Z.<br />
S. et Z., Jap. Fuji, Yaina-fuji ; a deciduous climbing plant oi
92<br />
the order Leguminosae, growing<br />
wild in mountains and alsoplanted<br />
in gardens. In late spring it produces elegant purple or<br />
white papilionaceous flowers drooping in a raceme with the leaves.<br />
Afterwards long pods are produced. The branch is strong and<br />
flexible, and is used for fastening. The fibre taken from the bark<br />
is used for thread or cloth. The young tendrils when "bleached<br />
are used for making baskets, etc. The young leaves and flowers<br />
The seeds are also eaten when grilled.<br />
-can be eaten as vegetables.<br />
Noda-fuji (611) has the same uses.<br />
334. b. Pueraria thunbergiana, Benth^ Jap. Kudsu;<br />
the fibre of the bast of this climber (251) is strong and white, and<br />
as used for weaving, and also to make ropes and nets. The twine<br />
is used to make baskets.<br />
335. COCCUIUS tlmnbergii, Zfc., Jap. Tsudsitra-fuji ;<br />
a deciduous climber of the order Menispermaceae growing wild<br />
an bushes. The two sexes of flowers are produced separately on<br />
different plants. Late in spring,<br />
it<br />
produces yellowish green<br />
flowers, which are succeeded with round pea-sized black berries.<br />
The thin tendrils are bleached and used to make baskets, etc.<br />
which are the famous products of Midsuguchi in Oini.<br />
335. b. Akebia lobata, Dec., Jap. Mitsuba-akebi ; a<br />
deciduous climber of the order Lardizabalaceae growing wild in<br />
mountains. The leaves are triphyllous, and the flowers opening<br />
in early summer are monaecious and are succeeded with edible<br />
bruits. In Midsuguchi of Omi and Tsugaru of Mntsu, the<br />
young vines are bleached and used to make baskets, etc. as the<br />
former.<br />
336. Marsdenia tomentosa, Morr. et Decne., Jap.<br />
J^iiyo-ran, Kijo-ran ; an everygreen climbing plant of the order<br />
Asclepiadaceae growing wild in mountains of warm regions. The<br />
leaves are round and smooth pointed at the apex. The flowers<br />
bloom in the axils of the leaves. The fruit forms a long follicle,<br />
which discloses a tuff of silky fibres. As the vines are strong<br />
and tenacious, they are used for making ropes and bow-strings.
53<br />
337. Musa basjoo, Sieb., Jap. JBas/io ; a perennial<br />
herbaceous plant of the order Musaceae cultivated in gardens.<br />
Late in spring it shoots forth its leaves to a height 10 fts. In?<br />
summer it bears yellow flowers protected with large bracts. They<br />
are succeeded with fruits, which, however, do not come tomaturity<br />
unless in hot climates. During the frosty season the<br />
leaves wither and only the sheath remains ;<br />
so it must be covered<br />
during the severe winter. From the sheath, fibre is obtained. In<br />
the Okinawa Islands, a different species of Musa grows plentifully,<br />
arid from its fibre, the natives weave a cloth called<br />
Basho-fu (Musa linen).<br />
338. Juncus balticus, Dent/i., Jap. Kohige ; a<br />
perennial herb of the order Juncaceae cultivated in paddy fields^<br />
It grows to a height of about 3 fts. In summer its stalk bears<br />
small flowers arranged in branches under about 3 inches from the<br />
top of the leaves. The stalks are cut and woven into mate called<br />
Bingo-omote. They are also used to make hand-baskets. The-<br />
Tuncus (298) is of the same use, but softer.<br />
i/<br />
339. Typha angustifolia, ., Jap. Himegama ; a *<br />
perennial aquatic plant of the order Araceae growing in swampsand<br />
ponds. In spring<br />
it shoots forth broad flat leaves to a height<br />
of 6-7 fts., and in summer the flower-stalks grow to the height of<br />
the leaves, bearing male and female flowers separately at the top.<br />
The latter is in the form of a spadix of a length of 8-10 inches<br />
and a diameter of an inch. When fully ripen, the flower flies off"<br />
by the wind like cotten. It is used for tinder, candle-wick,<br />
paper-making, etc. The leaves are used for mats, baskets, and<br />
ropes. There are two varieties, large and small, which are of thesame<br />
use. The young leaves can be eaten as a vegetable.<br />
340. Cyperus nutans, Vahl. y<br />
Jap. Shichido, Riukiu ; *<br />
a perennial aquatic plant of the order Cyperaceae cultivated in<br />
paddy fields. In spring, triangular stalks grow to a height of<br />
4-5 fts., bearing fine flowers arranged on little petioles. In<br />
autumn they are cut, dried and woven into green mats called<br />
Riukiu-oDiote or Ao-wushiro.
94<br />
341. Carex dispalatha, Bcott., Jap. Kasa-suge / a<br />
perennial aquatic plant of the order Cyperaceae cultivated in<br />
paddy fields. The leaves are flat, about \ inch broad, and 3 fts.<br />
long. In summer it shoots forth stalks, which bear male and<br />
female flowers. In autumn the leaves are cut and made into a<br />
kind of hats which is a famous product of the provinces of<br />
Kaga and Etsti.<br />
342. Carex, Jap. Mino-suge ; a perennial plant of the<br />
order Cyperaceae growing wild in swamps. It resembles the<br />
'former in form, but the leaves are more narrow and strong, being<br />
used to make farmer's rain coats. Besides these, there are many<br />
growing wild in mountains, and they are used for the same<br />
purpose.<br />
343. Carex pierotii, Miq., Jap. Shio-kugu, Hamakugu<br />
; a perennial herb of the order Cyperacese growing wild in<br />
salty marshes. The length of the leaves are about 2 fts. In<br />
summer it shoots forth stalks bearing flowers at the head. In<br />
autumn the leaves are cut, dried and used to make ropes, etc.<br />
344. Carex, Jap. Yama-kugu / a perennial herb of the<br />
order Cyperacea3 growing<br />
preceding.<br />
wild. Its form and use are as the<br />
345. Elymus arenarius, L., Jap. Tenki, Hama-do,<br />
Kusa-do ; a perennial grass of the order Graminese growing wild<br />
on the sea coasts of northern regions. The leaves are about 3<br />
its. long and \-\ inch broad, and covered with white powder.<br />
In summer it bears panicles of flowers. In the province of Ugo<br />
it is cultivated and used for making mats. The natives of Yezo<br />
use it for weaving, being called Tenki. The leaves being long<br />
are used for weaving and for making ropes and paper.<br />
346. Hydropyrum latifolium, Grisb., Jap. Makomo ;<br />
a perennial grass of the order Gramineoe growing in moist ground.<br />
In summer the sprouts resembling those of bamboo grow to a<br />
height of 5-6 fts., and in autumn long stalks with male and female
95<br />
floWei's at the top are produced. The seeds are Usecr^-asrfobd, and<br />
the new sprouts are also edible. A kind of mats is made from<br />
the leaves.<br />
347. Imperata arundinacea, Cyrill., Jap. CJdgaya; a<br />
perennial wild grass. In late spring it produces flowers in<br />
panicles, which when young are eaten by children with the name of<br />
Tsubana or Chibana, and when fully ripen their soft fires are used<br />
instead of cotton or as tinder. From the leaves a mat and a<br />
farmer's rain-coat<br />
are made.<br />
348. Andropogon schoenanthus, ., Jap. Ogam,<br />
kaya ; a perennial wild grass. In autumn its stalk bears flowers,<br />
with awns twisted like oat. The fibrous roots are white and<br />
strong, and used to make brushes, etc. There is a variety called<br />
348. b. Iris ensata, Th., var. chinensis, Max., Jap.<br />
Neji-ayame ; the fine fibrous roots of the Iris (933) are used in<br />
the same way as the preceding.<br />
349. Bambusa aurea, Sieb., Jap. Usen-chiku, Horaichiku<br />
; a small bamboo, growing to a height of about 10 fts., and<br />
In summer the young sprouts<br />
often used for hedges.<br />
As the stem is tenacious, it is used instead of ropes.<br />
are eaten.<br />
349. b. Bambusa, Jap. Take-no-kawa ; the sheathes<br />
protecting the young bamboo sprouts, expecially those of Madake<br />
(589) and Hachiku (592) are much used for wrapping<br />
for making Japanese slippers. Those of Shiratake (white bamboo)<br />
in the province of Chikugo are the best for slippers, as they have<br />
no spot.<br />
articles or<br />
349. c. Chamaerops excelsa, Thumb., Jap. Shuro ;<br />
the leaves of this palm (711) are used for plaiting purposes or for<br />
making brooms. Its stalk may be used for other purposes. Its<br />
hairy fibres are strong and water proving, and are much used for<br />
making ropes, mats, brushes, and many<br />
other articles.
-- 06<br />
Note.<br />
Besides those above mentioned, the stems, straws, and<br />
vines of many plants have fibres for :<br />
Example, the straw of rice,<br />
barley, wheat, etc.; the leaves of Scirpus (964), Eularia (972),<br />
Amomurn (128), and Ananas (143); the roots of Osmunda (91) and<br />
Sagittaria (118); the petioles of Lotus (125) ;<br />
the vines of melons ;,<br />
the bast of Lespedeza (612), Sophora (414), Sterculia (599), and<br />
Salix (658).<br />
CHAPTEE XVI. PAPER PLANTS.<br />
This Chapter comprises the<br />
plants giving raw materials and<br />
pasty fluids for making paper. Generally any kind of fibre may<br />
be used for making paper, but here are concerned only those<br />
commonly employed.<br />
350. Broussonetia papyrifera, Vent., Jap. Koso*,<br />
Kaminoki ; a deciduous tree of the order Moreaa cultivated extensively.<br />
It is cut off every year, so that it is only 6-7 fts. high.<br />
It is a diaacious plant, and the female flowers produce round fruits.<br />
In winter the stems are cut clown and the barks are stripped off<br />
as an important material for paper.<br />
351. Broussonetia kajinoki, Sieb., Jap. Kajinoki; a<br />
deciduous wild tree of the order Morea3 growing<br />
20-30 fts.<br />
high.<br />
It is a dioecious plant, having the same form as the preceding.<br />
The use is also the same, though inferior. The ripe fruits are<br />
beautifully red and sweet.<br />
351. b. Morus alba, L., var. stylosa, Bur., Jap. Kuwa,~<br />
this plant (294) being the same genus with the paper mulberry, a<br />
good paper may be manufactured from the bast, but as this plant<br />
is used especially for feeding silkworms, the paper made from the<br />
branches after the leaves are taken off for silk-worms is of a very<br />
inferior quality.
97 -<br />
352. Broussonetia ksempferi, Sieb., Jap. Mukumikail<br />
sura, Tsurukago ;<br />
a deciduous climber of the order Urticaceae<br />
growing wild in warm regions. It is a species of 350 of a climbing<br />
nature.<br />
Paper<br />
is manufactured with the fibre of the bark.<br />
353. Edgeworthia papyrifera, 5. et Z., Jap. Mitsumala,<br />
musubiki ; a deciduous shrub of the order Thymeleaceas<br />
cultivated in many countries. The. stem is about 7 fts. high, and<br />
its branches are divided into three parts. Late in autumn, after<br />
the fall of the leaves, buds come forth in tufts at the head of each<br />
branch. In spring yellow flowers open, and then leaves come<br />
out. The branches are cut in autumn, and the bark is steeped in<br />
water, cleaned from the coarse part, and used for paper making.<br />
354. Wikstroemia canescens, Meisn., var. pauciflora,<br />
Fr. et Sav., Jap. Ganpi ; a deciduous shrub of the order<br />
Thymeleaceas growing wild in warm countries, of 5-6 fts. high.<br />
In summer, it produces flowers with yellow lirnbs and white tubes.<br />
The plants are pulled out during spring and autumn, and the<br />
bark is taken for paper.<br />
355. Wikstroemia japonica, Miq., Jap. Kiko-ganpi,<br />
irinoo ; a deciduous shrub of the order Thymeleaceie produced<br />
in warm regions, growing 3-4 fts. high. It resembles the preceding<br />
in form, but smaller and with yellow flowers. It is also used<br />
in the same way.<br />
356 Wikstroemia canescens, Meisn., var. Ganpi.,<br />
Jap. Ko-ganpi ; a low deciduous shrub of the order Thymeleaceae<br />
growing wild 1-2 fts. high. It resembles the former in shape, but<br />
smaller, with white flowers shaded with pink. It is used for the<br />
same purpose.<br />
356. b. Daphne pseudo-mezereum, A. Gray, Jap.<br />
Oni-shibari ', Sakura-ganpi ; the bark of this plant (502) has<br />
fibre of a superior quality and is used for making paper.<br />
357. Hibiscus manihot, A., Jap. Tororo-aoi, Neri ;<br />
It is sown in spring, and<br />
an annual plant of the order Malvacca3.
98<br />
grows to a height of 3-4 fts., producing 5 petaled yellow flowers.<br />
That commonly cultivated is a dwarf variety, being about 1 ft.<br />
high, but with big roots. In summer the roots are dug out, dried,<br />
and used as a paste for manufacturing paper.<br />
358. Hydrangea paniculata, Sieb., var. minor, Max.,<br />
Jap. Norinoki, Kineri, Nibcnoki ; a deciduous shrub of the<br />
order Saxifragaceas growing wild in mountains. It attains to a<br />
height of 7-10 fts. In summer it bears flowers in clusters at the<br />
top of the branches. The bast of the stem and branches is used<br />
directly or after drying for pastirg paper<br />
359. Acer cratsegifolium, S. et Z., Uri-kayede, Myori-no-ki<br />
; a deciduous shrub of the order Aceraceae growing wild<br />
in mountains, attaining to a height of 10 fts.<br />
In spring<br />
it blooms<br />
and sproats at the same time. It is a monsecious or dioecious<br />
plant. The bark of this tree is used in Suruga province as a<br />
paste iu paper-making in summer by steeping it<br />
in water.<br />
359. b. Sterculia platanifolia, ., Jap. Ao-giri ; as<br />
the bark of this tree (599) gives white and strong fibre,<br />
it is used<br />
to weave cloth and to make ropes, but it is also used in papermaking<br />
on account of its rich content in a mucilaginous fluid.<br />
359. C. Kadsura japonica, /,., Jap. Binan-kadiira ; as<br />
the vine of this plant (403) is rich in a mucilaginous jnice,<br />
it was<br />
only used for hair-dressing, but in Satsnma it is<br />
province used in<br />
pasting an inferior paper.<br />
Note. The vegetable fibres used for paper-making are not<br />
confined to those mentioned here. All the plants having fibrous<br />
barks, i.e. those contained in the division of textile plants might<br />
be used for this purpose. Especially the straw of rice, wheat, and<br />
other grasses, as well as coniferous timbers are lately used.<br />
are still other plants giving pastes.<br />
There
99<br />
CHAPTER XVIL<br />
DYE PLANTS.<br />
This chapter includes the plants giving various dyes from<br />
their flowers, fruits, leaves, stems, or barks. Here are only<br />
mentioned those which are cultivated or grown wild and much<br />
qsed,<br />
36O. Berberis chinensis, Desf., Jap. Megi ; a deciduos<br />
shrub of the order Berberidaceae growing wild in mountains<br />
5-6 fts. high. The branches grow very thickly and are provided<br />
with fine thorns. In spring leaves and then flowers are produced,<br />
being succeeded with red berries which turn black when fully<br />
ripe.<br />
The bark of the stem is nsed for dying.<br />
06 O. b. Evodia glauca, Miq., Jap. Kiwada ; the deep<br />
yeilow bark of this plant (538) is used as a dye and medicine.<br />
361. Isatis japonica, Miq., Jap. Hatokusa ; a biennial<br />
herbaceous plant of the order Cruciferae<br />
introduced from China at<br />
the age of Kyoho. The leaves resemble those of rape, and are<br />
covered with white powder. Late in spring, yellow flowers open<br />
on stalks, and flat<br />
pods are produced. The leaves are used as a<br />
green dye.<br />
362. Pyrus toringo, Sieb., var. incisa, Fr. et Sav., Jap.<br />
Yama-nashi, Dsuuii, Ko-nashi ; a deciduous wild tree of the<br />
order Kosaceae, growing 5-6 fts. and sometimes 20-30 fts.<br />
high.<br />
Lute in spring it bears pink flowers, which are succeeded with<br />
small round red or yellow berries of a strong<br />
bark is used as a yellow dye.<br />
acid taste. The<br />
363. PyrUS, Jap. Odsumi, Su-nashi<br />
y<br />
Kata-nashi ; a<br />
deciduous tree of the order Kosaceae growing wild in mountains<br />
20-30 fts.<br />
high. In the beginning of summer it produces 5<br />
petaled white flowers shaded with pink. They are succeeded with<br />
round and about one inch sized berries which fall off in autumn.<br />
The berries are red and very aciduous, but they can be eaten by<br />
boiling or preserved by drying, being called Sanzashi. The dried
100<br />
thick bark of the stem gives a yellow dye called Dsumtby boiling<br />
it<br />
with water and coagulating the extract with alum.<br />
364. Rllbia cordifolia, L., Jap. Akane ; a perennial<br />
wild climber of the order RubiaceaB. The petioles and tendrils<br />
are much provided with recurved prickles. In summer it<br />
produces<br />
small white flowers, which are succeeded with small round black<br />
berries. Formerly the roots were collected in winter and used for<br />
red<br />
dying.<br />
365. Galium verum, Z., Jap. Kawara-matsuba ; a<br />
perennial wild herb of the order Rubiaceas, growing about 1.5 fts.<br />
high. In autumn it<br />
produces small yellowish white flowers<br />
disposed in panicles at the top of the young branches. In winter<br />
the roots are collected and used as a red dye. The roots sold as<br />
madder in commerce are mostly those of this plant.<br />
366. Gardenia florida, L., Jap. Kuchinashi ; an<br />
evergreen shrub of the order "Rubiaceae. It is<br />
grown wild in<br />
warm regions, but much planted in gardens. The stem is 6-7 fts.<br />
high. In summer it bears 6'<br />
petaled white flowers, which turn<br />
yellow afterwards. The fruits are oblong and tapering at both<br />
ends, with longitudinal angles. The fully ripen deep yellow fruits<br />
are preserved after drying and used as a yellow dye or medicine;<br />
This tree is esteemed for gardens on account of the lustrous leaves<br />
and fragrant flowers. The petals are eaten as a vegetable.<br />
367. Carthamus tinctorius, L., Safflower, Jap. Benibana,<br />
Suye-tsumu-hana ; a biennial cultivated plant of the order<br />
Compositae, growing in summer 4-5 fts. high. The stems and<br />
leaves are provided with sharp thorns. The reddish yellow<br />
flowers produced at the head of the branches are collected early<br />
called Bent, which<br />
in every morning and dried to make a red dye<br />
is used as a cosmetic by women. The seeds give an oil, and the<br />
young leaves serve as a vegetable.<br />
368. Dyospyros lotus, L., Jap. Skina-no-ki^ Saru-gaki,<br />
Mame-gaki ; a deciduous tree of the order Kbenacea3 cultivated<br />
in cold regions. The stem is 10 fts. or more high. After new
101<br />
leaves perfect or diaecious flowers are produced. The fruits are<br />
round or oblong, being about one inch long. The unripe fruits<br />
are collected and pressed to get Shibu, an astringent juice, which<br />
is used to give a brown colour to paper, cloth, wood, etc. by<br />
painting it on them and to protect them from rottening. The<br />
fruits are edible. The centre black wood is called<br />
fully ripe<br />
Kuro-kaki (black persimmon). The Shibu is obtained also from<br />
other astringent persimmons.<br />
369. Ilex pedunCUlosa, Miq., Jap. Soyogo, Suzukashi ;<br />
an evergreen wild tree of the order Aquifoliacea3, growing about<br />
10 fts. high. It is a diaecious plant.<br />
The male flowers are small,<br />
white, and in clusters, and the female flowers are loosely arranged<br />
and produce small round red fruits. A brown dye<br />
is got by<br />
boiling the<br />
leaves.<br />
370. Lithospermum erythrorMzon, S. et Z., Jap.<br />
Murasaki, Nemurasaki ; a perennial herb of the order Boraginacea3,<br />
grown wild or planted in gardens, attaining to a height of<br />
about 2 fts. The head of the branches bears small white flowers,<br />
which produce small round seeds. In winter the roots are collected<br />
and dried for a purple dye. The wild roots are superior to<br />
the<br />
planted.<br />
371. Basella rubra, L, Jap. Tsuru-murasaki ; an<br />
annual cultivated climber of the order Chenopodiaceae. The<br />
leaf-axils produce branches, which bear loosely arranged flowers<br />
and then pea-sized small round deep purple berries. The purple<br />
dye got from the berries is very fine, but it is liable to fade.<br />
The leaves are edible as a vegetable.<br />
372. Polygonum tinctorium, L., Jap. At, Tadeai,<br />
Aitade ; an annual herbaceous plant of the order Polygonacea?<br />
commonly cultivated in dry fields and sometimes in paddy fields,<br />
growing 1-2 fts. high. It produces pink flowers disposed in<br />
spikes, and then seeds. The leave are long and narrow, oval, etc.<br />
according to the different varieties. The dried leaves are made<br />
into indigo balls.
102<br />
373. Mercurialis leiocarpa, S. et Z., Jap. Yama-ai ;<br />
an evergreen herbaceous plant of the order Euphorbiaceae growing<br />
wild in shady places 1-2 fts. high. In summer it bears yellowish<br />
green flowers of the two sexes on the separate plant or on the<br />
same plant. In former times the juice of this plant was used to<br />
print on clothes in blue colour, but this plant does not contain<br />
enough the colouring matter to make indigo balls.<br />
373. b. Justicia, Jap. Riukiu-ai ; an evergreen herb of<br />
the order Acanthacese produced in Riukiu islands. Several stems<br />
grow in group from one root, attaining to a height of 1 or 2 fts.<br />
The leaves are oblong oval and of a bright dark green colour. It<br />
bears flowers very rarely. In Riukiu it is cut several times in a<br />
year and made into indigo. As this plant contains a great quantity<br />
of good indigo, it is now cultivated also in the southern countries.<br />
374. Myrica rubra, S. et Z., Jap. Yama-momo ; an<br />
evergreen tree of the order Amentaceas growing wild in warm<br />
regions, attaining to a height<br />
of 10-20 fts. It is a diaecious<br />
plant. In spring, the male flowers appear in the form of aments,<br />
and the female in short spikes. The fruits are of a purplish red<br />
colour with an agreeable sweet taste. There is a variety which<br />
produces white fruits. The bark which has the name of Momokawa<br />
or SJiibuki contains much tannin and is used for a<br />
brown dye.<br />
374. b. Machilus thunbergii, S. et Z, Jap. Tamakusu,<br />
Yama-kiisu, Madami ; the bark of this plant (553. b.)<br />
serves as a brown dye in<br />
Hac/iijo-jima.<br />
374. c. Ternstroemia japonica, T/i,, Jap. Mokkoku /<br />
the bark of this plant (661) is used as a brown dye<br />
for clothes in<br />
the Islands of Hachijo, Miyake and Mikura.<br />
374. d. RhapMolepis japonica, S. et Z., Jap. Hamaniokkoku,<br />
Hebaru-no-ki [Satmina), Tekachigi (Loochoo), Saema<br />
(HachiJQ-jima] ; the bark of this plant (671) is used for dying<br />
dark brown. In the islands of Okinawa, Oshima and Hachijo,<br />
it is<br />
used to dye Tsumugi and other clothes.
103<br />
374. e. Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Lamk., Jap. Takatsuku,<br />
Kiire-tsuku, Hiroki (OsJiima} ; an evergreen shrub of the<br />
order Khizophoraceae growing<br />
in the sea-coasts of Satsuma. The<br />
bark of this plant is collected and used to dye reddish brown. Its<br />
use is the same as the imported Rhizophora bark.<br />
375. Quercus dentata, Th., Jap. Kashiwa; a deciduous<br />
tree of the order Amentacea3 growing wild in cold regions,<br />
of 20-30 fts. After the new leaves come<br />
attaining to a height<br />
forth, it produces male and female flowers separately, the male in<br />
an amerit form and the female like that of an acorn. The kernel<br />
of the acorn is bleached and eaten as food. The dried bark is rich<br />
in tannin and used mostly to dye fishing<br />
nets with the name of<br />
Kashiwagi. There are other species of the Quercus, as Quercus<br />
cuspidata, Q. serrata, and Q. gland ulifera, which are used for the<br />
same purpose and also for tanning leather. There are two kinds<br />
of Kashiwa. One with thin narrow leaves, which fall in winter,<br />
is called Nara-kashiwa, and the other with thick broad leaves and<br />
remaining long on the branches after withered is called Mochikashiwa.<br />
The latter leaves are used to wrap cakes.<br />
375. b. Elaeacocca COrdata, R. Br., Jap. Abura-giri ;<br />
the bark of this plant (313) is used for dying as in the preceding.<br />
376. Alnus maritima, Nutt. t<br />
var. japonica, Regel., Jap.<br />
ITan-no-ki ; a deciduous tree of the order Amentacea? growing<br />
wild in wet places, attaining to a hight of 20-30 fts.<br />
In spring<br />
it<br />
produces male and female flowers separately before it sprouts.<br />
The male flowers hang down from the branches in the form of a<br />
catkin, and the female yield round fruits with scales. In autumn<br />
when the fruits fully ripen, being about 1 inch in length, they<br />
are collected and dried for dying. Other trees of this genus, as the<br />
j\Iehari-no-ki y Yama-han-no-ki, Ntkko-bushi, and Kawara-hanno-ki,<br />
have the same use.<br />
376. b. Alnus maritima, Nutt., var. obtusa, Fr. et<br />
Sav. Jap. Mehari-no-kt ; a variety of the preceding with round<br />
leaves.<br />
Its fruits have the same quality as the preceding.
104<br />
377. AlnUS incana, Willd., var. glauca, Ait., Jap. Yamahannoki<br />
; a deciduous tree of the order Amentaceae growing wild<br />
in mountainous regions. It resembles 376, attaining to a height<br />
of about 10 fts., with broad dissected leaves. The fruits are large<br />
and of a better quality. Fishing nets are coloured with the juice<br />
of this bark, whence it is called Ami-kawa (net-bark).<br />
378. AlnUS firma, 5. et Z., var. multinervia, Reg., Jap.<br />
Nikko-bushi, Yaslia-bushi ; a deciduous wild tree of the order<br />
Arnentacea3. It is<br />
mostly small, but some one grows<br />
about 10<br />
fts. high, the fruits are oval resembling those of 376, but are of<br />
a larger size and more useful, being used instead of gall.<br />
378. b. AlnUS Viridis, DC., var. sibirica, Regel., Jap.<br />
Kawara-hannoki ; a deciduous tree of the order Amentacese<br />
growing plentifully on the Fuji mountain. It resembles much<br />
the preceding in shape, but it has broader leaves and smaller<br />
fruits. The fruits are esteemed in dyiug silk in Kai province.<br />
378. c. Platycarya strobilacea, 5. et Z., Jap. Nobuno-ki,<br />
Nogurumi ; a deciduous tree ef the order Juglandaceae<br />
growing in warm countries, attaining to a height of 10 fts. Barren<br />
and fertile flowers appear at the same time with the leaves, and<br />
thorny fruits are produced. The bark is used for dying fishing<br />
nets.<br />
Ukon ;<br />
379. Curcuma longa, L., var. macrophylla, Miq., Jap.<br />
a perennial herb of the order Zingiberacea3 found in warm<br />
regions, sprouting in spring. The leaves are about 2 fts. long,<br />
and in summer flowers appear in cluster. In autumn the roots<br />
are collected for a yellow dye and medicine.<br />
379. b. Curcuma longa, .,<br />
Jap. Kyo-o; a species of<br />
the preceding with the same form and use.<br />
28O. Commelina benghalensis, L., Jap. dboshibana ;<br />
a biennial plant of the order CommelinaceaB cultivated in Yamada<br />
in the province of Omi, It is sown in autumn and transplanted
105<br />
in spring. It attains to a height of 3-4 fts. It bears blue flowers<br />
in summer and autumn. They are picked every morning and<br />
pressed to papers, which are called Aigami (indigo paper). The<br />
colour is<br />
very fine, but liable to fade.<br />
381. Miscanthus chrysantes, Max., Jap. Kari-yasu ;<br />
a perennial wild grass growing about 3 fts. high. The panicles<br />
resemble those of Kularia, but are mostly divided into 3 parts.<br />
They are cut, dried, and preserved as a yellow dye.<br />
382. Arthraxon Ciliare, Beauv., Jap. Kobuna-gnsa,<br />
Rachijo-kariyasu ; a perennial wild grass. Its fine procumbent<br />
stems creep over the ground, stand upright at the end, and bring<br />
forth panicles in several divisions. Formerly this herb was used<br />
as a ^fellow dye, but now only used in the Rachijo iceland<br />
silk.<br />
to dye<br />
383. Rhus semialata, Murray., var. osbeckii., DC., Jap.<br />
Nurude, Fv.shi-no-ki, Katsu-jw-ki ; a deciduous wild tree of the<br />
order Anacardiaceaa growing to a height of about 10 fts. In<br />
summer, it yields fine little flowers disposed in panicles, being<br />
succeeded with small fruits. Small insects come and stain the<br />
fruits with salt-like white powder. Thus the upper or lower<br />
surface of the leaves swells up, and finally brown galls rich in<br />
tannin are formed. The galls are much esteemed for dying and<br />
other numerous purposes.<br />
CHAPTER XIII<br />
ODOROUS PLANTS.<br />
This Chapter includes those plants, the flowers of which are<br />
esteemed for their fragrance, being used to put them in scent bags<br />
or to give water their odour. There are also included those which<br />
have fragrant fruits, leaves, stems, or roots, but those described in<br />
the chapter of condiments and spices are excluded here.<br />
384. Magnolia kobus, DC., Jap, Kobushi ; a deciduous<br />
wild tree of the order Magnoliaceas, growing 1-2 fts. high. In'
106<br />
spring it bears flowers before leaves. The flowers are single<br />
pctaled and white shaded with pink, having a nice odour.<br />
385. Rosa banksise, X. Br., Jap. Mokko-bara ; a<br />
deciduous climber of the order Rosaceae, thriving well in gardens.<br />
Jn spring<br />
it bears buds with leaves, and yields double white<br />
fragrant flowers in summer.<br />
386. Rosa, Jap. ffakuo-bara ; a deciduous shrub of the<br />
order Rosace se. When kept in hot houses the leaves do not fall<br />
as an evergreen. It bears fragrant yellowish white flowers all the<br />
year.<br />
387. Rosa multiflora, 77*., Jap. No-ibara ; a deciduous<br />
wild shrub of the order liosaceae. Its long slender branches*grow<br />
like vines. In summer it bears 5 petaled white fragrant flowers<br />
in the form of a raceme. Its red berries resemble those of<br />
Nandina, and are used for medicine, being called Yf-jitsu. This<br />
tree varies much in size. The flowers are pink or bright red, and<br />
very beautiful.<br />
388. Rosa luciae, Fr. et Sav., Jap. Teriha-no-ibara ; a<br />
species very much like the preceding in shape and quality, with<br />
smaller lustrous leaves, later opening and more odorous flowers,<br />
and larger fruits.<br />
389. Chimonanthus fragrans, LindL, Jap. Robai,<br />
Nankin-mume ; a deciduous shrub of the order Calycanthaceae<br />
planted in gardens, growing about 10 fts. high. In winter it<br />
bears buds and begins to bloom in December. The flowers give<br />
a nice odour till the end of February. The inner petals are of a<br />
mottled purple colour, and the outer ones are large and have a<br />
yellow waxy appearance, whence the name Robai (wax- pi um).<br />
There are several varieties. The one here mentioned is S/iinno-<br />
Robai.<br />
390. Jasminum grandiflorum, /.., Jap. Sokei ; an<br />
evergreen shrub of the order Jasininaceae introduced from foreign
107<br />
countries about the year 1820. As it is the product<br />
regions and cannot bear cold climates, it must be kept<br />
of warm<br />
in hot<br />
1 louses. The stem is soft and flexible like a vine, attaining to a<br />
lu-ight of about 4 fts. In early summer it brings forth panicles of<br />
single white fragrant flowers.<br />
391. Jasminum sambac, Ait., Jap. Morinkwa ; an<br />
evergreen shrub of the order Jasminaceas introduced from Loochoo<br />
Islands about the year 15^6. The stems attain to a height of<br />
about 4 fts. Late in summer, it bears single<br />
white flowers with a<br />
very strong agreeable odour. It resembles the former being of<br />
the same genus, and in winter it must be kept in hot houses.<br />
392. Olea fragrans lutea, Jap. Mokusei, Kin-mokusei ;<br />
an evergreen tree of the order Oleacea? planted in gardens,<br />
attaining to a height of about 10 fts. Late in autumn, it produces<br />
small reddish yellow flowers in clusters from the axils of the<br />
leaves. The flowers are strongly fragrant and called Tankei (red<br />
olea fragrans).<br />
393. Olea fragrans alba, Jap. Gin-mokusei / a variety<br />
of the former of the same quality with white flowers and larger<br />
leaves, but with less odour. A variety having leaves with coarsely<br />
dentated edges<br />
is called Hiragi-mokusci.<br />
394. Daphne odora, 77/., Jap. Jincho-ge ; an evergreen<br />
shrub of the order Thyrnelaeaceas planted in gardens, attaining to<br />
a height of 3-5 fts. It grows in the form of a thicket. In winter<br />
it<br />
brings forth buds in clusters, which open in spring. The<br />
flowers are of purplish red outside, and white inside. The leaves<br />
are marginned with pale yellow. That with white flowers has<br />
leaves not marginned, and grows higher than the other, with a<br />
stronger odour. The one here illustrated refers to the latter kind.<br />
395. Cymbidium ensifolium, Sw., Jap. Suru-gn-ran t<br />
O-ran ; an evergreen herb of the order Orchidacese growing wild<br />
in the provinces of lyo, Kii, and especially Suruga, whence the<br />
name. The leaves are 2-3 fts. long. In summer and autumn it
108<br />
bears pale yellow flowers shaded with green. As they have a<br />
fragrant odour, it<br />
is planted in pots.<br />
396. Cymbidium, Jap. Hosai-ran ; an evergreen terrestial<br />
orchid growing wild in mountains of warm countries. The<br />
leaves are of a lustrous dark green, and 2-3 fts. long and about<br />
an inch broad. In spring dark purplich red fragrant flowers are<br />
produced on a stalk.<br />
397. Cymbidium, Jap. Kan-ran ; an evergreen terrestial<br />
orchid growing wild in mountains of warm regions, differing in<br />
size according to the its growing places. It blooms in the beginning<br />
of winter, whence the name Kan-ran (winter orchid). One with<br />
yellowish green flowers illustrated here is called Sei-kan-ran<br />
(green winter orchid). Another with a purplish red shade is called<br />
Shi-kan-ran (purple winter orchid). There are manyo ther varieties y<br />
all of which have fragrant flowers and are admired for blooming<br />
in winter.<br />
few . Those mentioned here are only a very of the<br />
flower bearing plants. There are a great many others used for<br />
making perfumed water and oil.<br />
CHAPTER XIX.<br />
MEDICINAL PLANTS.<br />
This chapter includes those plants, which are grown wild or<br />
cultivated in this country and used for medicine. There are a<br />
great many medicinal plants, but those mentioned here are the most<br />
noted. The poisonous plants are included in their own chapter,<br />
and they are not mentioned here.<br />
398. Coptis brachypetala, 5. et Z., var. major, Miq.,<br />
Jap. Oren, Seriba-oren ; a perennial plant of the order Kanunculaceae<br />
growing wild in mountains. In spring<br />
it shoots forth<br />
stalks by the sides of the leaves to a height of 3-5 inches, and<br />
yields small white flowers on divided petioles. When young
109<br />
leaves flourish, the olJ ones die. The roots are taken and dried<br />
for a medicine and a yellow dye. They have a very bitter taste.<br />
399. Coptis occidentalis, Nutt., Jap. Kikuba-oren ; a<br />
species of the former, with leaves resembling those of Chrysanthemum,<br />
having the same quality and being used as the former.<br />
400. Coptis trifolia, Salisb., Jap. Mitsuba-oren ; a<br />
species of Coptis with ternate leaves of the same quality and use<br />
as 398.<br />
401. Coptis brachypetala, S. etZ., Jap. Hosoba-oren ;<br />
a species of Coptis with<br />
and use as 398.<br />
small fine leaves having the same quality<br />
402. ScMzandra chinensis, Bail!., Jap. Chosengomiski<br />
; a deciduous climbing shrub of the order Magnoliacese<br />
brought from Corea about the year 1717. ]n spring it brings<br />
forth thin petioles bearing flowers in small panicles, and yields<br />
red fruits, which are dried and used as a medicine. The vine has<br />
an agreeable odour,<br />
402. b. ScMzandra nigra, Max., Jap. Matsubusa,<br />
Ushibtfdo ; a variety of the former growing wild in mountains,<br />
having the same quality and use.<br />
403. Kadsura japonica, L., Jap. Binan-kadsura,<br />
Binan-sr), Sanc-kadsura ; on evergreen climbing plant of the<br />
order Magnoliacea3, grown wild in mountains and also planted in<br />
gardens. In summer it shoots forth a thin and short petiole with<br />
many flowers, and each petiole has many small red berries<br />
accumulated on a globular stock. The berries are dried for<br />
medicine. As the vine is rich in a mucilaginous fluid, it is dried<br />
and used for paper making or hair dressing.<br />
404. Corydalis ambigua, Cham. Sch/echt., Jap.<br />
Tsubnte ; a perennial herb of the order Kumariaceae brought from<br />
China about the year 1720. There are 2 varieties with small and<br />
targe leaves, and also a variety of Japanese origin. Jn spring<br />
it
110<br />
grows about 5 inches highland it blooms in March and April.<br />
When the leaves wither in May, the roots form small tubers,<br />
which arc dried for medicine.<br />
405. Polygala sibirica, L., Jap. Hime-hagi ; an evergreen<br />
wild herb of the order Polygalacese. Several stalks, coming<br />
forth from one root, attain to a height of ^-1 ft. and generally lie<br />
on the ground. In summer, they bloom purple flowers of papilioshape<br />
in the leaf-axils. The fruits are flat and round, being about<br />
\ inch in diameter. The roots are used as a medicine.<br />
406. Malva pulchelta, Bertm.,3a,p. Fuyu-aoi, Kan-aoi ;<br />
a biennial herb of the order MalvaceaB, growing wild on the seacoasts<br />
of many provinces, and also planted in gardens. The stem<br />
attains to a height of 3-5 fts., and from spring to winter it bears<br />
flowers in clusters on the axils of leaves. The flowers are about<br />
\ inch in diameter, and are yellowish white with purple shade. The<br />
fruits are used as a medicine after drying. The young leaves are<br />
eaten. One variety with shrivelled is<br />
edges called Okanori.<br />
407. Orixa japonica, 77^.,Jap. Kokusagi ; a deciduous<br />
wild shrub of the order Eutaceas, growing about 10 fts. high. It<br />
is a diaecious plant.<br />
The leaves are smooth and lustrous, and have<br />
a strong disagreeable odour. Late in spring, it yields flowers on<br />
the axils of the leaves. The male flowers form a panicle.<br />
The<br />
female flowers are 4 pataled and yellow coloured,<br />
fruits.<br />
The roots are used as a medicine by drying.<br />
producing small<br />
408. Rhamnus japonica, Max., Jap. Kuro-mumeinodoki<br />
; a deciduous wild shrub of the order Kharnnacea3,<br />
growing 6-7 fts. high. It is<br />
provided with thorns. In summer<br />
it bears greenish yellow flowers on the axils of the leaves. The<br />
fruits are round and black, serving as a purgative after drying.<br />
409. Zizyphus VUlgaris, Lam., var. inermis, Bunge.,<br />
Jap. Sanebuto-natsume ; a deciduous tree of the order Khamnacene,<br />
brought from China about the year 1717, attaining to a<br />
height of about 10 fts. The branches arc provided with sharp
Ill<br />
thorns. The shape resembles that of 188. The fruits are round<br />
and aciduous, and edible when turn red by ripening.<br />
The seeds<br />
arc crushed and their pernels are used for medicine.<br />
410. Astragalus reflexistipulus, Miq., Jap. Momentisuru<br />
; a perennial herb of the order Leguminosas growing in<br />
mountains. The stem lies on the ground in the form of a vine.<br />
Jn summer yellow or purple flowers are produced in the axils of<br />
leaves, being succeeded with pods. The roots are dried and used<br />
for medicine.<br />
411. Trigonella foenum-graecum, ., Jap. Koroha /<br />
an annual cultivated plant of the order LeguminosaB, brought<br />
from China about the year 1717. It is sown in spring, growing<br />
2-3 fts.<br />
high. In summer it<br />
produces small white papilionaceous<br />
flowers from the axils of the leaves, being succeeded with thin pods<br />
of about 3 inches in length. The ripen seeds are used for<br />
medicine.<br />
412. Glycyrrhiza echinata, L., Jap. Amakusa ; a<br />
perennial leguminous herb brought from China about the year<br />
1717. In spring<br />
it<br />
sprouts, growing 2-3 fts.<br />
high. In late<br />
summer light puq)le papilionaceous flowers are produced from the<br />
axils of leaves. When the stems are dead, the roots are dug out<br />
and dried. The dried roots are yellow and sweet, and are used<br />
for medicine or for mixing to food.<br />
413. Euchresta japonica, Bent/t., Jap. Miyama-tobera,<br />
Isha-daoshi ; an evergreen leguminous climbing shrub growing in<br />
shady places in mountains ot warm regions. The stem is tender*<br />
1-2 fts. long, and liable to lie on the ground. In summer white<br />
|K>pilionoceous flowers are produced in panicles from the axils of<br />
leaves. The seeds are black when ripen.<br />
The roots are dried for<br />
medicine.<br />
414. Sophora angustifolia, S. et Z., Jap. Knrara ; a<br />
perennial wild herb of the order Leguminosa3. It produces<br />
several stems from one root, and grows 3-4 fts. high. Light<br />
yellow popilionuceous flowers arc produced in panicles at the head
112<br />
of branches, being succeeded with long pods. The roots are<br />
used for medicine. The juice obtained by boiling the stems and<br />
leaves is used to destroy insects injurious to vegetables. Fibre is<br />
taken from the bark of the stems.<br />
415. Psoralea corylifolia, L., Jap. Oranda-hiyu ; an<br />
annual leguminous plant brought from China about the year 1717.<br />
It is sown in spring, and grows 3-4 fts. high. In late summer,<br />
small balls of light purple flowers are produced on short stalks<br />
from the axils of leaves. The ripen black seeds are used for<br />
medicine.<br />
416. Geum japonicum, Th., Jap. Daikon-so / a<br />
perennial wild herb of the order Rosacea3, growing 2-3 fts. high.<br />
In summer it bears 5 petaled deep yellow flowers at the head of<br />
the stems, being succeeded with prickly balls, which are about<br />
half inch in diameter and contain much seeds. The roots are<br />
dried for medicine. The young plants are eaten as a vegetable.<br />
417. Poterium officinale, L., Jap. Waremoko ; a perennial<br />
wild herb of the order Rosaceas attaining to a height of 3-4<br />
fts. In autumn, it bears groups of small purplish red flowers at<br />
the top of the young branches. The reare other varieties, which<br />
flowers are pink, crimson or white. The roots of the common<br />
variety are used as medicine by drying.<br />
418. Bupleurum falcatum, L., Jap. Katnakura-saiko ;<br />
a perennial wild herb of<br />
the order IJrnbellifera3, growing<br />
2-3 fts.<br />
high. In autumn it bears small yellowish flowers in clusters at<br />
the head of the branches from the axils[ of leaves. The roots are<br />
gathered in winter and used as medicine.<br />
419. Foeniculum vulgare, Gcertn. ,<br />
Jap. Kureno-o-mo,<br />
Uikyo ; a biennial herb of the order Umbelliferas cultivated in<br />
fields.<br />
In summer the stem attains to a height of 6-7 fts, dividing<br />
into many branches, which bring forth small yellowish flowers in<br />
clusters at the head. When the seeds ripen the plants die. The
113<br />
seeds have a strong agreeable odour, and they are used as a<br />
medicine. An oil is also extracted from them.<br />
420. Anethum graveolens, L., Jap. Inondo, HimeuikyQ<br />
; a biennial plant of the order Umbelliferae, resembling the<br />
former in shape, but smaller, being about 2 fts. high. Its odour<br />
is not so strong, but it has almost the same use as the former.<br />
421. Selinum japonicum, Miq., Jap. Hamaseri, Hamaninjin<br />
; a biennial herb of the order Umbellifera^, growing wild<br />
in the sandy places of sea coasts, attaining to a height<br />
of 5-6<br />
inches. In autumn small white flowers come forth in clusters.<br />
After the seeds are ripen, the plants die. The seeds are collected<br />
and used as a medicine.<br />
422. Ligusticum acutilobum, S. et Z., Jap.<br />
] 'awazeri ; a perennial herb of the order Umbelliferae, growing<br />
wild in mountainous regions, and also being cultivated in gardens.<br />
Tn summer it attains to a height of 2-3 fts., and brings forth small<br />
white flowers in clusters at the head of the branches. The roots<br />
arc collected and used as a medicine.<br />
423. Silar divaricatum, Benth. et Hook^ Jap. Fudebofu,<br />
; a triennial herb of the order Umbelliferas brought from<br />
China in the year 1717, attaining to a height of 2-3 fts. In<br />
summer it bears small white flowers in clusters at the head of the<br />
fctem. After the seeds are ripen, the roots die. The roots are<br />
collected in the autumn of the second year and dried for<br />
medicine.<br />
424. Archangelica gmelini, DC., Shishi-udo; a<br />
biennial wild herb of the order Umbellifera?. The stems and<br />
laves are covered with coarse hair. In summer the stem<br />
grows to a height of 6-7 fts., and in autumn it brings<br />
white flowers in clusters.<br />
forth small<br />
After the seeds are ripen, the roots die.<br />
The roots are taken in winter and dried for medicine.<br />
425. Angelica anomala, Pall., Jap. Yoroi-gusa ; a<br />
triennial herb of the order Umbellifera* cultivated in gardens.
114<br />
The Chinese kind was introduced to this country in the year 1 717.<br />
The stem attains to a height of 7-8 fts. In summer it bears small<br />
white flowers in an umbel at the top of the stem, and after the<br />
seeds are ripen the plant dies. The Koots are collected in winter<br />
and dried for medicine.<br />
426. Angelica decursiva, Miq., Jap. Nodake, Mansairaku<br />
; a triennial wild herb of the order Umbelliferse, growing<br />
7-8 fts. high. In autumn it bears small dark purple or white<br />
flowers in an umbel. The roots are collected and used for medicine<br />
by drying.<br />
427. Coriandrum sativum, L., Jap. Koyendoro ; a<br />
biennial herb of the order Umbelliferse,<br />
introduced from a foreign<br />
country. It is sown in autumn, and grows to a height of 1-2 fts.<br />
in the following year. In late summer it bears small flowers in<br />
an umbel, and yields fragrant seeds to be used as medicine. The<br />
leaves and stems have a slight disagreeable odour. The large foot<br />
leaves are eaten as a vegetable.<br />
428. Conioselinum univittatum, .Turcz., Jap. Senkio<br />
><br />
Omuna-kadsura ; a biennial herb of the order Umbellifene<br />
growing wild and also cultivated in gardens. The stems attain to<br />
7<br />
a height of 1-2 fts., and in autumn the} bring<br />
yellowish white flowers at the top.<br />
odour and are used as medicine.<br />
forth small<br />
The roots h.ive strong fragrant<br />
429. Angelica ?, Jap. Udo-nwdoki ; a biennial wild herb<br />
of the order Umbelliferse. Resembling 424 in shape, the under<br />
side of the leaves is nearly white, the stems and leaves have no<br />
hair, arid the stems are purple. In summer the stems grow to a<br />
height<br />
haraested for<br />
of 34 fts. and bear small white flowers. The roots are<br />
medicine.<br />
430. Panax repens, Maxim., Jap. Tochiba-ninjin ; a<br />
perennial herb of the order Araliaccae growing wild in shady<br />
places of mountains. After 3 pears the stems grow to a height of<br />
about 2 fts., being divided into 3 branches with 5 cleft leaves, and
115<br />
bearing small 5 petaled white flowers in cluster at the top of the<br />
brunches. In autumn small fruits are ripen and beautifully red.<br />
The roots have knots, though there are straight roots. The roots<br />
art;<br />
dried for medicine.<br />
431. Panax ginseng, C. A. Mey., Jap. Ninjin, Kanonige-kusa<br />
; a perennial herb of the order Araliaceae introduced<br />
and cultivated. In third year after sowing, the stems grow about<br />
2 fts. high, and bear flowers and seeds. It resembles the preceding<br />
in shape, and the main roots are large. The roots are steamed<br />
and dried for medicine, and much exposted to China.<br />
432. Cormis officinalis, S. et Z., Jap. Sanshuyu ; a<br />
deciduous tree of the order Cornacea?, growing<br />
about 10 fts. in<br />
fields. It bears small fine yellow flowers in cluster before sprouting<br />
in spring. In autumn the oblong red aciduous fruits are<br />
collected and dried for medicine.<br />
433. Sambucus racemosa, L.<br />
,<br />
Jap. Niwatoko, Kitad.su ;<br />
a deciduous shrub of the order Caprifoliaceas growing wild or<br />
planted in gardens, attaining to a height of 10 fts. Late in spring<br />
it bears small white flowers in an umbel, forming small round red<br />
r<br />
yellow fruits. The stems and flowers are dried for medicine. A<br />
good edible fungus called Kikurage grows on the rotten stem.<br />
434. Lonicera COnfusa, Dl.. Jap. Suikadsura ; a<br />
.<br />
deciduous wild climber of the order CaprifoliaceaB. In the<br />
beginning of summer it produces puqilish white fragrant flowers<br />
on the axils of leaves. The flowers gradually turn yellow as they<br />
become old, and they are dried for medicine. It produces black<br />
round fruits. The vines and leaves are dried and used instead<br />
of<br />
tea.<br />
435. Uncaria rhychophylla, Miq. t Jap. Kagikatsura ;<br />
;m evergreen climbing plant of the order Rubiaceae, growing wild<br />
in warm regions. Late in autumn it bears small light brown<br />
flowers in the form of a ball about an inch large. The leaves grow<br />
opposite, and a hooked spine grows in the root of each leaf. The<br />
spines are used for medicine.
116<br />
436. Valeriana officinalis, Z., Jap. Kanoko-so t<br />
Haruominayeshi<br />
; a perennial herb of the order Valerianacese growing<br />
wild in mountains. In spring<br />
its stem grows to a height of \\ fts.,<br />
bearing small pink flowers in an umbel. The roots are dried and<br />
used as medicine. Their smell is too strong.<br />
437. Inula japonica, T/i., Jap. Oguruma; a perennial<br />
wild herb of the order Composite, growing to a height of 2-3 fts.<br />
The divided branches bear yellow single petaled flowers, which are<br />
used for medicine by drying. There are also those with double<br />
or tubular flowers, being planted in gardens for their beauty.<br />
438. Artemisia capillaris, 77/., Jap. Kawara-yomugi ;<br />
a perennial herb of the order Compositae, growing wild in sandy<br />
places near rivers. The leaves are soft, slender 'and beautiful. In<br />
summer, its stem attains to a height of 2-3 fts. The branches<br />
bear many fine flowers which are stronger than Yomogi (68) in<br />
flavour. The seeds are used for medicine.<br />
439. Atractylis lyrata, S. et Z., Jap. Okera ; a perennial<br />
herb of the order Compositae, growing wild, and also<br />
planted in fields. The stem attains to a height of 2-3 fts. In<br />
autumn it bears white flowers in the form of a ball. A variety<br />
called Biyaku-jutsu have long and narrow leaves and purple<br />
flowers. The roots of the 2 varieties are large and have many<br />
rootlets.<br />
They are dried and used for medicine.<br />
440. Rehmannia lutea, Max., Jap. Sao-hime ; a<br />
perennial herb of the order Cyrtandraceax In spring<br />
it<br />
grows to<br />
a height of 7-8 inches. Tn early summer it bears yellowish white<br />
flowers shaded with purple on the divided branches at the top of<br />
the stems. Before the fruits ripen<br />
the stems die. The roots are<br />
used for medicine by drying directly or after steaming.<br />
441. Ophelia diluta, Ledeb., Jap. Senburi ; an annual<br />
wild herb of the order Gentianacea3, growing about 1 ft. high. In<br />
autumn several flowers appear at the top of the stems. The flowers<br />
r ae5 petaled and pale red shaded with purple,<br />
There is a variety
117<br />
with large leaves, which is pictured. The stems and leaves are<br />
dried and used for medicine.<br />
442. Endotropis caudata, Miq., Jap. Ikema; a perennial<br />
climber growing in mountains. In spring the vines are produced?<br />
bearing small white flowers which are succeeded with capsules. In<br />
autumn the capsules split out white fibre. The tubular roots are<br />
collected and dried for medicine.<br />
443. Scrophularia oldhami, Oliv., Jap. Goma-kusa ;<br />
a perennial wild herb of the order Scrophulariaceae. In summer<br />
the stems grow 1-5 fts. high, and produces light yellow flowers in<br />
a small panicle.<br />
The large roots are used for medicine.<br />
444. Nepeta japonica, Max., Jap. Keigai ; an annual<br />
herb of the order Labiateae. It is sown in spring, growing about<br />
2 fts. high in summer. Reddish white small flowers are produced<br />
in a panicle at the top of the stem. When the seeds ripen the<br />
plant dies.<br />
The seeds are fragrant and used for medicine.<br />
445. Scutellaria machrantha, Fisch., Jap. Koganeyanagi,<br />
Kogane-bana ; a perennial herb of the order Labiateae.<br />
In summer the stem grows about 2 fts. high, and bears white or<br />
purple flowers in panicles. The large deep yellow roots are dried<br />
for medicine.<br />
446. Mentha arvensis, L., var. vulgaris, Benth., Jap.<br />
Hakka, Mekusa ; a perennial herb of the order Labiates mostly<br />
cultivated. It sprouts in spring, and grows about 1 ft. high in<br />
summer, opening small purple labiate flowers. The stems and<br />
leaves are dried and used for medicine or for taking the oil, which<br />
is<br />
very fragrant and refreshing.<br />
447. Vitex trifolia, L., var. unifoliolata, Schaver., Jap. ^<br />
Ilamagr), Hamashikimi ; a deciduous shrub of the order<br />
Verbenaceae, growing on sea-coasts 3-4 fts. high. The branches<br />
creep over the ground<br />
like vines. In summer it bears dark<br />
purple labiate flowers disposed in panicles at the top of the stem.<br />
The small round fragrant seeds are dried and used for medicine.
118<br />
448. PlantagO asiatica, L., Jap. Obako ; a perennial<br />
herb of the order Plantaginaceae, growing wild everywhere. It<br />
shoots forth flower stalks of several inches in length from the<br />
centre of the leaves. The seeds are dried and used for medicine.<br />
The young leaves are eaten as a vegetable.<br />
449. Celosia argentea, Z., Jap. No-geitQ, Fude-keito ;<br />
an annual herb of the order Amarantacesa, growing wild and also<br />
planted in gardens. It attains to a height of 1-2 fts. The flowers<br />
are light red and have the form of a Japanese pen. The seeds<br />
are used for medicine.<br />
i<br />
450. Achyranthes bidentata, Bl., var. japonica, Miq. %<br />
Jap. Inokodsuchi ; a perennial herb of the order Amaranthacese ,<br />
growing wild everywhere, attaining to a height of 2 fts. with square<br />
stems. In summer it bears flowers in panicles, and forms small<br />
thorny seeds which easily<br />
for medicine by drying.<br />
attach to clothes. The roots are used<br />
451. Polygonum aviculare, ., Jap. Niwa-yanagi; an<br />
annual wild herb of the order Potygonacese. In spring<br />
its stem<br />
attains to a height of 10 fts., and in summer it bears small flowers.<br />
Its stems and leaves are used for medicine.<br />
452. Polygonum multiflorum, .77*., Jap. Tsurudokudami<br />
; a perennial wild climbing plant of the order Polygonacea3.<br />
In autumn it bears small white flowers in panicles. The<br />
roots consist of many large tubers, and are used for medicine<br />
by drying.<br />
453. Rheum undulatum, L., Rhubarb, Jap. Ohoski ,-<br />
a perennial herb of the order Polygonacea^. It sprouts in spring,<br />
and in summer the stem grows to a height of 3-6 fts., bearing<br />
flowers. Its roots are dried for medicine, and its petioles are used<br />
as a vegetable.<br />
454. Cinnamomum loureirii, Nees., Jap. Nikkei ; an<br />
evergreen tree of the order LauracesB, growing 20-30 fts.<br />
high<br />
hi summer it bears small yellowish green flowers. The bark of
119<br />
the branches and roots are dried and used for medicine, being<br />
aromatic and refreshing.<br />
455. Daphnidium strychnifolium, S. et Z., Jap.<br />
Uyaku ; an evergreen shrub of the order Lauraeeas, growing 4-9<br />
fts. high in the form of a bush. It bears yellowish green flowers<br />
in bunches in the axils of leaves, and produces small red berries.<br />
The tubular roots are dried and used for medicine.<br />
456. Asarum sieboldi, Miq., Jap. Hiki-no-hitai-gitsa ;<br />
a perennial herb of the order A ristolochiacetn, growing wild in<br />
shady places in mountains. In spring it sprouts and bears a dark<br />
purple flower of \ inch in size near" the ground. The rootlets are<br />
dried and used for medicine.<br />
456. b. Asarum variegatum, Al. t Jap. Kan-aoi / a<br />
species of the former growing wild in shady places in mountains<br />
The leaves are round and pointed at the top*;,<br />
and concave near<br />
the petioles resembling a horse hoof. The leaves are long or<br />
round, and differ also in size. The rootlets are used instead of<br />
the former, but they are inferior, being acrid and bad smelled.<br />
457. AristolocMa ksempferi, Willd., Jap. Uma-nosiidsu,<br />
Ohaguro-bana ; a perennial climbing herb of the order<br />
Ai istolochiacea3 growing wild. In summer it shoots forth long<br />
stalks at the axils of the leaves, and yields tubular flowers on<br />
small balls. The flowers open at the tip, and form purplish green<br />
petals. The roots are dried and used for medicine. There are<br />
other varieties with large or narrow leaves and with white flowers.<br />
458. Houttuynia cordata, 77/., Jap. Doku-dami, /oyaku<br />
; a perennial herb of the order Saururacea3, growing wild<br />
and attaining to a height of 7-8 fts. It gives a disagreeable odour<br />
when touched. In summer it bears 4 petaled white flowers of<br />
different sizes. The roots are dried and used for medicine.<br />
459. Dioscorea sativa, L., var. rotundis, Fr. et Sav.,<br />
Jap. Tokoro ; a perennial wild climbing herb of the order Dioscoreacese.<br />
It resembles very much D. japonica (111) in form, though
120<br />
its vine turns left. The fibrous roots are used for medicine by<br />
drying. The tubers are eaten steamed, and are also used to make<br />
starch. Another kind with lobed leaves is bitter and can not<br />
be eaten.<br />
460. Heterosmilax japonica, Kuuth.,3wp. Sankirai /<br />
an evergreen climbing herb of the order Smilacese. It is a diaecious<br />
plant. In spring<br />
it shoots forth vines, with hooked tendrils<br />
under each leaf and with about 10 purplish green flowers on the<br />
axils of leaves, being succeeded with small round black fruits.<br />
The tubular roots are used for medicine when dried. There are<br />
several varieties with narrow or round leaves.<br />
461. Stemone japonica, Miq. t<br />
Jap. Hodotsura; a perennial<br />
herb of the order Koxburghiaceae. There are two kinds,<br />
standing and climbing. The variety here mentioned is the climbing<br />
one. In summer it yields one or two flowers in the centre of<br />
the leaves. Many oblong small tubers attached to the roots are<br />
dried and used for medicine.<br />
462. Gastrodia elata, BL> Jap. Nusubito-no-ashi, Kamijio-yagara<br />
; a parasite of the order Orehidaceae growing wild in<br />
mountains. In early summer it shoots forth a straight yellowish<br />
red stem to a height of 4-5 fts., bearing flowers in panicles at the<br />
head. In autumn the stems and roots die. The tubers growing<br />
laterally to a length of about 10 inches with a diameter of an inch<br />
are used for medicine.<br />
463. Curcuma longa, L., Jap. Kyo-o, Haru-ukon ; a<br />
perennial herb of the order Zingiberacea3. It resembles Ukon<br />
(379), with white hair under the leaves. Late in spring, it shoots<br />
forth stalks to a height of 68 inches, bearing 2 yellow flowers.<br />
The tuberous roots are dried and used for medicine. They have<br />
the smell of ginger, and are yellow.<br />
464. Amomum, Jap. Gajutsu, Usuguro ; a perennial<br />
herb of the order Zingiberaceu). It resembles the preceding in<br />
shape, with dark purple variegation in the centre of the leaves.
-<br />
121<br />
In summer it bears red flowers. The dark green tubers are dried<br />
and used for medicine.<br />
465. Alpinia japonica, Mi
122<br />
near sea-shores. In summer it bears flowers at the head of the<br />
stalk, which grows to a height of about 1 ft. In winter its small<br />
tuberous roots are collected, dired, and used for medirine.<br />
471. ScirpUS maritimUS, L., Jap. Mikuri ; a perennial<br />
aquatic grass of the order Cyperaceas resembling the preceding in<br />
form, growing to a height of 4-5 fts. Its tuberous roots covered<br />
with black hair are dried and used for medicine.<br />
472. Pachyma COCOS, Smi., Jap. Matsuhodo ; a parasitic<br />
fungus growing on pine-roots under ground, forming a tuber about<br />
the size of a baby's head. The outer skin is black and wrinkled,<br />
but the interior is white or light pink.<br />
473. Boletus laricus, Linn., Jap. Eburiko ; a parasitic<br />
fungus growing on the old stems of Larix leptolepis in the<br />
mountains of northern provinces. It forms a white brittle tuber of<br />
6-7 inches, being used for medicine.<br />
474. Jap. Meshimakobu ; a parasitic fungus growing on<br />
the old stems of mulberry trees found in the island of MesJiiuia,<br />
one of 5 Islands in Hizen. Its outside is brown, while the inside<br />
is yellow.<br />
It is used for medicine.<br />
475. Lycoperdon bo Viste, L.<br />
t Jap. Hokoritake, Chidome,<br />
Mimitsubushi ; a terrestial fungus growing in shady places in<br />
mountains in autumn. It is a small ball about the size of a man's<br />
head, being dark brown and cotton-like. When touched there<br />
arises from it smoke-like powder, which is used to stop bleeding.<br />
476. Jap. Hagi-hodo ; a fungi growing under ground,<br />
especially found in the province Tanba. It resembles 472 in shape,<br />
but its tuber is smaller. The outer-skin is black or red, and the<br />
inner grayish white. It is dried and used for medicine.<br />
477. Digenea WUlfeni, A^., Jap. Makuri ; an alga<br />
growing on rocks in the sea of southern provinces. It is slender
123<br />
and divided into branches which are about J ft. high. It is green<br />
and rough, and it<br />
is used for medicine by drying.<br />
CHAPTER XX.<br />
POISONOUS PLANTS.<br />
This Chapter includes the plants which are poisonous, though<br />
s< >me are used for medicine. As they are poisonous, care must be<br />
taken of those which are growing wild.<br />
478. Clematis paniculata, 77/., Jap. Senninso, PTakobore,<br />
Takatade ; a perennial climbing herb of the order Ranunculaceae<br />
growing wild. In autumn it bears 4 petaled white<br />
flowers, being succeeded with fruits of hairy balls. The leaves<br />
and stems contain a poisonous ingredient. When chewed, it hurts<br />
teeth, whence the name of Hakobore (teeth-breaker). It also<br />
blisters the skin when touched.<br />
479. Ranunculus acris, L., Jap. Kinpoge ; a perennial<br />
herb of the order Ranunculaceae growing wild. In spring the<br />
stem grows to a height of 12 fts. ,<br />
with 5 petaled yellow or white<br />
flowers, which are sometimes doubled. It contains a narcotic<br />
ingredient.<br />
480. Ranunculus sceleratus, Z., Jap. Tagarashi,<br />
Tatarabi ; a biennial aquatic herb of the order Ranunculaceae<br />
In spring the stem grows to a height of 1-2 fts., with very lustrous<br />
K-aves and 5 petaled small yellow<br />
and quality as the preceding.<br />
flowers. It has the same form<br />
48 L Ranunculus ternatus, Th., Jap. Kitsune-nobotan<br />
a biennial herb of the order Ranunculacese growing wild<br />
in moist ground. The leaves are parted and covered with hair.<br />
The stem attains to a height of about 1 fts. and bears small<br />
yellowish flowers. It has the same quality and form as the<br />
preceding.<br />
482. Aconitum chinense, 5. et Z., Jap. Kabuto-giku,<br />
Torikabuto ; a perennial herb of the order Knnun-
124<br />
culacese planted in gardens for its flowers, the tuberous roots being<br />
used for medicine. In spring<br />
it<br />
grows to a height<br />
of about 2 fts.<br />
In autumn it blooms many blue purple or white helmet-shaped<br />
flowers.<br />
483. Aconitum fischeri, Reichenb., Jap. Yama-torikabuto<br />
; a species of the preceding growing wild in mountains.<br />
In form it is much alike, growing to a height of 3-4 fts. The<br />
colour of the flowers is<br />
deep purple or blue.<br />
quality as the former.<br />
It has also the same<br />
484. Aconitum uncinatum, L., var. japonicum,<br />
Jap. Hanadsuru, Hana-kadsura ;<br />
creeping sterns.<br />
a species of the preceding wtth<br />
484. b. Illicium religiosum, 5. etZ., Jap. Shikimi,<br />
Hanashiba ; an evergreen tree of the order Magnoliacese growing<br />
wild in mountains of warm regions.<br />
.It attains to a height of<br />
about 10 fts.<br />
In late spring it bears yellowish polypetalous flowers<br />
on the axils of the leaves and at the top of the young branches.<br />
The fruits ripen in autumn and produce seeds which contain a<br />
deadly poison. As the fruits have an aromatic flavour, they are<br />
exported to China and used instead of Illicium anisatum. The.<br />
leaves have also a fragrant odour, and are used to odorn the vases<br />
offered to Buddha. An incense is prepared<br />
by reducing to powder.<br />
from the dried leaves<br />
485. Macleya COrdata, R. Br., Jap. Champa-giku,<br />
Takeni-gusa ; a perennial herb of the order Papaveraceas growingwild<br />
5-6 fts. high. In autumn it bears small white flowers on<br />
the branches divided at the top of the stem,, being succeeded with<br />
small pods. The leaves and stems contain a yellow juice. Bamboo<br />
becomes soft when boiled with this plant. The decoction of the<br />
stems and leaves is used to destroy injurious insects.<br />
486. Chelidonium majus, L., Jap. Kusa-no-u ; a<br />
biennial herbaceous plant of the order Papaveraccae growing wild<br />
everywhere. In spring<br />
it<br />
grows to a height of about 1 ft., bearing
125<br />
4 petaled yellow flowers, which are succeeded with pods. This<br />
plant contains a yetlow juice.<br />
487. Coriaria japonica, A. Gr., Jap, Doku-utsugi ; a<br />
deciduous shrub of the order Coriariacese growing wild in bushes<br />
and on river banks. Tt is a dia3cious or monaecious plant. It<br />
blooms in panicles, and the female flowers are succeeded with<br />
round red fruits, which are very pretty, but poisonous.<br />
488. Rhus toxicodendron, Z., Jap. Tsnta-nrushi ; a<br />
deciduous climber of the order Anacardiaceae growing wild in<br />
forests and climbing on other trees. The leaves are ternate, and<br />
the flowers and fruits resemble those of E. vernicifera. The stem<br />
is used for dying.<br />
489. Desmodium laburnifolium, DC., Jap. Uji<br />
koroshi, Miso-iiaoshi, Miso-kusa ; a deciduous shrub of the order<br />
i^guminosaB growing wild in warm provinces. Tt attains to a<br />
height of about 1 ft., but it Is<br />
mostly herbaceous. In summer it<br />
shoots forth a panicle, and yields yellowish white papilionaceos<br />
flowers, being succeeded with long pods covered with hair. The<br />
leaves are used to kill the worms produced in miso (a kind of<br />
sauce).<br />
490. Cicuta Virosa, ., Jap. Doku-jeri. 0-jeri; a triennial<br />
herb of the order Umbelliferaa growing wild in ponds and<br />
marshes.<br />
Jt resembles Seri (58) in form, but larger and poisonous.<br />
Early in spring, its stem is used as a pot-plant, being called C/tontechiku.<br />
The dried petioles are used for fastening as cord.<br />
491. Andromeda japonica, Th. t Jap. Asebo, Asebi,<br />
A \scini ; an evergreen shrub of the order Ericaceae, growing in<br />
mountains often 10 fts. high. Early in spring it produces bunches<br />
of campanula te small white drooping flowers. It is used as an<br />
ornamentel pot-plant. The leaves contain a violent poison, aud<br />
the decoction is used to destroy injurious insects.<br />
492. Buddleya curviflora, Lindt., Jap. Fuji-utsugi ; a<br />
deciduous shrub of the order Loganiaceae growing wild in moun-
126<br />
tains or on river banks, attaining to a height of 3-4 fts. The<br />
young branches are four sided and provided with alae. In summer<br />
it<br />
produces purplish pink flowers in panicles. The branches and<br />
leaves are used to intoxicate fishes for catching.<br />
493. Datula alba, Nees. y Jap. Chosen- as agao an annual<br />
solanaceous plant brought from Corea about the year<br />
1744. It is<br />
sown in spring, and grows to a height of 3-4 fts. In autumn it<br />
bears white funnel formed flowers, with round seeds enclosed in<br />
a<br />
prickly capsule.<br />
The seeds, flowers, and leaves are poisonous.<br />
494. Solanum nigrum, ., Jap. Inu-hMsuki, Kurohodsuki,<br />
Nasubi-sennari ; an annual herb of the order Solanaceae<br />
growing wild everywhere. In summer it<br />
grows to a height of<br />
2-3 fts., and bears 5 parted white flowers in clusters, being succeeded<br />
with round black fruits.<br />
495. Capsicum anomalum, Fir. et Sav., Jap. Hadakahodsuki,<br />
Tachi-hiyodori, Yama-Jiodsuki ; an annual or sometimes<br />
biennial herbaceous plant of the order Solanaceae growing wild in<br />
woods and bushes. It attains to a height of 20-30 fts., and resembles<br />
the preceding. The ripe berries are of a pretty pink colour.<br />
496. Scopelia japonica, Max., Jap. Hashiridokoro ; a<br />
perennial herb of the order Solanacese growing wild in valleys.<br />
Early in spring, the young plant shoots dark purple leaves<br />
which turn green afterwards. It grows to a height of about 1^ fts.,<br />
producing purple campanulate flowers in the axils of leaves, and<br />
then green round pea-sized berries.<br />
497. Solanum lyratum, 7/5., Jap. Hiyodori-jvgo, Horo-<br />
In summer<br />
s/ii; a perennial wild climber of the order Solanaceae.<br />
it shoots forth peduncles from the axils of leaves, bearing small<br />
white flowers, which are succeeded with .small red round berries.<br />
498. Solanum Dulcamara, L., var. ovatum. DunaL,<br />
Jap. Maruba-no-JiiyodoriJQgo, Maruba-no-Jioroshi ; a close ally<br />
of the preceding. Its stem grows as a vine, but the plant<br />
is<br />
smaller. The flowers are light purple, and the berries red.
127<br />
499. Phytolacca acinosa, Roxb., var. esculenta, Max.,<br />
Jap. Yamagobv ; a j)erennial herb of the order Phytolaccact-iu<br />
growing wild, but also cultivated for its edible leaves. The stern<br />
attains to a height of 3-4 fts. In summer it<br />
produces panicles<br />
with small white flowers, which are succeeded with red berries.<br />
500. Clerodendron squamatum, Bahl., Jap. Hi-giri,<br />
Td-giri ; a deciduous shrub of the order Verbenaceae growing in<br />
warm regions, attaining to a height of 3-4 fts. From summer to<br />
autumn, it bears 5 petaled red flowers in bunches The flowers<br />
stretch out long stamens, and their calyx are also bright red. It<br />
is<br />
planted in gardens for ornamental purposes.<br />
501. Daphne kiusiana, Miq., Jap. Kosko-no-ki / an<br />
t-vrgreen shrub of the order Thymeleaceae growing in shady<br />
places in mountains. Its shape resembles the Daphne odora (394),<br />
and it attains to a height of 3-4 fts.<br />
Early in spring it yields<br />
small yellowish white tubular flowers in clusters at the end of<br />
As the berries<br />
braches, being succeeded with oblong red berries.<br />
have the taste of pepper, the name Kosho-no-ki (pepper tree) is<br />
derived.<br />
502 Daphne pseudo-mezercum, A. Gray, Jap. OnisJiibari^Natsii-bQdsH,<br />
Sakura-kozo ; a deciduous shrub of the order<br />
Thymeleaceae growing wild in bushes and on sea-coasts, attaining<br />
to a height of 34 fts. In spring<br />
it<br />
produces yellowish green<br />
flowers, and then red berries. The leaves fall in summer. The<br />
bast is strong, arid used for manufacturing paper. A variety<br />
grown in the province of Ec/iigo has large leaves and yellow<br />
fragrant flowers.<br />
502. b. Daphne genkwa, 5. et Z., Jap. Fuji-modoki,<br />
CAojt-safatra, Satsiuna-fuji<br />
; a deciduous shrub of the order<br />
Thymeleacea), growing 3-4 fts. high. In spring<br />
it<br />
produces small<br />
>ur<br />
] pie tubular flowers in clusters before sprouting. It is planted<br />
in gardens on account of its pretty flow* rs.<br />
503. Euphorbia lathyris, ., Jap. Horutosv ; a bien-
128<br />
nial herbaceous plant of the order Euphorbiacese<br />
brought by Portuguise<br />
about the year 1533. It attains to a height of 3-4 fts.<br />
In summer it bears flowers, which are succeeded with fruits about<br />
the size of a finger head.<br />
504. Euphorbia lasiocaula, Boiss., Jap. TakatMai ; a<br />
wild in moun-<br />
perennial herb of the order Euphorbiaceas growing<br />
tainous regions. It resembles the preceding in shape.<br />
505. Euphorbia sieboldiana, Morr., Jap. Natsu-ivdai;<br />
this resembles very much the preceding in shape,<br />
sterns and broader leaves.<br />
with shorter<br />
506. Euphorbia helioscopia, L., Jap. Tvdai-kusa ; a<br />
small variety of the preceding, with short and creeping stems.<br />
\<br />
507. Euphorbia palustris, L., Jap. No-urushi ; it<br />
resembles E. lasiocaula (504), growing in the form of a bush in<br />
watery places.<br />
508. Croomia japonica, Miq., Jap. Nabe-wari, Kawanasubi<br />
; a perennial herb of the order Smilacese growing in shady<br />
places of mountains. The stern attains to a height of about 1 ft.<br />
Early in summer it shoots forth slender branched peduncles in the<br />
axils of leaves, bearing 4 petaled yellowish green flowers. The<br />
stem and leaves irritate the tongue.<br />
509. Nerine japonica, Miq., Jap. Higan-bana, Shitamqgari,<br />
Manju-shake ; a bulbous plant of the order Amaryllideaj<br />
growing wild everywhere. In winter its leaves come forth and<br />
die in summer. In autumn the peduncles grow to a height of<br />
about 1 ft., and bear several flowers in clusters at the top. They<br />
are 6 petaled and of a deep red colour, having long stamen.<br />
Vulgar people eat the bulbs by drying and steaming. An inferior<br />
starch is obtained from them. The leaves and flowers of this and<br />
the next plant are produced at different times.<br />
Lycoris sanguinea, Maxim.<br />
510.<br />
, Jap. Kitsunc-no-kamison ;<br />
a species resembling the preceding, growing wild in shady places.
129<br />
The leaves are light green, and grow straight upward not crowded<br />
in one place. The flowers are orange red, and the roots have the<br />
same form and quality as the preceding. There is also a variety<br />
with white flowers.<br />
511. Veratrum album, L., var. grandiflora, Jap.<br />
BaikcisQ, Hai-no-doku ; a perennial herb of the order Meranthficeae<br />
growing wild in moist places in mountains. The stalk is<br />
3-4 fts. high, and its branches bear 6 petaled yellowish white<br />
flowers.<br />
Male and female flowers are separated on different plants,<br />
but sometimes complete flowers are found. The roots are<br />
poisonous, and are used to destroy flies and other injurious insects.<br />
512. Veratrum stamineum, Max., Jap. Kobaikei,<br />
Shishi-no-habaki ; a species of the preceding of a smaller size.<br />
Its quality and use are the same, but its flowers do not have green<br />
veins as the preceding.<br />
513. Veratrum nigrum, L.\ Jap. Skuro-so, Nikko-rau;<br />
a close ally of 511 with narrower leaves. The flowers are dark<br />
purple, and have a disagreeable odour. The roots and young<br />
sprouts are covered with something like chamaerops fibres, whence<br />
the name S/uiro-so (chamaerops herb). A small sized species is<br />
called Ao-yagi-sQ. which is the same in quality and use.<br />
Is<br />
514. Alisma plantago, L., Jap. Saji-omodaka ; a perennial<br />
herb of the order PlantagineaB growing wild in swampy<br />
places. In summer its stem grows to a height of 2-3 fts. and<br />
is divided into several branches, bearing 3 petaled small white<br />
purple-shaded flowers. The tuberous roots are dried and used as<br />
medicine, but the stems and leaves are poisonous. There is another<br />
species with narrow leaves called Hera-omodaka.<br />
515. Arisaema prsecox, Deverise., Jap. Yuki-mochi-so ;<br />
a bulbous herb of the order Aroideas growing wild in mountains.<br />
The leaves are ternate, and the stem attains to a height of about<br />
\\ fts. It bears spathaceous flowers with snow white pistils.<br />
516. Arisaema thunbergii, Blume., Jap. Maidsuru-
130<br />
tennanstti ; a bulbous plant of the order Aroideae growing wild<br />
in shady places in mountains. The leaves are parted into 4 on<br />
the petiole. It grows to a height of about 1 ft., and bears flowers<br />
in spathes. The head of the pistils<br />
is small and pointed.<br />
517. Arissoma serratum, 77/., Jap. Hebi-no-daihachi,<br />
Mamushi-gusa ; it resembles the preceding in quality. The leaves<br />
are broad and serrated. The stem is covered with a purplish<br />
brown variegation like the colour of a snake, whence the name<br />
is<br />
derived.<br />
518. Arissema ringens, Schott., Jap, Musashi-abumi ;<br />
this resembles Arisaema praecox (515). The flowers have the<br />
form of a stirrup, whence the name.<br />
519. Pinellia tuberifera, Ten., Jap. Karasu-bishaku,<br />
Hesobe ; a bulbous plant of the order Aroideae growing abundantly<br />
in fields. It is a small weed, but is injurious to other<br />
cultivated plants. The stem grows a height of 7-8 inches,<br />
bearing small long dark purple spathaceous flowers. The roots<br />
are used as medicine when dried. There is a kind, with the stem<br />
about 1 ft.<br />
high, and larger leaves, flowers, and roots, called<br />
Oba-hange.<br />
520. ArisSDma japoniCUm, fil., Jap. Tcnnamho, Yabukonniyaku<br />
; a bulbous plant of the order Aroidea3 growing wild<br />
in shady places, being the most common of this family. It<br />
resembles A. serratum (517) in shape, but the leaves have several<br />
divisions. The stems and leaves are quite green, but the spathe<br />
is stripped with purple and provided with a oblong finger-sized<br />
pistil, being<br />
dried and used for<br />
followed with small round berries. The roots are<br />
medicine, and also to destroy injurious insects.<br />
521. Arissema thunbergii, Blume., var. fofiolis<br />
angustioribus, Jap. Urashima-so ; it resembles A. thunbergii<br />
(516), but the tips of the pistils are slender drooping in the form<br />
of a fishing line. The roots are tuberous.<br />
522. Jap. Tengu-no-karakasa ; a terrestial fungus growing
131<br />
under trees in autumn. It grows to a height<br />
of about 6 inches.<br />
The size of the pilius is about 5 inches in diameter. The stem is<br />
provided with something like the guard on the hilt of a sword.<br />
This and the following fungi are all poisonous.<br />
523. Jap. Tojm-take ; a terrestial fungus growing<br />
in forests<br />
in autumn or summer. It attains to a height of 4-5 inches. Its<br />
thallus is about 5 inches in diameter, and yellow in colour. The<br />
gills are pink.<br />
524. Jap. Ochiba-take ; a terrestial fungus appearing in<br />
fallen leaves under woods in late autumn.<br />
525. Jap. Moyegi-take ; a terrestial fungus appearing in<br />
moist shady places under woods late in autumn. The shape and<br />
colour resemble very much those of Hatsu-dake (143), but with<br />
quite<br />
a different nature.<br />
526. Jap. Usu-take ; a terrestial fungus growing in shady<br />
places under woods late in autumn. The middle part of the<br />
thallus is concaved like a mortar, whence the Japanese name is<br />
derived. Both the thallus and stype are white.<br />
527- Jap. Haikoroshi-take ; a terrestial fungus growing in<br />
shady places under woods in late autumn. When it comes up at<br />
first it is like an egg, but bursts afterwards. It has a height of<br />
about 4 inches, and is white and gummy.<br />
528. Jap. KoinusQ-take ; a terrestial fungus growing in<br />
under woods from autumn to winter. Its thallus<br />
shady places<br />
forms a thin lining like a net over the top. Its surface is covered<br />
with yellow dust and has a disagreeable odour as a rotten animal.<br />
529.<br />
.lap. flaitori-take ; a terrestial fungus growing in<br />
shady places in late autumn. It resembles Shimeji-take (142) in<br />
shape. The thallus is greenish white. It is used to poison flies<br />
by mixing<br />
it into boiled rice.<br />
530. Jap. Tengu-take ; a terrestial fungus growing in moist
132<br />
shady places in the beginning of winter. It resembles very much<br />
Shimeji (142) in shape and colour, but about twice in height.<br />
531. Jap. Hotaru-take ', Tsukiyo-take ; a terrestial fungus<br />
produced under grasses in plains.<br />
It resembles Shimeji (142) in<br />
shape. In night this fungus gives a phosphoric light, whence the<br />
Japanese name is derived. There are several sorts with the same<br />
quality and name.<br />
532. Jap. Momiji-take, Warat- take ; a parasitic fungus<br />
growing on maple trees, resembling Matsu-take (mush-room) in<br />
shape. If a man eats this fungus, he will be poisoned and wil<br />
laugh, whence the name is derived.<br />
CHAPTER XXI.<br />
TIMBER TREES AND BAMBOOS.<br />
This Chapter contains timbers and bamboos, the stems of<br />
which are used for various purposes, as the buildings of palaces,<br />
houses, bridges, ships, railways, telegraplis.etc. Though they are<br />
different in qualities, as hard or soft, and flexible or brittle, yet all<br />
of them have their respective uses.<br />
They<br />
are also used as fuel.<br />
533. Magnolia hypoleuea, S. et Z., Jap. Ho-no-ki; a<br />
deciduous -tree of the order Magnoliacea? growing wild in<br />
mountains, attaining to a height of 40-50 fts. After the leaves<br />
shoot forth, it<br />
opens pale yellow flowers, which odour is too<br />
strong.<br />
The fruits are oval-shaped, and expose many red berries.<br />
The wood is yellowish or greenish, and is<br />
very fine in structure,<br />
being suitable to make tailor's tables, stamp-blocks, and many<br />
other things. The charcoal prepared from this wood is much<br />
prized by lacquer- makers and gold-smiths for polishing.<br />
534. Cercidiphyllum japonicum, S. et Z., Jap.<br />
Katsura ; a deciduous tree of the order Magnoliacead growing in<br />
mountains 40-50 fts. high. The two sexes of flowers grow<br />
separately on different plants. In spring,<br />
it<br />
produces pink
133<br />
flowers, before it sprouts, and in autumn it produces small pods.<br />
The wood is brown and fine grained, and is used for making<br />
chess-boards, tables, boxes, Japanese wood-shoes, and many other<br />
articles.<br />
535. JEsculus turbinata, Blume., Jap. Tochi-no-ki; a<br />
deciduous tree of the order SapindaceaB growing in mountains<br />
40-50 fts. high. In early summer, it<br />
produces white pink-shaded<br />
flowers in panicles on the branches. In late autumn, its round<br />
fruits ripen and expose nuts about 1 inch in size. The nuts are<br />
dried and eaten. The wood is pale yellow, and resembles the<br />
preceding two in use. It is manufactured by turners for making<br />
trays, plates, bowls, etc. The old wood is variegated and very<br />
pretty.<br />
535. b. Acer pictum, Th., Jap. Itaya-momiji, Tokiwakayede<br />
; a deciduous tree of the order Aceracea}, growing principally<br />
in northern countries. Its stem attains to a height of 40-50 fts.<br />
The wood is light brown and fine grained. As the grains of the<br />
old wood are very beautiful with a circular figure,<br />
ornaments of rooms or to make boxes. Sugar<br />
the juice of the fresh stems.<br />
it is used for<br />
is obtained from<br />
536. Melia japonica, G. Don., Jap. Sendan; a deciduous<br />
tree of the order Meliaceae growing to a height of 20-30 fts. In<br />
summer, its purple flowers open in panicles, being succeeded with<br />
oval fruits about 1 inch long. The fruits ripen in winter und<br />
become yellow. The wood resembles Zelkowa keaki (557).<br />
Especially the old wood is very beautiful. Besides this, there is<br />
a species called Osendan, which grows more rapidly and largely.<br />
537. Cedrela Chinensis, A. Juss., Jap. Chanchin; a<br />
deciduous tree of the order Cedrelaceae growing to a height of<br />
30-40 fts. In summer its small white flowers open in panicles<br />
and are succeeded with pods. When the pods are fully ripe in<br />
autumn they expose seeds which fly away. The leaves are<br />
disagreeably odorous, especially at night. A variety with red<br />
young leaves is called Akebono. The wood is red and hard. Its<br />
use is nearly the same as the former.
134<br />
538. Evodia glauca, Miq., Jap. Kihada; a deciduous<br />
tree of the order Zanthoxylaceae growing<br />
in mountains 80-40<br />
fts. high. It is a diaecious plant. In summer it yields fine<br />
yellow flowers, being succeeded with round black fruits, which are<br />
called Shiko-no-hei and used as medicine. The bark is used as a<br />
yellow dye and also for medicine. The wood is hard and used to<br />
make boxes and many other furnitures.<br />
539. Evonymus europsenus, var. hamilitonianus, Jap.<br />
Yama-nisldkigi ; a deciduous shrub of the order Celastraceae<br />
growing wild to a height of about 10 fts. Its light green flowers<br />
open at the same time with its leaves. When the fruits are ripe,<br />
their outer skins burst and expose red seeds. As the wood is pale<br />
yellow and fine grained it is used for making combs, ax-handles,<br />
other articles. It is also used by turners.<br />
and many<br />
540. Hovenia dulcis, Th. t Jap. Kenpo-nashi ; a<br />
deciduous tree of the order Khamnaceae growing wild to a height<br />
of several fts. In summer it<br />
yields small white flowers, and<br />
produces small fruits. The peduncles are delicious when they<br />
become fleshy and turn purple brown. The wood is hard, and<br />
especially when old it is very pretty. It is used to make tables,<br />
boxes, and other articles of furniture.<br />
541. Sophora japonica, Z,., Jap. Yenju ; a deciduous<br />
tree of the order Leguminocese planted in gardens, growing to a<br />
height of 20-30 fts. In summer it bears pale yellow papilionaceous<br />
flowers, being succeeded with pods containing many seeds.<br />
The wood<br />
The pod<br />
is contricted between the seeds like a rosary.<br />
is fine grained and hard, being used for many purposes. Imiyenju<br />
(Cladrastis amurensis) grows wild, and its wood is<br />
employed<br />
it is also called<br />
by turners. As the wood is black at its centre,<br />
Kuro-yenju (black sophora).<br />
542. Prunus pseud-cerasus, Lindl., Jap. Sakura; a<br />
deciduous tree of the order Rosaceae growing wild in mountains,<br />
being called Yama-zakura (mountain-cherry). The one pi tared<br />
in this book is called Some-yoshino. It attains to a height of
135<br />
20-80 fts. In spring, it<br />
opens light pink flowers, succeeded with<br />
small red purple<br />
fruits which have a subacid taste. The wood is<br />
brown and fine grained, being used for engraving and many<br />
other purposes. The bark is strong and smooth, being suited for<br />
knitting, fastening,<br />
etc.<br />
543. Prunus groyana, Max., Jap. Uwamidsu- saknra ;<br />
a deciduous tree of the order Rosaceae growing wild<br />
about 10 fts.<br />
high. In early summer it yields small white flowers disposed in<br />
panicles, being succeeded with pea-sized fruits, which are eaten by<br />
salting. The wood is yellowish red and fine grained. It is used<br />
in the same way as the preceding.<br />
544. Distylium racemosum, 5. etZ., Jap. Isu, Hyonno-ki<br />
; an evergreen tree of the order Hamamelideae much growing<br />
wild in warm regions, and also planted in cold countries. It<br />
attains to a height of 20-30 fts. After the new leaves shoot<br />
forth, it opens small dark red flowers in chusters. Insects very<br />
often make their nests on the leavesl, and afterwards the nests become<br />
emptyjshells, whichlare called Hiyon-ko. The wood is hard and<br />
fine grained, and its colour is red, with a dark brown centre. It<br />
is used to make combs, eating sticks, musical instruments, boxes,<br />
and other ornamental works. The ash of this wood is used as a<br />
glazing material of porcelain.<br />
545. Acanthopanax ricinifolium, S. et Z., Jap.<br />
Hari-giriy Sen-no-ki, Yama-giri ; a wild deciduous tree of the<br />
order Araliacea3 growing to a height of 20-30 fts. The young<br />
In summer<br />
trees are very thorny, but when old the thorns fall off.<br />
it yields small yellowish white flowers in panicles. The wood is<br />
used for boxes and turnery.<br />
The young leaves are eaten.<br />
546. Cornus macrophylla, Wall., Jap. Midsuki, Midsuno-ki,<br />
Midsu-kusa ; a deciduous tree of the order Cornaceae found<br />
everywhere growing to a height of about 20 fts. In early summer<br />
it bears small white flowers arranged in an umbel, being succeeded<br />
with small round dark purple fruits. The wood is white and fine<br />
grained, but soft. It<br />
is used for turnery.
136<br />
547. Styrax japonicum, S. et Z., Jap. Yego-no-ki,<br />
Rokuro-gi, Chisha-tio-ki ; a wild deciduous tree of the order<br />
of about 10 fts. In early summer<br />
Styracaceae growing to a height<br />
it<br />
droops peduncles from the axiles of leaves, and opens white<br />
flowers, which are succeeded with small round fruits containing<br />
hard seeds. An oil is made from the seeds. Its wood is white<br />
and fine grained, being used mostly for the handles of umbrellas.<br />
547. b. Deutzia scabra, 77/., Jap. Utsugi; the wood of<br />
this tree is white and fine grained, being used for mosaic-works,<br />
and wooden nails.<br />
548. Viburnum opulus, L., Jap. Kanboku ; a deciduous<br />
shrub of the order Caprifoliaceae growing wild in cold<br />
regions, attaining to a height of 8-9 fts. In early summer it bears<br />
white flowers in an umbel being succeeded with small red fruits.<br />
As the wood is white, fine-grained, and flexible, it is used mostly<br />
for tooth-brushes.<br />
549. Diospyros kaki, L., Jap. Kaki ; as this plant is<br />
described in the Chapters of dye plants (368) and fruit trees (194),<br />
it is<br />
only mentioned here of its timber. The one, which central<br />
part of the wood is black and hard, is called Kuro-kaki (black<br />
ebony), and the one with black stripes is called S/iima-&a/a (striped<br />
ebony). Their qualities<br />
are not inferior to Kokutan wood. They<br />
other articles. The<br />
are used for turnery, mosaic works, and many<br />
one pictured jin<br />
this book is what we call Yaina-gaki (mountain<br />
The wood of Shinano-gaki (368) is also good.<br />
persimmons).<br />
550. Fraxinus mandshurica, Rupr., Jap. Shioji,<br />
Yachi-damo ; a deciduous tree of the order Oleaceaa growing wild<br />
in cold regions, attaining to a height of 20-30 fts. In early<br />
summer itf yields small narrow petaled flowers in clusters, being<br />
succeeded with small pods. The wood is yellowish white, hard,<br />
and fine grained, being used for scale-rods, spokes of wheels,<br />
handles of several articles, and many others.<br />
551. Olea aquifolium, S. et Z., Jap. Hiiragi ; an ever-
137<br />
green tree of the order Oleaceae growing wild,<br />
and also planted in<br />
gardens. The stem attains to a height of 10 fts. In autumn it<br />
bears fragrant small white flowers in clusters in the axils of<br />
leaves, being succeeded with small oval fruits which are purplish<br />
blue when ripe.<br />
The wood is white, hard, and fine grained,<br />
and is used to make combs, chop-sticks, engravings, abacus,<br />
wooden toys, chess-men, etc.<br />
552. Paulownia imperialis, S. et Z., Jap. Kiri ; a<br />
deciduous tree of the order Scrophulariaceae planted everywhere<br />
growing to a height of 20-30 fts. Before sprouting it bears purple<br />
or white labiate flowers in panicles. The fruits have capsules,<br />
shaped like a pigeon's egg, and expose many small winged seeds.<br />
The wood is soft and white, and hollow in the centre. The fine<br />
grained old wood is called Shiina-giri, and is used for making<br />
musical instruments, various cases, -tables, etc.<br />
553. Cinnamomum camphora, Nees^ Jap. Kusu-noki<br />
; an everygreen tree of the order LauraceaB produced<br />
regions, growing 30-40 fts. high and several feet in circumference.<br />
In early summer, it produces long peduncles from the axils of<br />
in warm<br />
leaves, and bears small pale yellow flowers. The fruits are peasized<br />
and black. The wood is gray and fine grained, and when<br />
old it becomes harder and brown. The old wood has a circular<br />
figure and cloud-like variegation. It is used for building houses<br />
and ships, and also to make book-cases, garment-cases, and many<br />
other articles, but it is not suitable for table- vessels, because it is<br />
too odorous. Camphor<br />
is made from this wood. .<br />
553. b. Machilus thunbergii, 5. et Z., Jap. Tamaknsu,<br />
Ao-kusu, Yama-kusu, Kara-damo, Inu-kusu ; an evergreen<br />
tree of the order Lauraceae growing in warm regions, Staining to<br />
a height of several feet. In autumn it<br />
blooms, and in the following<br />
summer purplish black fruits are produced. The wood is<br />
dark brown, hard, and fine grained, and the old wood has beautiful<br />
whirls and cloud-like variegation. An oil is taken from the<br />
seeds, and the bark is used for dying.
138<br />
554. Lindera hypoleuca, Max., Jap. Kuromoji ; a deciduous<br />
shrub of the order Lauracege, growing wild in mountains<br />
of many countries, attaining to a height of 7-8 fts.<br />
yellow flowers in clusters on the branches, being<br />
It bears small<br />
succeeded with<br />
pea-sized round fruits which are black when ripe. The bark is<br />
black and fragrant. The wood is white and fine grained, and is<br />
used for making tooth-picks. The branches and stems are used<br />
for fences.<br />
555. Rottlera japonica, 5. et Z., Jap. Akame-gashiwa :<br />
a deciduous tree of the order Euphorbiaceas growing wild in many<br />
regions, attaining to a height of 20-30 fts. It is a dia3cious plant.<br />
In summer it bears small pale yellow flowers in panicles, being<br />
succeeded with many thorny fruits which burst and expose small<br />
black seeds when they ripe. As the wood is red and fine grained,<br />
it is used for boxes and pillars of Japanese houses.<br />
556. Buxus japonica, Mull., Jap. Tsuge ; an evergreen<br />
shrub of the order Euphorbiacese, growing wild in mountains of<br />
warm regions. The famous places for this plant are Mikura-jima<br />
of Idsu, Asakuma-yama of fse, Kosho-yama of Chikuzen, the<br />
provinces of Satsuma and Osumi, Okinawa-island f<br />
etc. The<br />
shape of the leaves differs according to the places where they<br />
grow, and the colour of the wood also differs. It attains to a<br />
height of about 10 fts. It is a monaecious plant. In summer it<br />
bears yellowish flowers, being succeeded with pea-sized fruits.<br />
The wood is yellow and fine grained, and in hardness it is superior<br />
to many other woods. It is very valued to make combs, engravings,<br />
stamps, etc.<br />
557. Zelkowa keaki, Sieb., Jap. Keyaki ; a deciduous<br />
tree of the order Urticaceoe growing wild or planted everywhere,<br />
attaining to a height of 30-60 fts. In spring it produces male and<br />
female flowers separately at the same time with new leaves. The<br />
flowers are small and yellow, and are succeeded with small flat<br />
seeds. The young wood is<br />
yellowish white, hard and tough,<br />
being used for houses, ships, tables, boxes, handles of various
139<br />
articles, etc. The old wood is dark brown and hard, and is<br />
prized for the whirling and cloud-like variegation of its grain,<br />
being used for various articles, it is<br />
though rather brittle.<br />
558. Celtis sinensis, Pers. }<br />
Jap. Ye-no-ki ; a deciduous<br />
tree of the order Urticaceas<br />
growing wild everywhere, attaining to<br />
a height of 40-50 fts. It has diaecious, monaecious or perfect<br />
flowers. The flowers are small and yellow, being succeeded with<br />
small round fruits which turn red when fully ripe. The sweet<br />
pulp of the fruits is edible. The wood is yellowish<br />
fine grained, but soft, and it is used for turnery.<br />
white and<br />
558. b. Morus alba, L. ,<br />
Jap. Kuwa ; as the wood of this<br />
tree (294) is yellow and hard, it is valuable for making various<br />
vessels.<br />
559. Ulmus parvifolia, Sacq., Jap. Aki-nire, Ko-mre ;<br />
a deciduous shrub of the order Urticaeeae growing wild everywhere,<br />
attaining to a height of 20-30 fts. In summer it bears<br />
small light green flowers, being succeeded with flat- pods. The<br />
wood is brown, hard and fine grained, being used for many<br />
purposes. A species called Haru-nire grows very fast.<br />
560. Salix multinervis, Fr. et Sav., Jap. Kori-yanagi,<br />
Kobu-yanagi ; a deciduous shrub of the order Amentacea? growing<br />
wild near water. Those which grow in Province Tajima are<br />
esteemed as the best. The stems grow to a height of 6-7 fts.<br />
in groups. The stems are used for plaiting after the bark is taken<br />
off and bleached.<br />
561. Populus tremula, L., var. villosa, Wesm,, Jap.<br />
Yama-narasJii, Hako-yanagi, Maruba-yanagi ; a deciduous tree<br />
of the order Amentaceae growing wild in mountains in ranny<br />
districts. It is a diaecious plant. The stem grows to a height of<br />
20-30 fts. In spring<br />
it<br />
produces catkins before it sprouts. The<br />
wood is white, fine grained and tough. It is used to make toothbrushes,<br />
boxes, engravings, etc.<br />
562. Populus Suaveolens, Fisch., Jap. Dero-yanagi,
140<br />
Doro-yanagi, Wata-no-ki ; a deciduous tree of the order Amentaceae<br />
growing in mountains of cold regions, attaining to a height<br />
of 20-30 fts. It is a diaecious plant, and produces catkins before<br />
the leaves come forth. When the seeds ripen, a kind of fibre like<br />
cotton is<br />
exposed. The wood is white, fine grained,<br />
brittle, being principally used for matches.<br />
soft and<br />
563. Quercus glandulifera, Bl., Jap. Nara-no-ki 9<br />
Konara ; a deciduous tree of the order Amentaceaa growing wild<br />
to a height of 20-30 fts. It is a monaecious plant. Before<br />
sprouting it produces catkins, with acorns on the cups. The<br />
wood is hard arid strong, and is suited for fuel. The stems and<br />
branches are used to cultivate a kind of mush-room called Shiitake<br />
(140) on them. The kernels are eaten. The shape, quality and<br />
use of these species are almost common to each other.<br />
563. b. Quercus crispula, BL, Jap. Onara, Midsunara<br />
; a species closely allied to the preceding. It is a large tree<br />
found wild in mountains.<br />
It has the same uses as before.<br />
563. C. Quercus variabilis, Bl., Jap. Wata-nara> Watakunugi,<br />
Abemaki ; a species of Quercus (295) with thick bark<br />
which is used as cork. The new bark, grown after the outer<br />
bark was stripped off, is<br />
very suitable for this purpose. It requirse<br />
about 10 years to get good bark.<br />
563. d. Quercus serrata, Th., Jap. Kwmgi; the wood<br />
of this tree (295) is the best as fuel.<br />
564. Quercus acuta, 77*., Jap. Aka-gashi, O-gashi; an<br />
evergreen tree of the order Amentacea3 produced in warm regions,<br />
growing to a height of 20-30 fts. It is a monaecious plant. Its<br />
acorn resembles that of Q. glandulifera (563). The wood is red<br />
and hard, and is used to make wheels aud other articles.<br />
564. b. Quercus gilva, Bl. y Jap. Ichii-gashi ; an evergreen<br />
tree of the order Amentaceas. As it<br />
produces edible acorns,<br />
it is described in the chapter of fruits (226. b.). It grows to a<br />
height of 30-60 fts. It is a monaecious plant.<br />
The wood is red
141<br />
and very strong, being valued for oars. This wood is<br />
commonly<br />
called also Akagashi as the preceding.<br />
565. Quercus glauca, 77*., Jap. Shira-kashi ; an evergreen<br />
tree of the order Amentacea3 produced in warm regions,<br />
growing to a height of 20-30 fts. It resembles Q. acuta (564),<br />
but the leaves are thinner and the acorns smaller. The wood is<br />
white, but the use is almost the same as Q. acuta.<br />
566. Quercus phyllireoides, A. Gray, Jap. Ubamegashi,<br />
Imame-gashi ; an evergreen tree of the order Amentaceae<br />
produced in warm regions, growing to a height<br />
of about 10 fts.<br />
It resembles other oaks in shape, but as it grows very slowly,<br />
it is<br />
difficult to become a large tree. The wood is red and very hard.<br />
It is principally used for making oars, and also much used to<br />
make charcoal called Binc/w, which is prized for its great heat.<br />
567. Pagus Silvatica, L., Jap. Buna-no-ki ; a deciduous<br />
tree of the order Amentaceae produced in mountains of northern<br />
regions, growing to a height<br />
of 30-60 fts. It is a monaecious<br />
plant. It produces hairy fruits, which expose triangular kernels<br />
eatable by grilling. Oil may be taken from them. The bark<br />
contains tannin, and is used next to the oak. The wood is strong,<br />
being used for wooden spoons and turnery.<br />
567. b. Castanea vulgaris, Lamk., var. japonica, D.C.,<br />
Jap. Kuri-no-ki ; the wood of this tree (221) is hard and durable,<br />
being suitable to be used in damp places.<br />
567. c. Carpinus luxiflora, Bl., Jap. Soro-no-ki, Inushide<br />
; a wild deciduous tree of the order Amentaceae growing to<br />
a height of 20-30 fts. Barren and fertile flowers grow separately,<br />
and they are succeeded with drooping scaly cones or catkins. The<br />
wood is used to produce Shii-take or as fuel. The stem has an<br />
uneven surface, being used as pillars for curiosity.<br />
568. Betula alba, L., Jap. Shira-kaba ; a deciduous tree<br />
of the order Amentaceae growing wild in northern countries, attaining<br />
to a height of 30-40 fts. it is a monaecious plant, blooming
142<br />
in summer. The male flowers droop in catkins, and the female<br />
form a round scaly cone containing many small seeds between the<br />
scales. The bark of the wood is thin and easily peeled off, being<br />
used for plaiting and tying, and also to make various articles.<br />
The wood is white and fine grained, being used for boxes and<br />
turnery.<br />
569. Betula alba, L., var. tauschii, Reg., Jap. Mine-hari,<br />
Ono-ore ; a deciduous tree of the order Anientaceaa growing in<br />
mountains of northern countries, attaining to a height of 20-30 fts.<br />
In summer it bears monaecious flowers, and are succeeded with<br />
small fruits like those of Han-no-ki. The wood is light brown,<br />
hard and fine grained, being used for making the reed of looms,<br />
combs, etc.<br />
570. Pterocarya rhoifolia, S. et Z./ Jap. Sawa-gurumi,<br />
Kawa-gurumi', Yasu-no-ki ; a deciduous tree of the order Juglandaceae,<br />
growing wild in mountains of cold regions, attaining to a<br />
height of 20-30 fts. The flowers are monaecious, and are succeeded<br />
with small fruits provided with wings. The wood is white,<br />
fine grained and light, and it is used for making boxes, Japanese<br />
clogs, etc. The polished bark is made into various articles, being<br />
called Juko-hi in Nikko.<br />
571. Juniperus rigida, S. et Z., Jap. Nedsumi-sashi,<br />
Muro ; an evergreen tree of the order Coniferae growing wild in<br />
mountains. The stem grows straight to a height of 20-30 fts. It<br />
is a diaecious plant. In summer it<br />
produces small flowers from<br />
the axils of leaves, being succeeded with round pea-sized black<br />
The wood is hard and yellow with a fragrant resinous<br />
oily fruits.<br />
odour, being used for ornamental pillars, shelves, and small<br />
articles.<br />
572. Juniperus Chinensis, L., Jap. Beni~byakushin t<br />
Ibuki ; an evergreen tree of the order Coniferae growing wild.<br />
The one which grows on a high mountain seems like a shrub, and<br />
the one which grows in plain stands straight attaining to a height<br />
of about 10 fts. In summer it<br />
produces monaecious flowers, and
143<br />
then fruits. The leaves have two forms. The wood is reddish<br />
brown, hard and fine grained with a fragrant resinous odour. The<br />
use is nearly the same as the preceding.<br />
573. Thuja dolabrata, L. t<br />
Jap. Hiba, Asunaro, Hinoki,<br />
Asuhi ; an evergreen tree of the order Conifers growing in mountains<br />
of northern provinces, attaining to a height of 30-40 fts. In<br />
summer it<br />
produces monaecious flowers and small balls. The<br />
wood is pale yellow, fine grained and lustrous, and is used for<br />
house-buildings and furnituras, being important next to Hinoki.<br />
The bark is used as Maki-hada, and also made into a rope-match.<br />
574. Thuya japonica, Max., Jap. Nezuko, Goro-hiba,<br />
Kurobe-sngi ; an evergreen tree of the order Conifers growing<br />
wild in mountains to a height of 20-30 fts. Jn summer it bears<br />
monaecious flowers. It resembles very much the preceding, bat<br />
smaller and better as a garden plant. The wood is dark brown,<br />
resembling Cryptomeria japonica, and is made into tables and<br />
several other ornamental furnitures. There is a different sort<br />
called Hime-asunarb, which is<br />
fine and slender.<br />
575. Thuya obtusa, Benih et Hook, Jap. Hinoki ; an<br />
evergreen tree of the order Conifers growing in mountains. Those<br />
produced in the Kiso mountain in Province S/iinano are very<br />
famous. It attains to a height of 30-60 fts., and in summer it produces<br />
monaecious flowers and then small balls. The wood is<br />
yellowish white, fine grained, and lustrous. This is one of the<br />
most useful timbers for house-buildings, bridges, etc., being very<br />
resistible against bending or contracting.<br />
576. Chamaecyparis pisifera, 5. et Z., Jap. Sawara ;<br />
an evergreen tree of the order Coniferae produced almost in the<br />
same districts as the preceding. The shape<br />
is also nearly same,<br />
but the leaves are more pointed and the cone smaller. The wood<br />
is more yellowish and softer. It is used in the same way, but<br />
inferior to the preceding.<br />
577. Cryptomeria japonica, Don., Jap. Sugi ; an ever-
144<br />
green tree of the order Coniferss produced abundantly everywhere,<br />
growing to a height of 30-60 fts. It is one of the plants growing<br />
to a considerable height. In summer it bears monaecious flowers,<br />
producing cones about the size of a finger. The wood is finegrained<br />
and light, being yellowish white on the outside and reddish<br />
brown inside. It is used for house and ship-buildings, bridges,<br />
boxes, tubs, and many other articles. The wood and bark are used<br />
to cover roofs, and the leaves are made into incence-sticks. The<br />
old wood when burried in a pond or marsh becomes dark green,<br />
and is<br />
very esteemed by the name of Jindai-sugi.<br />
f<br />
577. b. Cryptomeria japonica, S. et Z., Jap. Yakusugi<br />
; a variety of the preceding produced in the Island of Yakuskima<br />
of Province Qsumi. The old wood is<br />
brown, resinous, fine<br />
grained and hard. It is useful for making boxes, tables, and other<br />
ornamental furnitures.<br />
578. Podocarpus chinensis, Wall., Jap. Maki t Inumaki,<br />
Hitotsuba ; an evergreen tree of the order Coniferae found<br />
in mountains of many provinces, attaining to a height of 20-30 fts.<br />
It is a diaecious plant. The male flowers form drooping catkins,<br />
and the female produce berries formed of two pieces,<br />
one of which is red, freshy and edible, and the upper<br />
the under<br />
one is a<br />
green and pea-sized seed. The wood is white and fine grained,<br />
and is valuable for building. The wood of Koya-maki (707) is<br />
also called Ma&t-wood.<br />
578. b. Sciadopytis verticillata, S. et Z., Jap<br />
maki, Kusa-maki ; the wood of this tree (707) is esteemed for its<br />
durability against moisture. The bast of the trunk is called Maki-<br />
Jiada, and is used to stop the leaking of water.<br />
578. c. Torreya nucifera, 5. et Z., Jap. Kaya; the<br />
wood of this conifer (217) is yellowish white and fine grained,<br />
with a fragrant resinous odour, and is used for various buildings<br />
in moist places. It is also used to make chess-boards, chess-men,<br />
abacus, etc.
145<br />
579. Podocarpus nageia, R. Br., Jap. Nagi;<br />
an evergreen<br />
tree of the order Coniferae produced in warm regions,<br />
attaining to a height of 30-60 fts. It is a diaecious plant. The<br />
male flowers produce yellowish drooping catkins, and the female<br />
yield round fruits about the size of a finger. The wood is white<br />
and fine grained, and is used for furnitures and house building.<br />
580. TOXUS CUSpidata, 5. et Z., Jap. Ichii, Araragt,<br />
Onko ; an evergreen tree of the order Conifers growing in mountains<br />
of various provinces and especially in Zezo. It attains to a<br />
height of 20-30 fts. It is a diaecious plant.<br />
The male flowers<br />
droop greenish brown catkins, and the female produce small round<br />
fruits which are red and sweet when ripe, containing black seeds.<br />
The wood is brown and fine grained, with a fragrant odour. It is<br />
very good and highly prized to make tables, boxes, and many<br />
other articles.<br />
581. Pinus thunbergii, Parlat., Jap. Kuro-matsu,<br />
O-matsu ; an evergreen tree of the order Conifers growing<br />
plentifully on the sea coasts of southern provinces, attaining to a<br />
height of 30-60 fts. It is a monaecious plant. The male flowers<br />
form small catkins, and the female produce small cones which<br />
grow<br />
to the size of a small wrist in next autumn and then the<br />
scoles burst to scatter about the winged seeds. The wood is<br />
reddish white, fine-grained, and very resinous. It is used to build<br />
houses, ships, bridges, etc.<br />
582. Pinus densiflora, S. et Z., Jap. Aka-matsu,<br />
Me-matsu ; an evergreen tree of the order Conifers growing wild<br />
abundantly, attaining to a height<br />
plant. It is closely allied to the preceding,<br />
of 30-60 fts. It is a diaecious<br />
but the leaves are<br />
softer and the cones smaller. Its use and nature are also nearly<br />
the same. Jts round stem with bark is used as pillars and<br />
ornaments in the rooms of Japanese houses.<br />
583. Pinus parviflora, ^'. etZ., Jap. Hitne-ko-matsu ;<br />
an evergreen tree of the order Coniferae growing wild in mountainous<br />
districts of many provinces, attaining to a height of 30-60
146<br />
fts. It resembles the preceding in form, but it has 5 needles in<br />
leaves instead of 2. The wood is reddish white, fine-grained and<br />
resinous. It use is nearly the same as Kuro-matsu, but superior.<br />
584. Larix leptolepis, Gord., Jap. Kara-matsu, Fujimatsu<br />
; a deciduous tree of the order Coniferae growing wild in<br />
mountains, attaining to a height of 30-50 fts. It bears monaecious<br />
flowers, and the fertile flowers yield cones of the size of a thumb.<br />
The wood is hard and reddish brown, being used for buildings<br />
and esteemed for its durability.<br />
585. Abies firma, .9. et Z. t Jap. Momi / an evergreen<br />
tree of the order Conifers growing wild everywhere, attaining to<br />
a height of 30-60 fts.<br />
In summer it<br />
produces monaecious flowers,<br />
female yielding cones about 4-5 inches long. The wood is soft<br />
and white,<br />
and is used for buildings or for making boxes.<br />
586. Tsuga sieboldii, Carr., Jap. Tsuga, Toga; an<br />
evergreen tree of the order Coniferae growing wild in mountains<br />
in many provinces, attaining to a height of 30-40 fts. In summer<br />
it<br />
produces barren and fertile flowers, and yields small cones about<br />
the size of a thumb. The wood is hard and reddish white, being<br />
used for buildings and many other articles. The bark is used to<br />
dye fishing nets.<br />
587. Abies mengiesii, Land., Jap. 7o/ / an evergreen<br />
tree of the order Coniferse growing in mountains of many provinces,<br />
attaining to a height of 30-60 fts. In summer it produces barren<br />
and fertile flowers, being succeeded with cones resembling those<br />
of Abies firma, but slender. The wood is white, fine-grained and<br />
flexible being used to make round boxes and many<br />
other articles.<br />
There are several sorts of this genera, such as Shinko-matsti Matsu-<br />
y<br />
hada, etc., which are nearly the same in use and shape.<br />
588. Abies veitchii, Henk. et Hochst., Jap. Shirabc,<br />
Skirabi, Shirabio ; an evergreen tree of the order Coniferse growing<br />
wild in mountains of many districts, attaining to a height of<br />
30-60 fts. In summer it<br />
produces barren arid fertile flowers. Its
147<br />
cones resemble those of Abies firma. The wood is white and soft,<br />
being used for nearly the same purposes as the preceding. The<br />
Yczo-matsu of Hokkaido is closely allied to this.<br />
589. Phyllostachys Quilioi, Rw^ J ap<br />
.<br />
Madake, Kawatake<br />
; an evergreen bamboo of<br />
the order Graminea3 planted every<br />
where, growing wild in warm regions. It grows 60-70 fts.<br />
high<br />
and about H fts. in circumference. In May and June its young<br />
sprouts are eaten as vegetables. The sheathes covering the young<br />
bamboo have many uses. The best season to cut the stems is from<br />
the middle autumn to the middle winter.<br />
buildings and many purposes.<br />
The stems are used for<br />
590. Phyllostachys mitis, Riv. j ap<br />
.<br />
m&-chiku;<br />
a bamboo planted mostly in warm regions for the sake of its<br />
young sprouts, which are eaten as a vegetable (125. b.) It attains<br />
to a height of 40-50 fts., the circumference of its stem being about<br />
2 fts. It is inferior to the preceding in quality, but as it is larger<br />
it is used for buildings<br />
sheatli is used next to the preceding.<br />
and to make several sorts of vessels. The<br />
591. Arundinaria japonica, 5. et Z., Jap. Me-dake y<br />
Nayo-take, Shinobe-take ; a bamboo growing mostly in warm<br />
regions, being used especially for a shelter on sea-shores. The<br />
stem is slender, 20-30 fts. high, and 5-6 inches, in circumference.<br />
Autumn or winter is the best time for cutting<br />
it. It is used for<br />
buildings, hedges, fences, handles, rods, Japanese fans, and many<br />
other articles.<br />
592. Bambusa puberula, Miq., Jap. Ha-chiku, Kuretake<br />
; a bamboo planted everywhere much growing wild in<br />
monntains of warm regions. The greatest stem is 40-50 fts.<br />
high<br />
and 2 fts. in circumference. It resembles Madake (589) in quality,<br />
form, and use. It is admired on account of its spotless sheath.<br />
The stems are used as ropes, and the roots are also used as sticks<br />
and whips.<br />
p hy<br />
|| Mlmr(._<br />
ostachys ^^<br />
593. -<br />
2 - -M Ja P- Goma-dake, Kurochiku<br />
; a bamboo resembling the preceding in form, with thin
148<br />
leaves. The greatest stem is 20 fts. high, having a circumference<br />
of 5-6 inches. That with a black-spotted stem is called Gomatake,<br />
and that with a black stem Kuro-chiku. It is used to make<br />
sticks, handles of several articles, tables, book stands, and other<br />
various kinds of furnitures.<br />
594. Bambusa senanensis, Fr. et Sav. y<br />
Jap. Sudsutake<br />
; a bamboo growing wild in mountains, attaining to a height<br />
of 5-6 fts., with broad pointed leaves 5-7 inches long. The stem<br />
is slender, but strong, being used to make baskets and mats by<br />
splitting.<br />
It sometimes yields fruits which are used as food.<br />
594. b. Bambusa, Jap. Nemagari-take, Magari-take, Jintake<br />
; a bamboo growing in northern provinces. It resembles the<br />
preceding in form and quality, its stem being bent near the roots.<br />
595. Bambusa Chino, Fr. et Sav., Jap. Hakone-dake,<br />
No-dake ; a celebrated bamboo of Hakone mountains in Province<br />
Sagami. It grows to a height of about 10 fts. It is used for<br />
making hedges and also to make Japanese pipes, brush handles,<br />
fans, baskets, ropes etc.<br />
Note. Though the timbers and bamboos above mentioned<br />
are principally used for buildings, furnitures, or fuel, yet some of<br />
them yield edible fruits, some are employed<br />
for various other<br />
purposes, as paper-making, fastening, etc., and some are also<br />
planted as ornaments in gardens and avenues. Generally speaking,<br />
if we refer to the uses of woods, there is no plant whatever that<br />
has not a certain use. Even a small shrub and a tiny bamboo<br />
may be used as handles of various articles, sticks, whips, etc.<br />
There are also many other plants which stems are used as woods ;<br />
for examples Pyrus ussuriensis (189), Zizyphus vulgaris (188),<br />
Photinia japonica (192), and Juglans sieboldiana (219) in the<br />
chapter of fruit trees ; Camellia japonica, Elasococca condata (813),<br />
Khus succedanea (320), and Rhus vernicifera (321) in the chapter<br />
of oil and wax plants ; Charnyerops excelsa (711), Rhapis flabelliformis<br />
(712), and Bamboos in the chapter of evergreen gardentrees<br />
and shrubs. The various trees found in southern islands arc<br />
omitted here.
149<br />
CHAPTER XXII.<br />
DECIDUOUS GARDEN-TREES AND SHRUBS.<br />
This chapter contains the ornamental plants, which leaves<br />
fall in autumn. They are planted in gardens, and admised of<br />
their beautiful flowers, fruits, leaves and stems. The plants suitable<br />
for avenues, pot- plants, and vase-flowers are also mentioned<br />
here.<br />
596. Magnolia obovata, 77;., Jap. Mokurenge, S/iinwkuren<br />
; a garden tree of the order Magnoliaceas attaining to a<br />
height of about 10 fts. It opens the flowers, dark purple on the<br />
outside and purple inside, before it sprouts. There is a variety<br />
called Sarasa-renge (M. obovata purpurea), with small light purple<br />
flowers.<br />
597. Magnolia conspicua, Salisb., Jap. Haku-mokuren,<br />
Giokuran ; a garden plant of the order Magnoliacea3, attaining to<br />
a height<br />
of 10-20 fts. It is nearly the same as the preceding in<br />
form, but the flowers are pale white, being prized<br />
fragrant odour.<br />
for their<br />
597. b. Magnolia Stellata, Max., Jap. Shide-kobushi,<br />
Hime-kobtishi ; a species allied to Magnolia kobus (384). The<br />
flower consists of about 10 petals, which are narrow and pinkshaded<br />
white. There are still other varieties of Magnolia kobus,<br />
as called Qkobnshi (large) and Murasaki-kobtishi (purplish).<br />
598. Magnolia parviflora, S. et Z., Jap. Oyama-renge;<br />
a garden plant of the order Magnoliaceae growing to a height of<br />
about 10 fts. It resembles Magnolia obovata (596) in shape, but<br />
smaller.<br />
The flower is white with red stamens, and is fragrant.<br />
599. Sterculia platanifolia, ., Jap. Ao-giri, Itszi-saki;<br />
a garden plant of the order Sterculiaceae growing to a height of<br />
40-50 fts. It produces male and female flowers, and yields pods<br />
which burst when ripe and expose small round edible seeds attached<br />
to both edges of the pods. Fibre is prepared from the<br />
bark. The mucilaginous substance contained in the bark is used
150<br />
as a cement in pepar making. On account of its broad leaves and<br />
green stems, it is planted in gardens and as avenues.<br />
600. Stuartia pseudo-camellia, Max., Jap. Natsutsubaki,<br />
S/iara, Yama-kwarin ; a mountain tree of the order<br />
Ternstraemiacese attaining to a height of 20-30 fts. In summer it<br />
produces white single-petaled camellia-like flowers, whence the<br />
Japanese name. It is often planted in gardens,<br />
are admired to be kept in a vase.<br />
and the flowers<br />
601. Acer japonicum, 77;., Jap. Meigetsu-kayede, Hocliiwa-momiji,<br />
Itaya-meigetsu ; a mountain-tree of the order<br />
Aceracese, attaining to a height of about 10 fts. In spring it<br />
sprouts at the same time with its male and female flowers, and<br />
yields seeds with samara. The leaves are large and furnished<br />
with many segments and are prized as one of the most beautiful<br />
maples on account of their red tint in autumn.<br />
602. Acer trifidum, 77*., Jap. To-kayede ; a garden<br />
plant of the order Aceraceaa, attaining to a height of 20-30 fts.<br />
The shape of the flowers and fruits are the same as the preceding.<br />
The leaves are ternate, and are prized for their yellow tint in<br />
autumn.<br />
603. Acer polymorphum, S. et Z., Jap. Ichigioji; a<br />
mountain-tree of the order Aceracese attaining to a height of about<br />
10 fts. The flowers and fruits are nearly the same as those of the<br />
preceding, but the fruits fall when fully ripe, and then the foliage<br />
becomes dark red. A kind with large leaves is called Q-sakadsuki.<br />
There are several varieties of diverse forms and colours of leaves.<br />
The varieties originated from Acer polymorpburn, A. japonicum,<br />
A. pictum, etc. are very numerous.<br />
604. Acer polymorplmm, 5. et Z., var., Jap. Arisugawa-moiniji<br />
Beni-sJiidart ; a y<br />
garden plant of the order Aceraceae<br />
attaining to a height of 7-8 fts. Its branches have a drooping<br />
nature. This is distinguished for the unchanging dark red colour<br />
of its foliage with many dissected edges.
151<br />
605. Hibiscus mutabiliP, L. t Jap. Fuyo, Kihachisu ; a<br />
garden shrub of the order Malvaceae attaining to a height of about<br />
10 fts. la cold places<br />
its stems die every winter, but it brings<br />
forth new stems in the next spring, growing to a height of 3-4 fts.<br />
In late summer it bears single or double and white or red beautiful<br />
flowers. Fibre is obtained from the bark, and also this plant is<br />
used in the same way as Hibiscus syriacus (329).<br />
605. b. Hibiscus syriacus, Z., Jap. Mukuge, Hachisu;<br />
the fine flowers of this plant (329) are pink, white,<br />
and single or double.<br />
or blue colour,<br />
606. Vitis inconstans, ., Jap. Nishiki-dsuta, Natsudsj/ta<br />
; a climbing wild plant of the order Vitaceae. In summer<br />
it shoots forth small peduncles from the axils of leaves, and bears<br />
many tiny flowers which are succeeded with black bean-sized<br />
round berries. Late in autumn, the foliage turns beautifully red,<br />
whence the Japanese name.<br />
607. Evonymus alatuS, T/i., Jap. Nishikigi, Mayumi ;<br />
a mountain-shrub of the order Celastraceae, growing to a height of<br />
6-7 fts. Its stems and branches are furnished with longitudinal<br />
alate expansions. In summer it<br />
opens tiny flowers being succeeded<br />
with fruits which expose reddish yellow seeds when ripe.<br />
foliage turns beautifully red in late autumn.<br />
The<br />
608. Evonymus oxyphyllus, Miq., Jap. Tsuri-bana ;<br />
a mountain-shrub of the order Celastraceae, attaining to a height<br />
of 7-8 fts. The leaves and flowers resemble somewhat those of<br />
the preceding, but the fruits hang down at the ends of the long<br />
peduncles, exposing red seeds when ripe.<br />
609. Evonymus tanakeii, Max., Jap. Koku-tengi ; a<br />
garden tree of the order Celastraceae, attaining to a height of about<br />
10 fts. When planted in warm regions its leaves do not fall off.<br />
Late in autumn the leaves turn reddish purple. The flowers and<br />
fruits are nearly the same as the preceding.
152<br />
610. Milletia japonica, A. Gray, Jap. Natsu-fuji^ Doyo-<br />
Juji, Ko-fuji ; a climbing plant of the order Leguminosae found<br />
wild in warm regions. The flowers, fruits, and leaves resemble<br />
those of Wistaria chinensis (334), but smaller. ID mid-sumrner it<br />
opens white pale yellow flowers.<br />
611. Wistaria chinensis, S. et Z., var., Jap. Nodafuji;<br />
a climbing plant of the order Legumiriosae with long panicles<br />
of flowers, 2-5 fts. long. It is<br />
produced in Noda in Province<br />
Settsu, whence the Japanese name.<br />
611. b. Wistaria chinensis, S. et Z., Jap. Fuji> Yamafuji<br />
; the flowers of this climbing plant (334) are generally purple<br />
and single, but there is a variety with white and double flowers.<br />
They are used for a garden-ornament by letting creep over trellis.<br />
612. Lespedeza buergeri, Miq., var. intermedia, Jap.<br />
Hagi ; a leguminous wild or planted shrub, growing in bushes<br />
from one root and attaining a height of 4-5 fts. Its flowers open<br />
in autumn, and their colours are white, purple, or reddish purple.<br />
A variety blooming in summer is called Natsu-hagi. There is<br />
another variety called Miyagino-liagi, which is very pretty with<br />
red flowers.<br />
613. Cercis Chinensis, Bunge, Jap. ffaiuisuo, Suv-bana;<br />
a garden plant of the order Leguminosae attaining to a height of<br />
about 10 fts. In spring<br />
it<br />
opens reddish purple flowers in clusters<br />
before the leaves shoot forth, being succeeded with small pods.<br />
614. Albizzia julibrissin, Boivin, Jap. Nemu-no-ki,<br />
Koka-no-ki ; a mountain tree of the order Leguminosse growing<br />
to a height of about 10 fts., with bipinriate leaves. In summer it<br />
produces very ornamental flowers at the tops of the branches in<br />
the shape of a red tuft.<br />
615. Prunus mume, S. et Z., var., Jap. Bun-yei-bai ; a<br />
garden shrub of the order Kosaceaa attaining to a height of 1-3 fts.<br />
It bears flowers and fruits in the next spring after sowing. The
153<br />
flowers are white and 5-petaled, and the fruits are larger than<br />
those of Ko-mume (167).<br />
616. Prunus mume, S. et Z., var., Jap. Kobai ; its<br />
flowers are single or double and pink or dark red. The variety<br />
mentioned here is the common one.<br />
other kinds of different colours and forms.<br />
Besides this there are several<br />
617. Prunus pseudo-cerasus, Lindl. fl.<br />
pleno., Jap.<br />
Yaye-zakura ; a garden tree of the order Rosaceae attaining to a<br />
height of 10-20 fts. In spring before sprouting it bears many<br />
double light pink flowers, which are very fine. Besides the<br />
common one here mentioned, there are many varieties of white,<br />
red, yellow, or green and single or double flowers.<br />
617. b. Prunus pseudo-cerasus, Lindl. fl.<br />
simple,<br />
Jap. Hitoye-zakura ; a variety of the preceding with pink or red<br />
single petaled flowers.<br />
618. Prunus pseudo-cerasus, Lindl. fl.<br />
pleno., Jap.<br />
Fitgenzo ; a variety of the preceding. In spring after sprouting<br />
double pink flowers appear. These flowers produce crimson new<br />
leaves at the centre.<br />
619. Prunus SUbhirtella, Miq., Jap. Higan-zakura ; a<br />
garden tree of the order Rosaceaa, growing several fts. high. It<br />
blooms before sprouting in spring, and the flowers are single and<br />
pink, being followed witli small red berries, which turn dark<br />
purple when ripe.<br />
620. Prunus subhirtella, Miq., var. pendula, Jap.<br />
SJddare-zakura ; it has drooping branches, and the flowers and<br />
leaves are almost the same as the preceding, but more beautiful.<br />
621. Prunus japonica, 77/., Jap. Niwa-mume; a garden<br />
slirub of the order Rosaceae attaining to a height of 20-30 fts. In<br />
spring it opens single small white flowers shaded with pink, being<br />
succeeded with small purplish red berries of a bitter and aciduous<br />
taste.
154<br />
622. Prunus japonica, T/i. t var. B. glandulosa, Jap.<br />
Niwa-zakura ; its white or pink double flowers are very<br />
beautiful.<br />
623. Prunus persica, Benth et Hook, Jap. Momo ; this<br />
of its fruits. The<br />
plant (184) is admired of its flowers in spite<br />
common variety is mentioned here. There are several others with<br />
single or double and white or pink flowers.<br />
624. Prunus persica, Benth et Hook, fl. rubra, Jap.<br />
Hito ; a variety of peach prized for its double, deep crimson, and<br />
long durable flowers.<br />
625. Spiraea thunbergii, Sieb., Jap.<br />
Kogome-bana ; a mountain shrub of the order Rosaceae growing<br />
in bushes 4-5 fts. high. In spring<br />
it bears small 5-petaled<br />
flowers in clusters before the leaves. They look like snow flakes,<br />
whence the Japanese name.<br />
626. Spiraea prunifolia, 5. et Z., Jap. Shijimi-bana^<br />
Haje-bana ; a garden shrub of the order Rosaceae very much<br />
like the preceding in shape and quality, with round leaves and<br />
double white flowers in the form of balls.<br />
627. Spiraea cantonensis, Lour., Jap. Kodemari; a<br />
garden-shrub of the order Rosaceae attaining to a height of 3-4 fts.<br />
In spring<br />
it bears small white flowers in umbels in the form of<br />
small balls.<br />
628. Spiraea japonica, L., Jap. Shimotsuke; a mountainshrub<br />
of the order Rosaceae attaining to a height of 3-4 fts. In<br />
summer it bears small flowers forming umbels. Their colours are<br />
white, pink, red, etc.<br />
629. Kerria japonica, D.C., Jap. Yamabuki; a wild<br />
shrub of the order Rosaceae attaining to a height of 3-4 fts. In<br />
spring after sprouting it bears single or double yellow flowers.<br />
The variety of single flowers has several seeds on a calyx.
155<br />
630. Rhodotypos kerrioides, S. et Z., Jap. Shiroyamabuki<br />
; a garden shrub of the order Rosaceae attaining to a<br />
height of 4-5 fts. In early summer it bears 4-petaled<br />
white<br />
flowers on the branches, being succeeded with small round black<br />
seeds.<br />
631. Rosa acicularis, Lindl. Jap. Sakura-bara ; a garden<br />
shrub of the order Rosaceae attaining to a height of 4-5 fts. In<br />
early summer it bears 5-petaled pink flowers, resembling those of<br />
the cherry, whence the Japanese name is derived. Tne variety<br />
blooming in all seasons is called Koshin-bara. Besides this, there<br />
are Kibara, Ukyvbara, etc. with single or double and pink, white<br />
,<br />
or yellow flowers. There are still numerous varieties lately<br />
introduced.<br />
631. b. Rosa, Jap. Goya-bara, Kaido-bara, Ibara-shobi ;<br />
a garden shrub of the order Rosaceae resembling the wild rose<br />
(387) in shape, with its climbing stem. In summer it bears many<br />
red flowers forming a panicle. It is planted for hedges.<br />
631. C. Rosa microphylla, Roxb., Jap. Sansho-ibara ,<br />
Izayoi-ibara ; a mountain-shrub of the order Rosaceae attaining to<br />
a height of 5-6 fts. It is furnished with many tuorns, and its<br />
leaves resemble those of Zanthoxyllum piperitum, whence the<br />
Japanese name is derived. The flowers are pink and double with<br />
lac on one side, whence it is also called Izayoi-ibara. Its fruits<br />
ripen in autumn and liave an aciduous taste.<br />
631. d. Rosa hystrix, Lindl., Jap. Naniwa-ibara ; a<br />
climbing rose with a long thorny vine. In summer it bears single<br />
white flowers about 3 inches in diameter, resembling somewhat<br />
those of Camellia ;<br />
so it is also called Summer-camellia. There is<br />
a variety with pink and double flowers.<br />
631. 6. Rosa rugosa, 77;., Jap. Hama-nasu ; a garden<br />
shrub of the order Rosaceae attaining to a height of 2-3 fts. It<br />
grows wild on sandy ground near sea-shores in northern provinces.<br />
The flowers are generally single and red, but there are planted
156<br />
those with double and white flowers. They are very fragrant.<br />
The bark of the root is used for dying brown. In the district of<br />
Akita in Province Ugo it is used to dye<br />
632. Pyrus japonica, Th., var. genuina, Max., Jap.<br />
Boke, Karaboke ; a garden shrub of the order Rosaceae attaining<br />
to a height of 6-7 f ts. In spring before sprouting it bears pretty<br />
flowers, which are red, white, or variegated. The fruits are oval<br />
.and 2-3 inches long, resembling Pyrus cydonia (191), but smaller<br />
It is used in the same way, and also as a medicine.<br />
633. Pyrus japonica, 77/., var. pygma3a, Max., Jap.<br />
Kusa-boke, No-boke, Skidomi ; a wild shrub of the order Rosaceaa<br />
attaining to a height of 1-2 fts. In early summer it bears red<br />
with white flowers. Late in<br />
flowers. There is a garden variety<br />
autumn, the fruits ripen and are edible.<br />
634. Pyrus spectabilis, Sit., Jap. Kaido ; a gardentree<br />
of the order Rosacea? attaining to a height of about 10 fts.<br />
In spring<br />
it<br />
produces flowers on long peduncles. When they are<br />
still in buds, their colour is red, but when they open the outside<br />
of the petals<br />
is white and pink, and the inside is red. Sometimes<br />
they yield small round fruits a little larger than those of Nandina<br />
domestica.<br />
634. b. Pyrus, Jap. Nagasaki-ringp, Ko-ringo, Minarikaido<br />
; a tree resembling very much the preceding, growing a<br />
little larger. It is used to graft the preceding. The flowers are<br />
larger and lighter. It yields small apple-like fruits, which are<br />
yellow when ripe and are edible.<br />
635. Pyrus, Jap. Rinki, Rinkin, Beni-ringo ; a garden<br />
tree of the order Rosaceae growing in cold regions, attaining to a<br />
height of 40-50 fts. Its flowers resemble apple- flowers, but<br />
smaller. The buds are red, and white when open. It yields<br />
many red fruits, which are good<br />
to eat.<br />
636. Amelanchier asiatica, C. Kock., Jap. Shidezakura,<br />
Zaifuri-boku ; a mountain-tree of the order Rosaceas
157<br />
found in warm regions growing to a height of about 10 fts.<br />
Late<br />
in spring, it<br />
produces hairy leaves and narrow white 5-petaled<br />
flowers disposed in short panicles, looking very pretty when<br />
waving by wind.<br />
The fruits are small and red when ripe.<br />
637. Lagerstrcemia indica, L., Jap. Saru-suberi,<br />
Hiyakujikkv ; a garden-tree of the order Lythraceas attaining to a<br />
height of about 10 fts. In late summer, it opens pretty red<br />
flowers in panicles. Other varieties with purplish or white<br />
flowers have been lately introduced. The trunk of this plant has<br />
a smooth bark, and it is said that even monkeys cannot climb up<br />
it, whence the Japanese name.<br />
638. Deutzia scabra, 77/., Jap. Utsugi, Uno-hana ; a<br />
wild shrub of the order Philadelphaceye attaining to a height of<br />
56 fts. In early summer, it produces 5-petaled white flowers.<br />
There is a variety with double pink flowers.<br />
638. b. Deutzia sieboldiana, Max., Jap. Marubautsugi<br />
; a pretty shrub resembling very much the preceding, with<br />
round leaves and early blooming white flowers.<br />
1<br />
638. C. Deutzia gracilis, 5 . et Z., Jap. Hime-utsugi,<br />
Ckosen-utsugi ; a smaller type of Deutzia scabra growing to a<br />
height of about 1 ft., with pretty closely clustered flowers.<br />
638. d. Philadelphus coronarius, L., var. satsumi,<br />
Max., Jap. Baikwa-utsugi, Fusuma-utsugi, Yoyoga'tva-titsugi ; a<br />
wild shrub with broad leaves and large white 4-petaled fragrant<br />
flowers.<br />
639. Punica nana, L., Jap. Ckosen-zakuro, Nankinzaknro<br />
; a garden shrub of the order Myrtaccte attaining to a<br />
height of 1-2 fts. When cultivated in a fertile soil it grows to a<br />
height of about 10 fts. Jt resembles very much P. granatum,<br />
though smaller, with single or double flowers which are deeper red.<br />
639. b. Punica granatum, /.., var., Jap. Hana-zakuro ;
158<br />
it has double flowers, but no fruits. There exists another variety<br />
with white tips of petals.<br />
Both are pretty summer plants.<br />
640. Hydrangia horteusis, Smith, var., Jap. Ajisai /<br />
a garden half lignous shrub of the order Saxifragaceae growing<br />
in the form of a bush, attaining to a height of 4-5 fts. In early<br />
summer it bears flowers forming a large ball consisting of many<br />
pseudo-flowers with small real flowers hidden under them. They<br />
are white in the beginning, but turn blue and finally red. There<br />
are several sorts of the same nature.<br />
640. b. Viburnum plicatum, 77*. ,<br />
Jap. Temari-bana ;<br />
a variety of the preceding with white flowers forming a ball.<br />
641. CorylopsiS spicata, 5. etZ., Jap. Tosa-midsuki ;<br />
a garden shrub of the order Hamameliacere attaining to a height<br />
of 7-8 fts. In spring<br />
it<br />
produces yellow drooping flowers with<br />
the calyx and peduncle of the same colour, being succeeded with<br />
bean-sized fruits.<br />
642. Corylopsis pauciflora, 5. et Z. t Jap. lyo-midsuki,<br />
Inu-midsuki, Kodosa ; a species of the preceding. The leaves<br />
and flowers are much alike, but smaller.<br />
643. Hamamelis japonica, 5. et Z., Jap. Mansaku ; a<br />
mountain-tree of<br />
the order Hamameliaciae attaining to a height of<br />
about 10 fts. In spring before sprouting<br />
it bears flowers with<br />
shott peduncles. The petals are very slender and of a golden<br />
colour, looking like golden threads. A variety called Mumedsuye<br />
has smaller leaves and yellow flowers.<br />
644. Liquidambar formosa, var. maximowiczii, Jap.<br />
Fu ; a garden tree of the order Hamameliaceae introduced in the<br />
year 1811. It attaints to a height of 20-30 fts. In spring it<br />
produces male and female flowers at the same time with the<br />
leaves. The female flowers are succeeded with prickly ball. The<br />
leaves turn red in late autumn, and are very pretty.<br />
645. Cornus kousa, Bnerg., Jap. Yama-boshi, Karakwa,
159<br />
Itsuki ; a mountain-tree of the order Cornaceae attaining to a<br />
of about 10 fts. In summer it bears flowers in clusters in<br />
height<br />
the form of a small ball, at which centre are four large white<br />
sepals looking like petals. The ball produces a red pulp which is<br />
edible and delicious.<br />
646. Lonicera xylosteum, L., Jap. Hydtan-no-ki,<br />
Kingin-boku ; a mountain-shrub of the order Loniceracea3 attaining<br />
to a height of 5-6 fts. It blooms in early summer. The<br />
flowers are white at first, but turn yellow afterwards. The fruits<br />
have the form of gourd?.<br />
but not edible.<br />
They are red when ripe,<br />
647. Diervilla grandiflora, S. et Z., Jap. Hakoneiitsugi,<br />
Nana-boke ; a mountain-shrub of the order Gaprifoliacese<br />
found much on the mountains of Hakone, whence the name. In<br />
summer it<br />
produces many flowers in clustered panicles on the<br />
branches. They are white in the beginning, but turn pink and<br />
then red.<br />
648. Ehretia macrophylla, Wall., Jap. Mitsunagashiwa,<br />
Maruba-chisha, Tosa-giri ; a mountain-tree of the<br />
order Boraginacea3 found in warm regions, attaining to a height of<br />
20-30 fts. In summer it<br />
opens small yellowish white flowers in<br />
an umbel, being succeeded with bean-sized round fruits which are<br />
black when ripe. The leaves are thick and rough, being used for<br />
polishing purposes.<br />
649. Styrax Obassia, S. et Z., Jap. Hakuun-bokti, Obajisha<br />
; a mountain-tree of the order Styracaceae attaining to a<br />
height of 20-30 fts. In summer it bears white flowers in panicles,<br />
being succeeded with drooping fruits, which give an oil.<br />
650. Enkyanthus japonicus, Hook, Jap. DMan,<br />
Dvdan-tsutsuji ; a mountain-shrub of the order Ericaceae attaining<br />
to a height of 7-8 fts. In spring it produces white bellshaped<br />
small flowers drooping with long peduncles, and in late<br />
autumn its leaves turn red and arc very beautiful.
160 -<br />
651. Andromeda campanulata, Miq. t Jap. Yorakudodan,<br />
Yasltio-tsutsuji ; a mountain- shrub of the order Ericaceae<br />
attaining to a height of about 10 fts. It resembles the preceding<br />
in form, but the leaves are larger. Its pretty small crimson campanulate<br />
flowers droop down from the branches.<br />
652. Rhododendron sinense, Sweet, Jap. Ki-tsutsitji,<br />
Renge-tsutsuji, Ki-renge ; a wild shrub of the order Ericaceae<br />
attaining to a height of 5-6 fts. In early summer it bears yellow<br />
flowers in clusters. A variety with yellowish red flowers is called<br />
Kaba-renge.<br />
652. b. Rhododendron indicum, Sweet, var. kaempferi,<br />
Max., Jap. Yama-tsutsuji ; a mountain-shrub of the order<br />
Ericaceae, attaining to a height of 3-4 fts. In early summer it<br />
bears flowers on the branches resembling the preceding, but<br />
smaller.<br />
There are red and purple varieties, which latter is larger<br />
in general form and flowers, and blooms earlier.<br />
652. c. Rhododendron rhombicum, Miq., Jap. Mitsuba-tsutsuji,<br />
Iwayama-tsutsuji ; a mountain-shrub of the order<br />
Ericaceae attaining to a height of about 10 fts. Late in spring it<br />
bears purplish flowers, and when the flowers decay it produces<br />
three leaves in a circle, whence the name (three-leaved Azalea)<br />
is derived.<br />
652. d. Rhododendron ledifolium, Don., Jap. Nebatsutsuji,<br />
MocJii-tsutsuji ; a mountain-shrub of the order Ericaceae<br />
resembling Yama-tsutsuji (652. b.), attaining to a height of 8-4<br />
fts. In early summer it bears purplish flowers on the branches,<br />
provided with a sticky substance on the peduncles, whence the<br />
Japanese name (sticky Azalea) is derived. A variety with narrow<br />
leaves and petals is called Seigai-tsutsiiji.<br />
653. Ilex sieboldii, Miq., Jap. Mume-modoki ; a mountain-shrub<br />
of the order Aquifoliaceae growing to a height of<br />
about<br />
10 fts. In summer it<br />
opens small flowers, being succeeded witli<br />
small round berries which turn red or white when ripe in winter
161<br />
garden<br />
654. Jasminum sieboldianum, Bin me. .<br />
Jap.<br />
Obai / a<br />
shrub of the order Jasminacea) with a slender vine-like<br />
stem, being several feet long. In early spring<br />
it bears pure<br />
yellow flowers before the leaves, and is one of the trees which<br />
bloom very early. There is a variety called summer Jasmin with<br />
n< rsistant leaves.<br />
655. Tecoma grandiflora, Delaun., Jap. Nvzen-kadsura<br />
; a garden climber of the order Bignoniac&e. In late summer<br />
it<br />
produces panicles with several orange red flowers.<br />
656. Callicarpa japonica, Th., Jap. Yabu-murasakt,<br />
Mi-murasaki ; a wild shrub of the order Verbenacene attaining to<br />
a height of several feet. In summer it<br />
produces small purple<br />
flowers in clusters, being succeeded with small round purple<br />
berries. There are different sorts called Ko-murasaki (small<br />
purple), Yama-murasaki (mountain purple), etc.<br />
657- Salix babylonica, Z., Jap. Shidare-yanagi ; a<br />
garden tree of the order Amentaceae attaining to a height<br />
of 3-4<br />
fts. The branches are slender and drooping to the ground. It is<br />
a diyecious plant, blooming in spring before the leaves. The<br />
female flowers when ripe disperse white cotton-like fibres. The<br />
variety here mentioned is Rokkakudo which shoots forth long<br />
drooping branches. This plant thrives vrell in moist places, and is<br />
suitable for avenues and gardens.<br />
Itf is also used for vase-flowers.<br />
658. Salix buergeriana, Miq.> Jap. Neko-yanagi, Kawa-<br />
,<br />
yanagi Saru-yanagi ; a wild tree of the order Amentacea3 attaining<br />
to a height of about 10 fts. It resembles the preceding in<br />
aspect, but the branches do not droop. The female flowers are<br />
covered with soft silky hair, whence the name Neko-yanagi (cat<br />
willow) is derived. The branches are used for vase-flowers. The<br />
ripe seeds produce<br />
cotton- like fibre.<br />
658. b. Tamarix chinensis, Lour., Jap. Gyoryu / a<br />
garden tree of the order Tamaricacea3 attaining to a height of<br />
about 10 fts. The leaves look like needles, and the branches
162<br />
droop like the weeping willow. In summer and autumn it produces<br />
panicles of small pink flowers.<br />
658. c. Forsythia suspensa, Vahl., Jap. Rengfo, Itachi-<br />
&usa, Itachi-base ; a garden shrub of the order Oleaceae with<br />
slender drooping branches. In spring it bears 4-lipped tubular<br />
yellowish flowers before sprouting, being<br />
succeeded with heartshaped<br />
fruits.<br />
658. d. Stachyurus prsecox, S. et Z., Jap. Ki-fuji,<br />
Mame-fuji ; a mountain-shrub of the order TernstroemiaceaB<br />
attaining to a height of 8-9 fts. In spring it produces panicles of<br />
small yellow flowers 3-4 inches long, being succeeded with beansized<br />
fruits.<br />
658. 6. Citrus trifoliata, ., Jap. Karatachi, Kikoku ;<br />
a garden shrub of the order AurantiaceaB attaining to a height of<br />
5-10 fts. In late spring it bears 5-petaled white flowers, being<br />
succeeded with small round oranges,<br />
which are yellow when ripe.<br />
They are not eatable on account of their bitterness and acidity.<br />
The plants are used as stocks for grafting orange trees, and also<br />
for hedges.<br />
Note. Many other deciduous garden plants are contained in<br />
the chapters of fruits, oil and wax, textile and paper-manufacturing<br />
plants, dying, fragrant, medicine, and timber trees, etc., but they<br />
are omitted here.
VOLUME III.<br />
OIIAPTEK XXIII. EVERGREEN GARDEN-TEE ES AND SHRUBS.<br />
This Chapter includes all ornamental plants which leaves do<br />
not fall in any season. These are planted in gardens as ornaments<br />
on account of their green leaves and beautiful yellow or white<br />
variegation, and also for the beauty of their flowers. Besides<br />
these, some used for hedges, pot-plants, or vase-flowers are also<br />
mentioned here.<br />
659. Magnalia compressa, Max., Jap. Ogatama-no-ki ;<br />
a tree growing in mountains of warm regions, attaining to a height<br />
of about 10 fts. In early summer it bears white flowers' slightly<br />
shaded with pink, yielding fruits which expose red seeds when<br />
fully ripe.<br />
660. BerberiS japonica, R. Br,< Jap. Hiragi-nanten<br />
a garden shrub of the order Berberidacea3 growing to a height of<br />
3-4 fts. In early summer, it produces many small yellow flowers<br />
attached to a long stalk shooting out of the axils of leaves. After<br />
blooming, small dark purple berries are produced. Its leaves resemble<br />
those of Nandina domestica in form, and as its dented edges<br />
resemble somewhat those of<br />
name.<br />
Olea aquifolium, whence the Japanese<br />
661. Ternstrcemia japonica, Th., Jap. Mokkoku ; a<br />
garden tree of the order Ternstroemiaceae growing<br />
wild on seashores<br />
of warm regions. It attains to a height of about 20 fts. In<br />
the beginning of summer white flowers come forth, being followed<br />
with small fruits which burst and expose red seeds when ripe.<br />
Its reddish brown wood, being finely grained, is used to make<br />
several articles, and its bark is used for tincture.
164<br />
662. Cleyra japonica, 77;., Jap. Sakaki, Masakaki ; a<br />
mountain-tree of the order Ternstrosmiaceae attaining to a height<br />
of about 10 fts.<br />
Early in summer, yellowish white small flowers<br />
shoot forth, being followed with round berries. This tree is<br />
generally offered before gods.<br />
663. Eurya japonica, 77*., Jap. Hisakaki, Mesakaki,<br />
Shirashake ;<br />
a mountain-tree of the order Ternstroemiaceae attaining<br />
to a height of about 10 fts. Late in spring, small greenish<br />
white flowers appear on the axils of leaves, being succeeded with<br />
small berries which turn dark purple when ripe.<br />
664. Camellia japonica, L., var. aquifolium, Jap. Hiiragi-tsubaki<br />
; its leaves are dented, resembling those of Olea<br />
aquifolium. It is planted in gardens, growing to a height of 6-7<br />
fts.<br />
Its flowers are light pink or white.<br />
665. Camellia japonica, Z., var, Jap. Otome-tsubaki ;<br />
it<br />
grows in gardens to a height of 6-7 fts. Its small plants suit to<br />
plant in pots. Its flowers are double and pink or white, being<br />
esteemed for their beauty. Besides this, there are many varieties<br />
of Camellia, but they are omitted here.<br />
666. Camellia sasanqua, 7Y/., Jap. Sazankwa, Kotsubaki<br />
; a garden or mountain tree of the order Ternstroemiaceae,<br />
resembling very much Camellia japonica in<br />
form, though smaller,<br />
growing to a height about 10 fts. The flowers appear<br />
late in<br />
autumn, and they are single petaled and of several colours, pink,<br />
white, variegated, etc. Oil is taken from the seeds as in Camellia<br />
japonica.<br />
667. Pittosporum tobira, Ait., Jap. Tobera ; a mountain-tree<br />
of the order Pittosporaceae growing to a height of about<br />
10 fts.<br />
Early in summer, it produces yellowish white flowers<br />
forming a raceme among the leaves. The flowers are succeeded<br />
with round berries which expose red seeds when ripe.<br />
668. Ilex crenata, Tk., Jap. Inu-tsuge ; a mountain tree<br />
of the order Aquifoliaoeas growing to a height of about 10 fts.<br />
In
UNIVERSITY<br />
early summer, small yellowish green flowers open, being succeeded<br />
with small round dark purple berries.<br />
669. Ilex latifolia, 77/., Jap. Tarayo ; a mountain tree<br />
of the order Aquifoliacere, growing to a height of 20-30 fts. In<br />
summer small greenish flowers come forth in bunches, being followed<br />
with small red berries.<br />
669. b. Ilex Integra, 77/., Jap. Mochi-no-ki ; this tree<br />
(303) is much planted in gardens or for hedges.<br />
670. Evonymus japonicus, Th., Jap. Masaki ; a wild<br />
tree of the order Celastracere growing to a height of about 10 feet,<br />
being used generally for hedges. Various kinds of variegated<br />
leaves exist.<br />
In early summer small flowers open on the branches,<br />
and in late autumn the berries expose red seeds.<br />
671. Raphiolepis japonica, 5. et Z., Jap. Hamamokkoku<br />
;<br />
a wild shrub of the order Rosacese found on sea shores<br />
of southern provinces. It attains to a height of 3-4 fts., branching<br />
out horizontally. In early summer,<br />
it bears white flowers<br />
which resemble those of Prunus mume, being succeeded with dark<br />
purple berries.<br />
Its bark is used for dying (374. b.).<br />
672. Photima glabra, Th. t<br />
Jap. Kaname-mochi, Akamemochi,<br />
Kaname-gashi, Soba-no-ki ; a mountain tree of the order<br />
Rosacese growing to a height of about 10 fts. Its small trees suit<br />
well for hedges. In early summer small white flowers in a terminal<br />
cyrne appear on the branches, being succeeded with small<br />
round red berries. As the young leaves are red, they are called<br />
Aka-me (Red-shoots). The wood, being very hard and finely<br />
grained, is used for wheels and oars in Province Kii.<br />
673. Fatsia japonica, Decne. et Plane., Jap. Yatsude,<br />
Tcngn-no-hauchiwa ; a mountain shrub of the order Araliacea3<br />
growing in warm provinces. It attains to a height of 7-8 fts.,<br />
shooting stems in tufts from a root. In winter, branched peduncles<br />
are produced in the centre of the leaves, bearing small yellowish
166<br />
white flowers forming -round balls, being<br />
berries.<br />
followed with black<br />
674. Dendropanax japonicum, Seem., Jap. Kakuremino,<br />
Mitsude, Kara-mitsude, Miso-buta ; a mountain tree of the<br />
order Araliacere growing in warm provinces, attaining to a height<br />
of about 20 fts. Late in autumn, it yields flowers. It resembles<br />
the preceding in all respects, though its<br />
berries are a little smaller.<br />
675. Hedera helix, ., Jap. Fuyu-dsuta, Ki-dsuta ; a<br />
plant of the order Araliaceaa climbing on other trees or stones, or<br />
creeping on the ground. In some large vines, the stems are about<br />
34 inches thick. During winter it blooms being succeeded with<br />
fruits, which resemble those of Fatsia japonica, though smaller in<br />
size. A variety with dentate leaves is called Momiji-dsuta .<br />
676. Aucuba japonica, Tk., Jap. Aokiba, Aoki; a<br />
mountain shrub of the order Cornaceae growing to a height of 7-8<br />
fts. It is a dioecious plant. In late spring it shoots young stalks<br />
on the branches, bearing small purplish green<br />
flowers. Its fruits<br />
are red when ripe in winter. The leaves are white or yellow<br />
variegated or margined, and some are narrow. It thrives well in<br />
shady places.<br />
677. Rhododendron brachycarpum, Don., Jap.<br />
Shakunange ', Shaknnagi ; a mountain shrub of the order Ericaceae<br />
attaining to a height of 7-8 fts. Those growing on lofty<br />
mountains creep on the ground. Their large and thick leaves<br />
grow closely at the tops of the branches, and in their centre<br />
beautiful light pink flowers appear in clusters, looking like peonyflowers<br />
at distance.<br />
677. b. Rhododendron indicum, Sweet, var. obtusum,<br />
Max., Jap. Kirishima-tsutsuji ; a mountain shrub of the<br />
order Ericaceae attaining to a height of 3-4 fts. and sometimes<br />
about 10 fts. The leaves are small and the red flowers, which<br />
bloom all at the same time, are pretty. There are different<br />
varieties of flowers, small or large, single or double, white or<br />
purple, etc.
167<br />
677. c. Rhododendron indicum, Sweet, var. macrantlium,<br />
Max., Jap. Satsuki-tsutsuji ; it<br />
grows to a height<br />
of 3-4<br />
fts. Its flowers are a little larger than the preceding. The flowers<br />
are generally red or purple,<br />
open in May.<br />
but sometimes white. The flowers<br />
677. d. Rhododendron sablaneeolatum, Miq., Jap.<br />
Riukiu-tsutsuji ; it resembles the preceding in form, but larger.<br />
The flowers are white, and sometimes light purple.<br />
678. Ligustrum ciliatum, Sieb., Jap. Iwaki ; a garden<br />
shrub uf the order Oleacea? attaining to a height of 5-6 fts In<br />
early summer, it bears many small white flowers disposed in<br />
panicles, being succeeded with round dark purple berries.<br />
679. Daphniphyllum macropodum, Miq., Jap. F-<br />
dsuriha ; a mountain tree of the order Euphorbiaceae attaining to<br />
a height of about 10 fts. It is a diaecious plant, and in early<br />
summer small yellowish green flowers appear stalks produced at<br />
the centre of the leaves, being<br />
fruits.<br />
new year's days.<br />
followed with small oval black<br />
The leaves are used for a congraturating decoration on the<br />
680. Picus pyrifolia, Pair., Jap. Inu-biiva, Ko-ichijiku ;<br />
a wild tree of the order UrticaceiB, growing on sea-shores of warm<br />
regions, attaining to a height of about 10 fts. In late summer, it<br />
gives round fruits about the size of a thumb. When fully ripe,<br />
the fruits are dark purple, and edible. The bark is used for paper<br />
manufacture. The variety drawn in this book is the evergreen<br />
kind of Bonin Island.<br />
^<br />
681. Quercus sessilifolia, Bl., Jap. Tsukubane-gashi /<br />
a mountain tree of the order Amentaceae attaining to a height of<br />
about 30 fts. It resembles Quercus acuta (564), but its leaves<br />
shoot forth straightly in clusters.<br />
682. Quercus phyllireoides, A. Gray, var., Jap. Chi.<br />
rimen-gaslii , BiwayQ-gaski ; a variety of Ubame-gashi (566), but<br />
its leaves are wrinkled.
168<br />
683. Quercus thalassica, Hance, var., Jap. S/iimagashi,<br />
Mokume-gashi ; a variety of Shira-kashi (565), but its<br />
leaves are variegated. It is planted in gardens.<br />
684. Quercus lacera, Bl., Jap. Hiryo-gashi ; a species<br />
of Japanese evergreen oak. Its leaves are provided with acute<br />
narrow dents on the edges.<br />
685. Quercus pinnalifida, Fr. et Sav., Jap. Hagoromogashi<br />
; a kind of Japanese evergreen oak, named by the form of<br />
its leaves.<br />
686. Pinus densiflora, S. et Z., var., Jap. Shiragamatsu<br />
; its leaves have white variegation at their extremities.<br />
Besides this, a variety with white variegation in the middle<br />
part of leaves is called Ja-no-me, a variety with entirely white<br />
leaves Sliimo-furi-matsu, and a variety with yellow leaves Qgonmatsu.<br />
There are still several other varieties with different forms<br />
of leaves.<br />
687. Pinus koraiensis, 5. et Z., Jap. Chosen-goyo,<br />
Kansho, Chosen-matsu ; a garden tree of the order Conifer*<br />
growing to a height of about 30 fts. with 5 long needle-leaves.<br />
Its cones are large, being 7-9 inches, and their nuts are edible<br />
(217. c.).<br />
688. PinUS parviflora, S. et Z., Jap. Goyo-matsu,<br />
Shimo-fiiri-goyQ ; a garden tree of the order Conifers attaining to<br />
a height of 20-30 fts. There are also dwarf trees suited for artificial<br />
garden-mountains and pot-plants. Those growing in high<br />
mountains creep over the ground, with short leaves.<br />
689. Cunninghamia sinensis, R. Br. t Jap. Koyosan,<br />
Riuhi, Oranda-momi ; a garden tree of the order Conifers growing<br />
to a height of 30-40 fts. In late spring, male and female<br />
flowers open, and afterwards cones are produced<br />
at the extremities<br />
of the branches. The pointed leaves grow pinnately on the<br />
branches, and sting the hand when touched.
169<br />
Juniperus chinensis L. var.<br />
procumbens.<br />
690. - Jap. HaibiyakusJiin ;<br />
a garden shrub of the order Conifers. Its stems creep over the<br />
ground for the length of several feet.<br />
691. Juniperus chinensis, Z., Biyakushin, TaMbiyakushin,<br />
Sugi-biyakushin ; a conifer resembling the preceding,<br />
but standing straight to a height of about 10 fts.<br />
692. Biota orientalis, Endl., Jap. Konote-gashiwa ; a<br />
garde n/ Coniferous shrub attaining to a height of 6-7 fts. It<br />
grows<br />
ni n conical form, and its branches and leaves are arranged regularily.<br />
The leaves have no distinction on both sides and stand<br />
straight.<br />
693. Thuya obtusa, B. et //., var., Jap. Kamakura-<br />
Jiiba ;<br />
a beautiful garden-tree.<br />
694. Thuya Obtusa, H. et #., var., Jap. Chabo-hiba ; its<br />
leaves and branches are very short.<br />
695. Thuya obtusa, H. et B., var., Jap. Kujaku-Mba ;<br />
its leaves resemble peacock's feathers, whence its name is derived.<br />
A variety Qgon-kujaku (golden peacock)<br />
is a little larger in form.<br />
696. Thuya pisifera, 5. et Z., var., Jap. Shinobu-hiba ;<br />
its leaves are fine and beautiful.<br />
697. Thuya Obtusa, S. et Z., var., Yenbi-hiba ; it has<br />
long drooping branches, which almost reach to the ground.<br />
698. Chamsecyparis lycopodioid.es, var., Jap. Seirit.-<br />
hiba ,' its branches are long and drooping.<br />
699. Thuya pendula, Max., Jap. IHyoku-hiba ; it has<br />
drooping branches and leaves. There is a variety with whitf<br />
variegated leaves.<br />
700. Cryptomeria japonica, Don., var., Jap. Ogvnsugi<br />
; it is admired of its beautiful light yellow leaves.
170<br />
702. Cryptomeria japonica, Don., var., Jap. Yoresugi<br />
;<br />
703. Cryptomeria japonica, Don., var., Jap. Gorosugi<br />
;<br />
701. Cryptomeria japonica, Don., var., Jap. Yenko-<br />
; its long extending branches are like monkey-arms.<br />
its branches and leaves are twisted.<br />
its leaves grow in a beautiful compact order.<br />
704. Cryptomeria japonica, Don., var., Jap. Bandaisugi<br />
; its short leaves grow together and form dense balls on<br />
the branches.<br />
705. Cryptomeria japonica, Don. ,<br />
var. ,<br />
Jap. Aya-sugi;<br />
its leaves grow twisted on the branches.<br />
706. Cryptomeria japonia, Don., var., Jap. Yawarasugi<br />
;<br />
its leaves are fine and soft.<br />
706. b. Chamsecyparis squarrosa, 5*. et Z, Jap. Himuro,<br />
Hime-muro ; its leaves resemble those of the preceding,<br />
but finer and shorter. It grows to a height of about 10 fts. It is<br />
closely allied to Sawara.<br />
707. Sciadopytis verticillata, 5. et Z, Jap. Koyamaki,<br />
Kusa-maki ; a coniferous mountain tree growing high. In<br />
summer it bears male and female flowers, and afterwards cones<br />
about the size of a boy- wrist. It is esteemed for its splendid<br />
appearance in every season, with its stately ramified branches and<br />
umbrella-like arranged leaves. The wood is endurable for moisture,<br />
and its peeled bark is used by the name of Maki-hada.<br />
707. b. Podocarpus macrophylla, Don., Jap. Maki,<br />
Inu-maki ;<br />
it is planted in gardens, and also used for hedges.<br />
708. Cephalotaxus drupacea, S. et Z, var., Jap.<br />
Chvsen-gaya ;<br />
its leaves resemble the preceding, but smaller.<br />
709. Taxus tradiva, Laws, Jap. Kyara-boku ; it resembles<br />
Ichii (580).<br />
The stems are standing or creeping.
171<br />
710. Cycas revoluta, 77*., Jap. Sotetsu / it<br />
grows in<br />
warm regions, attaining to a height of about 10 fts. and branching<br />
in groups. Its stem is covered with scales, and is highly prized<br />
as an ornamental garden or pot- plant on account of its beautiful<br />
slender lanceolate leaves growing pinnately. The male inflorescence<br />
of this dioecious plant comes forth in the middle stem in the<br />
form of a club, being 2-3 fts. long, while the female flowers open<br />
on the hand-like stalks, to which the seeds are attached. The<br />
seeds are about the size of a small peach, and are of a bright<br />
colour. The kernels are edible when broiled (217. c.).<br />
Starch is<br />
obtained from its stem. Its leaves are used for plaiting hats<br />
and baskets.<br />
711. diamserops excelsa, Tk. 9 Jap. Shuro ; it is produced<br />
in warm regions. Its stem .Stains to a height of 30-40 fts.,<br />
growing straight in the form of a club. The leaves grow<br />
at the<br />
summit of the stem, and expand like fans on long peduncles. Male<br />
and female flowers grow on separate plants.<br />
The male flowers are<br />
yellow and millet grain sized, and the fruits of the female flowers<br />
are bean-sized. The outside of the stem is covered with hair called<br />
Shuro-no-ke, which is used for many purposes (349. c.).<br />
is also used as an ornamental wood.<br />
Its stem<br />
712. Rhapis flabelliformis, Ait., Jap. Shuro-chiku ;<br />
an ornamental palm produced in warm regions. Its sterns grow in<br />
groups, attaining to a height of about 10 feet. In cold regions,<br />
they do not grow so high, but only about 1 ft. The leaves are<br />
fan-shaped and deeply cut into segments. Its flowers open in<br />
spikes spreading into branches. Like the preceding,<br />
it is a di;ocious<br />
plant. Its fruits are small and round with scales. Its stems<br />
being tough and strong are made into sticks, umbrella-handles, etc.<br />
713. Rhapis kwannontik, Jap. Kwannon-chiku, Rinkiu-skuro-chiku<br />
; a palm resembling very much the preceding,<br />
but the stem is covered with much more fibres, and its dark green<br />
leaves are short and stiff.<br />
714. _ > Jap. KikkQ-chikn ; a variety origi-<br />
PhylJostachys heterocycia,<br />
Carr.
172<br />
nated from B. mosa (590), with its knots attaching alternately by<br />
one another, forming tortoise-shell-figures of a length of 1-2 fts.<br />
upon the ground.<br />
715. Bambusa Sterilis, Krz., Jap. Hotei-chiku, Gosanchiku<br />
; an ornamental and useful plant of the order Graminae,<br />
growing abundantly in warm regions, attaining to a height of<br />
about 10 fts. The knots of the lower part of its stem are very<br />
narrow and irregular, forming a curious appearance. It is<br />
very<br />
suitable as a fishing rod, and also used as a stick and an umbrellahandle.<br />
716. Bambusa marliacea, Jap. Shibo-chiku ; it is principally<br />
produced in Province Awaji. It attains to a height of<br />
about 10 fts. with a diameter -|-2 inches. It resembles Madake<br />
(589) with longitudinal wrinkles on its stem, which give<br />
it a<br />
gracious appearance, being used to make llower vases and for<br />
other such purposes.<br />
717. Bambusa pygmsea, Miq., Jap. Kimmei-chiku ; a<br />
garden bamboo growing to a height of about 10 fts. with a diameter<br />
of about 1 inches, resembling Madake (589) in shape. The<br />
stem is green on the side where the branches shoot forth, and the<br />
reverse side is yellow. The leaves have white stripes, and are<br />
very pretty.<br />
718. Bambusa sp., Jap. Han-chiku ; a mountain bamboo<br />
with many varieties. The variety drawn in this book is that much<br />
planted in the provinces of Onii arid Tamba. The diameter of<br />
the stem is about 1J inches. Jt lias cloud-like variegation.<br />
719. Bambusa quadrangularis, Jap. Shikaku-dake ,<br />
Shiho-chiku ; a garden bamboo growing to a height of about 10<br />
fts., with a quadrangular stern, which diameter is about an inch.<br />
The leaves are small and narrow resembling those of Madake. It<br />
is one of the most strange varieties.<br />
720. Bambusa sp., Jap. Narihira-dake ; a garden bamboo<br />
attaining to a height of about 10 fts. Its stem resembles that
173<br />
of Madake (589), and the leaves resemble those of Medake (591).<br />
Its sprouts appear in May, and are provided with thick strong<br />
sheaths.<br />
721. Bambusa sp., Jap. To-chiku ; a garden bamboo<br />
having a stem attaining to a height of about 10 fts.<br />
with a diameter<br />
of about 1 inch. The stems and leaves resemble the preceding,<br />
but tbe leaves somewhat thinner, and the stems lighter coloured.<br />
The distance between every knot is<br />
very long. The branches<br />
grow<br />
in thick clusters.<br />
722. Bambusa sp., Jap. Kan-chiku ; a garden bamboo<br />
attaining to a height of 5-6 fts. It is used for hedges. Its full<br />
grown height is about 10 fts. with a diameter of about 1 inch.<br />
The stem is purplish in the upper part.<br />
From late autumn to<br />
winter, it<br />
produces the young sprouts, which are good to eat.<br />
Phyllostachys bambusoides, S.etZ.<br />
723. Jap. Ya-dake, Ya-shino ; a wild bamboo<br />
attaining to a height of 7-8 fts. The leaves are broad and<br />
large, resembling those of Kuwa-zasa (732). As the stem is<br />
slender and strong, it is used to make arrows. It is also useful<br />
for making baskets, sieves, etc.<br />
Bambusa vulgaris,<br />
Wendl.<br />
724. Jap. Taisan-chiku, Tvgin-chiku ; a<br />
garden bamboo attaining to a height of 20-30 fts., with a diameter<br />
of about 2J inches. The stem is deep green with low even knots,<br />
and the leaves are broad, being very beautiful. It is easily propagated<br />
by cutting, but as it is originated in warm regions, it is<br />
often injured by cold.<br />
Arundinaria Hindsii, Munro.<br />
725. ^ . Jap. Taimin-chiku, Daimyo-dake ; a<br />
garden bamboo attaining to a height of about 10 fts., with a diameter<br />
of about 1 inch. The leaves and branches are slender and<br />
fine. The small plants are planted in pots or between rocks, and<br />
sometimes in water basins. The stems are suitable to make flutes.<br />
726. Bambusa sp., .lap. Kansan-chiku ; a garden bamboo<br />
attaining to a height of about 10 fts.,<br />
with the stem about an inch
174<br />
in diameter, resembling Medake in shape. Whips are made of its<br />
roots. The characteristic nature of this bamboo is that the leaves<br />
are erect and the branches straight upwards.<br />
or in water vases.<br />
It is planted in pots<br />
727. Bambusa nana, Roxb. Jap. rm-chiku; a garden<br />
bamboo attaining to a height of 4-5 fts. It is suitable for hedges,<br />
and the small ones are planted in pots. The stems grow in tufts,<br />
and its leaves grow closely together resembling a bird's tail.<br />
There is a variety with golden yellow longitudinal stripes on its<br />
stem, and also a variety with yellow and white stripes on its<br />
leaves. All these are the varieties of Usen-chiku (349) and Doyochiku<br />
(728).<br />
728. Bambusa sp., Jap. Doyo-ckiku, Chin-chiku, Kinchiku<br />
; the same species as Usen-chiku (349).<br />
As the stems grow<br />
in clusters, they are used for hedges. The character of this bamboo<br />
is that its<br />
underground stem creeps with close knots and the<br />
stem above the ground is straight with apart knots.<br />
It is used for<br />
a stick, umbrella-handle, etc. As the sheath is thick and very<br />
lustrous inside, it is used as a spoon.<br />
729. Bambusa sp., Jap. Sud-chiku ; a garden bamboo<br />
attaining to a height of 4-5 fts. Its young stem is red with green<br />
longitudinal stripes.<br />
730- Bambusa sp., Jap. Shakotan-cJiiku ; a mountain<br />
bamboo, being<br />
a kind of Kuma-sasa. The stem attains to a<br />
height of about 10 feet, and the part covered with sheash has a<br />
dark purple variegation. Its origin is in the districts of Shakotan<br />
in Hokkaidv, whence its name is derived. From its variegation it<br />
is also called Shako-han-ch/iku (partridge variegated bamboo). As<br />
the stems are tough and strong, they are used to make Japanese<br />
pen-holders, tobacco-pipes, sticks, and other articles.<br />
731. Bambusa Sp., Jap. Yakiba-zasa ; a mountain bamboo,<br />
being a variety of Kuma-zasa, attaining to a height<br />
of 3-4<br />
fts. with broard yellowish white margined leaves. It is very
175<br />
ornamental in gardens,<br />
and its leaves are used for various<br />
purposes.<br />
Bambusa vejtchjj> Carr<br />
732. _ . Jap. Kuma-zasa; a famous mountain<br />
bamboo attaining to a height of 5-6 fts.,<br />
with broad leaves about<br />
8-9 inches long. A large variety called Oni-kumazasa is about<br />
10 fts.<br />
high, and a small one called Ko-kumazasa is about 1 ft.<br />
high. The stems are slender and strong. It rarely gives grains,<br />
which are edible (20. c.).<br />
Phyllostachys Kumasasa, Munro.<br />
733. , Jap. Bungv-sasa, Okame-zasa, Tdbazasa,<br />
lyo-zasa ; a mountain bamboo growing to a height of 3-4<br />
fts. The stem is<br />
very slender with elevated knots, and the leaves<br />
shoot from each knot in a five-leaved-cluster. As its stems grow<br />
in groups, it is fitted for hedges. The stems are used to make<br />
baskets, etc.<br />
Note. Besides those mentioned here, there are many other<br />
plants which many be included in this chapter. The principal<br />
ones are as follows : in the Chapter of Timber Trees and Bamboos,<br />
Distylium racemosum (544), Olea aquifolium (551), Cinnamomum<br />
carnphora (553), Buxus japonica (556), Quercus acuta<br />
(564), Q. glauca (565), Q. phyllioides (566), Juniperus chinensis<br />
(572), Thuja dolabrata (573), T. japonica (574), Chamsecyparis<br />
obtusa (575), C. pisifera (576), Cryptomeria japonica (577), Podocarpus<br />
chinensis (578), P. nagaea (579), Taxus cuspidata (580),<br />
Pinus thunbergii (581), P. densiflora (582), P. parviflora (583),<br />
Abies firma (585), A. tsuga (586), Bambusa puberula (592),<br />
Phyllostachys nigra (590), etc. ;<br />
in the Chapter of Fruit-trees<br />
Photinia japonica (192), -Elcegnus longipes (213), Torreya nucifera<br />
(217), Quercus cuspidata (225), and Q. glabra (226); all<br />
kinds of oranges, which are good to plant in pots; in the<br />
Chapter of Plants for Luxury, Thea chinensis (283) and Ligustrum<br />
japonicum (290) ;<br />
in the Chapter of Oil and Wax Plants,<br />
Camellia japonica (311) and Cephalotaxus drupacea (314); in<br />
the Chapter of Dye-plants, Myrica rubra (374); in the Chapter<br />
of Odorous Plants, Olea fragrans (392) and O. fragrans (393) ;
176<br />
and in the Chapter of Poisonous Plants, lllicium religiosutn<br />
(484. b.),<br />
etcĊHAPTER<br />
XXIV. ORNAMENTAL PLANTS.<br />
This chapter contains all the trees, shrubs, or herbs, which<br />
are planted in gardens or flower-beds as ornaments, and also suitable<br />
for pot-plants or vase-flowers. All their flowers and leaves<br />
are very beautiful and graceful.<br />
734. Clematis patens, Morr., et Decne., Jap. Tessen ; a<br />
climbing plant of the order Ranunculacea3. In spring young<br />
shoots sprout from the old vines, and in summer blue flowers with<br />
small purple petals<br />
in the centre are produced, being about 2<br />
inches in diameter. There is another variety which yields white<br />
flowers with narrow purple petals<br />
in the centre.<br />
735. Clematis florida, 77*., Jap. Kazagitruma; a variety<br />
of the preceding, but it does not have purple petals in the centre.<br />
There are blue and white varieties. The variety with double<br />
white flowers is called Yuki-okoshi, and the variety with double<br />
blue flowers Ruri-okoshi.<br />
736. Anemonopsis macrophylla, S. et Z., Jap. Kusarenge,<br />
Renge-shoma ; a perennial mountain herb of the order<br />
Ranunculaceae growing to a height of about 2 fts. In summer each<br />
peduncle bears a white flower shaded with purple, resembling<br />
that of lotus.<br />
737. Anemone japonica, 5. et Z., Jap. Shumei-giku,<br />
Kibune-giku ; a perennial wild herb of the order Eanunculaceas<br />
growing to a height<br />
of about 2 fts. In autumn it shoots forth<br />
petioles with flowers at the tops. The flower is reddish purple,<br />
resembling that of chrysanthemum.<br />
738. Anemone cermia, 77*., Jap. Okina-gusa, Shagmasaigo<br />
; a perennial wild herb of the order Ranunculaceae. In
177<br />
spring it bears purplish red flowers, being followed with many<br />
white fruits.<br />
739. Anemone hepatica, Gort. y<br />
Jap. Misumiso, Yukiwart<br />
so, SuJuima-saishin ; an evergreen mountain herb of the<br />
order Kariunculaeeae. It produces one flower at the top<br />
of each<br />
peduncle. The flowers are of different colours, as red, purple,<br />
and white. It is often planted in hot houses for flowers in spring.<br />
740. Caltha palustris, ., var. sibirica, Reg., Jap. Yenkoso<br />
; a perennial herb of the order RanunculaceaB growing wild in<br />
marshy places. In late spring, it shoots oblique peduncles with<br />
yellow flowers. There is a variety called Riukinkwa with its<br />
peduncles growing straight upwards.<br />
741. Adonis amurensis, Reg. et Radd., Jap. Fukujiso ;<br />
a perennial herb of the order Ranunculacea3 growing in northern<br />
provinces. In spring peduncles with bright yellow flowers are<br />
produced at the same time with the leaves. It is planted in hot<br />
houses for selling in early spring. There are many varieties.<br />
742. Aquilegia glandulosa, Fisch., Jap. Odamaki,<br />
Odamakiso ; a perennial garden herb of the order Eanunculaceae.<br />
In late spring it bears single purplish blue or double white flowers<br />
at the tops of peduncles. The mountain variety is called Yamaodantaki.<br />
743. Poeonia albiflora, Pall., Jap. Shaku-yakti, Kaoyogusa<br />
; a perennial garden herb of the order Eanunculacea3. In<br />
spring it shoots forth stems, and in summer it bears flowers, which<br />
are single or double and red or white. The roots are used as<br />
medicine.<br />
There is also a mountain variety.<br />
744. Poeonia mautan, Sims. ,<br />
Jap. Botan, Hatsuka-gusa ;<br />
a deciduous garden shrub of the order Ranunculacea3. In spring<br />
it<br />
sprouts and bears single or double flowers of diverse colours,<br />
red, pink, etc. The roots are used as medicine, and the flowers<br />
are edible.
178<br />
745. AceranthUS diphyllus, Morr. et Deene., Japi<br />
Baikwa-ikarisf* ; a perennial wild herb of the order Berberidese.<br />
In late spring, it shoots forth its stalks and yields flowers arranged<br />
in panicles. The flowers are pinkish white, and some-what resemble<br />
plum flowers in shape, whence the Japanese name.<br />
746. Epimedium violaceum, Morr. et Dec., Jap.<br />
Tkariso ; a perennial wild herb of the order Berberidea3. In<br />
spring it produces branched stalks bearing white or reddish purple<br />
anchor-shaped flowers.<br />
747. Nandina domestica, Th., Jap. Nanten ; an evergreen<br />
shrub of the order Berberideae growing wild in southern<br />
provinces. Generally the stem grows to a height of 4-5 fts., but<br />
it sometimes attains to 10 fts. It produces small white flowers<br />
disposed in panicles being followed with round red or white<br />
berries.<br />
748. Nandina domestica, Th., var., Jap. Kinshinanten<br />
; a dwarf variety of the preceding, growing to a height of<br />
6-12 inches. The branches and leaves are very fine. There are<br />
many varieties.<br />
749. Nelumbo nucifera, Gartn., Jap. Hasu / a perennial<br />
herb of the order NymphasaceaB. Its roots and seeds are<br />
edible as described in 125 and 228. In summer it<br />
produces long<br />
peduncles above water-surface, bearing flowers on the tops. The<br />
flowers are of several sizes and colours, as white, pink, etc. As<br />
the flowers are very pretty, it is planted in ponds or basins.<br />
750. Nelumbo nucifera, Gcertn., var,, Jap. Ckawanbasu<br />
; a dwarf variety of the preceding, blooming well in small<br />
basins.<br />
751. Nymphsea telragona, BemerL, Jap. Hitsuji-kusa ;<br />
a perennial herb of the order Nymphaeaceas growing in marshes<br />
and ponds. Its leaves float on the surface of water. In middle<br />
summer it<br />
produces double white flowers which open afternoon.
179<br />
752. Nuphar japonicum, DC., Jap. Ko-hone / a perennial<br />
herb of the order Nymphaeaceae growing<br />
in marshes and<br />
ponds. Its leaves are above water-surface. In late summer it<br />
yields one yellow flower at the top of a peduncle. There are<br />
several varieties.<br />
753. Papaver somniferum, L. t<br />
Jap. Keshi ; a biennial<br />
garden herb of the order Papaveraceae, attaining to a height of 4-5<br />
fts. In early summer it<br />
opens flowers of various colours. Opium<br />
is made from the young fruits. Its young leaves are edible<br />
when boiled.<br />
754. Papaver rhseas, Z., Jap. Hina-geshi, Bijin-so ; a<br />
dwarf variety of the preceding, with hairs on its stem and leaves.<br />
The stem attains to a height of 1-2 fts.,<br />
and has only one flower<br />
on its top. There are several varieties as the preceding.<br />
755. Stylophorum japonicum, Miq., Jap. Yamabukiso,<br />
Kusa-yamabuki ; a perennial herb of the order Papaveraceae<br />
growing wild in shady placas. It blooms in late spring, and the<br />
flowers are yellow, resembling those of Yamabuki, whence its<br />
Japanese name. There is another variety with leaves, resembling<br />
those of Seri.<br />
756. Dicentra spectabilis, Miq., Jap. Kemcm-so, Yoraku-botan<br />
; a perennial herb of the order Papaveraceae growing<br />
in mountains or planted in gardens. In early spring<br />
its<br />
young<br />
plants shoot forth, and in late spring it produces peduncles with<br />
many pink flowers disposed in drooping panicles.<br />
757. Gynandropsis viscida, Bunge., Jap. Fucho-so,<br />
Yoka-kusa ; an annual herb of the order Capparidaceae. In<br />
and in autumn its<br />
spring it is sown, growing about a foot high,<br />
white flowers open at the tops of stems. The flower resemble<br />
flying Fucko (the name of a bird), whence the Japanese name is<br />
derived.<br />
758. Viola patrinii, DC., var. chinensis, Ging., Jap.<br />
Sumire, Sumotori-bana ; a perennial wild herb of the order
180<br />
Violacere. In early spring<br />
it shoots forth peduncles and opens<br />
dark purple flowers. There are several other varieties, light<br />
purple, pink,<br />
snow white, etc.<br />
759. Viola pinnata, ., var. dissecta, Furch., Jap. Yezosumire<br />
; a perennial wild herb of the order Yiolacese. In early<br />
spring it shoots forth peduncles with leaves, and only one flower<br />
blooms on each peduncle. The flower is white with purple<br />
stripes and light purple veins.<br />
760. Viola sylVGStris, Kit., var. grypoceras, A. Gray,<br />
Jap. Tachitsubo-sumire ; a perennial wild herb of the order<br />
Violaceae, growing to a height of about 1 ft. In early summer it<br />
bears reddish purple or purplish white flowers.<br />
761. Dianthus superbus, Z., Jap. Nadeshiko, Nonadeshiko,<br />
Tokonatsu ; a perennial wild herb of the order<br />
Caryophyllaceae, growing to a height of about 2 fts. In late<br />
summer it bears deeply cut thin petaled pink flowers.<br />
762. DianthUS Chinensis, ., Jap. Kara-nadeskiko,<br />
Sekichiku ; a biennial garden herb of the order Caryophyllaceae.<br />
It produces many stems from one root, growing to a height of<br />
about 6 inches. In summer it blooms at the top of each stem.<br />
The flowers are of different colours, as red, white, and variegated.<br />
763. Dianthus chinensis, L., var. hortensis, Jap. fsenadeshiko,<br />
Satsuma-nadeshiko, Osaka-nadeshiko ; a garden variety<br />
of Nadeshiko (761) with larger flowers. The flowers are single or<br />
double, and pink, purple, or variegated. The petals are cut<br />
finely, sometimes drooping 4-5 inches long.<br />
764. Lychnis grandiflora, Jacq., Jap. Gampi; a<br />
perennial garden herb of the order Caryophyllaceae. In early<br />
spring it sprouts, and in mid-summer it grows to a height of about<br />
3 fts., bearing flowers of various A colours. variety called<br />
Kuruma-gampi has<br />
of flowers.<br />
several opposite leaves, and produces clusters<br />
764. b. Lychinis grandiflora, Jacq., var. calicibus,
181<br />
.Tap. Matsumoto ; a variety resembling the preceding, growing to<br />
a height of about 2 fts. In early summer it bears red, white or<br />
variegated flowers.<br />
764 c. Lychnis senno, 5. et Z., Jap. Senmke ; a<br />
variety resembling the preceding, attaining to a height of about<br />
3 fts. In late summer it bears red, white or other coloured flowers.<br />
765. Lychnis miqueliana, Rohrb. y Jap. Fushigurosenno<br />
; a perennial wild herb of the order Caryophyllacere. In<br />
spring it sprouts, growing in summer to a height of 2-3 fts., when<br />
it<br />
produces 2 or 3 flowers which are red, white, etc.<br />
766. Silene stellarioid.es, Max., Jap. Shirane-gampi ;<br />
a perennial herb of the order Garyophyllaceae growing in high<br />
mountains. In spring<br />
it<br />
grows to height of about 1 ft., and yields<br />
white flowers in late summer. It is found in S/izrane-mouufaiu<br />
of Province Shimo-osa, whence the name is derived.<br />
767. Silene keiskei, Miq., Jap. Biranji, Sakura-senno ;<br />
a perennial herb of the order Caryophyllacea3 growing in high<br />
mountains. In spring<br />
it<br />
grows to a height of 4-5 inches, and in<br />
late summer reddish purple flowers are produced.<br />
768. Saponaria vaccaria, L. y Jap. Dokwan-so; a<br />
biennial garden herb of the order Caryophyllacere. It is sown in<br />
autumn, and shoots up in the following spring growing to a height<br />
flowers on the divided<br />
of 1-2 fts. In early summer it bears pink<br />
branches.<br />
769. Malva sylvestris, L., Jap. Zeni-aoi ; a biennial<br />
garden herb of the order Malvaceae. It is sown in autumn, and<br />
in the following spring it grows to a height of about 2 fts., when<br />
it bears purple, pink or white flowers at the axils of leaves.<br />
770. Althaea rosea, L., Jap. Tachi~aoi, Hana-aoi ; a<br />
garden biennial herb of the order Malvaceae. It is sown in<br />
autumn, and grows to a height of 5-6 fts. in the following spring.<br />
It blooms at the axils of leaves in summer. The flowers are<br />
single or double, and pink, white or purple.
182<br />
771. Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, L. y Jap. Riukiu-mukugc ,<br />
Bussoke ; a deciduous shrub of the order Malvaceae growing in<br />
warm provinces, attaining to a height of about 10 fts. In late<br />
summer it<br />
produces flowers coloured pink, brownish yellow, etc,<br />
Tn winter it is<br />
kept in hot houses.<br />
772. Pentapetes phoenicea, L., Jap. Goji-kwa / an<br />
annual garden herb of the order Sterculiaceae. It is sown in<br />
spring, and in late summer its yellowish red flowers open at noon,<br />
whence its name is derived.<br />
773. Hypericum salicifolium, S. et Z., Jap. Byoyanagi<br />
; a deciduous shrub of the order Hypericaceae growing<br />
wild in mountain- valleys, growing to a height of 4-5 fts. In late<br />
summer it bears yellow flowers, and the stamens are very long<br />
looking as golden threads.<br />
773. b. Hypericum patulum, Th., Jap. Kinshibai; a<br />
variety of the preceding, growing to a height of 2-3 fts., but the<br />
flower is smaller and the stamens shorter.<br />
774. Hypericum ascyron, L., Jap. Tomoyeso, Bydsd,<br />
Q-otogiri ;<br />
a perennial wild herb of the order Hypericaceae, growing<br />
to a height<br />
of 2-3 fts. In late summer each stalk bears<br />
yellowish flowers, which resemble those of the preceding.<br />
775. Geranium eriostemon, Fisch. ,<br />
Jap. Gunnai-furo /<br />
a perennial mountain herb of the order Geraniaceae. In spring<br />
it<br />
shoots, and in early summer, each peduncle bears light purplish<br />
red flowers.<br />
776. Impatiens balsamina, L., Jap. Hosenkwa; an<br />
annual garden herb of the order Balsaminaceae. It is sown in<br />
spring, and in summer it attains to a height of about 1 ft. The<br />
branches bear single or double, and red, white, purple or variegated<br />
flowers.<br />
777. Impatiens textori, Miq., Jap. TsurifunesQ^ Horaan<br />
annual herb of the order Balsaminaceae, growing in
183<br />
shady places as bushes and bamboo woods. It is sown in spring,<br />
growing to a height of about a foot in summer. Its flowers resemble<br />
the preceding, being single and light reddish purple.<br />
778. Impatiens nolitangera, Max., Jap. Kitsurifuneso<br />
; an annual herb of the order Balsaminaceae growing in shady<br />
places of mountains. It grows from the seed sown in spring, and<br />
attains to a height of about 2 fts. in summer. It resembles the<br />
preceding in form, but the flowers are yellow.<br />
779. Oxalis obtriangulata, Max., Jap. Yeizan-katabami,<br />
Miyama-katabami ; a perennial herb of the order Oxalidaceae<br />
growing in shady places of mountains. Its<br />
peduncles shoot<br />
up in late spring, opening white flowers with pink veins and light<br />
red lines.<br />
780. Boenninghausenia albiflora, Reich., Jap. Matsukajesv,<br />
Matsugaye-ruda ; a perennial herb of the order Eutaceae<br />
growing in mountains. In summer it grows to a height<br />
fts., and produces many small yellowish white flowers.<br />
of 1-2<br />
781. Dictamnus albus, L., Jap. Hakusen ; a small shrub<br />
of the order Kutaceae planted in gardens. In summer the stems<br />
grow to a height of 2-3 fts. Its flowers in panicles are white<br />
shaded with purple. The seeds resemble those of Fceniculuui<br />
vulgare.<br />
782. Thermopsis fabacea, DC., Jap. Sendai-hagi; a<br />
perennial herb of the order Leguminoceafi growing principally in<br />
the district of Sendai, whence its Japanese name is derived. It<br />
attains to a height of about 1 ft. It produces yellow papilioflowers<br />
in panicles and flat pods.<br />
783. Crotalaria sessiliflora, L., Jap. Tanuki-mame ;<br />
an annual wild herb of the order Leguminocese. It grows from<br />
the seed in spring, and in summer it attains to a height of about<br />
1 ft. It produces purple papilio-flowers, being succeeded with<br />
hairy pods.
184<br />
784. Cytisus SCOparius, Link., Jap. Yenishida ; an<br />
evergreen garden shrub of the order Leguminocese. The stems<br />
are dark green, and grow in groups. When several years old,<br />
they attain to a height of about 10 fts. In early summer they<br />
bear golden yellow papilio-flowers, being succeeded with pods.<br />
785. Spartium junceum, L. 9 Jap. Redama ; an evergreen<br />
shrub of the order Leguminocea3 produced in warm provinces.<br />
In winter it is<br />
kept in hot houses. The stem is dark<br />
green. It blooms in early summer, and the papilio-flowers are<br />
yellow and beautiful.<br />
786. Indigofera decora, Lindl., Jap. Niwa-fuji, fwafuji<br />
; a small wild shrub of the order Loguminocese. When<br />
young, it looks like a herb. In summer it grows to a height of<br />
1-2 fts., and produces red or white papilio-flowers in panicles.<br />
787. Indigofera tinctoria, L., Jap. Komatsunagi ; a<br />
small wild shrub of the order LeguminoceaB, growing to a height<br />
of 1-2 fts. In spring<br />
its<br />
young branches and leaves shoot forth,<br />
bearing in autumn reddish purple or white papilio-flowers.<br />
788. Astragalus sinicus, 77*., Jap. RengesQ, Gengebana,<br />
Shomenso ; a biennial wild herb of the order Leguminocea3. It<br />
creeps along the ground, and produces peduncles with purplish<br />
red papilio-flowers arranged in the form of an umbrella. It resembles<br />
the lotus flower in shape, though very small, whence its<br />
Japanese name is derived. The seeds are sown in autumn, and<br />
in the following year the plants are buried under the ground<br />
as<br />
manure.<br />
789. Lathyrus messerschmidii, Fr. et Sav., Jap.<br />
Nanten-hagi, Tani-watashi, Futaba-hagi ; a perennial wild herb<br />
of the order Leguminocese. In summer it<br />
grows to a height of<br />
about a foot, and in autumn it yields reddish purple papilioflowers,<br />
being succeeded with small pods.<br />
790. Lathyrus palustris, L., var. linearifolius, Ser. t<br />
Jap. Renriso, Kamakiriso ; a perennial wild herb of the order
185<br />
Leguminoceae. In early summer it grows to a height of about<br />
1 ft., and in autumn it<br />
produces peduncles from the axils of<br />
leaves, bearing deep purple papilionaceous flowers in panicles.<br />
791. Vicia sativa, Miq., Jap. Yahadsu-yendo ; a biennial<br />
leguminous wild herb. In spring<br />
its slender tendrils come forth,<br />
and in early summer It<br />
produces very small reddish purple papilionaceous<br />
flowers at the axils of leaves, and then pods.<br />
"<br />
792. Lathyrus maritimus, Mig., Jap. Hama-yendo ;<br />
a perennial leguminous herb growing on sandy<br />
sea-coasts. In<br />
early summer the stem grows and creeps over the ground, producing<br />
purple papilionaceous flowers from the axils of leaves.<br />
793. Rubus rosifolius, Sm., var. B. coronarius, Sims.,<br />
Jap. Tokin-bara, Tokin-ibara, Goyaogi ; a garden deciduous<br />
semi-ligneous shrub of the order Kosacea3. In summer its slender<br />
stem grows like a vine, bearing double yellowish white flowers,<br />
which resemble rose-flowers.<br />
794. Lythrum virgatum, L., Jap. Miso-hagi; a peren-<br />
Dial herb of the order Lythrariaceae growing in moist places. In<br />
summer it<br />
grows to a height of about 2 fts. In autumn it produces<br />
reddish purple flowers disposed in panicles.<br />
795. Bredia hirsula, B!., Jap. Hashikanboku ; an evergreen<br />
small shrub of the order Melastomaceae growing in warm<br />
countries. In autumn it is<br />
kept<br />
ivddish flowers in panicles at the ends of<br />
in hot houses. It bears several<br />
branches in late autumn.<br />
796. Melastoma macrocarpa, Don., Jap. Nobotan /<br />
an evergreen shrub of the order Melastornacese growing in warm<br />
provinces. In water it must be kept in hot houses. In summer<br />
it<br />
produces reddish purple flowers at the ends of branches and the<br />
axils of leaves.<br />
767- Myrtus tomentosa, Wight, Jap. Tenninkwa ; an<br />
evergreen slirub of the order Myrtacese grown in warm regions.<br />
In winter it must be kept in hot houses. In summer it bears
186<br />
pink flowers on small peduncles produced<br />
and the tops of branches.<br />
at the axils of leaves<br />
798. Epilobium angUStifolium, L., Jap. Yanagi-ran,<br />
Yanagi-sQ ; a perennial mountain herb of the order Onagraceas.<br />
In summer it attains to a height of 2-3 fts. Its flowers are reddish<br />
purple, being disposed in panicles on the branches. The seeds are<br />
provided with fibres.<br />
799. Passiflora cserulea, L., Jap. Tokei-so / an evergreen<br />
climber of the order PassifloraceaB growing in warm regions.<br />
In winter it must be kept in hot-houses. In summer it blooms at<br />
noon. The flower is provided with many fibrous petals,<br />
and the<br />
outer petals are white, while the inner petals are purple. Its<br />
pistils and stamens resemble a clock in form., whence the Japanese<br />
name is derived.<br />
800. Sedum sieboldi, Sweet, Jap. Misebaya-so, Tamano-o<br />
; a perennial garden herb of the order Crassulacea3. It has<br />
many drooping stems, and so it is planted in hanging baskets. In<br />
summer, it produces small pink flowers in branches at the top of<br />
the stem. The plants of this species do not fade without moisture,<br />
and thrive well from the cut stems.<br />
801. Sedum erythrostictum, Miq.<br />
,<br />
Jap. Benkeiso ; a<br />
perennial herb of the order Crassulaceae planted in gardens. It<br />
produces many leaves from one root and grows to a height of<br />
about 1 ft. In summer it<br />
produces many small pink flowers on<br />
the peduncles divided on the top of the stem.<br />
802. Sedum kamtschaticum, Fisch et Mey. t<br />
Jap.<br />
Kirinso ; a garden perennial herb of the order Crassulaceae. It is<br />
allied to the preceding, but the leaves are narrow arid the yellow<br />
flower-s are arranged in an umbel.<br />
803. Sedum, Jap. Iwa-kirinso ; a perennial herb of the<br />
order Crassulaceae growing in high mountains. Its stem grows to<br />
a height of about 1 ft. and stands obliquely. In late autumn, it
187<br />
opens small yellow flowers disposed in an umbel at the top of<br />
the stem.<br />
804. Sedum linear, 77/., Jap. Mannenso ; a perennial<br />
herb of the order Crassulaceas.<br />
It is planted on rocks in gardens.<br />
It grows to a height of 6-7 inches, and in summer it yields small<br />
5 petaled golden yellow flowers at the top of the stem.<br />
805. Sedum subtile, Miq., Jap. Maruba-mannenso ; a<br />
variety of the preceding with round leaves. It thrives well by<br />
road sides and between rocks. Its stem grows obliquely and<br />
reaches to a height of 4-5 inches. In summer it yields small 5<br />
petaled yellow flowers in bunches at the top of the stem.<br />
806. Cotyledon spinosa, Z., Jap. Tsumerenge ; an<br />
on roofs and<br />
evergreen herb of the order Crassulacea3 growing<br />
rocks. It is also planted in pots. In summer its stems grow to<br />
a height of 4-6 inches. It opens small pink flowers disposed in<br />
panicles.<br />
807. Cotyledon malacophyllum, Pall., Jap. Iwarenge<br />
; a variety of the preceding, but the leaves are round,<br />
broad, and covered with white powder. Its leaf resembles a<br />
lotus-flower.<br />
It also grows<br />
like a lotus.<br />
808. Opuntia fiscus, L., Jap. Sdboten ; a peculiarly<br />
in warm<br />
formed evergreen shrub of the order Cactaceae growing<br />
provinces. The stem is flat, broad and juicy, and covered with<br />
thorns. When young,<br />
it has slender leaves. It is about 1 ft.<br />
long and 2-3 inches broad and attached one upon another, reaching<br />
to a height of about 10 fts. In summer it produces double<br />
yellowish red flowers. The fruits resemble figs, and are thorny.<br />
They are edible when fully ripe.<br />
The young soft stem can be<br />
eaten as a vegetable. The juice is used for washing, whence the<br />
Japanese name Saboten (soap) is derived.<br />
809. Bibes ambiguum, Max., Jap. Yasha-bishaku,<br />
Tembai ; a deciduous small shrub of the order Saxifragacea?,<br />
growing on old trees of high mountains. It grows to a height of
~ 188<br />
1-2 fts. In summer it blooms, being succeeded with hairy small<br />
oval berries edible with. a sour taste.<br />
810. Saxifraga sarmentosa, ., Jap. Yukinoshita / an<br />
evergreen herb of the order SaxifragaceaB growing mountain<br />
valleys, and much planted on rock works of gardens. In late<br />
summer, it shoots forth long peduncles with white flowers composed<br />
of 2 large and 3 small petals.<br />
811. Saxifraga cortussefolia, 5. et Z., Jap. Daimojtso,<br />
YukimochisQ ; a perennial herb of the order Saxifragaceae growing<br />
in mountain valleys. In summer it<br />
produces white flowers in<br />
clusters forming a panicle.<br />
811. b. Saxifraga CortUSSefolia, S. et Z., var. mandida,<br />
Max., Jap. finjiso, Kikuba-daimojisv ;<br />
with chrysanthemum-like leaves.<br />
a variety of the preceding<br />
812. Saxifraga sendaica, Max., Jap. Sendaiso, Takiwakiso,<br />
ffariso ; a variety of the preceding with its stem 6-7<br />
inches high and thick smooth leaves in clusters. Peduncles shoot<br />
forth from the centre and bear small white flowers in bunches<br />
resembling the preceding.<br />
813. Tiarella polyphylla, Don., Jap. Dsuda-yakushu ;<br />
a perennial herb of the order Saxifragacea3 growing in mountainvalleys.<br />
In summer it bears small white flowers at the top of the<br />
stem, being followed with small pods containing line seeds.<br />
813. b. Mitella japonica, Miq., Jap. CharumerusQ, MeyukinosJuta<br />
; a variety of the preceding. Its flower looks like a<br />
trumpet.<br />
814. Astilbe japonica, Miq., Jap. Awamoriso, Awamorishoma<br />
; a perennial wild herb of the order Saxifragacese.<br />
The leaves are dark green and lustrous. In summer it<br />
grows to a<br />
height of about 1 ft., and yields small white flowers in panicles at<br />
the top.
189<br />
815. Rodgersia podophylla, A. Gray, Jap. Yaguruma-<br />
50 / a perennial herb of the order Saxifragaceas growing in high<br />
mountains. The 5 small leaflets attach to one petiole. In<br />
summer it<br />
grows to a height of about 2 fts., and bears small white<br />
flowers in clusters.<br />
816. Parnassia foliosa, Hook., Jap. Skirahtgeso, Hakusan-nadeshiko<br />
; a perennial herb of the order Saxifragaceae growing<br />
in high mountains. In summer it shoots forth a peduncle to<br />
a height of 6-7 fts. and bears flowers with 5 white fringed petals,<br />
resembling those of Dianthus superbus (761).<br />
817. Parnassia palustris, L., Jap. Mumebachisn ; a<br />
variety closely allied to the preceding growing wild. In late<br />
autumn it<br />
produces a peduncle of a height of 8-10 inches, and<br />
bears yellowish white 5 petaled flowers at the top.<br />
818. Hydrangea stellata, Max., Jap. Shickidankwa ; a<br />
deciduous shrub of the order Saxifragaceae growing to a height of<br />
3-4 fts. In summer it blooms light purple flowers. From the<br />
centre of the flower it<br />
produces another peduncle with flowers, and<br />
so on till<br />
5-7 stages.<br />
819. Deinanthe bifida, Max., Jap. Gingaso, Dangobatta,<br />
Ginbaiso ;<br />
a perennial herb of the order Saxifragaceie growing<br />
in high mountains, with a height of 1-2 fts. In summer it<br />
produces several peduncles with white flowers at the tops, resembling<br />
tea-flowers.<br />
820. Hydrangea involucrata, Sieb., Jap. Tama-ajisai;<br />
a deciduous semi-ligneous shrub of the order Saxifragaceas growing<br />
in high mountains, with a height of 3-4 fts. In summer it produces<br />
globous buds, being followed with small purplish pink<br />
flowers in clusters.<br />
821. Hydrangea involucrata, Sieb., var., Jap. Giokudankwa<br />
; a variety of the preceding with double flowers. From<br />
the centre of the flower it<br />
produces another peduncle with flowers.<br />
The flowers are greenish white at ii rst, and then turn reddish white.
190<br />
822. Cardiandra alternifolia, S. et Z, Jap. Kusa-gaku,<br />
Kusa-ajisai ; a perennial mountain herb of the order Saxifragaoeas,<br />
growing to a height of l|-2 fts. In summer it produces pink<br />
flowers in clusters.<br />
823. Patsia horrida, Smith, Jap. Haribuki, Kmnadara ;<br />
a deciduous mountain shrub of the order Araliaceas, growing to a<br />
height of 4-5 fts. Its leaves and stems are thorny. In summer<br />
it shoots peduncles at the top, and yields small light pink flowers<br />
in the form of a round bulb.<br />
824. Cornus canadensis, L., Jap. Gozen-tachibana ; an<br />
evergreen herb of the order Cornaceas growing in shady places of<br />
high mountains. It grows to a height of 4-5 inches. From the<br />
centre of the 6 leaves at the stem-end, it produces a peduncle<br />
with greenish white flowers, being succeeded with edible small<br />
red berries.<br />
825. Ixora Stricta, Roxb., Jap. Sandankwa ; an evergreen<br />
shrub of the order RubiaceaB found in warm regions. It<br />
does not thrive in cold regions. In summer it<br />
produces several<br />
peduncles, each with crimson flowers forming an umbel.<br />
826. Gardenia radicans, Thunb., Jap. Ko-kuMnaski,<br />
Yaye-kuchinashi ; an evergreen shrub of the order Bubiacese*<br />
being a variety of Gardenia florida (366). It is much planted in<br />
gardens. In summer it<br />
produces peduncles with double yellowish<br />
white flowers.<br />
827. Damnacanthus indicus, Gartn., Jap. Aridoski,<br />
Kotori-tomaradsu ; an evergreen small shrub of the order Rubiacea3<br />
found in the mountains of<br />
warm provinces, growing to a height of<br />
about 2 fts. Its thorny branches come forth in thick bushes. In<br />
early summer, it bears clove-like small white flowers, being succeeded<br />
with small round red berries which remain on the branches<br />
till<br />
the new berries of the next year are produced.<br />
828. Patrinia scabiossefolia, Link., Jap. Ominayeshi,<br />
Awa-bana ; a perennial wild herb of the order Valerianaceae,
191<br />
growing to a height of 3-4 fts. In late summer it produces<br />
beautitul yellow flowers in an umbel at the top of the stem.<br />
829. Scabiosa japonica, Miq., Jap. Matsumushiso,<br />
Rimbv-gikn ; a wild biennial plant of the order Dipsaceae, growing<br />
to a height of 2-3 fts. In autumn it shoots forth peduncles<br />
with small purple flowers in a composite form. Its young leaves<br />
are edible.<br />
830. Eupatorium Chinense, Miq.> Jap.' Fuji-bakama ;<br />
a wild perennial herb of the order Compositae, growing to a height<br />
of 3-4 fts. Late in autumn, it bears fragrant purple<br />
the top.<br />
flowers at<br />
831. Aster triuervius, Roxb., var. congesta, Fr. et Sav.,<br />
Jap. Kon-giku ; a wild perennial herb of the order Compositae<br />
closely allied to Aster cantoniensis (65). It grows to a height of<br />
about 1 ft., and in late autumn it bears deep purple flowers.<br />
832. Aster spathulifbiius, Max., Jap. Darwna-giku,<br />
SJiinano-giku ; a garden perennial herb of the order Compositae,<br />
growing to a height of about 1 ft. Its leaves are covered with<br />
fine hair. In autumn it<br />
produces several purplish pink flowers<br />
at the top.<br />
833. Aster tataricus, L. ,<br />
Jap. Shion / a garden perennial<br />
herb of the order Compositae, growing straight 5-6 fts. high.<br />
In late autumn it bears purplish flowers. There is a dwarf variety,<br />
being about 1 ft.<br />
high.<br />
834. Aster cantoniensis, DC., var., Jap. No-skungiku,<br />
Skungiku ; a garden perennial herb of the order Compositae, growing<br />
to a height of about 1 From ft. early summer to autumn it<br />
bears reddish purple flowers. There is also a variety with white<br />
flowers.<br />
835. SolidagO Virga-aurea, L., Jap. Akino-kirinso,<br />
Awadachisv ; a perennial wild herb of the order Compositae,<br />
growing to a height of 1-2 fts. In late autumn it bears 5 petaled
192<br />
small yellow flowers in panicles. There is also a variety with<br />
white flowers.<br />
836. Pyrethrum, Jap. Q-giku ; a perennial garden herb<br />
of the order Composite There are two .<br />
varieties, the summer and<br />
the autumn crysanthemums. The one here mentioned is the<br />
autumn variety. It grows to a height of 2-4 fts., and in early<br />
autumn it<br />
opens flowers with diverse colours, red, yellow, white,<br />
orange, etc. Some of the flowers are several inches in diameter.<br />
Their petals are also various, flat, tubular, etc.<br />
They are the best<br />
of the autumnal flowers.<br />
837. Pyrethrum, Jap. Natsu-gikti ; a perennial garden<br />
herb of the order Compositas, growing to a height of 2-3 fts. In<br />
summer it bears flowers of several colours and forms.<br />
838. Pyrethrum, Jap. Ko-gikii ; a perennial garden herb<br />
In late<br />
of the order Composite, growing to a height of about 1 ft.<br />
autumn its divided branches bear flowers of yellow, white, or red<br />
colours and of different sizes.<br />
They are mostly<br />
Iwa-giku.<br />
derived from<br />
v<br />
838. b. Pyrethrum, Jap. Kan-giku ; a variety<br />
preceding, bearing small yellowish flowers in late autumn.<br />
of the<br />
839. Leucanthemum nipponicum, Fr. et Sav., Jap.<br />
Hama-gikzi ; a perennial herb of the order Compositse, growing<br />
wild on sea-coasts and also planted in gardens. Its stems do not<br />
die through the year, growing about 2 fts. high. In late autumn<br />
it bears white flowers with a yellow centre at the tops of the<br />
branches.<br />
840. Leucanthemum arcticum, DC., Jap. Ko-hamagiku<br />
; a perennial herb of the order Composite, growing on the<br />
sea-coasts of northern provinces. It grows to a height of about<br />
1 ft., and in late autumn it<br />
produces white flowers which turn<br />
purplish pink when old.<br />
841. Callistephus chinensis, Nees., Jap. Ezo-giku,<br />
Satsuma-kon-giku ; a biennial garden plant of the order Com-
193<br />
posita?. It becomes also an annual plant according to the season<br />
iu which the seeds aiv sown, it grows to a height of 1-2 fts.<br />
The biennial one blooms in summer, and the annual one in autumn.<br />
The flowers are purplish blue, red, white, etc.<br />
842. Achillea sibirica, Led., Jap. Ha&oromosv t<br />
Noko-<br />
^iriso ; a perennial wild herb of the order Composite, growing to<br />
a height of 2-3 fts. In autumn it<br />
produces small white or pink<br />
1 lowers in clusters at the head.<br />
843. Artemisia schmidtiana, Max., Jap. Asagiriso :<br />
vergreen herb of the order Composite produced in northern<br />
provinces. Its leaves are slender, green, and lustrous. It grows<br />
to a height of 1-2 fts., and in autumn it bears small yellow<br />
ilowers in panicles.<br />
844. Gnaplialis japonica, Max., Jap. Arare-giku f<br />
Yama-hahako ; a perennial wild herb of the order Composite,<br />
growing to a height of about 1 ft. Late in autumn, it bears many<br />
small white flowers with yellow centres. The flowers remain still<br />
after the stems were withered by frost.<br />
845. Senecio japonica, Schitltz., Jap. Hankwaiso ; a<br />
perennial wild herb of the order Composite. Its leaves are broad<br />
and deeply dissected. It grows to a height of about 3 fts., and in<br />
autumn it blooms yellow ilowers on the branches divided at the<br />
head of the stem. There is a variety called C/torioso closely<br />
allied, but the dissection of the leaves is less and it<br />
grows to a<br />
height of about 5 fts. .<br />
846. Senecio ksempferi, DC., Jap. Tsuivalniki ; an<br />
evergreen herb of the order Composite?, growing wild on the s< -acoa>ts<br />
of southern provinces and also much planted in gardens.<br />
In autumn its stems grow to a height of about 2 fts. and divided<br />
into branches, Injuring yellow flowers. The petioles of the young<br />
leaves are eaten as a vegetable (07. K). The variety called<br />
V-tsuwabuki is<br />
largr,<br />
and the \T: -d Kan-tsuwabuki<br />
blooms in winter.
194<br />
847. Senecio fiammeus, DC., Jap. Korinkwa; a perennial<br />
herb of the order Composite closely allied to Senecio campestris,<br />
growing wild in the dry places of mountains and fields.<br />
It grows to a height of about 1 ft., yielding many reddish yellow<br />
flowers at the top of the divided branches.<br />
848. Calendula officinalis, L., Jap. Kinsenkwa ; n<br />
biennial garden herb of the order Composite. It becomes annual<br />
according to the time of its sowing. It grows to a height of about<br />
1 ft. The biennial blooms in late spring, and the annual in late<br />
autumn. The flowers are reddish yellow or light yellow, and n<br />
variety with large flowers is called Tokinsen.<br />
849. Echinops sphserocephalus, L., Jap. Rn<br />
Higodai ; a perennial wild herb of the order Composite, growing<br />
to a height of 2-3 Its. In autumn it bears composite flowers forming<br />
very pretty purplish blue balls at the top of the divided stems.<br />
850. Cnicus SpicatUS, Max., Jap. Yama-azami, Oniazaun<br />
; a perennial wild herb of the order Composite growing to<br />
a height of about 2 fts. The leaves and stems are thorny.<br />
.In<br />
late summer, it is divided into branches at the top, and bears<br />
reddish purple<br />
J lowers.<br />
850. b. Cnicus buergeri, Max., Jap. No-asami ; it<br />
resembles the preceding, but smaller. It blooms in early summer,<br />
and the flowers are purple. There is a variety called Hana-azaini<br />
with pretty flowers of diverse colours, red/white, etc.<br />
851. Rhaponticum atriplicifolium, DC., Jap. Kitmatori-bokucJii,<br />
Yama-gobo, Yama-Itokuclti ; a perennial wild herb<br />
of the order Composite*?, growing to a height of 3-4 fts. Its stems<br />
and leaves are covered with flne white hair. Jn autumn it produces<br />
globular thorny buds, and then dark purple flowers. The<br />
young leaves are edible, and the old leaves are used to make<br />
u tinder.<br />
852. Serratula coronata, .,<br />
Jap. Tamnrasi, Tauiaboki<br />
; a perennial wild herb of the order Composite, growing to a
UNIVERSITY)<br />
-195- V ^x<br />
height of 2-3 i'ts. In autumn it bears reddish purple flowers at<br />
the top of the branches. It resembles Cnicus spicatus, but lias<br />
no tliorn.<br />
853. Taraxacum officinale, // 7 /^-? Jap- Tampopo ; a<br />
jinial herb of<br />
the order Composite growing wild everywhere.<br />
In spring<br />
it shoots peduncles among the leaves, and yields deep<br />
yellow flowers at the top. There are .several varieties of various<br />
flowers and leaves. The young leaves are eaten as :i<br />
vegetable,<br />
:g >oft and delicious.<br />
854. Helianthus annuus, L., Jap. ffimawari, ///-<br />
guriiina, Xichirinsv ; an annual garden plant of the order Coinp.xsita;,<br />
growing to a height of 6-7 fts. In autumn it bears one<br />
yellow llower at the head of each stem. The flower is 8-9 inches<br />
in diameter, and turns round towards the sun. The seeds are<br />
1 to take an oil.<br />
855. Platycodon grandiflorum, DC., Jap. Kikyu ; a<br />
]K3reunial wild herb of the order Carnpanulaceixi, growing to a<br />
lu'ight o[ 2-3 fts. In autumn it shoots peduncles at the top, and<br />
;rs<br />
purplish blue flowers. There? are many varieties planted<br />
in garde -.<br />
856. Wahlenbergia marginata, DC. ,<br />
Jap.<br />
a p wild herb of the order -<br />
Campanulace. o. Its slender<br />
\vs obliquely to n height of 4-5 inches. In late summer,<br />
stem shoots branches and bears small bluish purple flowers.<br />
857- Glossoconiia lanceolata, Reg., Jap.<br />
a p:jreniiial wild climber of the order Campanulaoare. In autumn<br />
it<br />
produces flowers from the axils of leaves. The flower is greenish<br />
white with dark purple vein-nets in the outside, and dark purple<br />
v
196<br />
growing to a height of 2-3 fts. In late summer it bears narrow<br />
petaled purple or white flowers in panicles at the head of the stem.<br />
859. Campanula punctata, Laml\, Jap. Holam-bukuro,<br />
Tsiiriganeso, CIiQchin-bana ; a perennial wild herb of the order<br />
Campanulaceae, growing to a height of 2-3 fts. In summer it<br />
bears campanulate purplish flowers with deep purple spots or<br />
white flowers with purple spots. Those growing on high mountains<br />
have a height of 34 inches, and their flowers are very pretty.<br />
860. Adenophora trachelioides, Max., Jap. Sobana ;<br />
a perennial herb of the order Campanulacea; growing in mountains.<br />
In late summer it<br />
grows to a height of 2-3 fts., and bears light<br />
purple campanulate flowers in panicles.<br />
861. Adenophora verticillata, Fisch., Jap. Tsnriganenlnjin<br />
; a perennial wild herb of the order Campanulaeeae, growing<br />
to a height of 8-4 fts. In summer it produces small bluish<br />
purple or white campanulate flowers in panicles.<br />
862. Adenophora denticulata, 77;., Jap. Hiwc-shajin ;<br />
a small variety of the preceding growing on high mountains, growing<br />
to a height of about 2 fts. In autumn it produces greenish<br />
purple campanulate flowers in panicles at the head of the stein.<br />
863. Campanula glomerata, L., var. genuina, Hen/.,<br />
Jap. Yatsushiro-gikyQ ; a perennial herb of the order Campanulaceaj<br />
growing in moist places. In late summer it<br />
grows to a<br />
height of about 2 fts., and yields campanulate purplish blue flowers<br />
in clusters from the axils of leaves at the head of the stem.<br />
864. Conandroii ramondioides, $. et Z., Jap. Iiva-na r<br />
liva-jisha, hva-tabako ; a perennial herb of the order Cyrtandracea3<br />
growing on rocky mountains, producing one leaf from each<br />
root. Its stalk grows in summer, divided into branches, with<br />
several flowers which are pink, purple, or white. In late spring<br />
its<br />
young leaves are eaten as vegetables.<br />
865. Rehrnannia glutinosa, Libosch.. Jap. Sc-nri^ma ;-
197<br />
a perennial garden herb of tlie order Cyrtandraceie. Jn summer<br />
it<br />
grows to a height of about 1 ft. and bears labiated flowers. The<br />
out-side of the flower is light red shaded with purple, and the inside<br />
is yellow with purple spots.<br />
866. Andromeda polifolia, L., Jap. Hime-shakunage ;<br />
an evergreen small shrub of the order Ericaceae growing in inoist<br />
places of high mountains. In summer it grows to a height of<br />
about 1 ft. and produces peduncles at the top of the branches,<br />
bearing one campanulate light red flower on eacli peduncle.<br />
867. Phyllodoce taxifolia, Don., Jap. Tsuga-zakura ;<br />
an evergreen small shrub of the order Ericaceae growing on high<br />
mountains, growing to a height of about 1 ft. In summer it bears<br />
small light red campanula with five petals.<br />
868. Pyrola rotundifolia, Z., Jap. Ichiyakusu, Kikkoso<br />
; an evergreen wild herb of the order Ericaceae In summer it<br />
shoots peduncles to a height of about 8-9 inches, and bears<br />
yellowish white flowers.<br />
There are several varieties.<br />
869. ChiinapMla japonica, Max., Jap. MnmcgasasQ,<br />
KinugasasQ ; a small evergreen herb resembling the preceding,<br />
growing in shady places of mountains. In summer it shoots 6-8<br />
inches long peduncles from the axils of leaves, and tears greenish<br />
white ilowcrs in panicles.<br />
870. Chlorantliiis brachystacliys, BL, Jap. Swryo ;<br />
an evergreen herb of the order Chloranthaceaj produced in warm<br />
provinces, growing to a height of 2-3 fts. In summer it produces<br />
m
198<br />
flowers, being- succeeded with round red berries which remain on<br />
the branches for a long time. There are varieties with white or<br />
yellow berries.<br />
872. Bladhia crenata, Jap. Karatachi-bana , Koji ; an<br />
in warm re-<br />
evergreen shrub of the order Myrsinaceao produced<br />
gions, growing to a height of about 1 ft. In summer it bears<br />
greenish white flowers, being succeeded with small round berries,<br />
which are red., yellow, or white. The leaves are various.<br />
873. Ardisia japonica, /., Jap. Yabu-kojt, Yabn-tachibana<br />
; an evergreen wild shrub of the order Myrsinacerc, growing<br />
to a height of about 1 ft. In summer it<br />
produces bluish white;<br />
flowers at the axils of leaves, being succeeded with small round<br />
red berries. There is a variety with white, berries which remain<br />
for a long time on the branches. There are also several varieties<br />
with various leaves.<br />
874. Asdepias curassavica, L.. Jap. Totvata; an annual<br />
garden herb of the order Asclepiadacese growing to a height<br />
of 2-3 fts. In summer it produces red flowers at the top, beingsucceeded<br />
with pods. When ripe, the pods open and expose the<br />
seeds provided with white fibrous tufts,<br />
875. Hoya carnosa, R. Br., Jap. Sakzira-ran ; an evergreen<br />
climber of the order Asclepiadacere produced in warm provinces<br />
In winter it must be kept in hot-houses. In summer it<br />
produces peduncles bearing light red bell-flowers.<br />
876. Amsonia elliptica, Rccm. et Sch. t Jap. Choji-so ;<br />
a perennial wild herb of the order Apoeynacea^ growing to a<br />
height of 2-3 fts. In summer it produces greenish purple flowers.<br />
Jts ripe pods contain seeds provided with fibrous tufts.<br />
877. Nerium odoruin, Soland, Jap. KiQcJiikutv / an<br />
evergreen shrub of the order Apocynaceae found in warm regions<br />
growing to a height of about 1 ft. In late summer it bears pink,<br />
purple, or white flowers.
199<br />
878. Vinca rosea, L. ,<br />
Jap. XichinichisQ, Nichinichikiva ;<br />
an annual herb of the order Apoc3 r nacea3 brought formerly from<br />
foreign countries, growing to a height of about \ It. In late<br />
summer it blooms every clay. The flowers are pinkish purple<br />
or<br />
white.<br />
879. Gentiana scabra, ]>nngc<br />
t var. Buergeri, Max., Jap.<br />
Rind) Sasa-rindo ; a perennial wild herb of the order Gentianacea:-,<br />
growing to a height of 1-2 fts. In late autumn it bears<br />
blue flowers in clusters. The bitter roots are used for medicine.<br />
880. Gentiana squarrosa, Ledcb., Jap. Koke-rindQ,<br />
1 [aru-rindo ; an annual wild herb of the order Gentianaceae,<br />
growing to a height of 4-5 inches. In spring it produces purplish<br />
ln.wn flowers. A variety called Fude-sQ is large in form.<br />
881. Crawfurdia japonica, 5. et Z., Jap. Tsuru-rindo ;<br />
a perennial herb of the order GentianaceaB growing in shady places<br />
var. integrifolia, Fr. et<br />
Sav.y Jap. QMrugao; a<br />
pretty flowers.<br />
large variety of the preceding, with large<br />
885. Calystegia soldanella, A'. Br., Jap. Ilama-hinigao,<br />
Aoi-kadsura ; a perennial creeper of the order Convolvulacea?<br />
(
200<br />
Crowing in sandy places near sea-coasts. In late summer it bears<br />
in form.<br />
red flowers resembling Lliriigcto<br />
i<br />
886. Ipomaea bona-box, .,<br />
Jap. Tlari-asagao, C/iojiasagao<br />
; an annual climbing herb of tlie order Convolvulacete,<br />
brought from foreign lands. The vine in covered with soft pricks.<br />
Jn late summer it<br />
produces purple funnel-shaped ilowers. The<br />
receptacles of the seeds are bi and droop by their own weight.<br />
The young fruits are eaten as a vegetable.<br />
887. Pharbitis triloba, Miq., Jap. Asagao ; an annual<br />
turning herb of the order Convolvulacea3 planted in gardens. In<br />
late summer it blooms at the leaf-axils only hi early morning.<br />
The flowers and leaves are various.<br />
888. Oniphalodes krameri, Fr. et Sav., Jap. RuHso ;<br />
A perennial wild herb of the order Boraginaeea3, growing to a<br />
height of 8-9 inches. In summer it bears several blue flowers at<br />
the top of its stem. A variety with red ilowers is called Sa?igoso.<br />
Hart-so ;<br />
889. Omplialodes krameri, Fr. et Sa-c. t var., Jap.<br />
a variety of the preceding with white flowers.<br />
890. Veronica longifolia, /.., var. japonica, Max., Jap.<br />
Ruri-torano-o ; a perennial wild herb of the order Scrophulariacejo,<br />
growing to a height of 1-2 fts. Tn late summer it produces small<br />
4-petaled purplish blue flowers in panicles.<br />
891. Veronica incana, L., Jap. Tvtei-ran, Hama-torano-o<br />
; a perennial, herb of the order Scrophulariaceje growing to a<br />
height of about 2 fts. The stems and leaves are hairy. In late<br />
summer it bears small pinkisu purple flowers in panicles.<br />
892- Veronica oncei, Fr. et Sav. y Jap. Hlyokuso ; :i<br />
perennial wild herb of the order ScrophulariaceaB, growing to a<br />
height of about 1 ft. It produces 2 branches at each leaf-axil.<br />
In summer it bears purple ilowers in panicles.<br />
893. Veronica sibirica, /. ; Jap. Kukaiso ; n perennial
201<br />
wild herb of the order Scrophulariaceas growing to a height of 3-4<br />
fts. Several leaves grow at the same point, forming layers. In<br />
it bears small purplish blue flowers in panicles.<br />
894. Paederota villosula, Miq. t Jap. Sudsukakesv ; a<br />
perennial wild herb of the order Scrophulariaceie. Ifc stem is<br />
slender and creeps over the ground. In summer it<br />
produces small<br />
purplish bliv 1 lowers forming a ball.<br />
895. Pedicularis gloriosa, Biss. et Moor., Jap. Hankwai-aui-mi<br />
;<br />
a perennial herb of the order Scrophulariacesc found<br />
in shady places of: mountains. The stem grows to a height of 2-3<br />
fts. In late summer it bears purplish pink labiate ilowers in<br />
panicles at the top of the stem.<br />
896. Linaria japonica, J//
202<br />
bana ; a perennial wild herb of the order Primulacete. In spring<br />
it shoots a stem amidst dense leaves to a height of 7-8 inches, and<br />
the stem is divided into several peduncles, yielding pinkish purple<br />
flowers which resemble cherry-flowers.<br />
are numerous.<br />
Varieties planted in gardens<br />
901. Primula japonica, A. Gray, Jap. KnrinsQ ; a<br />
perennial mountain herb of the order Primulaceae. In spring its<br />
stalk shoots forth in the dense leaves to a height of about 1 ft. r<br />
bearing crimson flowers in circles and layers. Those planted in<br />
gardens have flowers of different colours, crimson, pink, variegated,<br />
white, etc.<br />
902. Primula kisoana, Miq., Jap. Kakkosu ; a perennial<br />
herb of the order Primulacess growing wild in mountainvalleys.<br />
In late spring it produces a stalk with several flowers at<br />
the top. The flowers are pinkish purple, but some are white with<br />
red stripes.<br />
903. Gomphrena globosa, L., Jap. Scnnichisv ; an<br />
annual garden herb of the order Amaranthaceae. It is sown in<br />
spring, and grows to a height of 1-2 fts., dividing into branches..<br />
It blooms in a globular form, and the flowers are red, white, etc.<br />
904. Celosia argentea, L., Jap. Keito ; an annual garden<br />
herb of the order Amaranthacea?. It is sown in spring, and grow<br />
to a,<br />
height of 2-3 fts. in summer. Its peduncle covered with<br />
small red ilowers resembles a cox-comb. The leaves are also<br />
red.<br />
There are several varieties.<br />
, 905. Polygonum cuspidatum, 5. et Z., Jap. Itadori<br />
a perennial wild herb of the order Polygonacea^, growing to a<br />
height of 7-8 fts. Late in summer, it produces greenish white<br />
small flowers in panicles at the axils of leaves. Its young stalks<br />
are eaten as a vegetable (75. b.) A variety with small leaves and<br />
pink flowers is called Mcigetsuso.<br />
906. Polygonum blumei, J/m;/., Jap. Sakura-tadc,<br />
Tadtmodoki ; an annual herb of the order Polysonacese growing
20S<br />
\<br />
near water. It grows to a height of about 2 fts., and in autumn it<br />
produces panicles at the top and the axils of leaves. Its flowers<br />
are pink, crimson or white.<br />
907. Polygonum orientate, Z., var. pilosum, Mdsn.,<br />
-lap. Oke-tadc Hotani-tade<br />
y ; an annual wild or garden herb of<br />
the order Polygonaoe, growing t a height of 5-6 fts. In<br />
autumn it<br />
produces panicles at the top and the axils of leaves,<br />
with many red flowers in clusters.<br />
908. Polygonum bistorta, /.., Jap. Ibuki-torano-o ; a<br />
perennial mountain herb of the order I'olygonaceie. In summer<br />
its stalk shoots forth to a height of 1-2 fts., and bears pink or<br />
white flowers in panicles at the top of the stem.<br />
909. Polygonum filiforxne, ///., .Jap.<br />
MUkuhiki ; a<br />
perennial herb of the order Pojygonaoefs growing in forests and<br />
bushes. It OUTOWS to a height O of about 2 fts., and in summer it<br />
produces long filiform red panicles at the end of the branches.<br />
910. Begonia evansiana, Andr. y<br />
Jap. s/ui-hmfo ; a<br />
perennial garden herb of the order Pegoniacea3. It has male and<br />
female flowers. It thrives \vell in moist shady places. It grows<br />
to a height of about 2 fts.. and in autumn it<br />
produces red flowers<br />
at the axils of leaves. The leaves are irregular heart-shaped.<br />
This plant is juicy and aciduous.<br />
911. Asarum blumei, Ditch., Jap. Kan-aoi : an evergreen<br />
herb of the order Aristolochiaceae growing in shady places<br />
<br />
high mountains. In winter it blooms near the roots and the<br />
1 lowers resemble those of Asarum sieboldi (456), but are yellowish<br />
green. It is prized for its pretty variegated<br />
le,-iv< s.<br />
l : ukkisQ ;<br />
912. Pachysandra terminalis, .s. et /.., Ja[ I\u-/tyisd r<br />
an evergreen mountain-herb of the order Kuphorbiacese,<br />
growing to a height of about 1 ft. In late summer it produces<br />
panicles at the top, baring small yellowish green lowers, which<br />
i<br />
ar esucceeded with small rouisd white ber:
204<br />
913. Cymbidiuin, Jap. Me-ran ; an evergreen herb of<br />
.the order Orchidete resembling Suruga-ran (1)95) in form, though<br />
with broad leaves and tender nature. It is admired as a,<br />
pot-plant*<br />
914. Cymbidium virens, L., Jap. Hokitro, Hakuri,<br />
Kitsa-ran ; an evergreen wild orchid. In spring<br />
it shoots forth<br />
.peduncles with yellowish green little fragrant flowers. The flowers<br />
.are edible when preserved in salt.<br />
915. Calanthe japonica, /?/., Jap. Kantn, Riitkiu-yebinc,<br />
Kwaran ; a perennial orchid prod deed in warm provinces. In<br />
cold regions<br />
it must be kept in hot-houses during winter. In late<br />
summer it<br />
produces peduncles to a height of about 1 ft., and bears<br />
red, purple or white flowers.<br />
916. Bletia hyacinthina, R. /;/-., Jap. Shiran, Shuran,<br />
Shikei ; a perennial orchid. Late in spring, it shoots forth peduncles<br />
to a height of about 1 ft., and bears 5-6 reddish purple or<br />
white flowers at the top. This plant thrives well hi gardens. The<br />
roots are used to make paste.<br />
917. PhajUS maculatUS, Jap. Gauscki-ra'n t<br />
hhi-ran ;<br />
.-in<br />
evergreen orchid produced in warm provinces. Late in summer,<br />
it shoots forth its peduncle to a height of about 1 ft., with several<br />
golden yellow flowers. A variety with yellow variegation on the<br />
leaves is called HosJiikci, and when its variegation is very fine it is<br />
called Kinkci.<br />
918. Anglsecum falcatum, 77. < -t //"., Jap. Fa-ran ; an<br />
evergreen orchid growing on the old tree- trunks of high mountains<br />
in warm regions. In summer it<br />
produces a peduncle to a height<br />
> 5-6 inches, and the peduncle is divided into branches, with<br />
slightly fragrant white flowers.<br />
919. Cymbidium japonicum, J//V-> J il<br />
an evergreen orchid produced in warm provinces. In late spring<br />
and early summer, it shoots a peduncle to a height of 6-7 inches,<br />
bearing several yellowish white flowers.
1<br />
205<br />
92O. Aerides japonicum, Lintil., Jup. Xtigo-rau ; an<br />
evergreen orchid growing on old trees in mountains of warm regions.<br />
In summer it<br />
produces peduncles 0-7 inches high, and<br />
bears several reddish white slight!}* fragrant<br />
921. Cleisostoma ionosmum, I Audi., Jap.<br />
ran ; an evergreen orchid growing on Irhnote mountain of Okinaiva<br />
Island?. The stein attains to a height of 2-'> fts. In<br />
7<br />
summer it shoots peduncles, and yields several 3 ellow flov*<br />
with reddish brown spots.<br />
922. Cypripedium japonicum, 77/., Jap.<br />
Hctfiso : a perennial wild orchid, growing to a height of about<br />
1 ft., with 2 large broad leaves. From spring to summer, it<br />
blooms purse-like yellowish green flowers<br />
with dark purple spots.<br />
There is a variety called Afsiimoris (('.<br />
rnaciunthum, S-TJ.).<br />
923. Habenaria radiata, 77/., Jap. Sagi-so ; a perennial<br />
orchid growing in marshy places. In spring<br />
it<br />
produces its<br />
peduncle about 1 ft. high, and yields 2-o white fringed Ilwers.<br />
924. Goodyera schlechtendaliana, Reich., Jap. Ka-<br />
Jiwme-ran. Miyaum-udsura, Toyoskima-ran an ; evergreen wild'<br />
orchid, growing to a height of 4-5 inches, with white variegated<br />
leaves. From summer t<<br />
autumn, it bears reddish white flowers<br />
in panicles.<br />
925 Dendrobium moniliforme, Sic., Jap. Sckkokn,<br />
Iwadokusa ; an evergre
206<br />
herb of the order Maruntaeese growing to a height of 2-3 its. In<br />
cold regions, the plant fades, but the root remains like a perennial.<br />
In summer it<br />
opens several orange-red flowers. The ripe seeds<br />
lire round, black, and hard, and they sprout readily when sown.<br />
928. Musa COCCinea, Willd., Jap. Hime-bashQ, Bijii<br />
.an evergreen herb of the order Musaeeie produced in warm regions.<br />
It does not thrive in cold weather. It grows to a height of 4-5<br />
fts., and in autumn it 3'ields deep red flowers in layers.<br />
929. Iris tectorum, J/^r., Jap. Jchihatsu; a perennial<br />
herb of the order Jridaceie planted in gardens and sometimes on<br />
straw-roofs. In spring<br />
it shoots forth its stalks to a height of<br />
.about \\ fts., and in summer it boars several purplish green or<br />
white flowers.<br />
930. Iris Isevigata, FiscJi., Jap. Kakitmbata; a perennial<br />
herb of the order Iriclaceao planted in shallow water growing<br />
to a height of 2-3 fts. In summer it<br />
produces purplish blue, white<br />
red, or blue flowers.<br />
931. Iris Isevigata, Fisch., var. laernpfereri, Jap. Hanas/iobn<br />
; a variety of the preceding, blooming earlier. The flowers<br />
are purplish blue, white, or variegated, and very pretty.<br />
932. Iris sibirica, L.\ var. orientals, Jap. Ayamc, Hauaayamc<br />
; it<br />
grows wild in marshy places, attaining to a height of<br />
about 1 ft. .In early .summer it bears purplish blue or white<br />
flowers.<br />
.>,<br />
933. Iris emata, ///., var. dunensis. Jap. Xcji-ayamc<br />
:<br />
it is closely allied to the preceding,<br />
but the leaves are twisted. It<br />
.blooms in early summer, and the flowers are white with purple<br />
.ctnpes.<br />
Its fibrous roots are fine and strong (348. b.).<br />
934. Iris sibirica, L., var. h.-omatophylla, Jap. Kainayama-shobu;<br />
a perennial garden herb of the order iridaceio, resembling<br />
Ayame (932), with leaves 2-3 fts. long. As the leaves<br />
are stronir and flexible, they are used for tvinir.
1 n<br />
935. Iris japonica, Y//., Jap. V/^.^vr / ail evergreen shrub<br />
f the ord
208<br />
Jap. Hama-yu, Hawa-omoto ; an evergreen bulbous plant of tlie<br />
order Amaryllidaceas, growing on sea-coasts of warm regions.<br />
When fully grown,<br />
it attains to a height of 1-5 fts., with several<br />
large broad leaves in the upper part.<br />
In. summer it shoots forth<br />
peduncles in the centre of leaves, and blooms about ten flowers in<br />
an umbel form. The flowers are 6-petaled and white.<br />
941. b. Nerine japonica, Miq., Jap. Higan-bana ; this<br />
bulbous plant (509) grows abundantly everywhere, and so not<br />
precious, but its red flowers arc beautiful.<br />
941. c. Lycoris radiata, Herb., Jap., Kitsune-w-Jeamisort;<br />
tins bulbous plant (510) has also beautiful flowers.<br />
941. d. Nerine sarniensis, Z., Jap. Shvki-ran ; a<br />
variety of the preceding, with broad leaves and pretty yellow<br />
flowers.<br />
941. e. Amaryllis squemigera, Max., Jap. Natsudsuisen<br />
; a variety closely allied to the preceding, with reddish<br />
purple flowers.<br />
942. Lilium krameri, Th., Jap. Sasa-yuri, Yama-yuri;<br />
In summer its stalks<br />
a wild bulbous plant of the order Liliacese.<br />
an>w to a Light of 2-3 fts., and bear 6-petaled<br />
reddish whitli<br />
fragrant flowers at the top.<br />
The bulbs are edible (121. b).<br />
942. b. Lilium tigrinum, Gawl., Jap. Oni-yuri ;<br />
this (121) is principally noted for its edfbie roots, but tbe flowers<br />
are also pretty. The varieties with double or yellow flowers<br />
or with flat peduncles are especially beautiful.<br />
942. c. Lilium callosum, S. tt Z., Jap. Sugc-yuri ,-<br />
a wild variety of the preceding with slender leaves.<br />
943. Lilium japonicum, var., Jap. Satsuki-yuri, Sayuri;<br />
a variety of the preceding, blooming earlier, with red pollen.<br />
944. Lilium auratum, Liml I., Jap. Iforaiji-yuri ; its<br />
flowers are white with a yellowish band and dark .red spots. It is
209<br />
produced abundantly in //^r^/>V-mountain<br />
whence the Japanese name is derived.<br />
of Province<br />
945. Lilium auratum, 7//., var. rubro-vittaturn,<br />
The 1 lowers have a<br />
Beni-suji-yuri ; a variety of Sasa-yiiri (i)42).<br />
red band and dark red spots. It is<br />
mostly propagated by cultivation.<br />
946. Lilium speciosum, 77*., var. rubrum, Jap. Kanoko-yuri;<br />
it is cultivated in gardens, growing to a height of 2-3 fts.<br />
In summer, it bears several flowers at the top of its stem. The<br />
flowers are recurved like those of L. tigrinum (121), and are pinkshaded<br />
white with many scarlet spots. The bulbs are yellow<br />
and bitter, being not edible.<br />
946. b. Lilium speciosum, 7//., var. alburn, Jaj>.<br />
Shiro-kanoko-yuri, Shiratama-ynri, Minc-no-ynki ; a variety of<br />
the preceding with white flowers. Its bulbs are less bitter and<br />
edible.<br />
947. Lilium hansoni, LeichtL, Jap. Takeshiiiia-yuri ;<br />
a species of lilies<br />
growing to a height of 2-3 fts. Several<br />
leaves grow together and form layers. In summer it<br />
produces<br />
under- recurved and purple-spotted red flowers.<br />
948. Lilium batemanni, Jap. Hirato-yuri; it grows<br />
to a height of 2-8 fts. In snmmer it bears several flowers at the<br />
top.<br />
The flowers are orange-red, yellow or red.<br />
949. Lilium COnCOlor, Salisb., var. pulchellum, Fisch.,<br />
Jap. Hime-ynri, Aka-hime-yuri ; a smallest garden lily, growing<br />
to a height of about 1 ft. In summer it bears several red flower<br />
at the top.<br />
949. b. Lilium concolor, Salisb., Subr. Coridon, Jap,<br />
Ki-hime-yiiri ; a variety of the preceding, with yellow flowers.<br />
95O. Lilium thunbergianum, Roem. et ^cknlt., Jap.<br />
Xatsu-sukashi-yuri ; it<br />
grows on sea-con-ts of southern province.-.
'<br />
210<br />
It is about 1 foot high, with several red flowers facing upwards.<br />
There is an empty space between each petal. It is admired as a<br />
flower-plant, and the bulbs are edible (121 .<br />
c).<br />
950. b. Lilium thunbergianum, J\. et S., var., Jap.<br />
Haru-sukashi-yitri ; it blooms early, and the flowers are various.<br />
of 1 *-2 fts.<br />
951. Lilium longiflorum, T/i., Jap. Teppo-yuri, Riukiu-yuri<br />
; it is planted in gardens growing to a height<br />
In summer it<br />
opens many flowers laterally at the top. The flowers<br />
are about 6 inches long, white, and very fragrant.<br />
952. Fritillaria thunbergii, Miq., Jap. Haru-yuri.<br />
Haha-yuri, Amigasa-yur i ; a, garden bulbous plant of the,- ioirder<br />
Jjiliaccic, growing to a height of about 1 ft., with long narrow<br />
leaves. The three leaves at the top are rolled up<br />
at the end. In<br />
spring it produces short peduncles from the axils of leaves; and<br />
droops one flower from each peduncle. The flowers are 6-p'etaled,<br />
bell-formed, light yellow with green veins, and purple spotted<br />
inside.<br />
953. Pritillaria japonica, 3 fig.<br />
,<br />
Jap. Koba-imo,<br />
yuri ; a small variety of the preceding, growing in shady places<br />
of valleys. It attains to a height of 3-4 inches. In spring<br />
it<br />
blooms on short peduncles produced<br />
much resembling the former.<br />
from the axils of. leaves,<br />
954. Fritillaria camtschatensis, Gawl.\ Jap.<br />
yuri, Koku-yuri ; it<br />
grows on high mountains of northern regions.<br />
It attains to a height of about 1 ft. In early summer it bears<br />
6-petaled bell-shaped dark purple flowers facing laterally at the<br />
top of the plant. It is not a. real lily.<br />
The bulbs are eaten by the<br />
native of Yeso.<br />
955. Hemerocallis flava, /..,. Jap. Wasure-gusa ; a<br />
perennial wild herb of the order Liliaceae, In summer it grows to<br />
a height of about 2 fts., with several flowers at the top, blboming<br />
-successively. The flowers are 6-pctaled<br />
;i.nd reddish yellow,<br />
f<br />
l'hey
in the morning and fade in the oven';:-. Tii- 'lower- MI!<br />
young shoots are eaten as vegetables, being<br />
soft and s\\-<br />
955. b. HemerocaUis flava, L..i\. ])leno., Jap. Ytwkwaazv,<br />
Yabn-ki^aurJj, Oni-kisaiizu ; a double-petaled variety<br />
of tlie preceding, growing to a height of about :> fts., with large<br />
long leaves and yellowish brown ilowers. It is u>ed in the same<br />
way as the preceding.<br />
956. HemerocaUis minor, J////.. Jap.<br />
Beni-sugc ; a variety of Wasure-gusa (055), growing<br />
wild on<br />
mountains, and also much planted in gardens. In summer it<br />
grows to a height of about ~\\ Its.,<br />
and produces several yellowish<br />
dark-red ilowers at the top.<br />
957- HemerocaUis dumortieri, Morr., Jap. Ilimekivansc),<br />
Kisugc : a small variety of Wasure-gusa (U55), with<br />
golden yellow ilowers in early summer.<br />
957. b. HemerocaUis, Jap. Zenteikiua, Setteikivj, Xikko-kisuge<br />
; a species of Hernerocallis smaller than 955, but larger<br />
i'ia!! th' pr
212<br />
959. Funkia sieboldiana, Hook., Jap. TogMski ; a<br />
perennial garden herb of the order -Liliaceto, producing many<br />
leaves from one root. In summer it<br />
grows to a height of -1-5 fts.,<br />
and baars many white 0-petaled flowers in panicles at the top of<br />
the stein. The flowers do not open fully. A variety called<br />
Tamanokanzashi has narrow leaves, and its flowers open fully..<br />
Another variety called Tokiidaina is small, and its loaves an?<br />
covered with white powder.<br />
960. Funkia OVata, Spreiig., Jap. Gitoshi ; a small:<br />
wild variety of the preceding, growing to a height of .1-2 fts. Jn<br />
summer it bears purple or white flowers. There are many<br />
varieties.<br />
The petioles of all these varieties are edible.<br />
960. b. Funkia japonica, Sprcng., var., Jap. Sujigiboshi<br />
; a garden variety of the preceding with yellow or white'<br />
stripes on leaves.<br />
961. Rhodea japonica, Roth., Jap. Omoto ; an evergreen<br />
herb of the order Liliacere, growing in mountains of warm.<br />
regions, but principally planted in gardens as a pot plant.<br />
The<br />
leaves are dark green, broad and about 1 ft. long.<br />
It shoots out<br />
a peduncle from the centre of several leaves to a height of 5-(-<br />
inches, and produces small flowers, being succeeded with a cluster<br />
of beautiful red berries. The leaves arc various with different<br />
sizes, shapes, and variegations. They<br />
their beautiful evergreen leaves.<br />
are admired on account oE<br />
962. Plectogyne variegata, Link., Jap.<br />
Haran .;<br />
an,<br />
evergreen garden herb of the order Liliaceie. The leaves are<br />
narrow or broad, and 2-o fts. long. The narrow leaves stand<br />
straight, while the broad leaves inclined at the end. Jn spring<br />
it<br />
yields a dark purple flower near the roots, being succeeded with<br />
blue fruits as lare as a finer's<br />
head.<br />
963. Tofieldia nuda, Max., Jap.<br />
kisho ; a perennial herb of the order Liliaceu-- growing on rocks of<br />
valleys. The leaves nre lonir and narrow. In summer its hoots<br />
;
213<br />
peduncle* from the centiv of the leaves and produces<br />
1 lowers in panicles.<br />
small white<br />
964. ScirpuS laoustris, L., var. genumus, Grcn., Jap. i<br />
1'iitoi. '1 o/. Tsuknino, Harugaina ; perennial herb of the order<br />
\\.<br />
Gyperaoeaa. growing in ponds and marshes. The stalk is round,<br />
j'.ncl<br />
grows to a heigt of 5-6 fts. In summer it produces several<br />
peduncles with many yellowish green flowers. The stalks are<br />
used to make mats called Gitwa-inushiro, and also used to make<br />
Lepironia mucronata, Rick.<br />
965. . -Jap. Anperai, Jttrtisngc, Xebikigusa ; an<br />
evergreen li^rb of the order Cyperaceni growing in the marshy<br />
places of warm provinces. The leaves are Hat and round, being<br />
about 3 fts. long. In summer its stalk shoots forth from the<br />
2U<br />
the leaves on the roof on the May-festival day.<br />
is made from the roots.<br />
A kind of incence<br />
969. Acorus gramineus, Ait., Jap. Sckisln ; a small<br />
species of the preceding, growing in valley-rivulets. It is planted<br />
by water-sides to prevent sand from its sliding down. There are<br />
several varieties of planted Acorns. They arc highly prized by<br />
amateurs as evergreen ornamental pot-plants. A few of them are<br />
described in the following articles.<br />
970. Acorus graxnineus, Ait., var., Jap.<br />
'<br />
sckisho ; a variety of the preceding with a beautiful dark green<br />
straight leaves.<br />
971. Acorus graniineus, Ait., var., Jap. Birvdo-sckis/io<br />
; a dwarf variety of the preceding with tiny leaves less than<br />
1 inch in lenth.<br />
972. Miscanthus s i n 6 n S i<br />
S, Ander^^ Susuki, Ghana ;<br />
a perennial wild herb of the order Graminese.<br />
In autumn it shoots<br />
up leaves to a length of 5-6 fts. Panicles of flowers grow at the<br />
top, and the ripen seeds fly off by their own pappus. It is planted<br />
as one of the seven autumn herbs. The leaves are used to make<br />
rope.<br />
973. Miscanthus sinens'lS, Anders, var. zebrina, Jap.<br />
Takanoha-susuki ; a variety of the preceding. Its leaves have<br />
lateral white stripes like the wing of a hawk. A variety with<br />
longitudinal stripes is called Shivta-susuki*<br />
974. Miscanthus, Jap. Ito-susuki ; a species<br />
of Susiiki<br />
(972) with slender leaves about 2-3 fts. long.<br />
975. Equisetum ramosissimum, Desf., Jap. Inudokusa,<br />
Kaivara-tokusa ; a perennial herb of the order Equisetacese<br />
growing in sandy places near water, resembling K hiemale<br />
(296), though smaller.<br />
975. b. Equisetum hiemale, L., Jap. Tokusa ; this
215<br />
herb (296) is evergreen growing in clusters, and planted among<br />
tives and rocks.<br />
976. Gleichenia glauca, Hook., Jap. Urajiro, Shida,<br />
<br />
Xuribashi, Kujakitsv ; a perennial fern growing in valleys. On<br />
one petiole more than 10 leaflets shoot forth pinnately on both<br />
sides, resembling a peaeock-tail.<br />
Its young leaves are scarlet, and<br />
C>FTHE
216<br />
its petioles are lustrous and dark purple. The petioles without<br />
leaflets are used to make brooms.<br />
981. Adianthum monochlamys, Eat., Jap. Hakones/iiddf,<br />
Hakone-sQy Oranda-so ; an evergreen fern growing on steep<br />
rocks of deep mountain-valleys. The leaves are about 1 ft. long.<br />
The petioles and stalks are lustrous and purplish black. The<br />
leaflets resemble a duck- foot.<br />
982. PteriS serrulata, L., Jap. Inomotoso, Tori-no-ashi ,<br />
KeisokusQ ; an evergreen fern growing in shady places. The<br />
leaves are about 1 ft.<br />
long, growing<br />
spores grow underneath the leaf-margin.<br />
Q-inomotosQ.<br />
in tufts. In summer the<br />
A large variety is called<br />
983- Pteris cretica, L., var. alba-lineata, Jap. Matsus&ka-shida,<br />
Okiua-shida ; a variety of the preceding<br />
stripes in the centre of the leaves.<br />
with white<br />
984. Asplenium nidus, L., Jap. Taniwatari^ Q-tani-<br />
of warm<br />
zvatari ; an evergreen fern, growing in shady places<br />
regions. The leaves are broad and large without segments. Its<br />
large leaves are about 3 fts. long.<br />
985. Scolopendrium vulgare, Sm., Jap. Ko-taniwatari,<br />
Taka-no-ha ; an evergreen fern growing<br />
in mountains.<br />
It resembles the preceding, but small. The leaves are provided<br />
with petioles about 1J fts. long, bearing the spores as in the<br />
preceding.<br />
986. Lomaria nipponica, Kunse, Jap. Shiskigashira,<br />
Knsa-sotetsu ; an evergreen fern growing in valleys with many<br />
leaves in cluster, expanding horizontally. The leaves grow pinnately<br />
on both sides of the petiole like comb- teeth, and are about<br />
] ft.<br />
long, generally coiling at the tips. 'Die spore-bearing fronds<br />
grow separately.<br />
987. Camptosorus sibiricus, Ruper., Jap. Kumanosushida<br />
; an evergreen fern growing on mountain-rooks. The<br />
single
217<br />
leaves are 6-7 inches long, and their tips grow slender, reaching<br />
to the ground and shooting roots. The spores grow on the back<br />
of the leaves.<br />
988. Gymnogramme elliptica, Baker, J ap. faa-<br />
Xikkv-shida ; an evergreen fern creeping 011 rocks and trees of<br />
mountain?. The leaves grow pinnately on both slues of the<br />
petioles in the form of expanded fingers.<br />
The spores are attached<br />
to the back of the leaves.<br />
989. Aspidum lepidocaulon, Ifook, .I;ip.<br />
Oridmrushiiia,<br />
Tsurit-sotetsn ; an evergreen fern growing in mountains of<br />
warm regions, with several leaves in cluster. The leaves grow<br />
pinnately on both sides of the petioles. The tips of the petioles<br />
grow slender, and reach to the ground to take roots.<br />
990. Aspidum falcatum, Sw. f .Jap. Oni-shida, Ushigomi-shida<br />
; an evergreen fern found on sea-coasts of southern<br />
provinces, producing several leaves from a root, with leaflets on<br />
both sides of the petioles. The leaves are lustrous and dark green,<br />
being about 1 ft.<br />
long. It grows on the rocks of Uskigoitti in<br />
Tokio, whence the Japanese name is derived.<br />
991. Polypodium buergerianum, MLq., Jap. Yanoneshida<br />
; a perennial fern creeping<br />
on the rocks of mountains. Its<br />
leaf rernbles the head of an arrow, whence the Japanese name is<br />
derived. The spores are spotted on the back of the leaver.<br />
992. Polypodium lingua, S., Jap. Hitotsuba ; an<br />
evergreen fern creeping on rocks and decayed<br />
woods in warm<br />
regions. The leaves are narrow, and their backs are yellowish<br />
brown. They arc about 1 ft. L-UJ.<br />
993. Polypodium hastatum, 77/., Jap. Uraboshi,<br />
Hoshihitotsuba ; an evergreen fern creeping on rocks and trees of<br />
mountains. The leaf is not dissected, but sometimes forms a<br />
trifid or difid. The spores grow on the back of the leaves, being<br />
arranged separately like stars.
218<br />
994. Polypodium ensatum, 7//., Jap. Kuriharan / a<br />
large variety allied to the preceding, growing on mountain-rocks.<br />
The leaves are about 1 ft.<br />
long. The spores grow on both sides<br />
of the main vein underneath the leaves.<br />
995. Polypodium tricuspe, Swartz, Jap. Iwa-omodaka<br />
; a variety of Polypodium lingua (992), with ternate leaves,<br />
growing on decayed woods of mountains.<br />
996. Polypodium lineare, 77/., Jap. Noki-shinobu r<br />
Yatsumcran ; an evergreen fern growing on trees, rocks and<br />
roofs. The leaves are narrow and 4-5 inches long. The spores<br />
adhere on both sides of the vein undeneath the leaves.<br />
997. NephrolepiS tuberosa, Presl., Jap. Taina-shida ;<br />
an evergreen fern growing in shady places of mountains in warm<br />
regions. It shoots many fronds from one tuft to a height of about<br />
2 fts. The leaves grow pinnately on both sides of the petioles.<br />
The roots are slender, strong and straight, creeping over and sometimes<br />
under the ground. The underground roots are provided<br />
with many bulbs, from which the plants propagate.<br />
998. Lygodium japonicum, Sw., Jap. Tsuru-shinobu,<br />
Samisen-dsnrn ,<br />
Kani-kusa ; a wild perennial scandent fern. The<br />
stalk is slender like fine wire, being several feet long, with compound<br />
leaves. The leaves are finely dissected, and have spores on.<br />
the back. The ripe spores look like brown sand, being used as a<br />
medicine called Kaikinsha. This plant is a curious species of<br />
ferns.<br />
999. OpMoglossum vulgatum, L., Jap. Hanayasiin ' ;<br />
a wild perennial herb of the order Filices. The rhizomes extend<br />
under the ground in every direction, and shoot forth<br />
attain to a height of 6-6 fts., with a spoon like leaf<br />
stalks which<br />
on each stalk.<br />
File-like spikes of spores are attached to the ends of the branches.<br />
The ripe spores produce very fine powder as in the preceding.<br />
1000. Botrychium lunarium, Sw., Jap. Akinohanawarabi<br />
; a perennial ophioglossaceous fern growing in shady
219<br />
places of mountains. Its stalk grows ton height of 6-T inches,<br />
being provided with a pinnate leaf. Small spores fire attached to<br />
the ends of branches in panicles. This is the same species with<br />
B. ternaturn (91. b), and is rarely found.<br />
1001. Lycopodium aloifolium, L.. Jup. Xankakuran,<br />
Jivamoini : an evergreen herb of the order Lycopodiacese,<br />
growing on decayed woods of mountains in warm regions, drooping<br />
to a length of 8-9 inches. The stem is closely imbricated<br />
with small leaf-like scales. The spores are produced at the head<br />
of branches and the axils of leaves.<br />
1002. Lycopodium sieboldi, J //>/., Jap. Himorau,<br />
iimo, If of ifran ; an evergreen Lycopod growing on decayed<br />
trees of mountains in warm regions. Several drooping slender<br />
stems are about 1 ft. long, and divided into many branches. The<br />
small leaves grow closely together, and look like a cord. The<br />
is<br />
of fructification are closely allied to the preceding.<br />
1003 Lycopodium clavatum, L., Jap. 2Iikage-nokadmra<br />
; an evergreen mountain Lycopod.<br />
Its vine creeps over<br />
the ground and takes roots everywhere. Some vine is about 10<br />
fts.<br />
long, and is divided into several branches. Stems and branches<br />
are covered with small scale-like leaves. Its branches bear peduncles<br />
divided into 2 or 3, and produce spores which when ripe<br />
yield fine yellowish white powder. This powder<br />
is used to<br />
smoothen globes and boots.<br />
1004. Lycopodium japonicum, 77/., Jap. Mannengiisa,<br />
Mannen-siigi ; an evergreen Lycopod resembling the preceding,<br />
with standing stems divided into many branches, which produce<br />
spikes of spores at the top. The roots creep under the<br />
ground, shooting up the stems everywhere. This plant does not<br />
change its aspect, though it dries up.<br />
1005. Lycopodium complanatum, /,., var., chamaecyparissus,<br />
A/., Jap. Asuhu&adzura, Tsnru-hiba ; au evergreen<br />
Lycopod growing on high mountains. It resembles L. clavatum
.<br />
Iwa-watsu<br />
220<br />
(1003), but the leaves are small, wrinkled, and attached more<br />
closely.<br />
1006. Selaginella caulescens, Spring Jap. Kata-hiba,<br />
Hime-hiba ;<br />
a perennial herb of the order Lycopodiaceae growing<br />
on trees and rocks of mountains. Its roots creep and produce<br />
stalks everywhere, dividing many branches in layers. The stalk<br />
stands obliquely to a height of 6-7 inches. This plant is covered<br />
with small leaves closely put together like scales, producing spikes<br />
of spores amidst the leaves.<br />
1007. Selaginella involvens, Spring, Jap. Iwa-kiba,<br />
; an evergreen Selaginella growing on rocks of mounains.<br />
Several plants grow together, and produce many horizontal<br />
branches, which are covered witli numerous scale-like leaves. The<br />
branches lengthen when it rains and shrivel when they face the<br />
sun. In antunin it<br />
produces fine spikes. There are many varieties<br />
planted in pots.<br />
1008. Psilotum triquetrum, Siv., Jap. Matsuba-ran,<br />
Chikii-ran ; an evergreen herb of the order LycopodiaceaB growing<br />
on rocks in shady places of mountains in warm regions. The<br />
roots creep in ground, and shoot stalks everywhere. It has a<br />
height of about 1 ft. ,<br />
and is divided into many brandies. The<br />
leaves are thin and steril. It produces yellow small spores on<br />
the branches.<br />
There are more than 100 varieties.<br />
1OO9. Polyporus niponicus, Jap. AVv///, Saiwai-take,<br />
Mannen-take ; a fungus growing on decayed roots with cloudlike<br />
variegations on the pileus attached to the stipe. In summer<br />
it<br />
grows in the form of a Japanese writing-brush and gradually<br />
expands forming the pileus. The stem and upper part of the<br />
pileus are red, purple, or yellow, with a lacquer-like lustre, and the<br />
under part of the pileus is brown and coarse. It is hard like a<br />
cork and can be preserved for a long time. It is<br />
precious as a<br />
pot- plant. Sometimes it has two lagers of the pileus or it is divided<br />
into several branches. *
221<br />
1O1O. Polyporus, Jap. Rokkaknshi ; a variety of the<br />
preceding growing rarely in mountains. The stem in divided<br />
into many branches, but not provided with pileus, though<br />
it has<br />
a brown part at the head. The whole shape resembles antlers.<br />
Note. Ornamental plants are very numerous, and those<br />
described in this chapter are only a part. Among wild plants,<br />
there are many ornamental plants with beautiful flowers, variegated<br />
leavers, dwarf forms, ete. Many plants growing in mountains and<br />
valleys are also ornamental. Especially ornamental garden-plants<br />
are very numerous with leaves and flowers of various colours<br />
stripes, spots, variegations, sizes, shapes, etc., and some of them<br />
have more than hundred varieties ;<br />
so among their varieties only<br />
ne or two were described hi this chapter. Ornamental gardenplants<br />
described in other chapters are Hibiscus manihot (o57),<br />
Valeriana oflicinalis (436), Aconitum chinensis (482), etc. ;<br />
ornamental<br />
pot-plants are Fetasites japonicus (67), Caspicum longum<br />
(107), Orithia exypetala (258), etc. ;<br />
and ornamental plants for<br />
vase-flowers are Brassica chinensis (48),<br />
Chrysamthemum coronarium<br />
(62),<br />
Pueraria thunbergiana (251), etc.<br />
CHAPTER XXV. OK.NAMKNTAL PLAXTS LOJ: COVKKIXQ<br />
AM> SHADING THE GKOUND.<br />
This Chapter contains the plants used for lawns, and those<br />
planted n river-banks, sea-coasts, mountain-cliffs, or mounds toprevent<br />
sand from falling down are also metioned here.<br />
1O11. Ophiopogon japonicus, Cawl^ Jap. Riimo-hige,<br />
Jano-hige : an evergreen herb of the order Liliaceae, being a<br />
veriety of O. spicatus (467) with narrow leaves. It grows wild in<br />
bamboo-Woods and forests. The leaves are about a foot long,<br />
gi-owing in tufts, in summer it produces peduncles, and bears 6-<br />
petaled purplish flowers in panicles, being succeeded with blueround<br />
pea-sized berries. Jt thrives well in shady places under<br />
trees.
1O12. Zoysia pungens, Willd., Jap. Chosen-shiba<br />
Yaye-shiba, Korai-shiba ; a perennial grass with very fine small<br />
leaves, creeping over the ground and taking roots at the joints.<br />
The leaves are 1-2 inches long, and amidst them produces small<br />
panicles of flowers, being succeeded with fine seeds. It is the<br />
best plant Tor lawn. A variety with tiny leaves is called Chirijiicn-shiba<br />
,<br />
which fades in cold weather.<br />
1012. b. Zoysia macrostacliya, Fr. et Sav., Jap.<br />
Skiba* No-shiba ;<br />
a large species of the preceding growing everywhere.<br />
It is planted on mounds, mountain-cliffs, etc., to protect<br />
earth from falling down.<br />
1013. Miscanthus japonicus, Be nth., var., Jap. Tokiiua-snsuki<br />
y<br />
Kan-snmki ; an evergreen grass growing in bushes by<br />
sea-coasts of warm regions. The leaves are about 5-6 fts. long.<br />
In cold regions the leaves wither more or less, but. most of them<br />
(remain evergreen. In autumn it<br />
produces panicles<br />
of 'flowers.<br />
This plant is planted on sea-coasts to protect the sand from being<br />
washed away by waves. The sheath of the young leaves are made<br />
into ropes, and the voung panicles are made into brooms.<br />
Miscanthus sacchariflo rus, Hack.<br />
1014. MiscanthtlS, Jap. Ogi, Ugi-yoshi, Umi-yoshi;<br />
a perennial grassv growing by water-sides and in plains. Its<br />
rhizomes creep c iider the ground, and produce stalks from each<br />
joint to a height of 5-6 fts. The leaves resemble those of Mis-<br />
Acanthus japonicus (972), but have no sharp dissection on the edges.<br />
The. panicles also resemble those of 1)72, but larger and longer.<br />
This grass is fitted to protect mounds from falling off.<br />
1015. Phragmites . roxburghii, Kunth, Jap. Yoshi,<br />
As/iit ; a perennial grass growing in marshy places. ]ts roots<br />
creep under the ground and shoots up stalks to a height of about<br />
6 fts., bearing panicles at the tops.<br />
The stalks resemble small<br />
bamboos, being slender, light and lustrous, and they are used to<br />
make blinds. The thickness of the stalk depends on the fertility<br />
of the ground. Those growing by sea-coasts are slender, flexible<br />
.and strong. This grass is planted in wat'T-sid'.'s to protect mud
from being washed away by waves. Its young sprouts are edible.<br />
Those produced in /
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